How to Identify Dyestuff Mixtures

8/19/2019 How to Identify Dyestuff Mixtures

1/20

How to identify Dyestu mixtures?

Differentiation of Dyestuffs:

Some simple tests can be carried out to find out a dyestuff is a direct, acid or reactive or amixture of these things.

Wet filter paper blow test:

If you blow a pinch of dyestuff on dripping wet filter paper (from a short distance):

1. Acid dyes will create spec!s that do not spread.

2. "irect # reactive dyes will form a colored dispersion.

Dissolution Test:

1. Acid dyes will dissolve only in acid medium.

2. "irect # reactive will dissolve in soft water and form a uniformly colored solution.

Dyed fabric test:

1. "irect dyes wea! hydrogen bond $ in the presence % gpl soap & '%, dye will strip outand dye a fresh *" fabric.

2. Acid dyes in the presence of soap, it will not strip+bleed

3. eactive dye covalent bond color will not bleed and stain the adacent rfd.

Pyridine test: P6H5N

1. "irect dye will strip completely.

2. Acid dye will not strip but will strip in acid medium with larger amount of levelingagent.

3. eactive dye will not bleed.

Dyeing Test:

1. "irect and reactive only dye cotton.

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2/20

1. "irect dyes will dye wea!er in the presence of higher dosage of soda ash. ( *or example a - depth of both, we can identify easily.)

2. Acid dyes will dye protein fibres and stain cotton.

Some More Metods:

/. Polyester fibers were treated with 011 23 of chloroben4ene at /11 56 for 71 min. 6omplete

extraction indicated presence of a disperse dye!0. Acrylic fibers were treated with %1:%1 formic acid:water (total volume 011 23) at /11 56 for 71

min. 6omplete extraction after this step indicated that a basic dye is present.-. Nylon fibers were treated with e8ual parts of a8ueous ammonia, pyridine, and water (77 23

each), heated at /11 56 for 71 min.-% 6omplete extraction indicated presence of an acid dye.9. Cotton fibers may be dyed with direct, reactive or vat dyes. he first stage of cotton fiber

extraction used 71:91 pyridine:water using (/01 23 pyridine, ;1 23 water) at /11 56 for 71 min<

complete extraction indicated a direct dye is present. If incomplete extraction occurred, 011 23

of /.% =a>? solution was added, and the plate heated at /11 56 for 71 min. A complete

extraction signified that a reacti"e dye was present. If extraction was still incomplete, a "at dye

may be present. A 011 23 volume of reducing agent solution (1.; g sodium dithionite, 1.% g of

=a>?, %.1 m3 ?0>, --.1 m3 of /,0$dimethoxy ethane, and 77.1 m3 of ?0>) was added to the

remaining fiber sample in a '7$well plate, and heated at /11 56 for -1 min. @hen the plate was

placed in a fume hood without the cover, air oxidi4ed the extracted "at dye to water insoluble

pigment with a corresponding color change.

Posted by nuchem at 2:23 PM No comments:

mai! "his#!o$"his%&hare to "witter&hare to 'aceboo(&hare to Pinterest

Saturday, September 24, 2011)hemica! *esist Process + *eacti,e Printin$

Two Metods of Wor#ing wit Two Different $amilies of %eacti"e Dyes

he cemical resist process allows you to control bac!ground coloring of printing (and other

methods of direct application) without the need for additional sil!screens and without color

overlays.

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3/20

he process ta!es advantage of differing reactivity levels of inylsulphone based dyes

(ema4ols) and 6ibacron * reactive dyes (similar results can be obtained with inylsulphone

based dyes (ema4ol) and "6 and B6 reactive dyes). Since some colors of dye wor! more

effectively with this process than others, thorough testing is necessary to achieve predictable

results.

&mount of 'emical %esist

he amount of 6hemical esist that needs to be added to the 6ibacron * reactive dyes is

dependent upon the strength of ema4ol dyes which will be applied over or under the reactive

dyes (see chart).

Dye &cti"ator (ptions

he chemical resist process wor!s best with soda ash as the activator in the 6ibacron *

reactive dye pastes and Casilen *ixing Agent as the activator in the ema4ol dye pastes. It will

wor! with ba!ing soda as the activator for the ema4ols, but not always reliably. (@ith ba!ing

soda as the activator, it is critical for ema4ol dyes to dry slowly< in mid$winter, it may be

necessary to prolong their dampness in the fabric by batching them in plastic for 09 hours).

Bethod >ne will also wor! with the soda soa!+batching method for fixing the dyes.


4/20

Metod (ne ) %ema*ol Dyes ("er %eacti"e Dyes

/. Bix 6ibacron * reactive dye pastes, using the appropriate amount of 6hemical esist

(depending on the strength of the ema4ols you intend to use) and soda ash (unless you have

soda soa!ed the fabric first). efer to the chart for 8uantities of 6hemical esist and soda ash.

0. Apply 6ibacron * reactive dyes and allow them to dry naturally. (Catch in plastic if using the

soda soa!+batching method of activation.)

-. Bix thic! ema4ol dye pastes, using the appropriate amount of dye activator (see chart).

9. oll or s8ueegee ema4ol dye(s) over the dry 6ibacron * dyes.

%. Allow dyes to dry naturally (unless using the soda soa!+batching method for fixing the dyes).

7. Dnless you have used Casilen *ixing Agent as the ema4ol dye activator, you must

steam the fabric within / day of applying the ema4ol dyes in order for the chemical

resist process to wor!. hat timing is not necessary with Casilen *ixing Agent as the dye

activator, because it does not begin fixing the dye to the fabric until it is steamed.

E. @rap fabric in paper, tie, and steam for ;$/0 minutes.

;. @ash out excess dye and then boil the fabric for about ten minutes to achieve the full

chemical resist effect. Dse a drop of synthrapol in the rinse water and also in the water to be

boiled.

'. he halos which occur around the 6ibacron * reactive dye areas will be more or less

apparent, depending on the amount of 6hemical esist used as well as on the strength and

thic!ness of ema4ol dyes you used.


5/20

Metod Two ) %ema*ol Dyes +nder %eacti"e Dyes

/. Bix thin ema4ol dye pastes with the appropriate amount of dye activator (see chart).

0. Apply ema4ol dyes as desired. Allow them to dry naturally.

-. Bix 6ibacron * reactive dye pastes with the appropriate amounts of 6hemical esist and

soda ash (see chart).

9. Apply 6ibacron * reactive dyes. Allow them to dry naturally.

%. @rap fabric in paper, tie, and steam for ;$/0 minutes.

7. @ash out excess dye and then boil the fabric for a few minutes to achieve the full

chemical resist effect. Dse a drop of synthrapol in the rinse water and also in the water

to be boiled.

E. 3ittle or no halo effect should occur around reactive dye areas using this method.

6ourtesy : patricia williams



Sunday, June 5, 2011Nano and Micro &i!icone softeners - how to dierentiate?

"he rocessin$ of texti!es to achie,e a articu!ar hand!e is one of the most imortant

asects of /nishin$ techno!o$y. &ofteners are one of the main comounds in /nishin$

rocess and can imro,e some roerties of texti!es0 deendin$ on the chemica! nature0

inc!udin$ soft hand!e0 smoothness0 e!asticity0 hydrohi!ic0 antistatic and soi! re!ease

roerties. "hey are c!assi/ed accordin$ to their ionic character and the main c!asses are:

anionic0 cationic0 nonionic0 amhoteric0 reacti,e and si!icone. Macro+ and micro+emu!sionsi!icone softeners are commercia! c!asses of softeners but nano+emu!sions are new c!ass of

softeners in texti!e industry. "he urose of this research was to study the eect of micro

and nano+si!icone softeners on dierent roerties of o!yester /ber.

Po!yester fabrics were /rst scoured with nonionic deter$ent and were then treated with three

concentrations 10 2 and 3 $r!it4 of micro and nano+emu!sions of si!icones. "he drae

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6/20

!en$th of treated sam!es with 1 $r!it of so!ution was decreased and more decrease was

obser,ed with increase in si!icone concentration. )o!orimetric roerties of softener treated

fabrics were e,a!uated with a re5ectance sectrohotometer. Nano+emu!sion si!icones

chan$ed a !itt!e the surface re5ectance of /bers comared to micro+si!icone softener.

6ncrease in wei$ht of a!! sam!es was obser,ed which shows the coatin$ of si!icones on /ber

surface. Nano+emu!sion si!icones showed better resu!ts on sam!es treated comared to

micro+emu!sion si!icones.

1. "he abrasion resistance of nano+si!icone treated fabric wi!! be more than that ofmicro+si!icone softener treated fabric.

2. 7nti+i!!in$ eect wi!! a!so be more when comared a$ainst micro emu!sion treatedfabrics.

3. 8nder owerfu! micro+scoe one can see0 micro emu!sions wi!! found to form surface

coatin$ on /bre more than that of nano+emu!sions0 that wi!! enetrate more to thecore of /bre than that of micro emu!sions.

Howe,er0 6 do a$ree0 that there shou!d be some sim!e test to dierentiate between nano

and micro si!icone softeners. 6f anybody (nows we!!0 they can share the messa$e in this !at

form.



Monday, May 9, 2011Heat &ettin$

his operation is crucial for fabrics made of synthetic fibres (FG, FA, elastomers), for triacetate, and partly

for FA6 fibres (setting), since it grants excellent dimensional stabili4ation and crease proof properties,

maintained till the fabric is exposed (by air blowing) to temperatures exceeding the heat setting one (after

being treated with water at a temperature above the second order glass transition temperature, i.e. ;1$

;%56 for acrylics).

?eat setting is carried out on gray fabrics (scarcely applied), on scoured fabrics (fre8uently applied) and

on dyed fabrics (scarcely applied).

he process grants excellent dimensional stability and good crease$proof properties.

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7/20

As far as operating conditions are concerned, the fabric must be treated in accurately controlled moisture

and temperature conditions.

*ibre Bin . 56 Bax. . 56 ime (in seconds)

Folyester (FG) /E1 0/1 /%$%1

Folyamide (FA) 7.7 /E1 0/1 /%$91

Folyamide (FA) 7 /71 /;1 /%$91

riacetate /71 /;1 /%$91

Acrylic (FA6) /71 /;1$011 /%$91

Glastomers /E1 /;1$011 /%$91

Macines used: stenters.

*luctuating temperatures inside the stenter cause a consistent variation of crystallinity in the fibre

structure, which leads to different affinity for dyes.

he moisture in the fibre produces soft hand, but variable moisture percentages in the different fabric

sections create the above mentioned defect (variable crystallinity).

oo low temperatures do not allow a good setting while too high temperatures and too long setting times

cause yellowing (FA and elastic fibres), stiff hand (acrylics), and loss of elasticity (elastic fibres).


8/20

he presence of combustion gas (=>x) produces a yellowing of the elastomers.

he heat setting process carried out before scouring could fix the stains on the fabric or ma!e thescouring process more difficult due to the modification of the lubricating products (crac!ing with emission

of polluting gas).

?eat setting after dyeing could lead to the sublimation of disperse dyes (if not accurately selected).



Friday, May 6, 2011 "estin$ of 9iny! su!hone Mono+ch!orotriaine Dyestus by rint stri(e o method

Although a comparative exhaust dyeing method is always recommended for comparing two

samples of dyestuffs, people in printing industry prefer to make strike off prints to compare the

standard and sample.

Print Paste preparation for strike off:

Materials used Vinyl Sulphone dyes H/P type of dyes

Dyestuff 40 grams 40 grams

3-4 !odium Alginate gel "#0 grams "#0 grams

!odium $icar%onate 30 grams #0 grams

!oda Ash --- &' grams

(esist !alt &0 grams &0 grams

)rea &00 grams &00 grams

*ater &00 grams +' grams

Total 1000 grams 1000 grams

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9/20

Method of printing:

n a well mounted (D fa%ric on printing ta%le, using the a%ove paste prepared separately for

standard and sample, two strikes off would %e printed with the test screens.

After the print, gets dried properly, the fa%ric will %e passed through saturated steam cham%er in

a !tar Ager/ at &0'0 for &0-&' minutes or dry curing cham%er at &'00 for 4 to ' minutes. 1his

is followed %y hot wash, cold wash, neutrali2ation with acetic acid #gpl and # soaping, hot and

cold washes.

inal p is set at %y doing an acetic acid treatment at the end of all washings.

Posted by nuchem at 12:1 PM 1 comment:


Saturday, April 23, 20117!ication of diserse dyes on 1; Po!yester and its b!ends with cotton and

,iscose

General proce e!uence "or #$ blended "abric i%

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10/20

&ecipe%

• Diserse dyestu < x ;

• Nu$en ='" < .> ;

• 7cetic 7cid < 1.> ;

•

)arrier < .>;

6f the recie contains a Na,y #!ue dyestu0 then H shou!d .> to >. durin$ dyein$0

otherwise na,y wi!! tend to exhaust artia!!y and hence un!e,e! dyein$. 6f 'ormic

7cid is a,ai!ab!e re!ace 7cetic acid 1.>; with 1.; of it0 it is the most stab!e acid

at hi$h temeratures rather than 7cetic4.

Nu$en D'" concentration need not be increase more than .>;. 6t is in fact0 !e,e!in$

and retardin$ a$ent@ that wi!! imair the deth and fastness.

Dyein$ Procedure:

1. #retreatment%

1. 7cetic 7cid < 1.> $!

2. Nu$en D'" < .3 $!

1. "reat at >

) for 1 minutes

2. 'yein(%

1. 7dd disso!,ed diserse dye so!ution at >) < addition time < 1minutes


11/20

2. *aise the temerature to 11>) A 2)minute@ at 11>) ho!d for 1minutes

3. *aise the temerature to 13>) A.>)minute@ at 13>) ho!d for 3 to> minutes

. )oo! to B) and drain

3. &eduction $learin(%

)Al*aline+

1. )austic &oda < 2 $!

2. Hydros < 2 $!

3. Diserso! 9=H < 1 $!

1. "reat at >) for 2 minutes

2. )o!d wash - 7cetic acid wash with acetic acid - 1 $! 1 minutes.

)Acidic+

. )yc!onon )C < 2$!

>. 7cetic 7cid < 2 $!

1. "reat at B) for 2 minutes

2. )o!d ash 1 minutes@ un!oad.

P!ease /nd be!ow a $enera! rocess seEuence for Po!yester )otton b!end:

#roce Flo "or #$ and #- blend:


12/20

Some reaon "or un.le/el dyein(%

• Hi$h!y H sensiti,e diserse dyes - a!most a!! na,yFs and b!ac(s

• "oo much !oadin$

• =iEuor )ircu!ation rob!ems

• 6mroer heat settin$no heat settin$

• "oo !ess Euantity of =e,e!in$ disersin$ a$ent

• 6nadeEuate Euantity of 7cetic'ormic acid !ease chec( acid concentration+acetic acid is bein$ manufactured from dierent sources.4 H !ays a maGorro!e in diserse dyein$ !e,e!ness - ta(e care.


13/20

ter 'e"ect noticed in polyeter dyein(%

Moire ect on #$ or #- o/en*nitted%

7 watered0 c!ouded0 or frosted wa,y aearance roduced uon either wo,en or

(nitted texti!e fabrics is said to be moir eect.

"he moir eect is caused main!y due to the dierentia! shrin(a$e of o!yester and

cotton or ,iscose at hi$h temerature and hi$h ressure dyein$. "his rob!em can

be a,oided by ta(in$ roer recautions before and after dyein$.

1. 7 erfect head settin$ on ins at a temerature of 2 to 21) for 3 to >seconds with an o,er feed of I to B; may be done.

2. 6n case of P9 b!ends0 caustiisation with 1 to 12 " of caustic soda at roomtemerature may minimie moir eect.

3. Moire eect after dyein$ may be corrected either by caustiisation or treatin$the fabric with 3 to > $! of carrier at 13) for 3 minutes in a Get or soft+5owmachine.

. "his can a!so be corrected by subGectin$ the fabric to hi$h temerature at2) with an o,er feed of I to J; and redye in H" K HP machine usin$ 1;

of diserse dye recie for 3 minutes.

#oor Sublimation Fatne%

• &ome of the diserse dyes tend to crysta!!ie whi!e coo!in$ down theexhausted bath from 13>) to B). 1) is the most critica! temerature atwhich some of the red diserse dyes ).6.No. >30 I0 1310 132 and 1>L4 $i,erob!em of crysta!!iation when they are dyed at hi$her deths and esecia!!yif the dyein$ is carried out in ard ater "he hardness of water shou!d beni! for diserse dyein$.

• &ome of the diserse dyes are ,ery sensiti,e to meta! ions and shadechan$es considerab!y b!uer to du!!er side. &innin$ assistants0 sinnin$ oi!s0a!(a!ine residues and other factors cause crysta!!iation of diserse dyes toroduce dye sec(s. "his rob!em may be so!,ed by roer retreatment.


14/20

• "he chromohore of the ao based diserse dyes is reduced and becomeso!ub!e when an a!(a!ine reducin$ a$ent caustic hydros4 at I) thusromotin$ oor sub!imation and rubbin$ fastness

=a0S>9 H 0 ?0> $$$$$$$ 0? H 0=a?S>-

(al!aline condition)

$==$ H 9? $$$$$$$$ $=?0$=?0$ (soluble disperse dye)

7o dye

• 8se of non+ionic auxi!iaries in the dye bath may a!so tend to a$$re$ate someof the diserse dyes causin$ oor sub!imation and rubbin$ fastness.

"hese rob!ems can be o,ercome by usin$ the fo!!owin$ recie:

• "isperse dye x

• Acetic acid /.1 gpl

• Sodium Acetate 1.% gpl

• Anionic dispersing agent /.1 gpl

>r

• "isperse dye x

• *ormic acid 1.-% to 1.% gpl

• Ammonium Sulphate /.1 gpl

• Anionic dispersing agent /.1 gpl

'ye Spec*%

Dyein$ auxi!iaries !i(e carrier0 !e,e!in$ a$ents non+ionic4 are !iab!e to nu!!ify the

eect and imair the so!ubi!iin$ eect of disersin$ a$ents thus romotin$a$$re$ation and a$$!omeration of diserse dyes causin$ sec(s.

7!so use of non+ionic si!icones durin$ /na! /nishin$ tend to a$$re$ate diserse dye

and reacti,e dyes@ reduces the sub!imation rubbin$ fastness of the dyed fabric.

Non+ionic roducts in the form of wettin$0 !e,e!in$ and /nishin$ a$ents may be

curtai!ed to a,oid these rob!ems.


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#illin(%

Factor reponible "or pillin(%

1. Fiber $aracteritic such as morho!o$ica!0 chemica! and /ne structure of

the /ber0 /ber !en$th0 /neness0 stren$th etc.

2. arn )haracteristics - ,i.0 b!end0 count0 twist0 hairiness

3. 'abric )haracteristics - such as wea,e0 ends and ic(s etc.

. 'rictiona! and abrasi,e force - such as !inear or rotationa! rubbin$ forcesencountered durin$ wear or rocessin$.

&emedie%

• &urface treatment: "he rotrudin$ /bres from the yarn or fabric can beremo,ed mechanica!!ychemica!!y or by burnin$ out or croin$0 surfacecarboniin$0 sin$ein$0 heat settin$ etc reduces i!!in$.

• &teamin$ croin$: the !oose roGectin$ /bres are remo,ed mechanica!!yby shar b!ades from the surface of the fabric to a certain extent and thathe!s in reducin$ i!!in$.

• &urface carboniin$: 6n this techniEue0 the rotrudin$ /bres are burnt ordisso!,ed with suitab!e chemica!s - the nature and the amount of chemica!s

used deends on the constituents of the b!ended fabrics. "he fabric is thusnot on!y free from i!!in$ but a!so $i,es surface fee!.

Posted by nuchem at 2:L PM No comments:


Saturday, April 2, 2011Diserse Dyes in Printin$

Metod o" printin( it 'ipere 'ye a practical o/er /ie

Nuchem Dyestus P =td.0 NDP=40 su$$ests the fo!!owin$ 3 methods for rintin$ with

diserse dyes. "hese methods can be used in 5at+bed and rotary screen rintin$ machines.

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16/20

Metod.1%

#&7878G . '&:78G . ;A


17/20

Metod.2%

#&7878G . '&:78G . @ SAM . &'=$78 $>A&78G . ?AS@78G FF

1 #&7878G

&ecipe Full ic*enin( @al"

ic*enin(

Diserse Dyes O + arts O - arts

7!$inate thic(ener 1; conc4 I + arts > - arts

mu!sion thic(ener Ni! 1> - arts

7nti+*educin$ 7$ent mi!d

Cxidiin$ a$ent4

> - arts > + arts

)itric 7cid 2 - arts 2 - arts

ettin$ 7$ent 2 - arts 2 -arts

7dd water to ma(e 1 arts 1 arts

2 '&:78G

3 @7G@ M#&A=& )@+ SAM

+ "emerature 1J )

+ "ime B minutes

4 &'=$78 $>A&78G )&$+

+ NaCH 5a(e 2 $ram !itre

+ &odium hydrosu!hite 2 $ram !itre

+ Disersin$ a$ent 2 $ram !itre

+ "emerature I )

+ "ime 1 minutes

5 ?AS@78G FF


18/20

Metod 3%

#&7878G . '&:78G . @# SAM . &'=$78 $>A&78G . ?AS@78G FF

1 #&7878G

&ecipe Full ic*enin( @al"

ic*enin(

Diserse Dyes O + arts O - arts

7!$inate thic(ener 1; conc4 > + arts 2> - arts

mu!sion thic(ener Ni! > - arts

7nti+*educin$ 7$ent mi!d

Cxidiin$ a$ent4

2.> - arts 2.>+ arts

ettin$ 7$ent 1 - arts Ni!

7dd water to ma(e 1 arts 1 arts

2 '&:78G

3 @7G@ #&SS=& )@#+ SAM

+ "emerature 13 )

+ "ime 2 minutes

4 &'=$78 $>A&78G )&$+

+ NaCH 5a(e 2 $ram !itre

+ &odium hydrosu!hite 2 $ram !itre

+ Disersin$ a$ent 2 $ram !itre

+ "emerature I )

+ "ime 1 minutes

5 ?AS@78G FF

8ote%


19/20

1 'ipere 'ye % 8upere 'ye )8ucem 'ipere 'ye+

2 Al(inate tic*ener % ManuteB F , etc

3 mulion tic*ener % miBture "rom ater , ite pirit and emuliCer

4 Anti reduction % MateBil #A> , >udi(ol , odium clorate , etc

5 ?ettin( a(ent "or print pate % MateBil ?A. , Solopol D; , etc

How to identify Dyestuff mitures!

Differentiation of Dyestuffs:Some simple tests can be carried out to find out a dyestuff is a direct, acid or reactive or a mixture of these things.

Wet filter paper blow test:If you blow a pinch of dyestuff on dripping wet filter paper (from a short distance):

&. Acid dyes will create spec!s that do not spread.

#. "irect # reactive dyes will form a colored dispersion.

Dissolution Test:

&. Acid dyes will dissolve only in acid medium.

#. "irect # reactive will dissolve in soft water and form a uniformly coloredsolution.

Dyed fabric test:

&. "irect dyes wea! hydrogen bond $ in the presence % gpl soap & '%, dye willstrip out and dye a fresh *" fabric.

#. Acid dyes in the presence of soap, it will not strip+bleed

3. eactive dye covalent bond color will not bleed and stain the adacent rfd.

Pyridine test: P6H5N

&. "irect dye will strip completely.


20/20

#. Acid dye will not strip but will strip in acid medium with larger amount of leveling agent.

3. eactive dye will not bleed.

Dyeing Test:

&. "irect and reactive only dye cotton.

&. "irect dyes will dye wea!er in the presence of higher dosage of soda ash.( *or example a - depth of both, we can identify easily.)

#. Acid dyes will dye protein fibres and stain cotton.

Some More Metods:

/. Polyester fibers were treated with 011 23 of chloroben4ene at /11 56 for 71 min.6omplete extraction indicated presence of a disperse dye!0. Acrylic fibers were treated with %1:%1 formic acid:water (total volume 011 23) at /11

56 for 71 min. 6omplete extraction after this step indicated that a basic dye is present.-. Nylon fibers were treated with e8ual parts of a8ueous ammonia, pyridine, and water

(77 23 each), heated at /11 56 for 71 min.-% 6omplete extraction indicated presence of an acid dye.

9. Cotton fibers may be dyed with direct, reactive or vat dyes. he first stage of cottonfiber extraction used 71:91 pyridine:water using (/01 23 pyridine, ;1 23 water) at /11 56for 71 min< complete extraction indicated a direct dye is present. If incompleteextraction occurred, 011 23 of /.% =a>? solution was added, and the plate heated at

/11 56 for 71 min. A complete extraction signified that a reacti"e dye was present. If extraction was still incomplete, a "at dye may be present. A 011 23 volume of reducingagent solution (1.; g sodium dithionite, 1.% g of =a>?, %.1 m3 ?0>, --.1 m3 of /,0$dimethoxy ethane, and 77.1 m3 of ?0>) was added to the remaining fiber sample in a'7$well plate, and heated at /11 56 for -1 min. @hen the plate was placed in a fumehood without the cover, air oxidi4ed the extracted "at dye to water insoluble pigmentwith a corresponding color change.

Documents

How to Identify Dyestuff Mixtures