Hotspot and Hawk-eye

8/12/2019 Hotspot and Hawk-eye

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A

PROJECT

On

HOTSPOT AND HAWKEYE TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF

Master of Business Administration

Second Year

SUBMITTED TO

GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMBA DEPARTMENT

AFFILIATED TO GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

AHMADABAD

Prepared by:

Rushang Patel

Enrollment No. 127150592031

YEAR 2013


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OBJECTIVES

Useful for the techicnical department to improve to game Hawkeye using for refereed system

Find the defect in the players or decision system

Its give the players to improve the personal game

improvement and performance


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HOTSPOT:

History:

Hot Spot is an infra-red imaging system used in cricket to determine whether the ball has struck

the batsman, bat or pad. Hot Spot requires two infra-red cameras on opposite sides of the

ground above the field of play that are continuously recording an image. Any suspected snick or

bat/pad event can be verified by examining the infrared image, which usually shows a bright

spot where contact friction from the ball has elevated the local temperature. Where referrals to

an off-field third umpire are permitted, the technology is used to enhance the on-field umpire's

decision-making accuracy. Where referrals are not permitted, the technology is used primarily

as an analysis aid for televised coverage.

Hot Spot uses technology developed in the military for tank and jet fighter tracking. The

technology was founded by French scientist Nicholas Bion, before being worked upon by many

companies in Paris and being bought and adopted by the Australian Nine Network.

The technology was adapted for television by BBG Sports, the Australian company responsible

for the Snickometer, in conjunction with Sky Sports .]

The technology was first used during the first Test match of the 2006-07 Ashes at The Gabba,

on 23 November 2006.

The ICC announced that Hot Spot images would be available for use as part of its ongoing

technology trial during the second and third Tests (March 2009) in South Africa. The system

was to be available to the third umpire in the event of a player referral.

For the 2012 season BBG Sport introduced a new generation of HOT Spot using the very high

performance SLX-Hawk thermal imaging cameras provided by UK based SELEX Galileo. These

cameras provided sharper images with improved sensitivity and much less motion blur than

earlier HOT Spot technologies. As a result, the latest HOT Spot system is able to detect muchfiner edge nicks than in previous seasons, essentially ending all earlier doubts about the

capability of the technology. Following the success of this updated HOT Spot system, BBG

Sport and SELEX Galileo signed an exclusivity agreement for the supply of SLX-Hawk cameras

for HOT Spot in cricket and other sports.
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Mechanism:

Hot Spot uses two infra-red cameras positioned at either end of the ground. These cameras

sense and measure heat from friction generated by a collision, such as ball on pad, ball on bat,ball on ground or ball on glove. Using a subtraction technique a series of black-and-white

negative frames is generated into a computer, precisely localising the ball's point of contact.

USE:

Its principal application in cricket is in deciding whether the ball has struck the batsman' s bat or

pad this determination being critical in determining if a batsman is dismissed or not on appeal

for LBW or caught.

In considering whether a batsman is out when the ball strikes bat then caught by a member ofthe fielding team or caught in front of the stumps when ball hits pad, one of the most difficult

decisions is whether the ball struck the pad only, or the bat only, or (if it struck both) whether the

pad or the bat was struck first. If the ball strikes the bat only, or strikes the bat followed by the

pad, then the batsman could be out caught but not LBW. If the ball strikes the pad in front of the

stumps or inline with stumps, then the batsman could be out LBW but not caught. If the ball

strikes the pad followed by the bat, then the batsman could be out LBW or out caught if a fielder

catches the ball. The batsman's bat and pad are often close together, and it can be very hard to

determine by eye which was struck first, whereas the hotspot technology can often resolve thequestion.

Hot-spot imagery is also used to show which part of the cricket bat hit the ball, as ideally the

batsmen try to "middle" the ball i.e. hit it where the sweet spot lies. Hot spot camera provides

some valuable information while analysing the strokes played by a batsman.

Advantages/Disadvantages :

Hot Spot has two main advantages over its competing technology, the Snickometer, which is a

sound-detection based system. Snicko meter often produces inconclusive results indicating

contact (potentially any combination of bat, pad and ball) only, whereas the Hot Spot clearly

shows exactly what the ball strikes. Precise synchronization of the Snickometer sound with

associated pictures takes time, making it currently not suitable for use in the umpire decision

review system.
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Hot Spot technology, even though claimed to be extremely accurate, is not used in many

matches. The main reason for this is its expense: $6000 per day for the use of two cameras and

$10000 for the use of four cameras. Warren Brennan, the owner of BBG Sports, said the

unwillingness of the International Cricket Council or national cricket boards to pay to use the

expensive technology had restricted its use: "We won't be supplying Hot Spot to the WorldCup next year, even for the semis or finals, if the cricket boards want a feed of that for

adjudication purposes, they should contribute to the costs. The Ashes could be the last hurrah."

In the India-England ODI Series in 2011, there were controversial decisions based on the Hot

Spot technology going against India's Rahul Dravid on more than one occasion where Hot Spot

replays proved inconclusive and yet Dravid was given out. On one occasion, there seemed to

be a nick which Hot Spot wasn't able to detect. These incidents threw the role of Hot Spot

technology into doubt once again.

In the 2013 Ashes, many decisions again cast doubts on Hotspot Technology.

Hawk-Eye

Umpire Decision Review System
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HAEK-EYE:

Hawk-Eye is a complex computer system used officially in numerous sports such

as cricket, tennis, Gaelic football, hurling and association football, to visually track the trajectory

of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image.

Hawk-Eye was developed in the United Kingdom by Dr Paul Hawkins. The system was

originally implemented in 2001 for television purposes in cricket. The system works via six

(sometimes seven) high-performance cameras, normally positioned on the underside of the

stadium roof, which track the ball from different angles. The video from the six cameras isthen triangulated and combined to create a three-dimensional representation of the trajectory of

the ball. Hawk-Eye is not infallible and is accurate to within 5 millimetres (0.19 inch) but is

generally trusted as an impartial second opinion in sports.

It has been accepted by governing bodies in tennis, cricket and Association football as a

technological means of adjudication. Hawk-Eye is used for the Challenge System since 2006 in

tennis and Umpire Decision Review System in cricket since 2009. Hawk-Eye is currently in the

process of being implemented in association football for the Goal Decision System. The system

was rolled out in time for the 2013-14 Premier League season as a means of goal-line

technology.

Method of op erat ion :

All Hawk-Eye systems are based on the principles of triangulation using the visual images and

timing data provided by a number of high-speed video cameras located at different locations
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and angles around the area of play. For tennis there are ten cameras. The system rapidly

processes the video feeds by a high-speed camera and ball tracker. A data store contains a

predefined model of the playing area and includes data on the rules of the game.

In each frame sent from each camera, the system identifies the group of pixels which

corresponds to the image of the ball. It then calculates for each frame the 3D position of the ball

by comparing its position on at least two of the physically separate cameras at the same instant

in time. A succession of frames builds up a record of the path along which the ball has travelled.

It also "predicts" the future flight path of the ball and where it will interact with any of the playing

area features already programmed into the database. The system can also interpret these

interactions to decide infringements of the rules of the game.

The system generates a graphic image of the ball path and playing area, which means that

information can be provided to judges, television viewers or coaching staff in near real time.

The pure tracking system is combined with a backend database and archiving capabilities so

that it is possible to extract and analyse trends and statistics about individual players, games,

ball-to-ball comparisons, etc.

EVAL OUATION OF HAWK EYE TECHNOLOGY:

It is inverted by, Dr Paul Hawkins who used to be cricketer and played for country side. He is

PhD in artificial intelligence
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Hawk-Eye Inno vat ions L td :

Engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited, a Siemens subsidiary in Romsey, England,

developed the system in 2001. Dr Paul Hawkins and David Sherry submitted a patent for the

United Kingdom but withdrew their request. All of the technology and intellectual property wasspun off into a separated company, Hawk-Eye Innovations Ltd, based in Winchester,

Hampshire.

On 14 June 2006, a group of investors led by the Wisden Group bought the company, who

included Mark Getty, a member of the wealthy USA family and business dynasty. The

acquisition was intended to strengthen Wisden's presence in cricket, and allow it to enter tennis

and other international sports, with Hawk-Eye working on implementing a system for basketball.

According to Hawk-Eye's website, the system produces much more data than that shown on

television, which could be easily shown on the internet.

Put up for sale in September 2010, it was sold as a complete entity to Japanese electronic giant

Sony in March 2011.

Cricket :

The technology was first used by Channel 4 during a Test

match between England and Pakistan on Lord's Cricket Ground, on 21 May 2001. It is used

primarily by the majority of television networks to track the trajectory of balls in flight. In thewinter season of 2008/2009 the ICC trialled a referral system where Hawk-Eye was used for

referring decisions to the third umpire if a team disagreed with an LBW decision. The third

umpire was able to look at what the ball actually did up to the point when it hit the batsman, but

could not look at the predicted flight of the ball after it hit the batsman.

Its major use in cricket broadcasting is in analysing leg before wicket decisions, where the likely

path of the ball can be projected forward, through the batsman' s legs, to see if it would have hit

the stumps. Consultation of the third umpire, for conventional slow motion or Hawk-Eye, on leg

before wicket decisions, is currently sanctioned in international cricket even though doubtsremain about its accuracy in cricket.

The Hawk-eye referral for LBW decision is based on three criteria:

Where the ball pitched

The location of impact with the leg of the batsman
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The projected path of the ball past the batsman

In all three cases, marginal calls result in the on-field call being maintained.

Due to its realtime coverage of bowling speed, the systems are also used to show delivery

patterns of bowler's behaviour such as line and length, or swing/turn information. At the end of

an over, all six deliveries are often shown simultaneously to show a bowler's variations, such as

slower deliveries, bouncers and leg-cutters. A complete record of a bowler can also be shown

over the course of a match.

Batsmen also benefit from the analysis of Hawk-Eye, as a record can be brought up of the

deliveries batsmen scored from. These are often shown as a 2-D silhouetted figure of a

batsmen and colour-coded dots of the balls faced by the batsman. Information such as the

exact spot where the ball pitches or speed of the ball from the bowler's hand (to gauge batsman

reaction time) can also help in post-match analysis.


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BOWLER:

See how fast they can bowl

Watch each delivery back in virtual reality

Measer how far they turning the ball through spin, swing or seam

BATSMAN:

Anlayze ttheir play against spin seam or swing

Improve their awerness footwork and standing

Genrate wagonweel


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Tennis :

In Serena Williams' s quarterfinal loss to Jennifer Capriati at the 2004 US Open, many crucial

calls were contested by Williams, and TV replays confirmed that the calls were indeed

erroneous. Though the calls themselves were not reversed, the chair umpire Mariana Alves was

removed from consideration for further matches at that year's U.S. Open. These errors

prompted talks about line calling assistance especially as the Auto-Ref system was being tested

by the U.S. Open at that time and was shown to be very accurate.

In late 2005 Hawk-Eye was tested by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) in New York Cityand was passed for professional use. Hawk-Eye reported that the New York tests involved 80

shots being measured by the ITF's high speed camera, a device similar to MacCAM. During an

early test of the system at an exhibition tennis tournament in Australia (seen on local TV), there

was an instance when the tennis ball was shown as "Out", but the accompanying word was "In".
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This was explained to be an error in the way the tennis ball was shown on the graphical display

as a circle, rather than as an ellipse. This was immediately corrected.

Hawk-Eye has been used in television coverage of several major tennis tournaments,

including Wimbledon, the Queen's Club Championships, the Australian Open, the Davis

Cup and the Tennis Masters Cup. The US Open Tennis Championship announced they would

make official use of the technology for the 2006 US Open where each player receives two

challenges per set. It is also used as part of a larger tennis simulation implemented

by IBM called PointTracker.

The 2006 Hopman Cup in Perth, Western Australia, was the first elite-level tennis tournament

where players were allowed to challenge point-ending line calls, which were then reviewed by

the referees using Hawk-Eye technology. It used 10 cameras feeding information about ball

position to the computers. Michalla Krajicek was the first to use the system.

In March 2006, at the Nasdaq-100 Open in Miami, Hawk-Eye was used officially for the first time

at a tennis tour event. Later that year, the US Open became the first grand-slam event to use

the system during play, allowing players to challenge line calls.

The 2007 Australian Open was the first grand-slam tournament of 2007 to implement Hawk-Eye

in challenges to line calls, where each tennis player on Rod Laver Arena was allowed 2

incorrect challenges per set and one additional challenge should a tiebreaker be played. In the

event of an advantage final set, challenges were reset to 2 for each player every 12 games, i.e.

6 all, 12 all. Controversies followed the event as at times Hawk-Eye produced erroneous output.

In 2008, tennis players were allowed 3 incorrect challenges per set instead. Any leftover

challenges didn't carry over to the next set. Once, in one of Amlie Mauresmo' s matches, she

challenged a ball that was called in, Hawk-Eye showed the ball was out by less than a millimetre

but the call was allowed to stand. As a result, the point was replayed and Mauresmo didn't lose

an incorrect challenge.

Ball compared with impact.
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The Hawk-Eye technology was used in the 2007 Dubai Tennis Championships with some minor

controversies. Defending champion Rafael Nadal accused the system of incorrectly declaring an

out ball to be in following his exit. The umpire had called a ball out; when Mikhail

Youzhny challenged the decision, Hawk-Eye said it was in by 3 mm. Youzhny said afterwards

that he himself thought the mark may have been wide but then offered that this kind oftechnology error could easily have been made by linesmen and umpires. Nadal could only

shrug, saying that had this system been on clay, the mark would have clearly shown Hawk-Eye

to be wrong. The area of the mark left by the ball on a hard court is a portion of the total area

that the ball was in contact with the court (a certain amount of pressure is required to create the

mark).

The 2007 Wimbledon Championships also implemented the Hawk-Eye system as an officiating

aid on Centre Court and Court 1, and each tennis player was allowed 3 incorrect challenges per

set. If the set produced a tiebreaker, each player was given an additional challenge.

Additionally, in the event of a final set (third set in women's or mixed matches, fifth set in men's

matches), where there is no tiebreak, each player's number of challenges was reset to three if

the game score reached 6 6, and again at 12 12. Teymuraz Gabashvili, in his 1st round match

against Roger Federer, made the first ever Hawk-Eye challenge on Centre Court. Additionally,

during the finals of Federer agains tRafael Nadal, Nadal challenged a shot which was called out.

Hawk-Eye showed the ball as in, just clipping the line. The reversal agitated Federer enough for

him to request (unsuccessfully) that the umpire turn off the Hawk-Eye technology for the

remainder of the match.

In the 2009 Australian Open fourth round match between Roger Federer and Tom Berdych ,

Berdych challenged an out call. The Hawk-Eye system wasn't available when he challenged,

likely due to a particularly pronounced shadow on the court. As a result, the original call stood.

In the 2009 Indian Wells Masters quarterfinals match between Ivan Ljubii and Andy Murray,

Murray challenged an out call. The Hawk-Eye system indicated that the ball landed on the

center of the line despite instant replay images showing that the ball was clearly out. It was later

revealed that the Hawk-Eye system had mistakenly picked up the second bounce, which was onthe line, instead of the first bounce of the ball .] Immediately after the match, Murray apologised

to Ljubicic for the call, and acknowledged that the point was out.

The Hawk-Eye system was developed as a replay system, originally for TV Broadcast coverage.

As such, it initially couldn't call ins and outs live, only the Auto-Ref system could produce live

in/out calls as it was developed for instant line calling. Both systems can produce replays.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Dubai_Tennis_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Youzhnyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Youzhnyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Wimbledon_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teymuraz_Gabashvilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Australian_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Indian_Wells_Mastershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ljubi%C4%8Di%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ljubi%C4%8Di%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ljubi%C4%8Di%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ljubi%C4%8Di%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Indian_Wells_Mastershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Australian_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teymuraz_Gabashvilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Wimbledon_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Youzhnyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Youzhnyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Dubai_Tennis_Championships


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The Hawk-Eye Innovations website states that the system performs with an average error of 3.6

mm. The standard diameter of a tennis ball is 67 mm, equating to a 5% error relative to ball

diameter. This is roughly equivalent to the fluff on the ball.


15/18

Asso c iat ion foo tba l l:

Hawk-Eye has been proposed for use in Association football but has yet to win general approval

from the major governing bodies of the sport. The Football Association, English football's

governing body, has declared the system as "ready for inspection by FIFA", after tests

suggested that the results of a goal-line incident could be relayed to the match referee within

half a second (IFAB, the governing body for the Laws of the game, insists on goals being

signalled immediately i.e. within five seconds).

FIFA secretary general Jerome Valcke admits Hawk-Eye goal-line technology will be considered

if the system's developers guarantee a 100% success rate. Football's governing body have

previously been reluctant to use video technology to settle on-pitch disputes. Testing of theHawk-Eye's suitability in football is expected to continue and there could be a trial run in

the Premier League, according to Paul Hawkins. "We will speak to FIFA over the next week or

so to get the detail, but it looks positive I think," Hawkins said.

On 3 March 2012, Hawk-Eye and another system, GoalRef were approved by the IFAB and

advanced to a second phase of testing. If either of the two systems meet FIFA's requirements,

they may be approved in time for use in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Hawk-Eye was tested in

the Hampshire Senior Cup final between Eastleigh and Totton on 16 May 2012 at Southampton

Football Club' s St Mary's Stadium, although only FIFA staff had access to the system readingsand Hawk-Eye was not available to the match officials to assist with refereeing decisions.

On 2 June 2012, the system was tested during a friendly between Belgium and host England

in Wembley. During these tests the results of the systems won't be used for the game; the

referee won't be informed about the calls from Hawk-Eye. On 5 July 2012 FIFA approved of this

technology along with GoalRef to be part of the new goal line technology system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Football_Association_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Valckehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoalRefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Senior_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_F.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Tottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Football_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Football_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Football_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Football_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Tottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_F.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Senior_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoalRefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Valckehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Football_Association_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association


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On 11 April 2013, Hawk-Eye was approved for use in the Premier League from the start of

the 2013-14 football season is officially called the Goal Decision System, a nd it was used for

the first time in a game between Liverpool and Stoke City at Anfield on 17 August 2013. It will

use seven cameras per goal to analyse whether or not the ball has crossed the line.

Snooke r :

At the World Snooker Championship 2007, the BBC used Hawk-Eye for the first time in its

television coverage to show player views, particularly in the incidents of potential snookers . [30] It

has also been used to demonstrate intended shots by players when the actual shot has gone

awry. It is now used by the BBC at every World Championship, as well as some other major

tournaments. The BBC uses the system sporadically, for instance in the 2009 Masters at

Wembley the Hawk-Eye was at most used once or twice per frame. In contrast to tennis, the

Hawk-Eye is never used in snooker to assist referees' decisions.

Gaelic games:

In Ireland, Hawk-Eye was introduced for all Championship matches at Croke Park in Dublin in

2013. This followed consideration by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) for its use in Gaelic

football and hurling. A trial took place in Croke Park on 2 April 2011. The double-header

featured football between Dublin and Down and hurling between Dublin and Kilkenny. Over the

previous two seasons there had been many calls for the technology to be adopted, especially

from Kildare fans, who saw two high profile decisions go against their team in important games.The GAA said it would review the issue after the 2013 Sam Maguire Cup was presented .[31]

Hawk-Eye's use was intended to eliminate contentious scores. It was first used in the

Championship on Saturday 1 June 2013 for the Kildare versus Offaly game, part of a double

header with a second game of Dublin versus Westmeath. It was used to confirm that Offaly

substitute Peter Cunningham' s attempted point had gone wide 10 minutes into the second half.

Use of Hawk-Eye was suspended during the 2013 All-Ireland hurling semi-finals on 18 August

due to a human error during an Under-18 hurling game between Limerick and Galway. During

the minor game, Hawk-Eye ruled a point for Limerick as a miss although the graphic showed the

ball passing inside the posts, causing confusion around the stadium - the referee ultimately

waved the valid point wide provoking anger from fans, viewers and TV analysts covering the

game live. The system was subsequently stood down for the senior game which followed, owing

to "an inconsistency in the generation of a graphic". Limerick, who were narrowly defeated after
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cunningham_(Gaelic_footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cunningham_(Gaelic_footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League


17/18

extra-time, announced they would be appealing over Hawk-Eye's costly failure. Hawk-Eye

apologised for this incident and admitted that it was a result of human error. There have been

no further incidents during the GAA. The incident drew attention from the UK, where Hawk-Eye

had made its debut in English soccer's Premier League the day before.

Au st ra l ian foo tb a l l:

On July 4, 2013, the Australian Football League announced that they would be testing Hawk

Eye technology to be used in the Score Review process. Hawk Eye was used for all matches

played at the MCG during Round 15 of the 2013 AFL Season. The AFL also announced that

Hawk Eye was only being tested, and would not be used in any Score Reviews during the

round.

Doub t s :Hawk-Eye is now familiar to sport fans around the world for the views it brings into sports like

cricket and tennis. Although this new technology has for the most part been embraced, it has

been recently criticised by some, particularly some specific, high profile calls [citation needed ]. The

Australian media in cricket were critical of a specific LBW appeal made by Anil

Kumble when Andrew Symonds was batting. The ball, as suggested by Hawk-Eye, would have

bounced over the stumps, but to the naked eye looked absolutely out. In the Nadal-Federer final

at Wimbledon in 2008, a ball that appeared out was called in by 1 mm, a distance smaller than

the advertised margin of error (3.6 mm). Some commentators have criticised the system's 3.6

mm statistical margin of error as too large. Others have noted that while 3.6 mm is

extraordinarily accurate, this margin of error is only for the witnessed trajectory of the ball. Its

use in broadcasts to predict the trajectory of a ball had it not hit a batsman is less certain,

especially in situations where the conditions of the turf would affect its future trajectory, i.e.

where the ball is headed to the ground or has only a short hop before hitting the

batsman. Currently, the system is not used officially in such circumstances, though it is used in

television broadcasts and analysis.

In 2008, an article in a peer-reviewed journal consolidated many of these doubts. The authors

acknowledged the value of the system, but noted that it was probably fallible to some extent,

and that its failure to depict a margin of error gave a spurious depiction of events. The authors

also argued that the probable limits to its accuracy were not acknowledged by players, officials,

commentators or spectators. They hypothesised that Hawk-Eye may struggle with predicting the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Symondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Symondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League


18/18

trajectory of a cricket ball after bouncing: the time between a ball bouncing and striking the

batsman may be too short to generate the three frames (at least) needed to plot a curve

accurately. However, the paper did not attempt to establish the accuracy of the system, and the

only technical information presented was taken from an article on the Cricinfo website.

The article also argued that Hawk-Eye's depiction of line decisions in tennis ignored such

factors as the distortion of the ball on bouncing and the less-than-complete precision with which

the lines on the court are drawn. The makers of Hawk-Eye strongly attacked many of these

claims, but the authors have not withdrawn them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo

Documents

Hotspot and Hawk-eye