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11.3 Life During Wartime

A. How did African-Americans participate in the war?

B. How did women participate in the war?C. How were the economies of the North and the

South changed by the Civil War?

Freedom to the Slave, 1863This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia)

Freedom to the Slave, 1863

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Blacks Enlist• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of

forces)• Face discrimination and opposition from N’thern Whites• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick

Douglass (Glory)• Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the

war, with little impact/effect

Black Troops from Company ECompany E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society)

Black Troops from Company E

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slaves ResistanceSlaves still on plantations “fought” too.

How?– “slowdowns” and sabotage slow production– Runaways/contraband hurts labor force– Increasing incidents of violence– Southern men/military forced to stay at

plantations to watch for rebellion = fewer soldiers fighting against North

Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress)

Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

How did the Civil War change the lives of African Americans?

Ins the South In the North

How did the Civil War change the economy?http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/collectionnavigator?cuecard=574

In the South In the North

ECONOMICSIN THE SOUTH:

• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.

• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade

• Transportation collapses

• Cotton Capitalism collapses

• SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!

ECONOMICSIN THE NORTH:

• Boom in manufacturing

• Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class

• Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing machine

• Introduction of “sizing” for clothing

• Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)

• Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1st time

How did the Civil War change the economy?

In the South In the North

How did the Civil War change the lives of women? http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/collectionnavigator?cuecard=423

In the South In the North

Wounded at FredericksburgIn this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)

Wounded at Fredericksburg

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Women’s Contributions• More soldiers die of infections and disease than from

wounds received on battle.• Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously

Andersonville, in the South)• Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission• Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on

the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the American Red Cross.

• Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South.• Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s

roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew BradyClean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

How did the Civil War change the lives of women?

In the South In the North

11.3 Life During Wartime

A. How did African-Americans participate in the war?

B. How did women participate in the war?C. How were the economies of the North and the

South changed by the Civil War?

11.4 The North Takes Charge

Objectives:A. What were the key battles of 1863 & 1864?B. How did the North finally win the war?