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http://www.timelines.info/history/conflict_and_war/18th_&_19th_century_conflicts/american_civil_war/
11.3 Life During Wartime
A. How did African-Americans participate in the war?
B. How did women participate in the war?C. How were the economies of the North and the
South changed by the Civil War?
Freedom to the Slave, 1863This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia)
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Blacks Enlist• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of
forces)• Face discrimination and opposition from N’thern Whites• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick
Douglass (Glory)• Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the
war, with little impact/effect
Black Troops from Company ECompany E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society)
Black Troops from Company E
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Slaves ResistanceSlaves still on plantations “fought” too.
How?– “slowdowns” and sabotage slow production– Runaways/contraband hurts labor force– Increasing incidents of violence– Southern men/military forced to stay at
plantations to watch for rebellion = fewer soldiers fighting against North
Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress)
Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
How did the Civil War change the economy?http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/collectionnavigator?cuecard=574
In the South In the North
ECONOMICSIN THE SOUTH:
• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.
• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade
• Transportation collapses
• Cotton Capitalism collapses
• SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!
ECONOMICSIN THE NORTH:
• Boom in manufacturing
• Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class
• Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing machine
• Introduction of “sizing” for clothing
• Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)
• Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1st time
How did the Civil War change the lives of women? http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/collectionnavigator?cuecard=423
In the South In the North
Wounded at FredericksburgIn this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)
Wounded at Fredericksburg
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Women’s Contributions• More soldiers die of infections and disease than from
wounds received on battle.• Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously
Andersonville, in the South)• Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission• Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on
the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the American Red Cross.
• Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South.• Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s
roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew BradyClean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
11.3 Life During Wartime
A. How did African-Americans participate in the war?
B. How did women participate in the war?C. How were the economies of the North and the
South changed by the Civil War?