How would you solve How would you solve the Arab- Israeli the Arab- Israeli

Conflict?Conflict?

DirectionsDirections

Read through the slides and try to Read through the slides and try to decide how you would solve the decide how you would solve the Arab-Israeli conflict. Arab-Israeli conflict.

Try and figure out some type of Try and figure out some type of peace agreement to help both sides.peace agreement to help both sides.

You must create a flyer with your You must create a flyer with your plan to bring peace. plan to bring peace.

Your Plan….Your Plan….

Your Flyer must include the reasons why the Palestinians Your Flyer must include the reasons why the Palestinians and Israelis are fighting.and Israelis are fighting.

Your Flyer must include one way they have tried to reach Your Flyer must include one way they have tried to reach peace peace

Your Flyer must include why they have not reached peace Your Flyer must include why they have not reached peace yet.yet.

You must explain what the PLO is and what they do.You must explain what the PLO is and what they do. You must talk about if terrorism is helping or hurting the You must talk about if terrorism is helping or hurting the

fight for peace. fight for peace. You must include what areas they are fighting over.You must include what areas they are fighting over. You must include your way to bring peace to the region.You must include your way to bring peace to the region.

In the Lab…In the Lab…

Read through the slides to get some Read through the slides to get some background information. Use the background information. Use the information to take notes to include in information to take notes to include in your flyer. (DO NOT WRITE DOWN EVERY your flyer. (DO NOT WRITE DOWN EVERY WORD ON EVERY SLIDE) WORD ON EVERY SLIDE)

The completed flyer can handwritten or The completed flyer can handwritten or typed and must include some type of typed and must include some type of picture or graphic. picture or graphic.

Good Luck!Good Luck!

Info in these slides was obtained through Encarta.Info in these slides was obtained through Encarta.

BackgroundBackground

Arab-Israeli ConflictArab-Israeli Conflict, conflict , conflict between between ArabsArabs and and JewsJews in the in the Middle EastMiddle East over the land of historic over the land of historic IsraelIsrael and Palestine. and Palestine.

Since 1979 several peace accords Since 1979 several peace accords have been signed, addressing parts have been signed, addressing parts of the conflict. of the conflict.

BackgroundBackground Israel and Palestine, were conquered Israel and Palestine, were conquered

many times by invaders. The area is many times by invaders. The area is the homeland of the Jewish peoplethe homeland of the Jewish people

The Jews formed an identity as the The Jews formed an identity as the people who were lead they by God. people who were lead they by God.

BackgroundBackground

Palestine was already inhabited, Palestine was already inhabited, during the time of Jewish Rule. The during the time of Jewish Rule. The countryside was home to Arabs, most countryside was home to Arabs, most of them Muslims, while the larger of them Muslims, while the larger towns contained both Arabs and towns contained both Arabs and Jews. Jews.

The BritishThe British With the defeat of the Ottoman Turks in World With the defeat of the Ottoman Turks in World

War I (1914-1918), control of Palestine shifted War I (1914-1918), control of Palestine shifted from Muslim Arabs to the British. from Muslim Arabs to the British.

In return for their help in the war Britain had In return for their help in the war Britain had promised self-rule to both Jews and Arabs. promised self-rule to both Jews and Arabs.

The Arabs were promised the right to a new Arab The Arabs were promised the right to a new Arab nation in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire. nation in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire.

The promise to the Jews came in the form of the The promise to the Jews came in the form of the Balfour DeclarationBalfour Declaration (named for the British foreign (named for the British foreign secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, who secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, who communicated the declaration). communicated the declaration).

Balfour DeclarationBalfour Declaration

The BritishThe British

The British explained that they had The British explained that they had not promised not promised allall the land of the the land of the Ottomans to either the Arabs or the Ottomans to either the Arabs or the JewsJews

They had merely promised parts of it They had merely promised parts of it to each group. The British did not to each group. The British did not elaborate on what would happen if elaborate on what would happen if both groups wanted the same land. both groups wanted the same land.

The BritishThe British

In 1922 the British separated In 1922 the British separated Palestine into two territories: Jordan Palestine into two territories: Jordan and Palestineand Palestine

Both Jews and Arabs conducted Both Jews and Arabs conducted terrorist attacks and intermittent, terrorist attacks and intermittent, low-level warfare. low-level warfare.

World War IIWorld War II

After World War II the world became After World War II the world became aware of the murder of millions of aware of the murder of millions of Jews in the Jews in the HolocaustHolocaust, and opinion , and opinion began to favor creating an began to favor creating an independent Jewish state. independent Jewish state.

The PartitionThe Partition Partition means to split into two parts. Or Divide.Partition means to split into two parts. Or Divide. Arabs in Palestine and elsewhere continued to Arabs in Palestine and elsewhere continued to

resist the idea, but on November 29, 1947, the resist the idea, but on November 29, 1947, the United Nations (UN) passed a law, which called United Nations (UN) passed a law, which called for a partition of Palestine into separate Jewish for a partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. and Arab states.

The Jews accepted the resolution, but the Arabs The Jews accepted the resolution, but the Arabs opposed it. opposed it.

The new Jewish Sate came under immediate The new Jewish Sate came under immediate attack from the Palestinian population and Arabs attack from the Palestinian population and Arabs of the surrounding countries, including Egypt, of the surrounding countries, including Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon.Syria, and Lebanon.

The Fighting BeginsThe Fighting Begins In the Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949 Arab forces In the Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949 Arab forces

(including the armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, (including the armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq as well as Palestinian fighters) Lebanon, and Iraq as well as Palestinian fighters) had expected an easy victory over the small and had expected an easy victory over the small and isolated Jewish state, but despite heavy isolated Jewish state, but despite heavy casualties casualties Israel wonIsrael won. .

Israel also increased the land under its control far Israel also increased the land under its control far beyond what it had been given by the partition beyond what it had been given by the partition plan. The region just west of the Jordan River plan. The region just west of the Jordan River known as the known as the West BankWest Bank came under the control came under the control of Jordan. Egypt gained control of the of Jordan. Egypt gained control of the Gaza StripGaza Strip, , a small region bordering the southern end of a small region bordering the southern end of Israel’s Mediterranean coast. Israel’s Mediterranean coast.

RefugeesRefugees

The war had also created a large The war had also created a large population of Palestinian Arab population of Palestinian Arab refugees who fled Israel for camps refugees who fled Israel for camps maintained by the United Nations in maintained by the United Nations in neighboring Arab states. neighboring Arab states.

Arab RefugeesArab Refugees

Sinai PeninsulaSinai Peninsula

In late October, Israel invaded In late October, Israel invaded the Gaza Strip and the Gaza Strip and Sinai PeninsulaSinai Peninsula, beating Egyptian , beating Egyptian forces there. Although the forces there. Although the fighting was brief and Israel fighting was brief and Israel eventually withdrew from the eventually withdrew from the Sinai and Gaza, the conflict Sinai and Gaza, the conflict increased tension in the region.increased tension in the region.

Six Day WarSix Day War

In 1967 Egypt, Syria, and Jordan sent their In 1967 Egypt, Syria, and Jordan sent their armies to Israel’s borders, and several armies to Israel’s borders, and several Arab states called for war. Arab states called for war.

Egypt demanded the withdrawal of UN Egypt demanded the withdrawal of UN observers from the Sinai Peninsula.observers from the Sinai Peninsula.

Assuming the Arabs would attack, Israel Assuming the Arabs would attack, Israel struck first, in June 1967, and caught the struck first, in June 1967, and caught the Arabs by surprise. In the Arabs by surprise. In the Six-Day WarSix-Day War that that followed, Israel demolished the armies and followed, Israel demolished the armies and air forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. air forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan.

Pictures of Six Day WarPictures of Six Day War

Six Day War and Golan HeightsSix Day War and Golan Heights

Israel gained control of the West Bank, the Israel gained control of the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, the Golan HeightsGolan Heights region of southwestern region of southwestern Syria, and all of Jerusalem. Syria, and all of Jerusalem.

A second wave of Palestinian refugees fled A second wave of Palestinian refugees fled the fighting. the fighting.

With the armies of its enemies crushed, With the armies of its enemies crushed, Israel felt it could wait for the Arab states Israel felt it could wait for the Arab states to offer peace on terms it found to offer peace on terms it found comfortable. comfortable.

Golan HeightsGolan Heights

The PLOThe PLO The Arab states continued to call for the The Arab states continued to call for the

destruction of Israel, while Israel for its part, destruction of Israel, while Israel for its part, refused to consider withdrawing from the refused to consider withdrawing from the territories it had occupied territories it had occupied

The Arabs increasingly threw their support behind The Arabs increasingly threw their support behind the the Palestine Liberation OrganizationPalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a (PLO), a political body that had been formed in 1964 to political body that had been formed in 1964 to create a Palestinian state. create a Palestinian state.

Using terrorism, the PLO attacked Israel from Using terrorism, the PLO attacked Israel from their bases in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria; their bases in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria;

Israel refused to meet the Terrorist’s demands Israel refused to meet the Terrorist’s demands and little progress toward achieving peace was and little progress toward achieving peace was made in the late 1960s or early 1970s.made in the late 1960s or early 1970s.

PLOPLO

Yom Kippur War/ Ramadan WarYom Kippur War/ Ramadan War Israel received support from the United States. Israel received support from the United States. The Arabs attacked in October 1973 on Yom Kippur, the holiest The Arabs attacked in October 1973 on Yom Kippur, the holiest

day of the Jewish year, and caught Israel by surprise. day of the Jewish year, and caught Israel by surprise. Egypt and Syria pushed across the ceasefire lines established Egypt and Syria pushed across the ceasefire lines established

after the Six-Day War, which had kept Egyptian troops west of the after the Six-Day War, which had kept Egyptian troops west of the Suez Canal and Syrian troops northeast of the Golan Heights. Suez Canal and Syrian troops northeast of the Golan Heights.

The Arab advances greatly restored Arab confidence. The Arab advances greatly restored Arab confidence. Israel quickly recovered from the surprise and again pushed into Israel quickly recovered from the surprise and again pushed into

Arab territory, surrounding or destroying the bulk of the Egyptian Arab territory, surrounding or destroying the bulk of the Egyptian and Syrian forces. and Syrian forces.

Israel suffered greatly in the three-week war, especially from the Israel suffered greatly in the three-week war, especially from the injuries, deaths, and massive physical destruction of the war’s first injuries, deaths, and massive physical destruction of the war’s first two days. two days.

In Israel and among most Western countries, the conflict came to In Israel and among most Western countries, the conflict came to be known as the Yom Kippur War; Arabs call it the October War or be known as the Yom Kippur War; Arabs call it the October War or Ramadan War. Ramadan War.

Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War

Peace?Peace?

Following the war, U.S. secretary of Following the war, U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger negotiated a state Henry Kissinger negotiated a series of agreements with the series of agreements with the warring parties. warring parties.

Kissinger’s work did little to change Kissinger’s work did little to change the prewar feelings, and the the prewar feelings, and the countries were technically still at countries were technically still at war. war.

Henry Kissinger with President Henry Kissinger with President NixonNixon

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

United States president Jimmy Carter United States president Jimmy Carter facilitated the negotiations between facilitated the negotiations between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Israeli Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Israeli prime minister prime minister MenachemMenachem Begin Begin. .

The agreements came to be known The agreements came to be known as the as the Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords after the after the Maryland retreat where Carter Maryland retreat where Carter hosted some of the negotiations. hosted some of the negotiations.

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

Under the peace treaty signed in March Under the peace treaty signed in March 1979, Egypt regained the Sinai Peninsula, 1979, Egypt regained the Sinai Peninsula,

For its part, Israel achieved peace with For its part, Israel achieved peace with what had been its largest enemy at the what had been its largest enemy at the cost of evacuating Israelis from the Sinai cost of evacuating Israelis from the Sinai Peninsula.Peninsula.

In 1981 Sadat was assassinated by a In 1981 Sadat was assassinated by a group of Islamic fundamentalists within group of Islamic fundamentalists within the Egyptian army. Egypt continued to the Egyptian army. Egypt continued to maintain relations with Israel after Sadat’s maintain relations with Israel after Sadat’s deathdeath..

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

After Camp DavidAfter Camp David Following Camp David, Syria Following Camp David, Syria

maintained its warlike posture and maintained its warlike posture and demanded the unconditional demanded the unconditional surrender of the Golan Heights, and surrender of the Golan Heights, and the PLO continued its terrorist the PLO continued its terrorist assaults on Israel. assaults on Israel.

IntifadaIntifada In the late 1980s Palestinians began the In the late 1980s Palestinians began the intifadaintifada

(uprising), a widespread campaign against the (uprising), a widespread campaign against the continuing Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip continuing Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. and West Bank.

The campaign combined elements of mass The campaign combined elements of mass demonstrations, civil disobedience, riots, and demonstrations, civil disobedience, riots, and terrorism. terrorism.

The First Gulf WarThe First Gulf War As a result of the intifada, pressure grew within As a result of the intifada, pressure grew within

Israel to broaden the peace process. Israel to broaden the peace process. The opportunity to do so was provided in 1991 by The opportunity to do so was provided in 1991 by

the the Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War. In this war, a coalition of . In this war, a coalition of Western and Arab armies expelled Iraq from Kuwait, Western and Arab armies expelled Iraq from Kuwait, which Iraq had invaded in 1990. which Iraq had invaded in 1990.

One of the coalition’s chief partners was the United One of the coalition’s chief partners was the United States, a strong ally of Israel. Following the defeat States, a strong ally of Israel. Following the defeat of Iraq, the United States, along with its one-time of Iraq, the United States, along with its one-time enemy the USSR, pressed Arabs and Israelis to enemy the USSR, pressed Arabs and Israelis to pursue peace in the Madrid Conference of 1991. pursue peace in the Madrid Conference of 1991.

For the first time, all sides sat together to discuss For the first time, all sides sat together to discuss region-wide peace talks. Although little progress region-wide peace talks. Although little progress was made, the conference paved the way for future was made, the conference paved the way for future agreements.agreements.

Oslo AccordsOslo Accords In 1993, Palestinians and Israel were engaged in In 1993, Palestinians and Israel were engaged in

deadlocked negotiations in the United States, the two sides deadlocked negotiations in the United States, the two sides achieved a major breakthrough with the Oslo Accords, achieved a major breakthrough with the Oslo Accords, which were secretly negotiated in Oslo, Norway. which were secretly negotiated in Oslo, Norway.

in 1994 and 1995 the Palestinians gained self-rule over in 1994 and 1995 the Palestinians gained self-rule over most aspects of life in the Gaza Strip and in urban areas of most aspects of life in the Gaza Strip and in urban areas of the West Bank through a new administrative body, the the West Bank through a new administrative body, the Palestinian National AuthorityPalestinian National Authority (PNA). (PNA).

In the first elections for the PNA in 1996, PLO chairman In the first elections for the PNA in 1996, PLO chairman Yasir ArafatYasir Arafat was chosen as its president. was chosen as its president.

Finally, the agreements stated that soon after these Finally, the agreements stated that soon after these elections Israel would conduct further withdrawals from elections Israel would conduct further withdrawals from rural areas of the West Bank, after which talks addressing rural areas of the West Bank, after which talks addressing the final status of the Palestinian areas would begin.the final status of the Palestinian areas would begin.

Yasir ArafatYasir Arafat

Signing of Oslo AccordsSigning of Oslo Accords

Assassinations and TerrorismAssassinations and Terrorism

Despite these accomplishments towards Despite these accomplishments towards peace, some terrorism and bloodshed peace, some terrorism and bloodshed continued. continued.

Palestinians conducted terrorist attacks on Palestinians conducted terrorist attacks on Israeli citizens, and on a number of Israeli citizens, and on a number of occasions Israeli extremists responded in occasions Israeli extremists responded in kind. kind.

Israeli prime minister Israeli prime minister Yitzhak RabinYitzhak Rabin was was assassinated in 1995 by an Israeli student assassinated in 1995 by an Israeli student opposed to the peace process. opposed to the peace process.

RabinRabin

New Terrorist GroupsNew Terrorist Groups Then in July, on the northern border of Israel, the Then in July, on the northern border of Israel, the

Iranian- and Syrian-backed terrorist group Iranian- and Syrian-backed terrorist group HezbollahHezbollah abducted two Israeli soldiers, killed abducted two Israeli soldiers, killed several others, and shelled a number of several others, and shelled a number of communities. communities.

Israel responded by launching an attack on Israel responded by launching an attack on southern Lebanon, including air raids on Hezbollah southern Lebanon, including air raids on Hezbollah strongholds as far north as southern strongholds as far north as southern BeirutBeirut, leading , leading to the deaths of about 1,200 Lebanese civilians. to the deaths of about 1,200 Lebanese civilians.

The growth of the crisis saw thousands of rockets The growth of the crisis saw thousands of rockets launched daily into northern Israel by Hezbollah, launched daily into northern Israel by Hezbollah, causing the deaths of about 160 Israeli civilians, the causing the deaths of about 160 Israeli civilians, the disruption of Israel’s economy, and the temporary disruption of Israel’s economy, and the temporary flight or confinement in bomb shelters of roughly a flight or confinement in bomb shelters of roughly a million Israelis. million Israelis.

So… So…

How would you bring How would you bring peace to the region? peace to the region?