How and Why Wonder Book Ballet

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    TfwH O WA N DW H YU/orvcfoiBoo&o

    ^JWhy Wonder W*

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    T H E H O W A N D W H Y W O N D E R B O O K O F

    B > r

    W r i t t e n b y L E E W Y N D H A MI l l u s t r a te d b y R A F A E L L O B U S O N IE d i to r i a l P r o d u c t i o n : D O N A L D D . W O L F

    E d i t e d u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o fD r . P a u l E . B l a c k w o o dW a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

    T e x t a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s a p p r o v e d b yO a k e s A . W h i t eB r o o k l y n C h i l d r e n ' s M u s e u mB r o o k l y n , N e w Y o r k

    \

    W O N D E R B O O K S N E W Y O R K

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    I n t r o d u c t i o nT h e w o r l d h a d k n o w n m a n y f o r m s o f t h e d a n c e w h e n b a l l e t w a s

    i n t r o d u c e d . B u t t h i s w a s a n e w k i n d o f d a n c e t h a t t o l d a s t o r y i n m o v e m e n ta n d p a n t o m i m e , a n d o v e r t h e y e a r s , it h a s b e c o m e a v e r y h i g h l y d e v e l o p e da n d e x c i t i n g a r t f o r m .

    T h e m o r e y o u k n o w a b o u t b a l l e t , t h e m o r e y o u c a n e n j o y i t . I t h e l p sto k n ow h o w f in ishe d b a l l e t p r o d u c t i on s d e p e n d on th e c oo p e r at i v e e f for t so f m a n y people p r o d u c e r s , m u s i c i a n s , c h o r e o g r a p h e r s , b a l l e t m a s t e r s ,s c e n e d e s i gn e r s i n ad d i t i on to th e d an c e r s . I t h e l p s to k n ow th at b a l l e ti s b a s e d o n a f e w b a s i c s t e p s a n d m o v e m e n t s w i t h m a n y p o s s i b l e v a r i a t i o n s .A n d i t h e l p s to k n ow th at gr e a t i n d i v i d u a l e f for t i s r e q u i r e d to b e c om e asu c c e s s fu l d an c e r . Y e t on e s e e s th a t i n b a l l e t , too , su c c e s s h as i t s d e e p an dp e r s o n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n s .

    I n b a l l e t , t h e t e a c h e r i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t . N e w i d e a s a n d i m p r o v e m e n t sh a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d b y m a n y g r e a t b a l l e t te a c h e r s . A n d a s y o u w i l l r e a dh e r e , " A g r e a t t e a c h e r i s l i k e a c a n d l e f r o m w h i c h m a n y o t h e r c a n d l e s c a nb e lit s o m a n y , i n f a c t , t h a t t h e w h o l e w o r l d c a n b e m a d e b r i g h t e r . "

    The How and W hy Wonder Book of Ballet i s i tse l f a teacher , and i tw i l l m ak e th e w or l d b r i gh te r b e c au se i t th r ow s l i gh t on an e xc i t i n g ar tf o r m w h i c h , y e a r b y y e a r, i s b e c o m i n g a m o r e i n t i m a t e a n d a c c e p t e d p a r to f t h e A m e r i c a n s c e n e .

    Paul E. Blackwood

    Dr. Blackwood is a professional employee in the U. S. Office of Education.This book was edited by him in his private capacity and no official support orendorsement by the Office of Education is intended or should be inferred.

    1961, by Wonder Books, Inc.All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.Published simultaneously in Canada. Printed in the United States of America.

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    C o n t e n t s

    W H A T I S B A L L E T ?B E G I N N I N G S O F B A L L E T

    How does ballet differ from other dancing?What was early ballet like?Where did ballet come from?Where was the first ballet school started?How did bal let change?What was the most important changein ballet?E A R L Y B A L L E R I N A S

    Who was the first leading ballerina?What contributions did Marie Camargomake to ballet?Who was Marie Taglioni?How did Marie Taglioni change bal letdancing?Which bal lerinas were commanded todance for a queen?Did male dancers perform during thisperiod?

    B ALLET IN R USSIAWhat contributions to bal let were madeby Italian dancers?What costume was designed for theclassic ballet?

    R U S S I A N B A L L E T D A N C E R SWhich ballerina got a special title fromthe Czar of Russia?How did Pavlova become a dancer?What was Pavlova's most famous dance?Who was the most famous male dancerof all time?How did Nijinsky manage his leaps?Who was Serge Diaghilev?How were ballets created duringDiaghilev's time?

    T H E B A L L E T R U S S EWho were the main artists of Diaghilev'sBallet Russe?What contributions did Michel Fokinemake to the ballet?Who taught the dancers of theBallet Russe?What other ballets were presented by theBallet Russe?

    B A L L E T T O D A YW hat is classic ballet?What are some classic ballets?What are romantic bal lets?Which is the most popular of theromantic ballets?Wh at is mod ern bal let?

    Page4

    77789

    10101010121213131314141515171717171819

    PageHow are modern bal let dancers t rainedto dance? 26W hat are some mo dern bal lets? 27W hat is character dancing? 30

    P A N T O M I M E - A L A N G U A G E O FT H E D A N C E 31

    What is pantomime? 31P E O P L E W H O M A K E B A L L E T 3 3

    Wh o supports the bal let companies? 33Who supports ballet in the United States? 33Wh at is the job of the compan y manager? 34W hat job does the artistic director do? 34W hat is the role of the chor eogr aphe r? 34Wh at is a ballet mas ter? 35Ho w does a com poser serve in the ballet? 35What is the job of a wardrobe mistressin a bal let compan y? 35What part does a scene designer playin ballet? 36In what way does a costume designer aidballet dancers? 36W hat does the stage manag er do? 37Who are some other important backstagehelp? 37

    P R E S E N T - D A Y B A L L E R I N A S A N DD A N S E U R S 3 8Margot Fonteyn 38Michael Somes 38M aria Tallchief 38Andre Eglevsky 38Alicia Alonso 39Igor Youskevitch 40John Kriza 40

    W H A T I T T A K E S T O B E AB A L L E T D A N C E R 4 0How old should one be to take bal letlessons? 42How does ballet training for boys and

    19702 0212 22 22325252 6

    girls differ?What is the role of the danseur?BALLET DRESS

    What is the costume for the class?How are ballet slippers made?What kind of stage costumes are used?BALLET TALKLABANOTATION - DANCE INWRITING

    How can dance movements be wri t tendown?H O W YO U CAN ENJO Y BALLET

    4 24 24343434344

    4 64648

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    The Firebird, a ballet bythe choreographer Michel Fokine, was firstdone in Paris in 1910.The composer Igor Stravinsky wrote the musicfor this famous ballet.

    ..*

    Maria Tallchief, as themagical Firebird, leapswith graceful elegance.Her power and controlmake her seem almostweightless in the air.

    W h a t I s B a l l e t ?D a n c i n g is n o t o n l y o n e o f t h e o l d e s t

    a r t s , b u t i t i s a l s o o n e o f o u r b a s i c i n s t i n c t s , a n d a w a y t o e x p r e s s o u r f e e l i n g s . E v e n t h e s m a l l e s t c h i l d r e n d a n c e f o r j o y , o r w i t h a n g e r , o r w i t h p a i n a n d s o d o g r o w n u p s , f o r t h e s a m er e a s o n s .

    B u t t h a t k i n d o f d a n c i n g i s no t b a l l e t ! T h e d i c t i o n a r y s a y s t h a t b a l l e t i s " a

    s t a g e d a n c e t h a t t e l l s a s t o r y i n m o v e m e n t a n d p a n t o m i m e a n d is p e r f o r m e db y a g r o u p o f p e r s o n s . "

    A n y o n e w h o h a s s e e n b a l le t k n o w st h a t t h i s a v e r y p l a i n d e f i n i t i o n o f t h em a g n i f i c e n t s p e c t a c l e t h a t b a l l e t c a n b e .T o d a y , a l m o s t e v e r y o n e h a s s e e n b a l le te i t h e r o n t e l e v i s i o n , o n t h e m o v i es c r e e n , o r l u c k i e s t o f a l l o n t h e

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    i t . * 4 *

    i l l i f

    ^#&

    I

    s t a g e , p e r f o r m e d b y l i v i n g , b r e a t h i n gd a n c e r s , s o w o n d e r f u l l y s k i ll e d t h a ts m a l l c h i l d r e n h a v e b e e n h e a r d t o a s kt h e i r m o t h e r s , " A r e t h o s e p e o p l e r e a l l yr e a l ? "

    T h e p e o p l e ar e r e a l , i n d e e d . T h e ym o v e w i t h l i g h t n e s s a n d u n b e l i e v a b l eg r a c e a n d s p e e d b e c a u s e o f t h e ir m a n yy e a r s o f s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g i n a d a n c ef o r m w h i c h h a s a t e c h n i q u e a l l i t s o w n .B u t t h a t i s n o t a l l t h a t m a k e s b a l l e t s o

    The Firebird and the hunter-prince

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    Shown are the five positions of the feet andarms on which all balletmovements are based.Every movement in ballet starts and ends in oneof these basic positions."Closed" positions: feettouch. "Open" positions: feet are parted.

    w o n d e r f u l t o s e e . T h e o t h e r p a r t s t h a tm a k e u p t h e b r e a t h - t a k i n g w h o l e a r et h e f inest m u s i c i n t h e w o r l d , s p l e n d i ds t a g e s c e n e r y t h a t st i rs t h e i m a g i n a t i o n ,g l i t te r i n g c o s t u m e s t h a t e x c i t e o u r e m o t i o n s , t h e d r a m a o f t h e s t o r y , o r t h eh u m o r o f i t for t h e r e a r e a l l k i n d s o fb a l l e t s o r t h e s h e e r b e a u t y o f t h em o v e m e n t s o f t h e d a n c e .

    A l l t h e c r e a t i v e a r t s a r e r e p r e s e n t e di n b a l l e t . I t p o r t r a y s n o t o n l y t h e h i g h e s t d e v e l o p m e n t o f s k i l l, b u t i t i s a l s o am e a n s o f p e r s o n a l s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n f o rm a n y a r t i s ts t h o s e b e f o r e t h e f o o t l i g h t s a s w e l l a s t h o s e b e h i n d t h e s c e n e s .

    M o r e t h a n t h a t , b a l l e t s p e a k s t oe v e r y o n e w h o s e e s i t i n t h e l a n g u a g e o fm o v e m e n t , g e s t u r e a n d f a c i a l e x p r e s s i o n , w h i c h a l l t h e w o r l d c a n u n d e r s t a n d w i t h o u t w o r d s . There fore , b a l l e t i s a u n i v e r s a l l a n g u a g e w h i c h g i r l sa n d b o y s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , i n F r a n c e ,G e r m a n y , S p a i n , P o l a n d , I t a l y , R u s s i a ,D e n m a r k , S w e d e n , J a p a n , T h a i l a n d ,I n d i a , A f r i c a i n f a c t , e v e r y w h e r e i nt h e w o r l d c a n e n j o y . E v e n i f a l l t h ec h i l d r e n c o u l d b e s e a t e d i n t o s o m e h u g et h e a t e r , e a c h o n e , n o m a t t e r w h a t h i sn a t i v e l a n g u a g e , w o u l d u n d e r s t a n d t h es t o r y t o l d b y t h e d a n c e r s .

    B e g i n n i n g s o f B a l l e t

    A l t h o u g h t h e w o r d "ballet" c o m e sf r o m t h e I t a l i a n ballare, w h i c h m e a n s" t o d a n c e , " n o t a l l f o r m s o f d a n c i n g a r eb a l l e t . T h i s i s b e c a u s e b a l l e t i s a s p e c i a l

    k i n d o f d a n c i n g w i t h a t e c h n i q u e a ll i tso w n . B y " t e c h n i q u e " w e r e f e r t o t h et h i n g s t h a t a p e r s o n n e e d s t o k n o w a n dp r a c t i c e i n o r d e r t o b e c o m e s k i ll f u l i n

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    a n a c t i v i t y . I t t a k e s m a n y y e a r s o f s p e c i a l a n d difficult t r a i n i n g t o pe r fe c t b a l l e t t e c h n i q u e .

    A l l t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f b a l l e t m o v e m e n ta r e b a s e d o n t h eHow does bal let

    differ fromother dancing?

    plie, o r k n e e - b e n d ,t h e f i v e f o r m a l p o s i t i o n s o f t h e f e e t ,

    a n d o n t h e " t u r n o u t " o f t h e l e g s f r o mt h e h i p . T h e k n e e - b e n d e n a b l e s t h ed a n c e r t o s p r i n g h i g h i n t o t h e a i r a n dt o l a n d l i k e t h i s t l e - d o w n . T h e a l l - i m p o r t a n t " t u r n o u t " a l l o w s h i m t o m o v egraceful ly from s i d e t o s i d e o n t h e s t a g e ,w h i l e f a c i n g f r o n t . I t a l s o m a k e s p o s s i b l e t h e b e a u t i f u l h i g h e x t e n s i o n s o ft h e l e g s , a s i n t h e arabesque. T h i s i s t h ef o u n d a t i o n o n w h i c h b a l l e t i s b u i l t .

    What was ear lyballet l ike?

    B u t t h i s w a s n o t t h e b a l l e t o f s e v e r a lh u n d r e d y e a r s a g o .T h e n i t w a s a f o r mo f c o u r t e n t e r t a i n

    m e n t , r e a l l y a m a g n i f i c e n t p a g e a n t .T h e r e w e r e n o b a l l e r i n a s , a n d a ll t h ep a r t s w e r e d a n c e d b y m e n w e a r i n gm a s k s , h e a v y , c o l o r f u l c o s t u m e s a n d

    b o o t s o r s h o e s . O f c o u r s e , w e i g h t e dd o w n l i k e t h i s , t h e g e n t l e m e n h a d t od a n c e s l o w l y a n d s e d a t e l y , i n r o w s a n di n i n t e r e s t i n g p a t t e r n s . I n c i d e n t a l l y ,t h e y d i d n o t d a n c e o n a s t a g e , b u t o f t e nm i n g l e d w i t h t h e i r a u d i e n c e i f n o s p a c ew a s s e t a s i d e f o r t h e m i n w h i c h t o p e r f o r m .

    T h e first r e c o r d o f s u c h a n e n t e r t a i n m e n t d a t e s b a c k t o 1 4 8 9 , a l i t t le b e f o r eC o l u m b u s d i s c o v e r e d A m e r i c a . I t w a si n h o n o r o f a n I t a l i a n D u k e .

    B a l l e t w a s b r o u g h t t o F r a n c e f r o m I t a l ya b o u t t h e t i m e Cather-

    W h e r e d i d i n e d e M 6 d i c i s m a r r i e d* - - K i n g H e n r y I I o fc o m e f r o m ? *

    F r a n c e . S h e w a s a n e x p e r t d a n c e r h e r s e l f a n d a d o r e d b a l l e t .A t h e r w i s h , p e r f o r m e r s w e r e b r o u g h tf r o m h e r n a t i v e I t a l y t o e n t e r t a i n t h ey o u n g q u e e n a n d t h e c o u r t . T h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t w a s a h u g e s u c c e s s . S o o n , i ts e t a n e w f a s h i o n , a n d b e f o r e l o n g t h ed a n c e w a s i m i t a t e d i n e v e r y E u r o p e a nc o u r t . B u t i f y o u w e r e t o s e e t h i s e a r l yd a n c i n g , y o u w o u l d n e v e r r e c o g n i z e i ta s t h e b a l l e t y o u k n o w t o d a y ! I n f a c t ,

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    The seventeenth centurycourt ballets were performed in a large hall,where the king and queen,seated at the head of theroom, were surrounded bytheir household. Noblesand other members of thecourt sat in long galleriesalong the sides of the hall.

    Male dancers of the eighteenth century,dressed as girls, performed at the court.s o m e o f t h e e x t r a v a g a n t p e r f o r m a n c e sl a s t e d a s l o n g a s s i x h o u r s !

    L o n g a f t e r C a t h e r i n e ' s t i m e , i n 1 6 4 5 ,h i s t o r y r e c o r d s t h a tL o u i s X I V d a n c e db e f o r e t h e r o y a lF r e n c h c o u r t . H e

    w a s t h e n s e v e n y e a r s o l d ! H e a l w a y sl o v e d b a l l e t a n d h i m s e l f d a n c e d m a n y

    Where was thefirst balletschool started?

    Female dancers werenot permitted to performat the time. Male dancers, dressed in the costumes of the period andwearing masks, took theassigned female roles.

    p a r t s i n t h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t s , i n c l u d i n gt h e r o l e o f t h e S u n K i n g . H i s g r e a t e s tc o n t r i b u t i o n t o b a l l e t , h o w e v e r , w a s t h ee s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e R o y a l A c a d e m y o fD a n c i n g a n d M u s i c i n 1 6 6 1 . T h i s w a st h e f irst s c h o o l i n t h e w o r l d f o r t h e i n s t r u c t i o n o f b a l l e t d a n c i n g , a n d e v e nm o r e w o n d e r f u l , it h a s c o n t i n u e d d o w nt o t h e p r e s e n t d a y a t t h e P a r i s O p e r a .

    I t w a s i n t h i s a c a d e m y t h a t t h e five

    8

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    p o s i t i o n s o f t h e c l a s s i c d a n c e w e r ee s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 6 7 1 b y t h e k i n g ' s o w nd a n c i n g m a s t e r , P i e r r e B e a u c h a m p . I ti s t h e s e b a s i c p o s i t i o n s , r e f i n e d a n d p e r f e c t e d , t h a t a r e t a u g h t t o d a y !

    H o w d i dbal letchange?

    N o w b a l l e t b e g a n t o i m p r o v e r a p i d l y .W i t h a t r a i n i n g s c h o o l f o rd a n c e r s , p r o f e s s i o n a l s b e g a n t o r e p l a c e t h e n o b l e so f t h e c o u r t , a n d d a n c i n g

    b e c a m e m o r e l iv e ly . A n o t h e r c h a n g ec a m e w h e n d a n c e r s w e r e m o v e d f r o mt h e b a l l r o o m floor t o a s t a g e . R a i s e d u pi n t h i s w a y , t h e a u d i e n c e h a d a n e n t i r el y n e w v i e w o f t h e m a n d t h e m o v e m e n t s o f t h e dancers' feet b e c a m e m u c hm o r e i m p o r t a n t .

    N o w , a l o n g w i t h t h e p a l a c e performa n c e s , b a l l e t w a s a l s o p e r f o r m e d i nt h e a t e r s . F o r t h e first t i m e , p e o p l e w h o

    w e r e n e v e r i n v i t e d t o t h e p a l a c e s p e c t a c l e s , w e r e a b l e t o s e e b a l l e t .

    A l t h o u g h L o u i s X I V a l l o w e d w o m e n t os t u d y a t t h e R o y a lA c a d e m y , t h e yw e r e n o t p e r m i t t e d t o perform.

    A l l t h e d a n c e r s w e r e s ti l l m a s k e d , a n d

    What was t hemost importantchange in bal let?

    P-m

    i r i % y

    Ballet changed when women were permitted to studyat the Royal Academy, and in 1681, to perform.

    b o y s d r e s s e d a s g i r ls t o o k t h e f e m a l er o l e s . B u t o n M a y 1 6 , 1 6 8 1 t h e m o s ts i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o f a l l t o o k p l a c e .F o u r y o u n g l a d i e s d a n c e d i n a b a l l e tc r e a t e d b y t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r , J e a n -B a p t i s t e Lul ly . T h e s e f o u r w e r e h i s e n t i r e c l a s s , a n d w i t h t h e m , b a l l e r i n a st o o k t h e i r r i g h t f u l p l a c e i n b a l l e t .

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    E a r l y B a l l e r i n a s

    Who was thefirst leadingbal ler ina?

    T h e g i r ls w h o s t u d i e d a t t h e A c a d e m yw o r e b u l k y c l o t h i n g ,t i g h t - b o n e d b o d i c e s ,s k i r t s t h a t r e a c h e d t ot h e g r o u n d a n d h e e l e d

    s h o e s a ll o f w h i c h h a m p e r e d m o v e m e n t . B u t t h e v e r y first b a l l e r i n a w a sM a d e m o i s e l l e L a f o n t a i n e , w h o m a d e at r i u m p h a n t d e b u t i n 1 6 8 1 . S h e w a s v e r yb e a u t i f u l a n d s h e h a d g r e a t c h a r m a n dg r a c e . T h e r e i s v e r y l i t tl e i n f o r m a t i o na b o u t h e r , b u t t h e g r e a t s t e p h a d b e e nt a k e n a b a l l e r i n a w a s b o r n .

    O t h e r b a l l e r in a s f o l l o w e d L a f o n t a i n e ,a n d w h e n t h e yWhat contributions r e t i r e d f r Q m ^did Mar ie Camargo d ,make to ballet? s t a g e t h e yt a u g h t . O n e o f

    t h e m o s t f a m o u s p u p i l s w a s M a r i e

    C a m a r g o , w h o first d a n c e d p u b l i c l y i n1 7 2 1 . S h e r e v o l u t i o n i z e d b a l l e t b y d a ri n g t o s h o r t e n h e r l o n g s k i r t s s o t h a th e r f e e t a n d l o v e l y a n k l e s c o u l d b e s e e n .W h a t ' s m o r e , s h e h a d t h e h i g h h e e l s r e m o v e d f r o m h e r s l i p p e r s . A l l t h i s g a v eh e r m u c h m o r e f r e e d o m o f m o v e m e n t .

    S h e b e c a m e q u i t e f a m o u s f o r h e rj u m p s i n t h e a i r s o m e t h i n g l a d i e s d i dn o t a t t e m p t b e f o r e h e r t i m e . S o a n o t h e re x c i t i n g c h a n g e h a d c o m e t o b a l l e t . B e f o r e C a m a r g o , t h e d a n c e r s c a r c e l ym o v e d a n y t h i n g m o r e t h a n h e r h e a da n d a rm s . S h e w a l k e d g r a c e f u l l y a n ds h e g l i d e d , b u t n o o n e c o u l d s e e h e rf e e t . N o w s o m e o f t h e b a l l e t s t e p s w ek n o w c a m e i n t o b e i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h eentrechat quatre. T h i s i s a j u m p i n t ot h e a ir , w i t h a q u i c k c h a n g i n g o f t h el e g s f r o m f r o n t t o b a c k i n h e r c a s e ,f o u r t i m e s . I t i s a t w i n k l i n g , b r i l l i a n ts t e p t h a t i s w o n d e r f u l t o w a t c h .

    A u d i e n c e s l o v e d C a m a r g o . H e r h a ird r e s s w a s c o p i e d b y o t h e r s , h a t s w e r en a m e d a f t e r h e r , a s w e l l a s s h o e s a n dd r e s s e s , a n d e v e n c o u r t l a d i e s i m i t a t e dh e r w a y o f w a l k i n g . C a m a r g o h a d t a k e nb a l l e t o ff t h e g r o u n d .

    W h o w a sM a r i eTaglioni?

    Camargo's costume and steps altered the ballet.

    A n o t h e r f a m o u s b a l l e r in a w a s M a r i eT a g l i o n i , w h o c a m e f r o ma n I t a l i a n fami ly o f d a n c e r s. H e r g r a n d f a t h e r h a db e e n a d a n c e r , h e r a u n t s

    a n d u n c l e s w e r e d a n c e r s . A n d h e rf a t h e r , t o o , w a s a d a n c e r , a s w e l l a s ag r e a t t e a c h e r . H e r m o t h e r w a s S w e d i s h ,h o w e v e r , a n d M a r i e w a s b o r n i n S t o c k h o l m , w h e r e h e r f a t h e r w a s e n g a g e d a sb a l l e t m a s t e r f o r t h e R o y a l O p e r a .

    1 0

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    Marie Taglioni danced in La Sylphide, a ballet originally created for the ballerina by her father. Theballet, first performed in 1832, is still done today.

    W i t h s u c h a b a c k g r o u n d , i t i s n ow o n d e r t h a t h e r father d e c i d e d t o m a k ea g r e a t d a n c e r o f h e r , e v e n t h o u g h l i t t l eM a r i e w a s t h i n a n d f r a i l. S h e h a d r a t h e rl o n g a r m s a n d s u c h r o u n d e d s h o u l d e r st h a t s h e l o o k e d a l m o s t h u m p b a c k e d .B u t n o n e o f t h i s c o n c e r n e d Marie ' sf a t h e r , a n d h e p a c k e d h i s d a u g h t e r o f ft o s t u d y w i t h a n o t h e r t e a c h e r .

    M a r i e w a s a m o s t i n d i f fe r e n t p u p i la n d m a n a g e d t o l e a r n a s l i t t l e b a l l e t a sp o s s i b l e . A d r e a d f u l d a y o f r e c k o n i n gc a m e , h o w e v e r , w h e n s h e w a s s u m m o n e d t o d a n c e b e f o r e h e r f a t h e r . A ss h e s t u m b l e d t h r o u g h h e r e x e r c i s e s , h eb e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e h o r ri fi e d. T h e nh e s e t u p a p l a n t o t e a c h h e r h i m s e l f .T h i s w a s t h e e n d o f n o n s e n s e a n d s k i pp i n g c l a s s e s f o r M a r i a .

    T h e l e s s o n s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o -h o u r s e s s i o n s , g i v e n t h r e e t i m e s d a i l y .P o o r , f r a g il e M a r i e u s e d t o c o l l a p s e a tt h e e n d o f t h e d a y . B u t n o t h i n g s t a y e dt h e d e m a n d s t h a t h e r father m a d e u p o n

    h e r . A n d t h e n a m i r a c l e t o o k p l a c e . A ts o m e t i m e , d u r i n g t h e s e l e s s o n s , M a r i el e a r n e d t o l i k e d a n c i n g !

    H e r d e b u t w a s a r r a n g e d t o t a k e p l a c ea f t e r h e r e i g h t e e n t h b i r t h d a y . H e r e x c e l l e n t t r a i n i n g a n d h e r u n i q u e , a i r ys t y l e o f d a n c i n g m a d e h e r a n i n s t a n ts u c c e s s . B u t , a c t u a l l y , t h e m a i n s u b j e c t so f t h e b a l l e t s o f t h a t t i m e w e r e n o ts u i t e d t o h e r . G r e e k a n d R o m a n m y t h sd i d n o t s h o w o f f h e r a i r y g r a c e , a n d t h ec o s t u m e s , c l u t t e r e d w i t h d r a p e r y a n dt r i m m i n g s , l o o k e d m u c h t o o h e a v y . T h eb a l l e t s h o e s w e r e n o l o n g e r h e e l e d . T h e yw e r e s o f t s l i p p e r s , b u t n o o n e d a n c e do n t h e t o e s a s y e t .

    A l t h o u g h M a r i e h a d c a p t i v a t e d h e rP a r i s a u d i e n c e a t h e r d e b u t , s h e w a s t oe n c h a n t t h e m five y e a r s l a t e r . A n e v e n tt o o k p l a c e o n M a r c h 1 2 , 1 8 3 2 , w h i c h

    1 1

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    m a d e b a l l e t d i f f e r e n t f o r e v e r a f t e r a n d T a g l i o n i ' s d a n c i n g d i d i t. T h a tn i g h t , a t t h e P a r i s O p e r a , s h e d a n c e d i na n e w b a l l e t , La Sylphide, c r e a t e d f o rh e r e s p e c i a l l y b y h e r father.

    Which bal ler inaswere commanded todance for a queen?

    i n h e r w h i t e , b e l l -s h a p e d d r e s s , t i g h t

    B e f o r e a s t u n n e d a u d i e n c e , t h e t i n yda ncer f lo a t ed o utH o w d i d M a r i e

    Tagl ioni changeballet dancing?

    i n b o d i c e , w i t hn e c k a n d s h o u l d e r s b a r e . S h e l o o k e dt r u l y l i k e t h e n y m p h w h o s e r o l e s h ew a s p e r f o r m i n g . B u t w h a t a d d e d t o t h ei l l u s i o n , b e s i d e s h e r t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n tc o s t u m e , w a s h e r d a n c i n g . She was performing on the tips of her toes s od e l i c a t e l y , s o l i g h t l y , s h e d i d n o t s e e mt o t o u c h t h e e a r t h .

    M a r i e T a g l i o n i h a d d a r n e d t h e t i p so f h e r l i m p l i t t l e s l i p p e r s u n t i l t h e a r c ha n d t o e w e r e firm . W i t h t h i s a d d e d s u p p o r t , s h e r e v o l u t i o n i z e d b a l l e t o v e r n i g h t . H e r c o s t u m e f o r t h a t n i g h t w a sa l o n g w h i t e t u t u , w h i c h i s s t il l s t a n d a r d f o r w h a t w e c a l l t h e "romantic"b a l l e t . H e r s h o e s h a v e e v o l v e d i n t o t h et o e s h o e s w h i c h a r e t h e d r e a m o f e v e r yl i t t l e g i r l w h o t a k e s u p t h e s t u d y o f b a l l e t. T o d a y , h a r d l y a n y o n e t h i n k s o fb a l l e t w i t h o u t t h i s d a n c i n g o n t h e t o e s ,y e t n o t s o l o n g ago l e s s t h a n 1 5 0years d a n c i n g o n t h e t o e s w a s u n h e a r d o f ! T a g l i o n i w a s t h e first t o m a k et o e d a n c i n g p o p u l a r a n d a r e q u i r e da c c o m p l i s h m e n t f o r a l l b a l l e r i n a s .

    I t i s o f t e n s a i d t h a t " c o m p a r i s o n sa r e o d i o u s . "I t m e a n s t h a tp e o p l e d o n o tl i k e t o b e c o m

    p a r e d t o o t h e r s e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e c o m p a r i s o n i s l i k e l y t o b e u n f l a t t e r i n g ! W e l l ,i n h e r t i m e , T a g l i o n i w a s n o t t h e o n l yf a m o u s d a n c e r . T h e r e w e r e o t h e r sw h o m a u d i e n c e s a d o r e d j u s t a s m u c h .T h e r e w e r e C a r l o t t a G r i s i, F a n n i e C e -r i t o a n d L u c i l e G r a h n a l l o f w h o mh a d e a r n e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a c c l a i m i nE n g l a n d i n i n d i v i d u a l p e r f o r m a n c e s .Q u e e n V i c t o r i a d e c i d e d t h a t s h e w o u l dl i k e t o s e e t h e w o r l d ' s f o u r g r e a t e s tb a l l e r i n a s p e r f o r m t o g e t h e r ! A n i n v i ta t i o n t o p e r f o r m be for e r o y a l t y i s c a l l e d" a c o m m a n d p e r f o r m a n c e , " a n d i t i sp r a c t i c a l l y u n h e a r d of f o r a n y o n e o ra n y g r o u p t o r e f u s e s u c h a c o m m a n d .

    B u t h a n d l i n g f o u r d e l i c a t e l y t e m p e r e d b a l l e r i n a s m u s t h a v e b e e n a g r e a to r d e a l f o r e v e r y o n e c o n c e r n e d . T h ef a m o u s l a d i e s d a n c e d j u s t o n e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s p e c i a l l y c r e a t e d Pas deQuatre D a n c e for F o u r be for e t h eQ u e e n , a n d t h e n r e f u s e d e v e r t o a p p e a r t o g e t h e r a g a i n !

    B a l l e r i n a s n o w w e r e s t ar s , w i t h d e v o t e d a u d i e n c e s a n d i m p o r t a n t d i gn i t a r i e s v y i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r t o b r i n gt h e m t o k e n s o f a p p r e c i a t i o n . B a l l e r i n a sw e r e c h e e r e d w i l d l y a n d s o m e t i m e sb o r n e t h r o u g h t h e s t r e e t s o n t h e s h o u l d e r s o f t h e i r a d m i r e r s . C a r r i a g e h o r s e sw e r e u n h i t c h e d a n d t h e c a r r i a g e s d r a w nb y e n t h u s i a s t i c y o u n g m e n .

    O n e s t o r y t e l l s o f T a g l i o n i ' s v i s i t t oR u s s i a . A f t e r h e r p e r f o r m a n c e t h e r e ,s o m e R u s s i a n s b o u g h t h e r t o e s h o e s f o r

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    a h u g e p r i c e . T h e y t h e n s t e w e d t h e m i na p o t a n d s o l e m n l y d r a n k t h e b r o t h i nh e r h o n o r !

    B u t w h a t h a d b e c o m e o f t h e o n c e a l l -i m p o r t a n t m a l eDid male dancers

    perform duringthis period?

    d a n c e r s ? A t t h i st i m e t h e y s e e m e dt o h a v e f a d e d i n t o

    t h e s c e n e r y . A l l t h e p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n w a sf o c u s e d o n t h e b a l l e r i n a s . T h e m a g n i f i c e n t s t r e n g t h o f t h e m e n , t h e i r a b i l i t yt o l e a p h i g h a n d w i d e a n d t o s u p p o r tt h e b a l l e r i n a w h i l e s h e s h o w e d o ff h e rv a r i e d s k i ll s , w a s s e l d o m u s e d .

    B a l l e t i n R u s s i aT h e R u s s i a n s w e r e s o i m p r e s s e d b y

    T a g l i o n i ' s d a n c i n g t h a t t h e F r e n c h b a l l e t t e a c h e r s a t t h e R u s s i a n s c h o o l sb e g a n t o t r a i n t h e i r o w n p u p i l s t o d a n c eh e r r o l e s a n d t o d u p l i c a t e h e r s t y l e .

    T h e n a g r o u p o f I t a l i a n d a n c e r s c a m eto R u s s i a a n dW ha t contr ibutions a s t o u n d e d t h eto ba l le t were made -by Italian dancers? a u d i e n c e s t h e r eb y t h e i r t r e

    m e n d o u s j u m p s a n d t u r n s a n d g e n e r a la i r o f li v e l i n e s s a n d v i t a l i t y . V i r g i n i a

    At the Command Performance for QueenVictoria of England in1845, four leading ballerinas of the day performed in a Pas deQuatre, especially created for them. Thedancers were Taglioni,Carlotta Grisi, FannieCerito and LucileGrahn.

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    Z u c c h i ' s a u d i e n c e s w e r e b r e a t h l e s sw h e n s h e p e r f o r m e d h e r s t e p s . T h eR u s s i a n s p r o m p t l y i n v i t e d E n r i c o C e -c c h e t t i t o t e a c h t h e m t h e b r i l l i a n t I t a l i a n s t y l e o f d a n c i n g .

    A f t e r Z u c c h i c a m e P i e r i n a L e g a n i .S h e s e t t h e d a n c e w o r l d a g o g w i t h h e rp e r f o r m a n c e o f c o n t i n u o u s m u l t i p l et u r n s c a l l e d fouettes. S h e m a d e a s e r i e so f t h i r t y - t w o o f t h e s e s e n s a t i o n a l w h i p p i n g t u r n s a r o u n d t h e s t a g e . T h e p e o p l e a p p l a u d e d s o e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y t h a ts h e a t o n c e r e p e a t e d t h e feat . T h e c h e e r so f t h a t a u d i e n c e h a v e e c h o e d d o w n t ot h e p r e s e n t t i m e .

    F o r m a n y y e a r s thereafter, t h i r t y - t w ofouettes r e m a i n e d t h e w o n d e r o f t h eb a l l e t w o r l d . T h e y w e r e p e r f o r m e d b yo n l y a f e w a c c o m p l i s h e d d a n c e r s .T o d a y , h o w e v e r , th i s i s n o l o n g e r c o n s i d e r e d e x t r a o r d i n a r y , t h o u g h i t r e m a i n sa p a r t o f t h e d a n c e v o c a b u l a r y o f e v e r ya d v a n c e d s t u d e n t . T h i r t y - t w o , o r e v e ns i x t y - f o u r fouettes a r e s t i l l e x c i t i n g t os e e , e v e n if t h e y a r e n o l o n g e r a g r e a tw o n d e r . Y o u m a y h a v e s e e n a b a l l e r in ao n t e l e v i s i o n o r i n a t h e a t e r w h o s p i n sa b o u t l i k e a t o p a n d t h e n s t o p s s h o r t ,n o t e v e n o u t o f b r e a t h , t o t a k e h e r b o w .W e l l , i t t a k e s m o r e t h a n t h i s w h i p p i n ga b o u t t h e s t a g e w i t h o u t g e t t i n g d i z z y t om a k e a b a l l e r i n a b u t i t i s s h o w y !

    T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f Z u c c h i a n d L e g a n i i s t h e i r e f f e c t o n R u s s i a n b a l l e t .N o w th e R u s s i a n t e a c h e r s a n d c o m p o s e r s , m a n y o f w h o m w e r e F r e n c h o r I ta l i a n b y b i r t h , c o m b i n e d t h e o l d F r e n c hm o v e m e n t s o f s l o w g r a c e a n d b e a u t yw i t h t h e v i b r a n t I t a l i a n t e c h n i q u e . A st i m e w e n t o n , t h i s w a s b l e n d e d w i t h t h en a t i v e q u a l i t i e s o f R u s s i a n b a l l e t . N o wt h i s i s c a l l e d t h e R u s s i a n s t y l e o f b a l l e t .1 4

    F o r m a n y y e a r s i t w a s h e l d u p a s t h es y m b o l o f b a l l e t p e r f e c t i o n t o t h e r e s to f t h e w o r l d .

    T h i s k i n d o f d a n c i n g b e c a m e k n o w n a st h e "classic" bal-W h a t c o s t u m e w a s l e t T Q ^ ft

    d e s i g n e d fo r t h e > . t -classic ballet? o f f t o i ts b e s t a d -v a n t a g e , a s p e

    c i a l c o s t u m e k n o w n a s t h e c l a s s i c tutuw a s d e s i g n e d . I t w a s c u t s o v e r y s h o r tt h a t t h e dancers ' l e g s w e r e f r e e t o e x e c u t e t h e n e w v i g o r o u s t u r n s a n d l e a p sd e v i s e d f o r t h e c l a s s i c b a l l e t s .

    R u s s i a n B a l l e t D a n c e r sT h e f a m e o f t h e I ta l ian b a l l e t h a d

    b e g u n t o f a d e w h e n b a l l e t i n R u s s i at o o k o n n e w l i fe . R u s s i a n - b o r n b a l l e r i n a s s u d d e n l y l e a p e d t o s t a r d o m i n t h eb a l l e t w o r l d .

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    Which baller inagot a specialtitle from theCzar of Russia?

    A n e x q u i s i t e prima ballerina o f t h eR u s s i a n I m p e r i a lB a l l e t w a s O l g a P r e -o b r a j e n s k a . B u t s h ew a s s u r p a s s e d b yM a t h i l d e K c h e s s i n -

    skaya t i n y , l i g h t a s a i r i t s e l f , a n dperfect . I n fact , b y o r d e r o f t h e I m p e r i a lC o u r t , s h e w a s g r a n t e d t h e t i t l e o f primaballerina assoluta, w h i c h w a s a n o t h e rw a y o f s a y i n g , "the fir st a n d m o s t a b s o l u t e l y p e r f e c t b a l l e r i n a . "

    O f c o u r s e , s o m e b a l l e r i n a s w h o c a m ea f t e r h e r w o u l d h a v e e a r n e d t h e s a m eg r a n d t i tl e . B u t b y t h a t t i m e R u s s i a w a si n t h e m i d s t o f a t e r r i b l e r e v o l u t i o n a n dt h e C z a r h a d b e e n k i l le d . A s t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t n o l o n g e r e x i s t e d , n o s u c ht i tl e c o u l d b e g r a n t e d b y i t a g a i n . T h u s ,K c h e s s i n s k a y a w a s t h e o n l y d a n c e r t og e t t h i s t i t l e f r o m t h e C z a r .

    S h e b e c a m e t h e w i f e o f a G r a n dD u k e , w h i c h g a v e h e r a d d e d i n f l u e n c ei n t h e b a l l e t w o r l d . H o w e v e r , w h e n t h e

    R e v o l u t i o n b r o k e o u t , s h e h a d t o fleeR u s s i a . S h e s e t t l e d i n P a r i s a n d o p e n e da b a l l e t s c h o o l t h e r e .

    M a n y o f t h e b a l l e t s p e r f e c t e d i n h e rd a y a r e s t i ll p r e s e n t e d , a n d w i l l m o s tp r o b a b l y b e e n j o y e d i n f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s a s w e l l . Giselle, The SleepingBeauty, Coppelia, a n d The Nutcrackerh a v e q u a l i t i e s t o k e e p t h e m p o p u l a r .

    How d id Pavlovabecome a dancer?

    T h e R u s s i a n b a l l e r i n a w h o b e c a m e t h em o s t f a m o u s i nt h e w o r l d w a sA n n a P a v l o v a .

    S h e i s s t il l a h o u s e h o l d w o r d , a n d g i r l st h e w o r l d o v e r d r e a m o f "danc ing l i k eP a v l o v a . " A n n a w a s o n l y s e v e n w h e nh e r m o t h e r t o o k h e r t o a b a l l e t performa n c e a s a C h r i s t m a s t r e a t. T h e n a n dt h e r e t h e c h i l d f e l l i n l o v e w i t h t h ed a n c e . B u t s h e w a s n o t o l d e n o u g h e v e nt o t r y t o e n t e r t h e f a m o u s I m p e r i a lS c h o o l . S h e h a d t o w a i t t w o l o n g y e a r st o d o s o .

    I n t h e I m p e r i a l S c h o o l t h e c h i l d r e nr e c e i v e d t h e i r t r a i n i n g a n d s c h o o l l e s s o n s f r e e , b e c a u s e t h e s c h o o l w a s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e C z a r . H o w e v e r , a p p l i c a n t s w e r e c h o s e n w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t c a r ea n d h a d t o p a s s a s ti ff e x a m i n a t i o n t o b ea d m i t t e d . T h i s i n c l u d e d a p p e a r a n c e ,g o o d h e a l t h , n a t u r a l g r a c e , a f ee l ing f o rm u s i c a n d r h y t h m , a n d i n t e l l ig e n c e . T h ef o r t u n a t e o n e s w e r e g i v e n a y e a r t op r o v e t h e m s e l v e s . T h e y h a d t o s h o wr e a l p r o g r e s s t o b e a l l o w e d t o s t a y .

    H o w t h e f r a il l i t tl e A n n a e v e r p a s s e dt h e h e a l t h t e s t i s a m y s t e r y , b u t p a s ss h e d i d . A n d p r o g r e s s s h e d i d . H e r

    Anna Pavlova (foreground) and other pupils took ballet lessons at the famous Imperial School in Russia.15

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    Anna Pavlova performed her unforgettablerole in the ballet The Dying Swan. It waschoreographed by Michel Fokine to the musicof French composer Camille Saint-Saens, andwas the ballerina's most famous creation.

    Vaslav Nijinsky was noted for hissensational leaps, which were un-equaled then as now. At the top ofthe page are shown Nijinsky andAnna Pavlova in one of their memorable performances with the notedBallet Russe company in France.1 6

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    f r a g i l e , s e n s i t i v e b e a u t y c a s t a s p e l l o fe n c h a n t m e n t w h e r e v e r s h e d a n c e d . P e o p l e s ti ll s p e a k o f h e r w i t h r e v e r e n c e .

    M a n y p r e s e n t - d a y b a l l e r i n a s a r e s a i dt o b e m o r e p e r f e c t t h a n P a v l o v a . I n h e ro w n d a y s h e n e v e r p e r f o r m e d t h e s h o w yt h i r t y - t w o fouettes, o r m u l t i p l e pirou-ettes. Y e t s h e b e c a m e t h e u n o f f ic i a lprima ballerina assoluta o f t h e w o r l d .I t n e v e r m a t t e r e d t o h e r p u b l i c w h a ts h e d a n c e d . I t w a s ho w s h e d a n c e d t h a tm a d e h e r t h e s y m b o l o f b a l l e t t o m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d .

    S h e h a d a p e r s o n a l m a g i c t h a t t r a n s p o r t e d h e r a u d i e n c e . S h e w a s l ig h t , a i r y ,a n d d a n c e d e f f o r t l e s s l y a n d r a d i a n t l y .S h e c o u l d b e a s y l p h , o r a c l o u d o r s h ec o u l d b e t o u c h e d w i t h f ir e a l m o s t r e a le n o u g h t o s e t e v e r y t h i n g a r o u n d h e ra b l a z e .

    E v e n r e a d i n g a b o u t t h e w a y s h e p e r-f o r m e d TheW h a t w a s P a v l o v a ' s ^ . rxr . ^ Dying Swan

    m o s t f a m o u s d a n c e ? h a s b r o u g h tt e a r s t o m a n y a n e y e . S h e flo ated a c r o s st h e s t a g e i n t i n y bourres ( f l u t t e r i n g ,w e a v i n g s t e p s ) , s h e c u r v e d h e r l o v e l yn e c k , h e r b o d y t r e m b l e d , s h e s a n k *. . .a n d d i e d . . . a n d p e o p l e w e p t .

    A n n a P a v l o v a b r o u g h t b a l l e t t o t h ew h o l e w o r l d . S h e t r a v e l e d e v e r y w h e r e ,m e e t i n g s c h e d u l e s t h a t w o u l d m a k es t r o n g m e n t u r n p a l e . T h i s f r a g i l e b a l l e r i n a w a s m a d e o f s o m e t h i n g m u c hs t r o n g e r t h a n s t e e l . S h e t o o k b y s t o r mE n g l a n d , F r a n c e , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .S h e w e n t t o E g y p t , S o u t h A f r i c a ,B u r m a , C o s t a R i c a , M a l a y , A u s t r a l i a ,J a v a . H u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f m i l e s ,t h o u s a n d s o f p e r f o r m a n c e s , m i l l i o n ss a w h e r d a n c e . H e r n a m e s e e m s e n

    g r a v e d i n t h e p u b l i c m i n d s , a n d t o d a yb a l l e t m i g h t j u s t a s w e l l b e s p e l l e d"pavlova . "

    V a s l a v N i j i n s k y a l s o s t u d i e d i n t h e I m p e r i a l S c h o o l , a n d

    W h o w a s t h e h e w a s Q n e o f p a v .most famou s , , *. . l o v a s s e v e r a l p a r t -m a l e d a n c e r r ,of a l l t i m e ? n e r s ' H l s d a n c i n g

    w a s s u p e r b , s t r o n ga n d m a n l y . O n s t a g e h e s e e m e d i l l u m i n a t e d b y s o m e i n n e r f ir e . T h e m o s t d if fi c u l t s t e p s w e r e e a s y f o r h i m . H i s l e a p sw e r e s e n s a t i o n a l . W h e n h e w a s a s k e dh o w h e p e r f o r m e d t h e m , h e s a i d t h a t i tw a s q u i t e s i m p l e . " Y o u m e r e l y p a u s e al i t t le i n t h e a i r a n d t h e n c o m e d o w na g a i n . " H e w a s th e m o s t f a m o u s m a l ed a n c e r o f a ll t i m e .O f c o u r s e N i j i n s k y w a s o n l y j o k i n g

    w h e n h e s a i d h eHow d i d N i j i n sk y * . ^. . . * p a u s e d in t h e air.m a n a g e his l e a p s ? * . I t j u s t h a p p e n e d

    t h a t h e p o s s e s s e d e x t r a o r d i n a r y p h y s i c a ls t r e n g t h a n d h a d s p l e n d i d t ra i n i n g . A tt h e p e a k of h i s l e a p s , h e t h r u s t h i s l e g so u t f u r t h e r a n d i t w a s t h i s w h i c hm a d e h i m a p p e a r t o p a u s e i n t h e a i r .H e h a d s o m e t h i n g e l s e , t o o , a G o d -g i v e n t a l e n t , t h a t s p e c i a l i n g r e d i e n tw h i c h m a k e s p e o p l e g r e a t i n t h e i r o w ns p e c i a l field s w h e t h e r t h e y b e d a n c e r s ,t e a c h e r s , m u s i c i a n s , w r i te r s o r b a s e b a l lp l a y e r s .S e r g e D i a g h i l e v w a s n o t a d a n c e r . H e

    w a s a c u l t u r e d g e n t l e -W h o w a s m a n w h o l o y e d b a U e tD^ghi l ev? A t t h e t u r n o f t h e t w e n "t i e t h c e n t u r y h e felt t h a t

    b a l l e t w a s n o l o n g e r m a k i n g a n y p r o g -

    1 7

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    (

    r e s s. T h e s a m e t h i n g s w e r e b e i n g d o n eo v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n l o n g b a l l e t s i nl a v i s h s e t t i n g s a n d c o m p l i c a t e d s t o r i e so f u n e a r t h l y b e i n g s .

    B a l l e t h a d b e c o m e b o g g e d d o w n b yt r a d i t i o n . T r a d i t i o n is a f i n e t h i n g t ob u i l d o n , b u t c e r t a i n l y i t i s n o t g o o d t ol i v e c o m p l e t e l y i n t h e p a s t a n d i g n o r et h e n e e d s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s o f t h e p r e s e n t .

    T r u e , w e s ti ll k n o w a n d l o v e s o m e o ft h e s e b a l l e t s a n d t h r i ll t o t h e b e a u t i f u l m u s i c o f T s c h a i k o v s k y , a s i n TheSleeping Beauty. B u t t h i s b a l l e t h a sb e e n r e v a m p e d fo r t h e m o d e r n t a s te .T h e s a m e i s t r u e o f Swan Lake, w h e r em o s t u s u a l l y o n l y t h e s e c o n d a c t i sg i v e n .

    D i a g h i l e v d i d n o t l ik e t h e r i v a l r i e st h a t e x i s t e d a m o n g t h e b a l l e r i n a s . I n s t e a d o f c o n c e n t r a t i n g o n f i n e e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e i r d a n c i n g a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a

    t i o n , t h e y v i e d w i t h o n e a n o t h e r in f e a t so f t e c h n i c a l b r i l l i a n c e . N i g h t after n i g h ti n t h e f a m o u s M a r y i n s k y T h e a t e r h ec o u l d h e a r p e o p l e s o f t ly c o u n t i n g t h en u m b e r of pirouettes ( a t u r n o r s e q u e n c e o f t u r n s o n o n e f o o t ) o r fouettesm a d e b y t h e i r f a v o r i t e d a n c e r s .

    A l t h o u g h t o d a y w e r e a l i z e t h a t b a ll e t i s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e v e r a l a r t s t e c h n i c a l b a l l e t s k i l l, m u s i c a n d a r t i n D i a g h i l e v ' s d a y n o o n e t h o u g h t o fc r e a t i n g b a l l e t a s a c o m b i n e d w h o l e !

    How were bal letscreated dur ingDiaghilev's t ime?

    B a l l e t c r e a t o r s s e a r c h e d f o r s u i t a b l es t o r ie s . T h e n t h e ya r r a n g e d s t e p st h a t w o u l d t e l lt h e s e s t o r i e s .

    W h e n t h e d a n c e r s s t a r t e d t o l e a r n t h es t e p s , c o s t u m e a n d s c e n e r y d e s i g n e r sw e n t t o w o r k . T h e y w e r e t o l d w h a t t h eb a l l e t w a s a b o u t , b u t t h e y n e v e r d i s c u s s e d a n y o f t h e i r p l a n s w i t h t h ec h o r e o g r a p h e r s , w h o a r e t h e c r e a t o r so f t h e b a l l e t s te p s . W h a t i s m o r e , w h e nt h e l e a d i n g d a n c e r s l e a r n e d t h e ir p a r t s ,t h e y of t en a s k e d t o h a v e s t e p s a n d m o v e m e n t s l e f t o u t , b e c a u s e t h e s e d i d n o th a p p e n t o s h o w t h e m o ff t o t h e i r b e s ta d v a n t a g e . T o fil l i n t h e g a p , s o m e t i m e st h e y w e r e a l l o w e d t o p u t i n s t e p s t h e yl i k e d f r o m s o m e o t h e r b a l l e t .

    Nijinsky was the slave Zobeldas in the ballet Schehe-razade, with music by Rimsky-Korsakov, done in 1910.

    ; w

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    Nijinsky's greatest leapwas in Spectre of the Rose.D i a g h i l e v d i d n o t a p p r o v e o f t h i s a t

    a l l . H e f e l t t h a t a l l t h e a r t i s t s w h o m a d eu p a b a l l e t c o m p a n y s h o u l d w o r k t o g e t h e r a n d u n i f y a l l t h e i r e f f o r t s i n t oo n e g l o r i o u s w h o l e . H e w a s n o t a l o n e i nt h i s o p i n i o n .

    A y o u n g d a n c e r a n d c h o r e o g r a p h e r ,M i c h e l F o k i n e , w h o h a d c r e a t e d TheDying Swan d a n c e f o r P a v l o v a i n 1 9 0 5 ,f e lt e x a c t l y a s D i a g h i l e v d i d . B u t w h e nh e p r o p o s e d n e w i d e a s t o h i s s u p e r i o r sa t t h e I m p e r i a l T h e a t e r , t h e y w e r e r ej e c te d . T h u s , w h e n D i a g h i l e v d e c i d e dt o f o r m a c o m p a n y o f R u s s i a n d a n c e r st o t a k e t o P a r i s , F o k i n e w a s v e r y g l a dt o g o a l o n g a s i t s c h o r e o g r a p h e r .

    - /

    T h e B a l l e t R u s s eD i a g h i l e v w a s a g r e a t a n d i m a g i n a

    t i v e i m p r e s a r i o . A n " i m p r e s a r i o " i s t h eo r g a n i z e r o r m a n a g e r o f a c o n c e r t c o m p a n y , b u t D i a g h i l e v w a s m u c h m o r et h a n th a t . H e w a s a g e n i u s w h o c o u l di n s p i r e g r o u p s o f h i g h l y t e m p e r a m e n t a la r t i st s t o w o r k t o g e t h e r t o w a r d a c o m m o n g o a l . H e w a s n o t s o m u c h c o n c e r n e d w i t h b o x o ff i c e p r o f i t s a s h e w a sw i t h p e r f e c ti o n . A n d h i s c o m p a n y w a sa r t i s t i c a l ly p e r f e c t . I t w a s o n M a y 1 8 ,1 9 0 9 t h a t D i a g h i l e v ' s B a l l e t R u s s eo p e n e d for i t s fir st s e a s o n i n P a r i s .

    Diaghi l e v ' s p r i n c i p a l d a n c e r s w e r eA n n a P a v l o v a , T a -m a r a K a r s a v i n a a n dV a s l a v N i j i n s k y .Y o u n g M i c h e l F o k i n ew a s h i s c h o r e o g r a

    p h e r . H i s d e s i g n e r s , c o s t u m e r s a n d mu-

    Who were themain artistsof Diaghi lev'sBallet Russe?

    s i c i a n s w e r e t h e fi n e s t i n R u s s i a . E v e r y o n e i n h i s c o m p a n y c o n t r i b u t e d h i s o rh e r t a l e n t t o a f i n a l b r i l l i a n t r e s u l t . N ow o n d e r t h e i r b a l l e t s e a s o n w a s s u c h at r e m e n d o u s s u c c e s s . N o t o n l y t h e f ir sts e a s o n , b u t t h e n e x t a n d t h e n e x t a n dt h e n e x t f o r t w e n t y w o n d e r f u l y e a r s !I t w a s o n e g r e a t s p e c t a c l e after a n o t h e r .

    O f c o u r s e , t h e c o m p a n y c h a n g e df r o m t i m e t o t i m e . D a n c e r s a c c e p t e dc o n c e r t e n g a g e m e n t s o r l e ft t o f o r mc o m p a n i e s a n d s c h o o l s o f t h e i r o w n .B u t w h e r e v e r t h e y w e n t , t h e y c a r r i e dw i t h t h e m t h e D i a g h i l e v i n f l u e n c e .

    A m o n g t h e m a l e d a n c e r s i n D i a g h i le v ' s c o m p a n y w e r e M o r d k i n , V o l i -n i n e , M a s s i n e , D o l i n , L i f a r . F o k i n ep e r f o r m e d a s w e l l a s c r e a t e d , a n d C e c -c h e t t i t o o k o n n u m e r o u s c h a r a c t e rr o l e s , i n c l u d i n g C h a r l a t a n i n t h e b a l l e tPetrouchka.

    1 9

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    The clown Petrouchkawas one of the four principals of the production.D i a g h i l e v c o n s t a n t l y s o u g h t o u t a n d

    e n c o u r a g e d ta l e n t e d p e o p l e . A m o n g h i sc o m p o s e r s a n d b a l l e t h a s s o m e o ft h e f in e s t m u s i c i n t h e w o r l d w e r eD e b u s s y , R a v e l , R i c h a r d S tr a u s s , S t ra v i n s k y , F a u r e , P r o k o f i e v a n d m a n yo t h e r s .

    H i s d e s i g n e r s i n c l u d e d s u c h f a m o u sp a i n t e r s a s P i c a s s o , B e n o i s , B a k s t , M a t i s s e a n d o t h e r s .

    A n d a m o n g h i s c h o r e o g r a p h e r s w e r eF o k i n e , N i j i n s k y , M a s s i n e , N i j i n s k aa n d G e o r g e B a l a n c h i n e , w h o b e c a m et h e a r t i s t i c d i r e c t o r o f t h e w o r l d - f a m o u sN e w Y o r k C i t y B a l le t .I t w a s F o k i n e w h o c h a n g e d t h e n a t u r e

    o f t h e s t o r i e s t h a tW h a t c o n t r ib u t i o n s u n u uJ-J KA- u i c u- b a l l e t t o l d . H edi d M iche l Fo kine t % t tmake to t h e b a l l e t? c h a n g e d t h e s t y l eo f d a n c i n g , t o o ,

    b y i n t r o d u c i n g v i v i d , l i v i n g c h a r a c t e r st o t h e d a n c e . W h a t i s m o r e , h e h e l p e d

    i n i t i a t e t h e i d e a o f u s i n g m u s i c a s p a r to f t h e b a l l e t i t s e l f , r a t h e r t h a n a m e r ea c c o m p a n i m e n t t o t h e d a n c i n g .

    A g o o d e x a m p l e o f t h i s n e w w a y t ou s e m u s i c i s i n t h e b a l l e t Petrouchka,w h i c h i s a s t o r y o f p u p p e t s c o m e t o l i f e .T h e m u s i c i s p a r t o f t h e a c t i o n i t s e l f.T h e i n s t r u m e n t s s e e m t o q u a r r e l w h e nt h e c h a r a c t e r s d o . T h e o r c h e s t r a" s h r ie k s " w h e n t h e p u p p e t P e t r o u c h k ai s s u p p o s e d t o s h r i e k . T h i s m u s i c i s b yS t r a v i n s k y , a n d t h e d a n c e s w e r e c r e a t e db y F o k i n e .

    D a n c e r s n e v e r s t o p l e a r n i n g a n d t r y i n gt o p e r f e c t t h e i r a r t .Who taught the TV U-I JD i a g h i l e v e n g a g e dt h e g r e a t I m p e r i a lS c h o o l t e a c h e r E n

    r i c o C e c c h e t t i t o i n s t r u c t h i s d a n c e r s .A l t h o u g h C e c c h e t t i w a s d e l i g h t fu l l ys o c i a b l e i n e v e r y d a y li f e , i n t h e classr o o m h e w a s a s t r i c t d i s c i p l i n a r i a n . H e

    dancers of theBallet Russe?

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    i Scenery for the ballet Petrouchka was designed byAlexander Benois and used at the 1911 Paris opening.

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    A y o u n g g ir l h a s r e t u r n e d f r o m a b a l l .W h e n s h e t a k e s o ff h e r c a p e , w e s e e t h a ts h e i s s t i l l h o l d i n g a r e d r o s e t h a t w a sg i v e n t o h e r b y h e r s w e e t h e a r t . H o l d i n gi t c l o s e , s h e d a n c e s d r e a m i l y . T h e n s h es i n k s i n t o a c h a i r a n d f a l l s a s l e e p . A tt h i s m o m e n t , t h e r o s e c o m e s t o l i f e a n de x e c u t e s a m a g n i f i c e n t d a n c e . T h e n , a sd a w n l i g h t s u p t h e w i n d o w , t h e r o s e s a y sf a r e w e l l t o t h e g i r l a n d , i n w h a t s e e m sl i k e a n e v e r - e n d i n g l e a p , s o a r s o u tt h r o u g h t h e c a s e m e n t s . T h i s w a s o n e o fN ij insky ' s f a m o u s l e a p s , a n d h e w a s t h efirst t o d a n c e t h i s r o l e t o F o k i n e ' s c h o r e o g r a p h y . T h e b a l l e r i n a w a s T a m a r aK a r s a v i n a .

    T h e b a l l e t Prince Igor s e r v e d t o i n t r o d u c e W e s t e r n E u r o p e t o t h e c o l o r ,m u s i c a n d d a n c i n g o f R u s s i a . T h e m u s i ci s f r o m t h e s e c o n d a c t o f a n o p e r a b yA l e x a n d e r B o r o d i n . T h i s b a l l e t h a s n oc o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e p l o t o f t h e o p e r a .I t i s j u s t w o n d e r f u l m u s i c , s e t t i n g a n dd a n c i n g , s h o w i n g d a n c e a r t is t s i n n a t i v ec o s t u m e p e r f o r m i n g w i t h u n b e l i e v a b l ee n e r g y , s p e e d a n d v i g o r .

    D i a g h i l e v t o u r e d E u r o p e a n d A m e r i c a , a n d e v e r y w h e r e t h a t h i s t r o u p ed a n c e d , t h e r e w a s b o t h a n u p s u r g e o fi n t e r e s t i n b a l l e t a n d a t r e m e n d o u s a c c l a i m f o r h i s c o m p a n y . B y t h e t i m eS e r g e D i a g h i l e v d i e d in 1 9 2 9 , t h e w h o l ew o r l d h a d b e e n i n f l u e n c e d b y h i s i d e ao f w h a t b a l l e t s h o u l d b e . T h e s e e d s f o rp r e s e n t - d a y d a n c i n g , w h i c h h e h a dh e l p e d t o r i p e n , w e r e n o w s c a t t e r e de v e r y w h e r e i n t h e f o r m o f h i s d a n c e r s ,m u s i c i a n s a n d c h o r e o g r a p h e r s a n df r o m t h e m g r e w b a l l e t a s w e k n o w i tt o d a y .

    B a l l e t T o d a yB e c a u s e p e o p l e b e f o r e u s h a d f r e e d

    b a l l e t o f m e a n i n g l e s s c o n v e n t i o n s a n dh a d n o t b e e n a f r a id t o e x p e r i m e n t w i t hn e w i d e a s , w e n o w c a n e n j o y a ll k i n d so f b a l l e t r o m a n t i c , c l a s s i c a n dm o d e r n . T h e r e a r e b a l l e t s w h i c h t e l ld r a m a t i c o r t r a g i c s t o r i e s a s w e l l a sb a l l e t s w h i c h a r e filled w i t h h u m o r .T h e r e a r e a l s o b a l l e t s w h i c h e x p r e s so n l y a m o o d i n m u s i c a n d m o t i o n a n db a l l e t s t h a t a r e r i c h i n c o l o r a n d b r i ll i a n c e . O f t e n y o u c a n s e e e x a m p l e s o fe a c h o n t h e s a m e t h e a t e r p r o g r a m , a sf o r e x a m p l e , Swan Lake, Firebird,Afternoon of a Faun, a n d WesternSymphony.

    What isclassicbal let?

    A l l b a l l e t tr a i n i n g i s c l a s s i c a l . T h a t i s ,i t i s b a s e d o n a s t a n d a r do f r u l e s w h i c h e v o l v e df r o m t h e A c a d e m y o fD a n c e e s t a b l i s h e d b y

    L o u i s X I V . T h e s t u d e n t l e a r n s a b a s i c"vocabulary" o f s t e p s f r o m w h i c h c o u n t l e s s v a r i a t i o n s c a n b e m a d e s o t h a t a l lk i n d s o f m o v e m e n t a r e p o s s i b l e .

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    T h e c l a s s i c d a n c e i s f u n d a m e n t a l m a t e r i a l o u t o f w h i c h n e w b a l l e t s c a n b em a d e , a n d i t g i v e s t h e d a n c e r a s u r ek n o w l e d g e t o d r a w o n w h e n h e is r eq u i r e d t o p e r f o r m a w o r k t h a t i s n e wt o h i m .

    W h e n y o u s e e a b a l l e t l i s t e d o n t h ep r o g r a m a s " c l a s s i c , " i t d o e s n o t m e a n ,t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h i s i s g o i n g t o b e s o m e t h i n g o l d . W h a t i t r e a l l y m e a n s i s t h a th e r e i s a n e x a m p l e o f t h e f in es t o f i t sk i n d . T h a t is p r e c i s e l y w h a t c l a s s i cm e a n s : " a w o r k o f t h e h i g h e s t c l a s s a n da c k n o w l e d g e d e x c e l l e n c e . "

    T h e r e f o r e , b a l l e t s c a n b e r o m a n t i ca n d c l a s s i c a s w e l l a s m o d e r n a n dc l a s s i c , b e c a u s e t h e y c o m b i n e t h ek n o w l e d g e a n d s k i ll s d e v e l o p e d o v e r t h ec e n t u r i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n h a n d e dd o w n , t e a c h e r t o p u p i l , t o o u r o w n t i m e .

    What are someclassic ballets?

    P r o b a b l y t h e m o s t p o p u l a r a m o n g t h ec l a s s i c b a l l e t s i sSwan Lake. I t i s p e r f o r m e d b y a l m o s t

    e v e r y c o m p a n y i n t h e w o r l d . T h e s t o r yi s a b o u t a b e a u t i f u l g ir l , O d e t t e , w h o i st r a n s f o r m e d b y a m a g i c i a n i n t o a s w a n

    q u e e n . O n l y a t m i d n i g h t , fo r o n e b r i e fh o u r , c a n s h e r e s u m e h e r h u m a n f o r m .I t i s t h e n t h a t a p r i n c e a n d h i s f r i e n d s ,o u t o n a h u n t , d i s c o v e r h e r . A s O d e t t eb e g s t h e p r i n c e n o t t o s h o o t h e r s w a n s ,h e f a l l s i n l o v e w i t h h e r . S o m e o f t h em o s t b e a u t i f u l d a n c i n g c a n b e s e e n i nt h i s b a l l e t , a n d it i s t h e a m b i t i o n o fe v e r y b a l l e r i n a t o d a n c e t h e r o l e o fO d e t t e .

    A m o t i o n p i c t u r e , i n c o l o r , w a s m a d eo f t h i s b a l l e t b y T h e R o y a l B a l l e t C o m p a n y o f E n g l a n d , a n d i t a f f o r d s a m a g n i f i c e n t v i e w o f c l a s s i c d a n c i n g . O d e t t ei s d a n c e d h e r e b y M a r g o t F o n t e y n ,p r i m a bal lerina o f t h e c o m p a n y . T h ep r i n c e is M i c h a e l S o m e s , a l s o o n e o fE n g l a n d ' s g r e a t e s t d a n c e r s .

    The Sleeping Beauty i s a c l a s s i c bal-

    The bar helps dancerskeep their balance whenthey learn and practice.Pupils of a present-dayballet school exerciseat the bar or barre.

    23

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    l e t w h i c h i s b a s e d o n t h e w e l l - k n o w nf a i r y t a l e o f t h e s a m e n a m e . M o i r aS h e a r e r o f E n g l a n d m a k e s a b e a u t i f u lP r i n c e s s A u r o r a . P e r h a p s y o u h a v e s e e nh e r d a n c e i n t h e m o t i o n p i c t u r e e n t i t l e dThe Red Shoes.

    Th e Nutcracker i s o f t e n p e r f o r m e da t C h r i s t m a s t i m e , b u t i f y o u c a n ' t s e ei t o n a l i v i n g s t a g e , r e m e m b e r t h a t i t i so f t e n g i v e n o n t e l e v i s i o n d u r i n g t h eh o l i d a y s e a s o n . T h e b a l l e t o p e n s w i t ha f a m i l y C h r i s t m a s p a r t y , a n d t h e r e i sa l a r g e , r i c h l y d e c o r a t e d C h r i s t m a s t r e ei n t h e s e t t i n g . T h e b e s t p r e s e n t , a s f a ra s l i t tl e C l a r a i s c o n c e r n e d , i s a c l e v e r l yd e v i s e d N u t c r a c k e r w h i c h l o o k s l i k e as o l d i e r t h e gift o f h e r r a t h e r m y s t e r i o u s g o d f a t h e r .

    T h a t n i g h t , w h e n t h e p a r t y i s o v e r ,C l a r a d r e a m s t h a t t h e N u t c r a c k e r h a sc o m e t o l i fe a s a c h a r m i n g y o u n g p r i n c e .

    The Prince falls in love w ith the Swan Queen in MariusPetipa's Swan Lake. The music is by Tschaikovsky.

    H e t a k e s h e r t o F a i r y l a n d , t h r o u g h t h eS n o w C o u n t r y a n d i n t o t h e K i n g d o m o ft h e S u g a r p l u m F a i r y . T h e r e a g r a n dc e l e b r a t i o n is h e l d i n C l a r a ' s h o n o r . T h es u b j e c t s o f t h e Q u e e n p e r f o r m m a n yd a n c e s t o T s c h a i k o v s k y ' s b e a u t i f u l f l o w i n g m u s i c . T h e r e a r e S p a n i s h D a n c e r s ,C a n d y C a n e s , a n A r a b i a n D a n c e r ,M o t h e r G i n g e r a n d h e r d e l i g h t f u l l i t tl ec h i l d re n , F l o w e r s a n d S u g a r A n g e l s .F i n a l l y t h e S u g a r p l u m F a i r y a n d h e rP r i n c e d a n c e a grand pas de deux a d a n c e f o r two a n d t h a t i s w h e nc h i l d r e n w h i s p e r t o t h e i r m o t h e r s , " A r et h o s e p e o p l e r e a l l y r e a l ? "

    W i t h N i c h o l a s Magal lanes for a p a r t n e r , M a r i a T a l l c h i e f a s t h e S u g a r p l u mF a i r y e x h i b i t s s o m e o f t h e fin est c l a s s i cd a n c i n g f o r w h i c h G e o r g e B a l a n c h -i n e 's N e w Y o r k C i t y B a l l e t C o m p a n yi s f a m o u s .

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    Clara is taken to the Kingdom of theSugarplum Fairy in The Nutcracker.Clara dreams that the Nutcracker, agift from her godfather, comes alive.

    W h a t a r eromanticballets?

    T h e b a l l e t s w e c a l l " r o m a n t i c " a r e ak i n d o f c l a s s i c a l b a l l e t .T h e y a r e r o m a n t i c i nm o o d . T h e d e s i r e t o e x p r e s s t h i s m o o d a n d t o

    g i v e t h e d a n c e r s m o r e o f t h e a p p e a r a n c eo f s p i r i t - l ik e c r e a t u r e s w a s r e s p o n s i b l ef o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t o e d a n c i n g . I ti s i n t h e s e r o m a n t i c b a l l e t s t h a t d a n c e r sfirst r o s e t o t h e t i p s o f t h e i r t o e s .

    I t w a s a t t h i s t i m e , a l s o , t h a t t h ew h i t e b a l l e t , o r ballet blanc, c a m e i n t ob e i n g a n d t h e d e l i c a t e , r o m a n t i ctutu w e k n o w i n s u c h p r o d u c t i o n s a sGiselle, Swan Lake a n d Les Sylphidesw a s c r e a t e d .

    Giselle i s t h e s t o r y of a p e a s a n t g i r l w h of a l l s i n l o v e w i t hW h i c h is the m o s t D u k e A l b r e c h t

    p o p u l a r o f t h e f - t . -r o m a n t i c b a l l e t s ? w h o h a s d i s g u i s e d

    h i m s e l f a s a p e a s a n t . W h e n t h e g i r l d i s c o v e r s h i s r e a li d e n t i t y a n d l e a r n s t h a t h e i s e n g a g e dt o m a r r y a p r i n c e s s , s h e l o s e s h e r m i n da n d d i e s o f g r i e f .

    I n t h e s e c o n d a c t , t h e r e m o r s e f u lp r i n c e v i s i t s h e r g r a v e a t n i g h t . T h ec e m e t e r y i s h a u n t e d b y t h e wil is , s p i r i t s o f b r i d e s - t o - b e w h o h a v e d i e d b e f o r e

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    Alicia Markova as Giselle and Anton Dolin asDuke A lbrecht dance inthe ballet Giselle. Theromantic ballet wasoriginally performed inthe year 1841 in Parisand is the work of thecomposer A. C. Adam.

    t h e ir w e d d i n g d a y . N o w t h e y a p p e a r ,w i t h G i s e l l e a m o n g t h e m , a n d f o r c e h e rt o d a n c e w i t h A l b r e c h t . D a w n c o m e s i nt i m e t o s a v e h i m f r o m il l f a t e .

    T h i s b a l l e t , t h e m o s t p o p u l a r o f t h er o m a n t i c o n e s , w a s first p r o d u c e d i nP a r i s i n 1 8 4 1 . I t i s t h e " H a m l e t " o f t h eb a l l e t w o r l d . J u s t a s e v e r y a c t o r w a n t st o p l a y H a m l e t , s o e v e r y b a l l e r i n a w a n t st o d a n c e t h e p a r t o f G i s e l l e a n d b r i n gt o t h e r o l e h e r o w n p a r t i c u l a r g i f t s a n di n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

    I n o u r t i m e , G i s e l l e w a s d a n c e d b yA l i c i a M a r k o v a , M a r g o t F o n t e y n ,A l i c i a A l o n s o , M o i r a S h e a r e r , U l a n o v a ,t h e R u s s i a n p r i m a b a l l e r i n a a n d m a n yo t h e r s .

    What ismodernballet?

    S o m e o f t h e m o d e r n b a l l e t s o f t o d a yt e l l a s t o r y . W h e n t h e y d o ,t h e c o s t u m e s a n d s c e n e r yf i t t h e p e r i o d a n d s e t t i n g o ft h a t s t o r y . O t h e r m o d e r n

    b a l l e t s e x p r e s s o n l y a m o o d o r a f e e l i n g .I n t h a t c a s e , t h e c o s t u m e s a n d s e t t i n g sa r e d e s i g n e d f o r l i n e a n d c o l o r a n d t o f itt h e m o o d o r f e e l i n g t o b e e x p r e s s e d .

    T h e m o v e m e n t s o f m a n y o f t h e s eb a l l e t s , a t first g l a n c e , m i g h t l o o k n o t h i n g a t a l l l i k e t h o s e o f t h e c l a s s i c a n dr o m a n t i c b a l l e t s . I n s o m e o f t h e s e b a l l e t s t h e d a n c e r s u s e st r a i g h t m o v e m e n t so f t h e a r m s r a t h e r t h a n t h e r o u n d e dc l a s s i c o n e s . B o d y l i n e s a r e s o m e t i m e sa n g u l a r .

    How are modernballet dancerstrained to dance?

    Y e t t h e m o d e r n b a l l e t d a n c e r b e g i n st r a i n i n g i n e x a c t l yt h e s a m e w a y a s t h ee a r l i er d a n c e r s d i d w i t h t h e f iv e

    p o s i t i o n s o f t h e f e e t , t h e n i n e t y - d e g r e et u r n o u t o f t h e l e g f r o m t h e h i p , a n d a l lt h e o t h e r e x e r c i s e s w h i c h g i v e t h e b o d ys u p p l e n e s s , g r a c e a n d b a l l e t i c e a s e o fm o v e m e n t . T h e n t h e a c q u i r i n g o f m o d e r n s t e p s t o fit t h e s p e c i f i c n e w d a n c e si s e a s y . T h e v o c a b u l a r y o r v i s i b l el a n g u a g e o f b a l l e t h a s b e e n u s e d i ne a c h e r a t o e x p r e s s t h a t p a r t i c u l a r t i m e .O n c e it w a s f u l l o f p o m p a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e . T h e n i t w a s f illed w i t h t h e r o m a n t i c q u a l i t i e s o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , f o l l o w e d b y t h e r e a l i s t p r e s e n t a -

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    wamm

    t i o n s o f F o k i n e a n d D i a g h i l e v . N o w i ti s c r i s p w i t h m o d e r n d e s i g n s a n d t h ed r e a m s a n d r e a l i t ie s o f t o d a y ' s w o r l d .

    What a r e somemodern bal lets?

    P r o b a b l y t h e b e s t k n o w n m o d e r n A m e r i c a n b a l l e t i s A g n e sD e M i l l e ' s Rodeo.S e t i n t h e S o u t h w e s t ,

    o n a r a n c h , i t d e a l s w i t h a t o m b o y ' s d e s p e r a t e e f f o r t s t o a t t r a c t t h e a t t e n t i o n o ft h e H e a d C o w b o y . A l l h e r a t t e m p t s t oc h a r m h i m w i t h h e r c o w g i r l s k i l l s f a l li n t o r i d i c u l e u n t i l s h e s e e s t h e e r r o r o fh e r w a y s . E v e r y t h i n g c h a n g e s w h e n s h ea p p e a r s d r e s s e d a s a g i rl , w i t h b e c o m i n gf e m i n i n e m a n n e r s . N o w t h e H e a d C o w b o y d a n c e s r i g h t u p t o h e r , b u t s h ec h o o s e s t h e C h a m p i o n R o p e r i n st e a d .O f a l l t h e p e o p l e o n t h e r a n c h , h e , a l o n e ,w a s k i n d t o h e r e a r l i e r w h e n s h e b e h a v e d s o f o o l i s h l y .

    Rodeo w a s first p r e s e n t e d i n N e wY o r k o n O c t o b e r 1 6 , 1 9 4 2 a n d a tt h a t m o m e n t a g r e a t A m e r i c a n c h o r e o g r a p h e r w a s d i s c o v e r e d . N o t h i n g l i k ei t h a d e v e r b e e n s e e n b e f o r e , a n d f r o mt h a t m o m e n t , t h e p a r t i c u l a r s t y l e o fd a n c i n g p r e s e n t e d b y A g n e s D e M i l l eb e c a m e p a r t o f t h e A m e r i c a n d a n c es c e n e . S h e , h e r s e l f , d a n c e d t h e p a r t o ft h e C o w g i r l . F r e d e r i c F r a n k l i n w a s t h eC h a m p i o n R o p e r .

    O t h e r b a l l e t s d e s i g n e d b y A g n e s D eM i l l e w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e m o t i o n p i c t u r e s Oklahoma a n d Carousel. T h e s ew e r e m u s i c a l p l a y s first a n d t o u r e d t h ec o u n t r y , p l a y i n g b e f o r e e n t h u s i a s t i ca u d i e n c e s e v e r y w h e r e . T h e b a l l e t s w e r ew o v e n r i g h t i n t o t h e s t o r y a n d m a n yp e o p l e w h o h a d n e v e r s e e n b a l l e t before ,d e c i d e d t h a t t h e y l i k e d i t . I t w a s n ' t h i g h b r o w a n d s t u f f y a t a l l !

    Some of the steps donein ballet are shown below. Their names are inFrench, for it was inFrance that ballet grew.

    PIROUETTE PASSE

    DEVELOPPE A LA SECONDE

    GRAND JETE

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    In Agnes De Mille's American balletRodeo, the Cowboys try to impress theEastern Girls at the Saturday dance.

    A m o d e r n b a l l e t t h a t i s q u i t e d i f fe r e n t i s Graduation Ball. T h i s i s s e t i n af a s h i o n a b l e g ir ls ' s c h o o l i n V i e n n a . Ag a l a e n t e r t a i n m e n t i s a r r a n g e d f o r t h eg r a d u a t e s o f a n e a r b y m i l i t a r y a c a d e m y . W h e n t h e g i r l s a n d b o y s m e e t ,t h e r e a r e s o m e a w k w a r d m o m e n t s . T h eb o y s a r e b a s h f u l , t h e g i rl s a r e s h y .S o m e b o d y f a l l s d o w n a n d i s h o r r i b l ye m b a r r a s s e d . B u t t h e n t h e p a r t y g e t su n d e r w a y a n d e v e r y o n e h a s f u n , i n c l u d i n g t h e h e a d m i s t r e s s a n d t h e p o m p o u so l d g e n e r a l .

    T h e b a l l e t Fancy Free i s a b o u t t h r e eA m e r i c a n s a il o r s o n s h o r e l e a v e i nN e w Y o r k . I t w a s c r e a t e d b y c h o r e o g r a p h e r J e r o m e R o b b i n s , w i t h c o m p o s e rL e o n a r d B e r n s t e i n . T h e s l a p s t i c kh u m o r a n d c l e v e r d a n c e s t e p s a l w a y sh a v e a u d i e n c e s l a u g h i n g a t t h e s a i l o r s 'a n t i c s .

    N o t t o b e o u t d o n e , t h e B r i t i s h n a v yh a s t o b e r e m e m b e r e d i n m o d e r n b a l l e t ,t o o . I t i s d o n e i n Pineapple Poll, w h i c h

    The Cowgirl, looking like atomboy, kicks out with displeasure when she is ignored.

    The Head Cowboy andthe Rancher's Daughter.

    i s b a s e d o n G i l b e r t a n d S u l l i v a n o p e r e t t a s . T h e s t o r y o f t h i s b a l l e t i s t a k e nf r o m G i l b e r t ' s b a l l a d , The BumboatWoman s Story. A b u m b o a t , b y t h ew a y , i s a b o a t t h a t c a r r i e s p r o v i s i o n s f r u i t , v e g e t a b l e s , trinkets o u t t os h i p s a t a n c h o r . P i n e a p p l e P o l l is ap r e t t y y o u n g g i rl w h o s t o w s a w a ya b o a r d t h e HMS Hot Cross Bun, i no r d e r t o b e n e a r C a p t a i n B e l a y e . T h e ns h e d i s c o v e r s t h a t a l s o a b o a r d a r e an u m b e r o f o t h e r v e r y un-sailor-l ikes a i l o r s , w h o t u r n o u t t o b e g i r l s w i t ht h e i d e n t i c a l i d e a s h e h a s ! I t i s q u i t ea s i t u a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e C a p t a i n b r i n g s a b o a r d h i s n e w b r id e . T h e" s a i l o r s " f a l l o v e r i n a m a s s fa int b u t e v e n t u a l l y a l l e n d s w e l l .

    E l a i n e F i f i e l d w a s t h e first t o d a n c e

    2 8

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    P i n e a p p l e P o l l . D a v i d B l a i r w a s C a p t a i n B e l a y e .

    S e r g e P r o k o f i e v , w h o w r o t e Peterand the Wolf a s a m u s i c a l f a i r y t a l e t ot e a c h c h i l d r e n t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nv a r i o u s i n s t r u m e n t s i n t h e o r c h e s t r a ,a l s o w r o t e t h e m u s i c f o r Gala Performance. T h i s i s a s p o o f o n b a l l e t , ac o m e d y , i n v o l v i n g t h r e e s e l f- i m p o r t a n tb a l l e r i n a s f r o m t h r e e d i f f e r en t c o u n t r i es w h o c o n s e n t t o d a n c e t o g e t h e r .

    J u s t b e f o r e t h e a c t u a l p e r f o r m a n c e ,t h e t h r e e s t a r s a p p e a r o n s t a g e o n e b yo n e . F i r s t c o m e s t h e R u s s i a n , t h e Q u e e no f t h e D a n c e , a h a u g h t y o v e r d r e s s e dl a d y . T h e n t h e s p a r k l i n g F r e n c h b a l l e r i n a r u n s o n , w e a r i n g a flu ffy c o s t u m e .S h e a t o n c e t e l l s t h e c o n d u c t o r w h a tk i n d o f t e m p o s h e e x p e c t s f r o m h i m .S h e s e e m s t o t a l k , t a l k , t a l k . N o w c o m e st h e I t a l i a n b a l l e r i n a , f a m e d a s G o d d e s so f th e D a n c e . S h e i s o v e r p o w e r i n g l yd i g n i f i e d , a n d w a l k s a s i f n o t s u r e t h efloor b e n e a t h i s w o r t h y t o r e c e i v e h e rp r e c i o u s f o o t s t e p s . A l l t h i s t i m e t h eb o y s a n d g i r l s o f t h e corps de ballet a r ew a t c h i n g f r o m t h e b a c k g r o u n d , c o n v u l s e d w i t h l a u g h t e r .

    T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e t r i o i s i nk e e p i n g w i t h t h e i r e s t a b l i s h e d c h a r a c t e r s e x a g g e r a t e d a n d r i d i c u l o u s .A n d a t t h e e n d , t h e l a d i e s p r a c t i c a l l yfig ht o v e r t h e a p p l a u s e .W h e n first g i v e n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ,t h e c a s t w a s h e a d e d b y N o r a K a y , N a n aG o l l n e r , K a r e n C o n r a d , H u g h L a i n g ,a n d A n t o n y T u d o r , w h o a l s o d i d t h ec h o r e o g r a p h y f o r t h i s b a l l e t .

    The popular, modern ballets Fancy Free, GraduationBall and Pineapple Poll were originally performed inNew York, Sydney, Australia and London, respectively.

    FANCY FREE

    GRADUATION BAPINEAPPLE POLL

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    In this scene from Serge Prokofiev's ballet Peter \and the W olf, the Wolf is shown chasing the Bird.

    t

    The Russian, French andItalian ballerinas havetheir "say" in the ballet Gala Performance.The music is by the composer Serge Prokofiev.I n b a l l e t , r o l e s w h i c h r e q u i r e d r a m a t i c

    i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a r e c a l l e dW h a t i s i 0, c h a r a c t e r p a r t s . S o m e -c h ar ac te r rd a n c i n g ? t i m e s t h e s e r o l e s r e q u i r e

    c h a r a c t e r d a n c i n g , c o m p l e t e l y in k e e p i n g w i t h t h e p e r s o n o rc r e a t u r e b e i n g p o r t r a y e d . S o m e t i m e s ,n o d a n c i n g i s r e q u i r e d , a n d t h e c h a r a c t e r m e r e l y w a l k s a b o u t t h e s t a g e p e r f o r m i n g h i s r o l e . I n Coppelia, t h eo w n e r o f t h e l i f e -s i z e d o l l is D r . C o p -p e l i u s . T h i s c h a r a c t e r r o l e h a s b e e np l a y e d b y t h e g i f te d R o b e r t H e l p m a n n .P e r h a p s y o u h a v e s e e n h i m i n t h e m o t i o n p i c t u r e Tales of Hoffman i n w h i c hh e p l a y e d t h e c h a r a c t e r r o l e o f t h ew i c k e d D r . M i r a c l e .

    T h e M o t h e r in Giselle i s a c h a r a c t e rr o l e . I n The Nutcracker, C l a r a ' s g o d

    father, D r o s s e l m e y e r , i s a c h a r a c t e r w h i t e - h a i r e d , s i n i s t e r , w i t h a b l a c kp a t c h o v e r o n e e y e ! I n t h e m a g n i f i c e n tFirebird, t h e w i c k e d m a g i c i a n , K a s t -c h e i , w a s p l a y e d b y t h e f a m o u s E n r i c oC e c c h e t t i o f t h e D i a g h i l e v c o m p a n y .

    I n The Sleeping Beauty, F r e d e r i c kA s h t o n p o r t r a y s t h e w i c k e d fairy C a r a -b o s s e . I t i s a b a l l e t t r a d i t i o n t h a t t h er o l e s o f u g l y , g r o t e s q u e o r e v i l o l dw o m e n s h o u l d u s u a l l y b e p l a y e d b ym e n .

    C h a r a c t e r d a n c i n g a l s o i n c l u d e s n a t i o n a l f o l k d a n c e s a d a p t e d f o r b a l l e t ,s u c h a s t h e p o l k a o r t h e I t a l i a n Tarantella. S c o t t i s h , S p a n i s h , R u s s i a n , I r i s h a n y k i n d o f n a t i o n a l d a n c e m a y b ea d a p t e d t o g i v e t h e f la vo r o f t h o s e c o u n t r i e s t o p a r t s o f v a r i o u s b a l l e t s .

    3 0

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    P a n t o m i m e a L a n g u a g e o f t h e D a n c e

    What ispantomime?

    T o h e l p t h e a u d i e n c e u n d e r s t a n d t h ee m o t i o n s i n a d a n c e ,m a n y p a n t o m i m e g es t u r e s h a v e b e e n d e v e l

    o p e d . T h a t i s , g e s t u r e s o f t h e h a n d s ,f a c i a l e x p r e s s i o n s a n d t h e g e n e r a l a t t it u d e o f t h e b o d y . D o n e w i t h r e s t r a i n t ,t h e y c a n e x p r e s s s e r i o u s f e e l i n g , b u t ac l e v e r c h a r a c t e r d a n c e r c a n t r a n s f o r mt h e m in t o a n y t h i n g h e w a n t s w i t h as l i g h t e x a g g e r a t i o n . W h e n y o u b e c o m ef a m i l ia r w i t h t h e p a n t o m i m e s a m p l e sg i v e n h e r e , w a t c h f o r t h e m i n t h e b a l l e tp e r f o r m a n c e s y o u s e e a n d n o t i c e h o wt h e y a r e u s e d . T h i s a w a r e n e s s w i l l a d dg r e a t l y t o y o u r e n j o y m e n t .

    F o r e x a m p l e , t o e x p r e s s love, t h ed a n c e r h o l d s b o t h h a n d s o v e r t h e h e a r t .

    A wish to marry i s e x p r e s s e d b yp o i n t i n g t o t h e w e d d i n g - r i n g finger w i t ht h e i n d e x fin ge r o f t h e r i g h t h a n d .

    T o s a y / , t h e d a n c e r p o i n t s t o w a r dh i m s e l f w i t h t h e m i d d l e fin ger s o f b o t hh a n d s .

    F o r you, h e p o i n t s t o t h e p e r s o n w i t ha n o p e n h a n d . If a n g r y , t h e n h e p o i n t sw i t h t h e fin ger i n a v i o l e n t g e s t u r e .

    Beautiful o r girl i s e x p r e s s e d b yc i r c l i n g t h e f a c e g e n t l y w i t h t h e b a c ko f t h e h a n d . T h e b a c k o f t h e m i d d l efin ge r o u t l i n e s t h e f a c e .

    /,-* MADGE, THE WITCH,IN LA SYLPHIDE

    A n i n v i t a t i o n t o dance i s e x p r e s s e db y c ir c l i n g t h e h a n d s a r o u n d e a c h o t h e ra b o v e t h e h e a d .

    F o r a kiss, t h e l i p s a r e t o u c h e d w i t hthe finger.Stop i s s u c h a u n i v e r s a l g e s t u r e , i t i st h e s a m e t h e w o r l d o v e r a n d i n d a n c e ,t o o . H e r e t h e p e r f o r m e r h o l d s u p t h eh a n d , p a l m o u t .

    Anger i s e x p r e s s e d b y r a i s i n g t h ea r m s a b o v e t h e h e a d , w i t h th e e l b o w st o t h e f r o n t , a n d s h a k i n g fists.

    A c o m m a n d t o obey i s s h o w n b yp o i n t i n g t o t h e flo or w i t h a v e r y d e c i d e d g e s t u r e .

    T o s a y no , t h e d a n c e r h o l d s t h e a r m sa t t h e s i d e , t h e n c r o s s e s t h e m b e f o r e t h eb o d y i n a d e f i n i t e g e s t u r e a s h e s h a k e sh i s h e a d .

    A d a n c e r w h o w a n t s t o s a y t h a t h eforgot, w i l l h o l d t h e h a n d s o u t l o o s e l y ,p a l m s u p , a n d s h a k e t h e h e a d s l i g h tl y .

    W h e n h e remembers, h e h o l d s t h ei n d e x f in ge r t o t h e t e m p l e .T o s a y friends, t h e d a n c e r c l a s p s t h e

    h a n d s t o g e t h e r o n a l e v e l w i t h t h e w a i s t .F o r sadness, t h e d a n c e r t r a c e s t e a r s

    r u n n i n g d o w n t h e f a c e w i t h h i s fin ge rs.F o r a c t u a l weeping, h e h i d e s t h e f a c e

    i n b o t h h a n d s , o r r u b s h i s e y e s w i t hc l e n c h e d f i s t s .

    Sk

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    T o beg for mercy, t h e d a n c e r h o l d st h e a r m s o u t , p a l m s t o g e t h e r a s i fp r a y i n g .

    A blessing i s g i v e n w i t h t h e h a n d st o u c h i n g t h e h e a d o f t h e p e r s o n b l e s s e d .

    Sleep i s i n d i c a t e d b y i n c l i n i n g t h eh e a d a g a i n s t t h e b a c k o f t h e h a n d s .

    A child i s i n d i c a t e d w i t h t h e p a l m so f t h e h a n d s . T h e d a n c e r r a i s e s t h ep a l m s i n t h r e e s t e p s , a s i f m e a s u r i n g t h eh e i g h t o f a g r o w i n g c h i l d .

    Thank you i s s h o w n v e r y s im p l y b yi n c l i n i n g t h e h e a d . O n e h a n d is b r o u g h td o w n f r o m a p o s i t i o n o n t h e c h e s t a n de x t e n d e d t o w a r d t h e p e r s o n t h a n k e d .

    A king i s i n d i c a te d b y a f lo ur is hingg e s t u r e a n d t h e r a i s i n g o f t h e r i g h t h a n da b o v e t h e h e a d t o i n d i c a t e a f e a t h e rp l u m e , w h i c h i s u s u a l l y w o r n i n t h eh a t s o f n o b i l i t y .

    A queen i s s h o w n b y t h e i n d e x fin gero f t h e r i g h t h a n d t o u c h i n g t h e t o p o ft h e f o r e h e a d a t p o i n t s w h e r e a c r o w nw o u l d t o u c h t h e h e a d .

    T h i s t y p e of p a n t o m i m e is u s e d f o rt h e m o s t p a r t i n t h e o l d e r , c l a s s i c a lb a l l e t s a n d i f y o u k n o w it , y o u w i l lu n d e r s t a n d th e st o r i e s m o r e c l e a r l y .W a t c h f o r i t e s p e c i a l l y o n t e l e v i s i o na n d i n m o v i e s , w h e r e t h e d a n c e r s a r eb r o u g h t s o c l o s e t o t h e v i e w e r , y o u c a ne v e n s e e t h e f lic ke r o f a n e y e l a s h .

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    P e o p l e W h o M a k e B a l l e tT h e b a l l e t p r o d u c t i o n s y o u s e e f r o m

    " o u t f r o n t " i n t h e a u d i e n c e d i d n ' tj u s t h a p p e n . T h e y w e r e c r e a t e d a n dm a d e p o s s i b l e b y p e o p l e , m a n y o fw h o m a r e n e v e r s e e n b y t h e p u b l i c a n dm a n y w h o s e n a m e s n e v e r a p p e a r o nt h e p r o g r a m .

    Wh o s u p p o r t s t h eb a l l e t c o m p a n i e s