Human Computer Interaction

Allyson Fierro, Kathryn Heffernan, Isaac Shiffman,

Agenda

● Overview

● User Interface Design

● Human-Centered Design

● HCI4D

○ Cultural Dimensions

○ Challenges

● Case Study

What is HCI?

Definition of HCI

“Human-Computer Interaction is a field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and computers.

HCI has expanded to cover almost all forms of information technology design. HCI encompasses human-factors engineering, computer science, and cognitive science.”

Interaction Design Foundation. What is Human Computer Interaction (HCI)? And A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction.https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/human-computer-interaction

HCI Gone Wrong...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsbWwXaujp8

User Interface Design & Human Centered Design

Two sides of HCI

Image sources: https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/386550/electronic_equipment_laptop_mobile_device_notebook_screen_technology_icon, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-outline.svg

Image sources: http://www.dtic.upf.edu/~jblat/material/hci/

User interfaces have changed over time

User Input Devices

Image sources: https://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamepad; https://thewirecutter.com/reviews/what-is-alexa-what-is-the-amazon-echo-and-should-you-get-one/

Which technologies did you compare for the reading response questions? How did they show changing use of HCI?

What’s wrong with this interface?

Image sources: https://uxplanet.org/mobile-ux-design-key-principles-dee1a632f9e6

What’s wrong with this interface?

Image sources: https://designthinkingseminar11.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/usability_blog.jpg

What’s wrong with this interface?

Image sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njF_FOnsYIM

What’s wrong with this interface?

Image sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njF_FOnsYIM

Key Design Principles for HCI

● Humans are key components● Human is an information processor

○ Goals○ Operators○ Methods○ Selection Rules

● Donald Norman’s Principles○ Consistency○ Visibility○ Affordance○ Mapping○ Feedback○ Constraints

Key Design Principles for HCI

● Humans are key components● Human is an information processor

○ Goals○ Operators○ Methods○ Selection Rules

● Donald Norman’s Principles○ Consistency○ Visibility○ Affordance○ Mapping○ Feedback○ Constraints

Usability & User Experience

Human Centered Design Process

Image sources: http://mw2013.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/design-thinking/

Design Methods

Learn more about design methods here: http://www.siyanz.com/images/PUITA/work/asaini/UXDesignTool.html

“There is no average user”

“We have clients come to us and say, “Here’s our average customer:”, for instance, “She’s female, she’s 34 years old, she has 2.3 kids…” And we listen politely and say: “Well, that’s great but we don’t care about that person”. What we really need to do to design, is look at the extremes, the weakest, or the person with arthritis, or the athlete, or the strongest or the fastest person. Because if we understand what the extremes are, the middle will take care of itself”.

– Dan Formosa, Smart Design, “Objectified”

Touchscreen technology for visually impaired

Image sources: https://www.popsci.com/now-blind-can-read-texts-shifting-braille-smartwatch

Social networking for users with low-literacy

Image sources: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/76e8/0091102caca315b3ba4adf3658205056055e.pdf

User Interfaces for Seniors

Image sources: http://www.mobihealthnews.com/22051/intuitive-now-vivify-health-raised-3-4m-from-ascension-heritage-group

HCI4D

How is HCI 4D?

“HCI4D is about breaking out of these rich, white, male US’ systems into all kinds of other systems.”

Quote: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6e8RE4QUloImage source: https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/qwerty-keyboard-over-the-years-why-is-it-the-most-preferred-typing-tool.html

How is HCI 4D?

Outputs vs. Outcomes

Output that leads to impact

Impact that

leads to outcome

Weeks-Months Years

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6e8RE4QUlo

Areas of focus

Image: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6e8RE4QUlo

Cultural Issues in HCI4D“International development is almost never a goal in cross-cultural HCI”

Source: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2388819Image Source: https://hcimeetsaciblog.wordpress.com/

Six Grand Challenges

1) Problematize HCI4D2) Reinventing the wheel3) Affordability of computing4) A clear development success story5) User interfaces for illiterate and semi literate users6) Improving HCI capacity in developing regions

In your opinion, which of these challenges presents the biggest barrier?

Source: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2388819

Case Study

“Mobile Phones as Amplifiers of Social Inequality among RuralKenyan Women”

The Problem: M-Pesa Revisited

● M-Pesa is a mobile money-transfer platform run by Safaricom

● Safaricom wants to drive adoption in rural communities

● Researchers found that women demonstrated less comfort in using mobile technologies

Image sources: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2911982, http://www.africatelecomit.com/chasing-m-pesa-a-misadvised-strategy-for-new-entrants

Positive Factors

● Kenya’s mobile phone ownership rate = 75%

● Advancements in technical infrastructures

● Favorable government policies

● Active private sector

● Safaricom = impartial, efficient, fair

● Affordable mobile phones

● Participatory design of your study (interviews in local language, multiple data collection

visits, and trainings)

Source: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2911982

Brainstorm Solution (5-10 minutes)

1. Form groups of 4

2. Discuss how you would approach the problem of expanding M-Pesa to rural women

3. What HCI principles or methods would you use?

4. How would you design your technology with these principles in mind?

5. What potential barriers might you encounter?

6. Share with class!

Differential Motivation

Image sources: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2911982

Differential Capacity

Image sources: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2911982

What could have been done differently?

What lessons from the successful examples in the reading could have been applied?

In your opinion, what are the biggest opportunities in HCI4D in the future?

Final Points & Conclusions

● Successful projects use participatory and user centered design to work for success

● Iterative and continuous innovation drive success

● Cooperation between humans and computers can drive development goals

● Outcomes may not be realized very quickly

Questions?

ReferencesArun Kumar, Sheetal K. Agarwal, “Spoken Web: Using Voice as an Accessibility Tool for Disadvantaged People in Developing Regions” ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, no. 104 (2012): 3-11, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2388819

Brad A. Myers. "A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology." ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, March, 1998. pp. 44-54.

Indrani Medhi-Thies and Nakull Gupta, et al. “KrishiPustak: A Social Networking System for Low-Literate Farmers.” Available: http://www.mobilelifecentre.org/sites/default/files/paperIV.pdf

Interaction Design Foundation. What is Human Computer Interaction (HCI)? And A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/human-computer-interaction

Kevin Matz. “Donald Norman’s design principles for usability.” Architecting Usability. Available: http://architectingusability.com/2012/06/28/donald-normans-design-principles-for-usability/

Melissa R. Ho, Thomas N. Smyth, Matthew Kam, and Andy Dearden, “Human-Computer Interaction for Development: The Past, Present, and Future,” Information Technologies and International Development, Vol. 5 no. 4 (2009): 1-18, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mattkam/lab/publications/ITID2009.pdf

Nicola Dell, Neha Kumar, “The Ins and Outs of HCI for Development,” May, 31, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6e8RE4QUlo.

Sanker, Shyam. (June 2012). The Rise of Human Computer Cooperation. Available: https://www.ted.com/talks/shyam_sankar_the_rise_of_human_computer_cooperation

Susan Wyche, NIghtingale Simyu, Martha E. Othieno, “Mobile Phones as Amplifiers of Social Inequality among Rural Kenyan Women,” AMC Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Vol. 23, Issue 3, Article no. 14, July 2016: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2911982.

Upwork. “How the How The Study of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Helps Guide Better UI Design.” Available: https://www.upwork.com/hiring/development/human-computer-interaction-ui-design/