Hush Vocab Words Sem 1

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    Honors US History - Chapter 1 Test Study Guide-QUESTIONS-1. Where do Indians come from?

    Indians are thought to be from Siberia/AsiaWho are the Indians?

    The Indians are considered the descendants of Asians who make up diverse groups of people.Why did they come to the Americas?

    Indians came to the Americas after the glaciers from the last Ice Age receded.How did they get to the Americas?

    The Indians got to the Americas by either migrating by boat along the Pacific coast or crossing the BeringLand Bridge from Siberia to Alaska.What are their similarities/differences?

    They are from different locations, i.e. South America, North America, throughout these continents. Theyhave different languages, religions, and traditions. Some similarities is that they descend from a commonancestor, they have somewhat similar religious beliefs in regards to nature and land, and they believe in akinship/extended family.2. What changes in Europe caused Europeans to start conquering other peoples? Why 1500s?

    Northern European reasoning: religious & political change provided impetus to test Spain's dominationof the New World.French reasoning:persecution led some Protestant Huguenots to look to America as a refuge.Portuguese reasoning: They conquered Africa because they needed slaves to help grow & harvest theirsugarcane plants. They wanted to add territorial possessions, benefit economically, spread Christianity,and take a share of Asian's trade.Overall European reasoning: They desired goods such as black pepper, cinnamon, and cloves and theywanted silk, cotton, cloth, and jewels. Most of these exotic goods were unavailable to Europeans becausethey would not grow in European climate. Because of improvement to ships and weapons/gunnery theyhad more reasons to travel and conquer lands unknown to Europeans. They searched for a western searoute to Asia. They searched for a Northwest Passage. They wanted to create maps which detailed areasof West Africa unknown to European society of that time. They were searching for a fabled "fountain ofyouth".3. What was the Columbian Exchange & what was exchanged?

    The Columbian Exchange involved contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans after1492. There was transmission of disease, knowledge about food & technology, and culture.Europeans provided: The diseases of smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, chicken pox, influenza,whooping cough, diphtheria. They also brought horses, sheep, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, iron tools, andfirearms.Africans provided: Slaves, rice, wheat, oats, sugarcane, bananas, onions, peaches, and watermelon.Native Americans provided: maize, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, beans, chocolate, pumpkin, tobacco,canoes, and the skill of learning how to catch fish with weirs.4. What was the Spanish Armada? What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish

    Armada?

    The Spanish Armada was a fleet of 130 ships and 30,000 men sent to invade England which was aProtestant nation. The significance of England's defeat of the Spanish Armada preserved their nationalsovereignty, power, and religion.5. Why is there an ongoing debate about the size of the (1491) Pre-Columbian Indian population?

    It is known for sure that 90% of the Native American population was exterminated by European contactthrough either disease or killings. The # of how many there were in the first place is probably debated inorder to preserve the humanity of the Europeans who colonized the New World. If they killed 90% of 100million Native Americans then they would've committed the most bloody catastrophe in the history of theworld. However, if they killed 90% of 8 million their crime would be jarring but far less severe. Thisdebate is split to show how much Native Americans were destroyed and on the other hand to preserve thereputation of the European conquerors.-TERMS & INFORMATION TO KNOW-

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    The Discovery (1492)-The Discovery in 1492 was Christopher Columbus' European discovery of theNew World (The Americas).The Americas-The Americas is a landmass encompassing North America, South America, and all islandswherein.The New World-The New World is the North and South American continents and their islands (theAmericas).The Old World-the countries in Europe where European conquerors of the Americas originated from.Pre-Columbian-the time and era that took place before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas.Indians-the name that Columbus incorrectly gave to the Native tribes of people in the Americas

    Indios-Spanish word for IndiansAmerindians-term coined during the mid-20th century which is a more 'politically correct' term for theNative Americans than the preceding term, 'Indians'Maya-located on the Yucatan peninsula, their height was from 300-900 AD, they built cities of stonetemples, pyramids, and palaces, they had populations around 60,000, they believed their kings weredivine, had 50 different states, maintained trade, numeral system based on 20, hieroglyphics, knowledgeof astronomy, calendars.Aztec-located in the Valley of Mexico, capital Tenochtitlan was built on an island in Lake Texcoco,during 14th century, cultivated marshlands around the island, controlled the territory form Pacific to theGulf Coast until Spanish invasion, believed in feeding human hearts to their sun God Huitzilopochtli tokeep the world from ending; required gold, feathers, turquoise, food, cotton, and human beings.Incas-from Peruvian Andes, lived in state-level agricultural societiesTenochtitlan-capital of the Aztec empire built on an island in Lake TexcocoCuzco-capital of the Incan empireNeolithic-literally meaning new old age. It was the last part of the stone age.Eastern woodlands-It incorporated a wide variety of habitats. The two Algonquian and Iroquoislanguage groups. Their people used nets and weirs to catch fish and burned underbrush sections of theforest to assure good hunting. They believed that Earth and sky formed a spiritual realm of which theywere a part, not masters of.Algon-language group of Native Americans from the eastern woodlands who dominated the AtlanticCoast, Canada to Florida. It included the groups of Pokanokets, Narrangansetts, Pequots of New England,Lenapes of the mid-Atlantic region, members of the Powhatan confederacy. The heads of the extendedfamilies were men, as were the sachems. Sachems are chief leaders.Cahokia-an archaeological site in Northern East United states which provides info about Pre-ColumbianNative American societyChristopher Columbus-Italian mariner who sailed for Spain in 1492 in search of a western route to Asia.He located San Salvador in the West Indies, opening the Americas to European exploration andcolonization.Montezuma/Moctezuma-emperor of the Aztec empire, killed by his own people in the heat of a battlebetween the Aztecs and Hernan Cortes' men.Atahualpa-the last Incan emperor (1497-1533)Francisco Pizarro-explorer who conquered northern South America in 1530-1533. He defeated the Incasof Peru after a difficult struggle.Hernan Cortes-Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs initially in 1519, retreated when theyrebelled, then defeated them again, aided by a smallpox epidemic in 1521.Smallpox-a viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruptions brought to the Americas byEuropean explorersPandemic- an epidemic of infectious diseases that spread through human populationsMaize-a Native American version of corn; cornMestizo-a person of mixed Native American and European ancestryIndentured servitude-European workers who have contracts with other Europeans in which they work aspecific amount of time and are in turn granted areas of land, money, or other services/rewardsMercantilism-Spain's economic policy which held that nations had monopolistic rights to trade with theircolonies

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    John Calvin-French-born Swiss Protestant theologian who broke with the Roman Catholic Church(1533) and set forth the tenets of his theology, the Reformed tradition, including Puritans, Huguenots,Presbyterians, and Dutch reformed inInstitutes of the Christian Religion.Elizabeth I-Queen of England (1558-1603) who succeeded the Catholic Mary I and reestablishedProtestantism in England. Her reign was marked by several plots to overthrow her, the execution of MaryQueen of Scots (1587), the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), and domestic prosperity and literaryachievement.Roanoke-England's first attempt to establish a colony in North America was here in 1585The Spanish Armada-a fleet of 130 ships and 30,000 men sent by Philip II to invade Elizabeth and

    England to take out Protestantism and reestablish Catholicism but was defeated by EnglandThe Columbian exchange-contact between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans were diseasesanimals, culture, and religion was exchanged among all three peoples. It started with Columbus' Europeandiscovery of the Americas.

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    HONORS US HISTORY CHAPTER 2 TEST STUDY GUIDESt. Augustine-In 1590, it was the only permanent European settlement in the U.S., it was astruggling Spanish town in Florida that the English privateer, Francis Drake had burned 4 yearsearlier.New Mexico-it is where Spain expanded in 1600s, colonized in 1898 by Spanish soldiers, settlers,

    and missionaries, plagued by wars, uprisings and rebellions over the course of its existence (wholearticle on p. 39)Pueblos-Native American tribes who resided in the Rio Grande Valley.Parliament-dominated by the nobility and gentry, composed of two houses; House of Commons:consisting of elected representatives from counties and boroughs and House of Lords: made up ofnobles and high church officialsThe enclosure movement-English landowners enclosed the commons with fences and hedges andmoved tenants (who decreased the amount of land they labored by 20 from 1500-1650) off of theirlandJoint-stock company-formed to explore trade routes and establish new markets, obtained capital byselling stocks, provided capital for the first permanent English colonies in America

    Capitalism-is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privatelyowned and operated forprofit; supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are determinedmainly by private decisions in the free market, rather than by the state through central economicplanning; Profit is distributed to owners who invest inbusinesses, and wages are paid to workersemployed by businessesJamestown-located on the James River in Virginia, it is the first permanent English colony fundedby the Virginia Company of London, and was founded in 1607John Smith-English colonist, explorer, and writer whose maps and accounts of his explorations inVirginia and New England were invaluable to later explorers and colonistsPowhatan(s)-tribe of Native Americans and an Algonquian leader who founded the PowhatanConfederacy and maintained peaceful relations with English colonists after the marriage of his

    daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe (1614)New France-royal province of France, Protestants were not allowed to live there, wanted tomaintain control of society through the Catholic Church, and developed under feudal land tenureQuebec-French colony in the St. Lawrence ValleyHudson River-a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south through easternNew YorkManhattan-it was exchanged for good worth 60 guilds in 1626by director-general Peter MinuitPuritanism-the strain of English Calvinism that demanded purification of the Anglican church,including elimination of rituals, vestments, statues, and bishops

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_economic_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_economic_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_economic_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_economic_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York
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    Separatism-a part of Puritanism, a group that is another name for Pilgrims, founded the PlymouthColony in 1620Massachusetts Bay Colony-founded in 1630 by non-Separatist Puritans with the intention ofcreating a society in New England that would serve as a model for reforming the Anglican ChurchPlymouth Colony-A colony established by the English pilgrims, or separatists, in 1620. TheSeparatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed.Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691Pilgrims-people from a sect of Puritanism known as separatism who founded the Plymouth Colonyin 1620.Mayflower Compact-When the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod and the colonists decided tosettle there, they lacked the legal basis to establish a government. Thus the adult males of the colonysigned a mutual agreement for ordering their society later referred to as the Mayflower CompactJohn Winthrop-Puritan faction leader and the governor of MassachusettsA City Upon a Hill-described how the Puritans should lead their lives in Massachusetts in a waythat would be a model Puritan society to othersRhode Island-a colony founded from the result of emigration from Massachusetts of people whorefused to submit to the Puritan magistratesEnglish Civil War-transformed the political situation in England, the war resulted from a contest forpower between Parliament and Charles ITheocracy-A government ruled by or subject to religious authorityRoger Williams-English cleric in America who was expelled from Massachusetts for his criticismof Puritan policies. He founded Providence Plantation (1636), a community based on religiousfreedom, and obtained a charter for Rhode Island in 1644Anne Hutchinson-English-born American colonist and religious leader who was banished fromBoston (1637) for her religious beliefs, which included an emphasis on an individuals directcommunication with GodCharles I-son of James I, began ruling in 1625, his reign was marked by power struggles withParliament, his loss of the English Civil War and his beheading in 1649.Roundheads-In 1642, a war broke out against the Roundheads (parliamentary forces) and theCavaliers (royalists), the Roundheads were Puritans.Oliver Cromwell-He led the Roundheads to victory in 1648, the following year they beheaded the

    kingCavaliers-they were fighting against the Roundheads (parliamentary forces) in 1642, they areroyalists.The Restoration- of the monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchieswere all restored underCharles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the ThreeKingdoms.

    *interregnum-any period during which a state has no ruler or only a temporary executive.Charles II-was monarch of the three kingdoms ofEngland, Scotland, and Ireland. He gained thetitle of monarch in 1649 after the execution of his father, Charles INavigation Acts-were a series oflaws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade betweenEngland (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651.

    New Amsterdam-a bustling trading port, with ethnic diversity that welcomed immigrants frommany European countries, and allowed people to practice their beliefs although it was established bythe Dutch Reformed ChurchNew England-a place home to colonists that wished to reform English society, in 1643, the colonistsalong with other colonists from Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven formed theNew England Confederation to share the cost of war, provide soldiers in proportion to population,and make no treaties without each colonys consent.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_(England)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_(England)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain
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    New York-A colony formed after James, the duke of York, forced out of the Dutch after the secondAnglo-Dutch war (1665-1667)

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    HONORS US HISTORY CHAPTER 3 TEST VOCABULARY STUDY GUIDE

    Metacom-Wampanoag leader who waged King Philips War (1675-1676) with New Englandcolonists who had encroached on Native American territoryGlorious Revolution-The English Revolution of 1688-1689 against the authoritarian policies and

    Catholicism of James II. James was forced into exile, and his daughter Mary and her husbandWilliam of Orange took the throne. The revolution secured the dominance of Parliament over royalpower.Half-Way Covenant-The Puritan practice whereby parents who had been baptized but had not yetexperienced conversion could bring children before the church and have them baptizedPraying towns-Established by John Eliot, praying towns were villages in which the Indians weresupposed to adopt English customs and learn the fundamentals of Puritan religionWilliam Penn-An English Quaker leader who obtained a charter for Pennsylvania form Charles II inexchange for a debt owed to Penns father. Penn intended to establish a model society based onreligious freedom and peaceful relations with Native Americans, in addition to benefiting financiallyfrom the sale of the land.

    Middle Passage-The transport of slaves across the Atlantic from Africa to North AmericaAbolitionism-the movement that emerged in the 1830s in the United States dedicated to theimmediate end of slavery.Salem Witch Trials-The prosecution in 1691 and 1692 of almost two hundred people in Salem,Massachusetts, and its environs on charges of practicing witchcraft. Twenty people were put to deathbefore Governor William Phips halted the trialsKing Philips War-war waged by a man named Philip who was given the title king by the Englishbut was not a king. He wanted to wage a war to get the English out of New England, after they hadcrowded New England and the Native Americans out of their land in 1670. He was able to makeNative American allies to help him take out England, but he was defeated, captured, and killed.James II-he ascended to the throne in 1685, he was a devout Catholic and he believed that the

    monarchy had absolute rule over parliament. Because of this, parliament decided to get rid of thepower of the monarchy in 1688. He was the last monarch in England who had power, and followingThe Glorious Revolution and its aftermath the power depended on the parliament and the monarchywas only there for show.Quakers-they were religious pacifists who did not believe in violence of any kind. They werereligiously indifferent/tolerant.Pennsylvania-founded by Quakers under the leadership of William Penn who was granted the landof Pennsylvania as a charter to repay a debt from Charles II to Penns father. Religious tolerance andindifference was practiced here since the founders of Pennsylvania were Quakers. A lot of settlerswere of German origin considering the farmland of Pennsylvania was similar to that of Germany.William and Mary-name of a college founded in Virginia in 1693. Also, Mary was the daughter of

    James II and her husband William of Orange and she took the throne after her father was sent intoexile during the Glorious RevolutionPlantations-large farm or estate, where crops are grown for sale in distant places rather than locally,also slaves worked on several of these plantations (in United States, the Caribbean, and SouthAmerica) usually helping harvest cotton and sugarBacons Rebellion-was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led byNathaniel Bacon, awealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontentedfrontiersmen took part. The uprising was a protest againstNative American raids on the frontier;

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(colonist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_colonieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(colonist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_colonieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
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    some historians also consider it a power play by Bacon against the Royal Governor of Virginia,William Berkeley, and his policies of favoring his own court. Their alliance disturbed the rulingclass, who responded by hardening the racial caste of slavery. While the farmers did not succeed intheir goal of driving Native Americans from Virginia, the rebellion did result in Berkeley's beingrecalled to England.Commercialization-the process or cycle of introducing a new product into the market.HONORS US HISTORY CHAPTER 4 TEST VOCABULARY

    The Enlightenment-a philosophical movement of the eighteenth century

    that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepteddoctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarianreforms.

    Seven Years War-the world conflict (1754-1763) fought in Europe, India,and North America between Great Britain, Hanover, and Prussia on oneside and France, Austria, and Spain, and other nations on the other side.

    John Locke-An English philosopher and author ofAn Essay ConcerningHuman Understanding (1690), which challenged the notion of innateknowledge, and Two Treatises on Civil Government(1690), which

    discussed the social contract

    Isaac Newton-was an Englishphysicist, mathematician, astronomer,natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is considered by manyscholars and members of the general public to be one of the mostinfluential people in human history. It was Newton's conception of theUniverse based upon Natural and rationally understandable laws thatbecame one of the seeds for Enlightenment ideology

    Benjamin Franklin-An American public official, writer, scientist, andprinter. He proposed a plan for union at the Albany Congress (1754) andplayed a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin helped secure

    French support for the colonists, negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783),and helped draft the Constitution (1787). His numerous scientific andpractical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and astove.

    The Great Awakening-An immense religious revival that swept across theProtestant world

    Revivalism-is a term that generally refers to a specific period of increasedspiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or manychurches, either regionally or globally.

    George Whitefield-was an Anglican Protestant minister who helped spreadthe Great Awakening in the Kingdom of Great Britain and, especially, inthe British North American colonies.

    Jonathan Edwards-) was a preacher, theologian, and missionary to NativeAmericans. Edwards "is widely acknowledged to be America's mostimportant and original philosophical theologian, and one of America'sgreatest intellectuals.Edwards's theological work is very broad in scope,

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirtualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirtualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
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    but he is often associated with his defense of Reformed theology, themetaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Recentstudies have emphasized how thoroughly Edwards grounded his life'swork on conceptions of beauty, harmony, and ethical fittingness, and howcentralThe Enlightenment was to his mindset.

    Scots-Irish-refers to IrishPresbyterian and other Protestant dissentersfrom the Province ofUlster who immigrated to North America primarilyduring the colonial era, and their descendants. An estimated 250,000

    migrated to America during the colonial era

    Pennsylvania Dutch-are the descendants ofGermanic peoples whoemigrated to the U.S. (primarily to Pennsylvania), from Germany,Switzerland andThe Low Countries prior to 1800.

    James Oglethorpe-Along with John Viscount Percival, Oglethorpe sought acharter to colonize Georgia, the last of the British mainland colonies. Uponroyal approval, he founded the colony with the intention of establishing asociety of small farmers, without slavery or hard liquor.

    Georgia-

    Stono Uprising-A revolt of enslaved Africans against the ir owners nearthe Stono River in South Carolina

    French and Indian War-the name often used for the Seven Years War inNorth America. The conflict began in 1754 in the Ohio Valley betweenBritish colonists and the French and their Indian allies.

    William Pitt-A British political leader and orator who directed his countrysmilitary effort during the Seven Years War

    Battle of Quebec (1759)- was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War(referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States). Theconfrontation, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought betweenthe British Army and Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outsidethe walls ofQuebec City. The battle involved fewer than 10,000 troopsbetween both sides, but proved to be a deciding moment in the conflictbetween France and Britain over the fate of New France, influencing thelater creation of Canada

    Treaty of Paris (1763)-Signed on September 3, 1763, the Treaty of Parisestablished the independence of the United States from Great Britain. Itset specific land boundaries and called for the evacuation of British troops

    Proclamation of 1763 (line)-In an attempt to keep white settlers out of theOhio Valley, the Proclamation of 1763 drew a line along the crest of theAppalachian Mountains from Maine to Georgia and required all coloniststo move east of the line.

    Triangular Trade-is a historical term indicating trade among three ports orregions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_Countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years'_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_Countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years'_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export
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    commodities that are not required in the region from which its majorimports come.

    Paxton Boys-To gain greater protection from Indian attacks in westernPennsylvania, the Paxton Boys of Lancaster County murdered a number ofChristian Indians at Conestoga, then marched on Philadelphia

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    CHAPTER 6 H US HISTORY STUDY GUIDERepublic-a type of government in which people elect representatives who are the leaders of thegovernment and legislature.Democracy-a government ruled by the citizens, the actions are carried out by people rather than aleader or presidentRepublican motherhood-the idea of Dr. Benjamin Rush that nurturing incorruptible future leaders orrepublican motherhood was womens principal responsibility under the new governmentAbolitionism-the movement that emerged in the 1830s in the U.S. dedicated to the immediate end ofslaveryJay Treaty-concluded in 1794 between the U.S. and Great Britain to settle difficulties arising mainlyout of violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 and to regulate commerce and navigation

    Northwest Ordinance-adopted by the congress in 1787 to establish stricter control over thegovernment of the Northwest territories ceded to the U.S. by the states. The ordinance was the mostsignificant achievement of congress under the Articles of ConfederationShays Rebellion-the revolt by western Massachusetts farmers in 1786-1787 named after one of theleaders, Daniel Shays. Their demands included a more responsive state government, paper money,and tender laws that would enable them to settle debts and pay taxes with goods rather than withspecie.Alexander Hamilton-the first U.S. secretary of the treasury (1789-1795), he established the nationalbank and public credit system. In 1804 Hamilton was mortally wounded in a duel with his politicalrival Aaron Burr.James Madison-the 4th president of the U.S. (1809-1817). A member of the continental congress

    (1780-1783) and the constitutional convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of theconstitution and was a contributor to the Federalist Papers (1787-1788) which argued theeffectiveness of the proposed constitution.Constitutional Convention-55 delegates met in Philadelphia in May 1787 to reform the U.S.government. They chose to draft a new constitution rather than revise the Articles of ConfederationGreat compromise-a plan proposed by a delegation from Connecticut that established a bicameralcongress with a House of representatives based on a states population, and the senate, in which eachstate would be represented equally.Bicameral legislature-a legislature with two houses or chambersUnicameral legislature-a legislature with one house or chamberVirginia Plan-written by James Madison, the Virginia Plan proposed a powerful central government

    dominated by a National Legislature of two houses (bicameral). It also favored a system of greaterrepresentation based on a states population.New Jersey Plan-written by William Paterson, the New Jersey plan proposed a one-house(unicameral) Congress in which states had equal representationThree-Fifths compromise-was a compromise between Southern andNorthern states reached duringthe Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population ofslaves would becounted forenumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of

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    the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates JamesWilson and Roger ShermanElectoral college-the group that elects the president. Each state received as many electors as it hadcongressmen and senators combinedSeparation of Powers-a model for the governance of both democratic & federative states. Under thismodel, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas ofresponsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division ofbranches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.Federalism-is apolitical concept in which agroup of members are bound together by covenant witha governing representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of thegovernment in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authorityand constituent political units (like states or provinces). Federalism is a system in which the power togovern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called afederationRatification-is the approval by the principal of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority tolegally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, andconstitutionals in federations such as the United States and CanadaThe Federalist Papers-James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of eighty-five essays in support of the Constitution. First published in newspapers, they appeared in book formas The Federalist in the spring of 1788.

    Federalists-Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposedConstitution of theUnited Statesbetween 1787 and 1789. The Federalist Papers are documents associated with theirmovement. Statesmen and public figures supporting the administrations of Presidents GeorgeWashington (17891797) and John Adams (17971801). Especially in the later years they were alsocalled the Federalist Party, founded by Alexander Hamilton. It opposed theDemocratic-RepublicanParty during the 1800s

    AntiFederalists-is apolitical philosophy which opposes the concept ofFederalism. In short, Anti-Federalists dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, butnot having more power than, its sub-national states (state government).

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    CHAPTER 7 H US HISTORY STUDY GUIDEEli Whitney-American inventor and manufacturer whose invention of the cotton gin (1793)revolutionized the cotton industry. He also established the first factory to assemble muskets withinterchangeable partsBank of the U.S.-the first bank was established in 1791 as part of the system proposed by AlexanderHamilton to launch the new government on a sound economic basisEdmond Genet- French ambassador who enlisted American mercenaries to assist the French againstthe British. Genets move threatened relations between the United States and Britain

    Bill of Rights-the first 10 amendments to the constitution. These contain basic protection of therights of individuals from abuses by the federal government, including freedom of speech, press,religion, and assemblyWhiskey Rebellion-In the early 1790s western Pennsylvania farmers resisted the Whiskey tax. Theyheld protest meetings, tarred and feathered collaborators, and destroyed property. In 1794 theWashington administration sent 13 thousand troops to restore order, but the revolt was over by thetime they arrived.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Shermanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Papershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Shermanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Papershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism
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    Samuel Slater-British born textile pioneer in America. He oversaw construction of the nations firstsuccessful water-powered cotton mill (1790-1793)XYZ Affair-name given to the episode in which the French government (The directory) demanded,through 3 agents known to the American public as X, Y, and Z, that the U.S. government pay a bribeand apologize for criticizing FranceAlexander Hamilton-the first U.S. secretary of the treasury 1789-1795, he established the nationalbank and credit system. He is 1 of 3 authors of The Federalist. He was against the Jeffersonianrepublican view of America and believed the future of America lied in commerce andmanufacturing. He was a major proponent of the new constitution. He was of the federalist partyThomas Jefferson-The 3rd president of the U.S. (1801-1809). A member of the second ContinentalCongress, he drafted the Declaration of Independence (1776). He was a republican and believed thefuture of America lied in agrarian farm workers and agriculture rather than commerce andmanufacturing. Ultimately, his agrarian view of America did not come to pass in American society.His beliefs contrasted with the Hamiltonian, federalist point of view, and he was a republican.Census (regular definition)-an official enumeration of the population, with details as to age, sex,occupation etc.; the registration of citizens and their properties for taxation purposesCensus of 1790-Six questions which were asked, name of head of household, number of free whitemales 16+, and free white males under 16, number of free white females, free African-Americansand Native Americans, and the number of slaves. It took 18 months to tally all of the results, whichcame to show that there were 3.9 million whites and nearly 700 thousand slaves. These resultsshowed that the white population grew 44% during the 1780s (of the white population 69% were ofIrish origin, 14% were Scottish, English, or Welsh and 6% were German) and the slave populationgrew 32%. The government appointed marshals to complete the work of the census which alsoserved as a baseline for measuring the growth of the population, and it covered original 13 states,Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee.French Revolution-was a revolution in France in which the citizens rebelled against theirgovernment and monarchy. It started in the last traces of feudalism, and it changed everything inFrance. It began a 25 year period of upheaval, revolts, and uprisings. Napoleon made himself leaderof the revolution which ran into the 19th century. It contrasts to the idea of the U.S. revolution,because the French were in the territory of which they rebelled and they overthrew the monarchy ofwhich they were against.

    Quasi War-a war fought entirely at sea that took place in international waters so it wasnt consideredan official war. John Adams was able to cease the war that lasted 18 months. It was a battle betweenFrench and American ships that arose out of the conflict that French wanted Americans to trade, butAmericans didnt want to under neutrality agreements with the French and the BritishThe Judiciary Act (1789)-Congress clarified one aspect of the constitutions balance of powers byadding Article II of the constitution (judicial power of the U.S. shall be vested in one supreme courtand in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and establish). It was acompromise between the president and the congress that established a system of federal inferiorcourts and established a supreme court of 6 justices. The federal inferior courts were few in # andrestricted primarily to consideration of federal crimes. State courts retained original jurisdiction inmost civil and criminal cases, with the U.S. supreme court taking appeals from the highest state

    courts.*The Alien and Sedition Acts-were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th UnitedStates Congress during the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams.Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemypowers and to prevent seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans, like later historians, denominated them as being both unconstitutional and designed tostifle criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas.They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800.

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    Hamiltonians-people who agreed with Alexander Hamiltons view that America should be based ona society of commerce and manufacturing. This commerce and manufacturing would take place incities. These people were also known as federalists and they believed in a loose view of theconstitution. They favored the British, hated the French Revolution after 1792 and were critical ofslavery. They had little enthusiasm for western expansion and sometimes inJeffersonian-people who agreed with Thomas Jeffersons view that America should be based on asociety of agrarian farmers, close-knit communities, church-going people, and agriculture that wouldtake place in the country-side and not the city. These people believed in a strict view of theconstitution. They opposed a strong central government, disdained the British model, rejected effortsto abolish slavery, and had little sympathy of Indian rights. They came to be known as republicansThe Funded Debt-The funded debt was a plan to solve the debt that drenched America after theRevolutionary War by Alexander Hamilton. The U.S. owed 10 million to foreigners (mostly French)and 40 million to Americans and the states owed 25 million in domestic debts. Hamilton formulateda plan with which the government would honor at face value all Revolutionary war debts includingthose of the states. The plan included the exchange of new federal securities for the old debtcertificates, paying off foreign creditors as soon as possible but retaining the domestic debt, payingonly interest and a small amount of the principal each year. Customs duty on imports and excise taxon whiskey would cover the interest; post office income would reduce the principal. This plan tiedwealthy Americans to the government through their investments. Congress passed Hamiltons planwith great opposition. Many people thought it was unfair because they would be at the expense ofthe poor, including James Madison. People also feared it would cause the expansion of nationalpower.Washington D.C.-Washington and fellow Virginians supervised the development of the capital byusing the Residence Act of 1790 which gave the president authority to select a 10mile squarelocation somewhere along the Potomac, he chose land that included Alexandria in Virginia andGeorgetown in Maryland. The city would be built on open land on the east bank of the river. Lefantdesigned the layout of the capital and its major buildings. The commissioners named the cityWashington and the entire district Columbia. The capital was not valued and a lack of moneyundermined the project. The land sold poorly and until 1800 the presidents mansion was unfinishedand only one wing of the Capitol had been built.

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    CHAPTER 8 H US HISTORY VOCABULARY TERMSSecond Great Awakening-a series of protestant religious revivals that began in 1797 and lasted intothe 1830sThomas Jefferson-the 3rd president of the United States (1801-1809). A member of the 2nd

    continental congress, he drafted the Declaration of Independence (1776). His presidency was markedby the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France (1803) and the Embargo of 1807.Louisiana Purchase-the acquisition in 1803 of the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi Riverand New Orleans by the United States from France for $15 millionLewis and Clark Expedition-from 1804 to 1806 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the Corps

    of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast and back. They informed Native Americans that theU.S. had acquired the territory from France and recorded geographic and scientific dataMidnight Appointments-federal judicial officials appointed to office in the closing period of apresidential administration. The republicans accused Adams of staying awake until midnight in orderto sign the commissions for Federalist officeholdersJohn Marshall-American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. SupremeCourt (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review

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    Marbury v. Madison-the first decision by the Supreme Court to declare unconstitutional and void anact passed by congress that the court considered in violation of the constitution. The decisionestablished the doctrine of judicial review, which recognizes the authority of courts to declarestatutes unconstitutionalTecumseh-Shawnee leader who attempted to establish a confederacy to unify Native Americansagainst white encroachment. He sided with the British in the war of 1812 and was killed in the Battleof ThamesWilliam Harrison-while governor of the Indiana territory, he attacked and burned Prophetstown in1811. The ninth president of the U.S. (1841), he died of pneumonia after one month in officeAndrew Jackson-the 7th president of the U.S. (1829-1837) who, as a general in the War of 1812,defeated the Redsticks at Horseshoe Bend (1814) and the British at New Orleans (1815). Aspresident he denied the right of individual states to nullify federal laws and increased presidentialpowersHartford Convention-a gathering of Federalists in 1814 that called for significant amendments to theconstitution and attempted to damage the republican party. The treaty of Ghent and AndrewJacksons victory at New Orleans annulled any recommendation of the conventionRevolution of 1800-the way that Thomas Jefferson described his election in 1800 that it was a realrevolution in the principles of our governments that of 1776 was in its form; not effected indeed bythe sword, as that, but by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the suffrage of thepeople. It was amidst the republican control in the House by 69 votes to 36 and Jefferson wanted tobypass this split of parties by saying we are all republicans, we are all federalists.Toussaint Louverture-was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. Born in Saint-Domingue, Toussaintled enslaved blacks in a long struggle for independence over French colonizers, abolished slavery,and secured "native" control over the colony, Haiti. In 1797 while nominally governor of the colony,he expelled the French commissionerLger-Flicit Sonthonax, as well as the British armies,invaded Santo Domingo to free the slaves there, and wrote a Constitution naming himselfgovernor-for-life that established a new polity for the colony. Especially between the years 1799 and 1802,Toussaint Louverture tried to rebuild the collapsed economy of Haiti and reestablish commercialcontacts with the United States and Britain. His rule permitted the colony a taste of freedom which,after his death in exile, was gradually destroyed during the successive reigns of a series ofdespotsAaron Burr-vice-president after Thomas Jefferson in May 1800. Federalists attempted to hatch a

    plan to support him as president so they could control him. He tied with Jefferson in electoral votes.Cane Ridge-location in Kentucky, where in August 1801, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptistclergy preached for about a week to a throng numbering 20,000. People reacted emotionally andphysically to the message that Jesus Christ could save all from their sins, they jerked their heads andentire bodies, or some fell to the ground in a faint.Judicial Review-is the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review,and possible invalidation, by the judiciary. Specific courts with judicial review power must annul theacts of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher authority, such as the terms of awritten constitution. Judicial review is an example of the functioning ofseparation of powers in amodern governmental system (where the judiciary is one of threebranches of government). Thisprinciple is interpreted differently in different jurisdictions, which also have differing views on the

    different hierarchy of governmental norms.Barbary Pirates-pirates from the Barbary Coast (North Africa) they did not permit the British navy topatrol the seas (1801-1809)Neutrality-agreement suggested by George Washington initially that America would not take sidesin wars. This agreement kept the Americans from trading with the French and British during theadministrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Dominguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ger-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Sonthonaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_for_Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_for_Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Dominguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ger-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Sonthonaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_for_Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_for_Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_government
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    Impressment-overthrowing of naval ships and sailors by enemy ships or sailors; in the case of theUnited States, this happened to American sailors by the British sailors who were frustrated with theAmericans refusal to remain neutralJames Madison-fourth president, creator of U.S. Constitution, suggested the Embargo Act toCongressEmbargo Act of 1812-enforced neutrality system between Britain and France, created by ThomasJefferson and James Madison, and it prohibited exportation to all other countriesNonintercourse Act-it replaced the Embargo Act by reopening trade with all countries except GreatBritain or France and it was created on March 1, 1809 just days before the close of ThomasJeffersons presidencyChesapeake-Leopard Affair-congress passed the Non-Importation Act (1806) which banned specificBritish goods, this frustrated the British. However, the president tried to come up with a solution tonegotiate with Britain to end impressments and begin neutrality. Unfortunately, no agreement couldbe reached that was satisfactory to the British and the Americans. Later, on June 1807, the Britishnaval ship Leopard fired on the American ship Chesapeake for refusing to submit to a search, andthe British impressed four American men.War of 1812-It stemmed from Americas frustration with Britains impressments of 6,000 Americansailors and Britains refusal to be neutral. America had achieved naval successes, but the War was amix of lost and won battles. On land battles the Americans lost 900 to a combined British and NativeAmerican force. Ultimately, the Americans won the war which resulted in the signing of the Treatyof Ghent (Peace Treaty).Treaty of Ghent-Madison authorized John Q. Adams, Albert Gallatin, Henry Clay, and two others tomeet a british peace delegation in august 1814 in Ghent (present-day Belgium). After months ofstalemate, the negotiators agreed on Christmas Eve, 1814 to return to the status quo at the outbreakof war. The British dropped their demands for part Maine and an independent territory north of theOhio River, and the Americans stopped insisting that the British renounce impressments, which hadsince ceased.War Hawks-were the people in congress, who advocated preparations for war. They were a newgeneration who hadnt participated in the Revolution and perceived Britains actions as a chance torestore colonial status. They wanted to prove to the world that they had not only inherited libertyfrom their forefathers but they also could maintain it.

    Francis Scott Key-poet who memorialized the scene of flaming rockets and exploding bombs in hispoem The Star Spangled Banner which was later set to the tune of a popular English song, and inthe early 20th century, became the national anthem.Star Spangled Banner-poem by Francis Scott Key which depicts one battle in the War of 1812 andwas later set to music to become the national anthem.Battle of New Orleans-British forces prepared to move against the gulf coast with their allies offree/enslaved Blacks, pirates, French, Spanish, and Native Americans with a fleet of 60 ships and14,000 men. New Orleans was somewhat unaware of the new peace treaty because it was far fromEastern cities. Andrew Jackson attempted to withstand British by leading the Americans and 600free Blacks against the British. The battle arose and the Americans won with only 13 Americansoldiers dead.

    Battle at Horseshoe Bend-Andrew Jackson with 3,000 militia and Indian allies defeated 1,000 RedSticks in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, killing 800.Tenkswatawa-He was a Shawnee prophet who yielded a great influence on the 1st decade on the 19th

    century because of the Louisiana Purchase, expanding white settlement, and sales ofaccomodationist Indian Leaders of a large proportion of native lands, Tenkswatawa and his brotherTecumseh found widespread support.Red Sticks-were militant factions of Creeks and Seminoles, opposed accomodationists among theirown people who sold land to the U.S. and adopted Anglo-American ways of life.

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    Battle of Tippecanoe-Harrison led a force against Prophetstown (founded by Tenkswatawa on theTippecanoe River), the prophet attacked the encamped soldiers at night but suffered casualties fromHarrisons arm and withdrew. Harrison lost men and burned the town after and claimed it as his ownvictory. His actions drew the Native Americans even closer to the British.

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    HONORS US HISTORY CH 9 more VOCAB TERMS & QUESTIONS

    American System-a nationalist vision of the country led by leading members of the republican partysuch as John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay who encouraged the growth of enterprise with the aid ofthe government, creating roads, canals, a strong navy, and a national bank. They thought the warwith Great Britain showed how defenseless America was and they believed to build up America'sdefenses they should ally themselves with the forces of trade and commerce and industry was thefuture of the country. This is exactly what republicans had in the past been strongly against.

    How did legal changes, technological developments, and internal improvements contribute toeconomic growth?Before legal changes, the court systems were fragile, businesses rested on nothing more than trustand promises because there was little or no cash to back businesses up. Credit relations were tangled

    and fragile as well, because of the shortage of cash, banks issued notes that served as currency. But ithelped solve these problems by creating a more uniform legal environment that transcended therestrictions of particular states, the court accelerated the growth of business. The new legalenvironment caused businesses to flourish, in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, they shelteredcorporations from legislative interference, in McCulloch v. Maryland, they established theconstitutionality of the Bank of the U.S. and protected it from state taxation, in Gibbons v. Ogden, itlimited the rights of states to interfere in commerce. This new internal improvement of the onceshaky economic system, helped to improve economic growth. Also, technological developmentscontributed to economic growth such as the National Road, which was the best built of thattechnological era. But because the National Road attracted so much business, it was later improvedupon with the Erie Canal, also the technological development of steamboats helped to improve travel

    and commerce which supported businesses.

    Sectionalism-Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country,rather than the nation as a whole.

    Nationalism-Nationalism involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a politicalentity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. This was the view held by the Republicans who heldthe vision of America in the 'American System'

    Internal Improvements-Internal improvements were adjustments made in America that helpedprogress the struggling economic system. These improvements included a new legal environment,

    which flourished businesses and new technological developments (better roads [National Road], theErie Canal, and steamboats) which encouraged commerce and manufacturing.

    Dartmouth College v. Woodward-a case in which it was decided that corporations should besheltered from legislative interference; took place during the time in which U.S. was changing itslegislative system to become more uniform.

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    Gibbons v. Ogden-a case in that limited the rights of states to interfere with either special favors andmonopolies or restrictive laws.

    McCulloch-during the Panic of 1819 the McCulloch vs. Maryland case the government ruled that thelaws of the federal government form the supreme law of the land. It was caused because some statestried to limit bank's power by levying extremely high taxes on the branches of the bank in theirstates. It also established the constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S. and protected it from statetaxation.Rush-Bagot Treaty-President Monroe was trying to establish a clearer border for the U.S. andCanada, so the treaty of 1817 calmed conflict on the Great Lakes and the Convention of 1818 fixedthe border with Canada at the 49th parallel

    Adams-Onis Treaty-A treaty of 1819 in which the Spanish kept the vast territory from Texas topresent-day California, while the U.S. claimed a northern border that ran unbroken to Oregon andthe Pacific Ocean. Adams called his work in this treaty the Transcontinental Treaty, because itstretched the borders of the U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

    West Florida-territory in which the president (James Madison) promptly claimed as part of theLouisiana Purchase. It was included as part of Louisiana, in 1812, when Louisiana included thewestern part of West Florida.

    John Quincy Adams-persuaded Monroe to declare the Monroe Doctrine as his independent policy,an experienced statesman, New Englander, and the secretary of state during Monroe'sadministration, son of John Adams. Adams wanted a stronger national government, internalimprovements, and a tariff to protect American industry. He had nationally sponsored canals, roads,educations, and other services that he would provide as president, but would cut into the power ofstate government and state politics. He was opposed by Martin Van Buren. The second 1/2 of hisadministration was unproductive.

    Implied Powers-Implied powers, in the United States, are those powers authorized by a legaldocument (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers

    expressly stated. Hamilton expresses implied powers as 'the sovereign duties of a governmentimplied the right to use means adequate to its ends.'

    Andrew Jackson-the seventh president of the United States (1829-1837) who, as a general in the Warof 1812, defeated the Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend (1814) and the British at New Orleans (1815).As president he denied the right of individual states to nullify federal laws and increased presidentialpowers.

    The 'Corrupt Bargain'-After the votes were counted in the U.S. presidential election of 1824, nocandidate had received a majority of the Presidential Electoral votes, thereby putting the outcome inthe hands of the House of Representatives. To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy

    Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Henry Clay, the Speaker of theHouse at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State.Supporters of Jackson, a Senator from Tennessee at the time, who won a plurality of those popularvotes which had been counted (though not necessarily of all votes) as well as the greatest number ofelectoral votes, denounced this as a "corrupt bargain".

    How did economic growth lead to increased specialization by the 3 regions of the United States?

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1824http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1824http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)
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    As the American economy grew, different parts of the country specialized economically based ontheir local resources which would help to boost their region and the overall United States economy.In the south, the resource of slaves provided the southern region to produce cotton. In the northwest(Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana), the large amounts of good land allowed farms, and in the Northeastresources such as a waterfall offered free power for the Boston Manufacturing Company, with thisresource they did not have to hire laborers and they could sell cotton produced in the South. Thisspecialized the Northeast in commerce and manufacturing.

    What event led to the Missouri Compromise, how did it reveal the emerging sectionalism of U.S.politics?The Panic of 1819 led to the Missouri Compromise, and the Missouri Compromise revealed theemerging sectionalism of U.S. politics, because it brought out the different ideas held about slaveryby different regions of the United States. Northern states argued that Southerners received morerepresentation in Congress because of their slave population and that slavery would only expand tothe south. Also Tallmadge, a New York congressman, introduced an amendment to the bill thatwould admit Missouri as a state only if it admitted no more slaves. More than 80 of the North'scongressmen supported Tallmadge's amendment and only 10 opposed it, but in the senate the slavestates prevailed by 2 votes. This deadlock proved the sectionalism in U.S. politics.

    What was the context of the Monroe Doctrine? Why did the U.S. announce the policy?The United States nor Britain wanted to see France take Spain's place in the New World,French/Russian empire would pose an economic and military threat stronger than the spanishregime. The French army invaded Spain and the U.S. minister in England proposed that U.S. andEngland jointly declare that neither country would annex any part of the empire of Spain nor anyallow any other power to do so. However, J.Q. Adams persuaded it to announce the doctrine as anindependent one claimed by the U.S. only. The U.S. announced the policy to strengthen America'simage and to make the U.S. seem more dignified.

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    CHAPTER 10 H US HISTORY VOCABULARY TERMSSpoils System-a system by which the victorious political party rewarded its supporters withgovernment jobsPeggy Eaton-wife of John Eaton and the central figure in a controversy that would divide PresidentJackson's cabinet into pro-and anti-Eaton factions. The controversy surrounded her dating of JohnEaton while she was still married to her husband, this event struck a chord with Andrew Jacksonwho met his recently deceased wife the same way. The wives of the members of Jackson's cabinetrefused to socialize with the Eaton's and when Andrew Jackson required them to socialize thecabinet became divided.Nullification-letting states 'nullify' a national law within its own borders. It was constitutional

    because the federal system did not locate sovereignty in any one place, but rather divided it amongthe states and the nation. It was supported by John C. Calhoun.The Book of Mormon-the holy book of the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day saints or theMormons

    -Mormonism comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populous branch of theLatter Day Saint movement. This movement was founded by JosephSmith, Jr., in the 1830s and 1840s

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.
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    Nat Turner-American slave leader who organized about seventy followers and led a rebellion inVirginia, during which approximately fifty whites were killed (1831). He was then captured andexecuted.Indian Removal Act-passed in 1830, this act set aside land in the Oklahoma Territory for AmericanIndians to be removed form the eastern United States. Over the next eight years, tens of thousands ofChoctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee people were transported from their homes on what theCherokees called the 'Trail of Tears'Trail of Tears-after determined efforts to move the Cherokee, the tribe was deported form Georgia towhat is now Oklahoma, thousands died on the march known as the Trail of TearsTariff of Abominations-was a protective tariffpassed by the Congress of the United States on May19, 1828 designed to protect industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff ofAbominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southerneconomy and led to theNullification Crisis.David Walker-pushed for immediate abolition of slavery, he wrote 'Appeal', to an audience thatincluded enslaved men and women across the Atlantic SeaboardWilliam Garrison-American abolitionist leader who founded and published 'The Liberator' (1831-1865), an antislavery journal. He attended antislavery meetings held by African Americans includingthe group that published 'Freedom's Journal'. He rejected colonization and his newspaper spread themessage of abolition to whites who never saw a paper edited by Blacks.Dorothea Dix-an American philanthropist, reformer, and educator who took charge of nurses for theU.S. in the Civil War.Abolitionism-the movement that emerged in the 1830s, in the United States dedicated to theimmediate end of slaveryThe Liberator-an anti-slavery journal (1831-1865) founded and published by the Americanabolitionist leader William GarrisonJoseph Smith-an American religious leader who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-DaySaints (1830) and led his congregation westward from New York State to western Illinois, where hewas murdered by an anti-Mormon mobDomesticity-a message welcomed by many middle-class women that held that women should puttheir minds to higher purposes, focusing more on nurturing their children in spirit and mind as wellas in body, women would become the moral center of the household, the guardians of good thoughts,

    clean living, providers of a sense of safety for children and husbands. Women could make the homea place of refuge and renewal from the increasingly threatening and disorienting world. This ideawas articulated by ministers, journalists, and other opinion makersThe gag rule-Reformers of slavery sent 300 petitions signed by 40,000 people to congress, however,southerners argued that the acceptance of the petitions by the house besmirched slaveholders' honorand threatened to incite slaves to rebellion. Congress wanted to avoid conflict, so they merely tabledthe petitions. Congress' compromise pleased no one; northerners labeled the Congress' positions andtheir actions a 'gag rule'. The northerners saw this as a clear violation of American freedom in theinterest of slavery.Lopez de Santa Anna-a general of Mexico who consolidated his power in Mexico, his attempts tocentralize control in Mexico City led to revolts in the Yucatan and Zacatecas as well as in Texas. In

    Santa Anna's eyes, the Texans were clearly inviting an expansionist United States to take thisprovince away from Mexico; he sent in troops to meet the threat. He was captured the day afterBattle of San Jacinto where he signed treaties removing Mexican troops from Texas, granting Texasits independence, and recognizing the Rio Grande as the boundary, however, the Mexican Congressrefused to uphold these terms.Sam Houston-he replaced Austin in 1835 as commander of the army. Sam Houston, the general ofthe Texan forces, surprised the larger Mexican force at San Jacinto in April of 1836, they won theBattle of San Jacinto in only 18 minutes.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_Crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_Crisis
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    Battle of San Jacinto-Sam Houston's Texan forces surprised Santa Anna's Mexican forces in April,1836. The force of 900 Texans and tejano cavalry commanded by Juan Seguin won a decisive battlein only 18 minutes. Santa Anna himself was captured a day later.The Monster-an elaborate cartoon depicting the Bank of the U.S. as a monster. Each of the heads ofthe 'hydra' is labeled with the name of a state, representing the way the 'monster' of the Bank of theUnited States had slithered its way into every corner of the nation. The largest head is that ofNicholas Biddle, labeled for PennsylvaniaNicholas Biddle-president of the Second Bank of the U.S., opponent of Andrew Jackson, because oftheir opposing views of the Bank of the U.S., while Biddle supported the B.U.S., Jackson opposed it.Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Nicholas Biddle all supported the B.U.S.Charles Finney-embodied the new and aggressive spirit of the religious awakening of the 1820s, ayoung attorney from Utica, New York. At first he had not regularly attended church untilencouraged by his fiance, then he found himself struck with the power of God's love. He spread theword of the Bible in the language of everyday life, he told people that they should take their first steptoward God. He found his audience in the new cities of western New York to be young men andwomen of all ages. His influence among women, caused women to encourage their husbands to alsolisten to his message. His message and powerful sermon brought hundreds of people back to thechurch who had strayed.'The Burned-Over District'-the district of upstate New York that lay along the path of the Erie Canal,as one revival after another surged through its towns and farms, it came to be known as 'the Burned-Over District'Stephen F. Austin-Virginia-born entrepreneur who first arrived in Mexico in 1821, he negotiatedwith the changing Mexican governments, allotted and registered land parcels and oversaw thesettlement of hundreds of Americans. He petitioned the Mexican government to let Texas become aseparate Mexican state under its own administration. In 1835, a convention of Texans replacedAustin as commander of the army with Sam Houston.The Five Civilized Tribes-were the fiveNative American nations: the Cherokee,Chickasaw,Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers duringthe colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and hadgenerally good relations with their neighbors.

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    H US HISTORY CH 11 VOCABULARY TERMSMartin Van Buren-the 8th president of the United States (1837-1841). A powerful democrat fromNew York, he served in the U.S. senate (1821-1828) as secretary of state (1829-1831), and as vicepresident (1833-1837) under Andrew Jackson before being elected president in 1836. Heunsuccessfully sought reelection in 1840 and 1842.William Harrison-while governor of the Indiana Territory, he attacked and burned Prophetstown in1811. The ninth president of the United States (1841) he died of pneumonia after one month in officeHigh Culture-usually not accessible to the mass of people until the change in American economyand society that took place in the 1820s, the emergence of an urban middle class, the desire for

    entertainment. Because of the acquisition of the trees in the New York area because of the removedNative Americans, Americans had a bigger supply of paper, which made it available to all peopleand caused a revolution in newspapers and magazines, print entertainment, literacy, andcommunication.Popular Culture-culture accessible and enjoyed by the mass of peopleDaguerreotypes-an early photographic process with the image made on a light-sensitive, silver-coated metallic plate

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_(American_Indians)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_(American_Indians)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole
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    Ralph Waldo Emerson-an American writer, philosopher, and central figure of Americantranscendentalism. His poems, orations, and especially his essays, such as Nature (1836) areregarded as landmarks in the development of American thought and literary expressionHerman Melville-author of Moby Dick (1851) often considered to be the greatest American novelistof the 19th centuryFrederick Douglass-American abolitionist and journalist who escaped from slavery (1838) andbecame an influential lecturer in the North and abroad. He wrote Narrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass (1845) and cofounded and edited the North Star (1847-1860) an abolitionist newspaperSamuel Morse-American painter and inventor. He refined and patented the telegraph and developedthe telegraphic code that bears his nameThe Amistad-a slave ship on which 49 Africans rebelled in 1839 off the coast of Cuba. The shipsailed to Long Island Sound where Spanish authorities demanded they be turned over forpunishment. A group of American abolitionists led by former President John Q. Adams fought forand won their freedom in 1841. The 35 who survived returned to CubaJohn Tyler-became president after Harrisons death in 1841, was against the ideals of the Whig Partyand thus labeled, His Accidency by some Whig newspapersHis Accidency-the name the Whig newspapers gave John Tyler as they tried to denounce himreferring to his acquisition of the presidency based on Harrisons death and because Tyler wasagainst the ideals of the Whig partyManifest Destiny-the belief that the United States was destined to grow from the Atlantic to thePacific and from the Arctic to the Tropics. Providence supposedly intended for Americans to havethis area for a great experiment in liberty.Election of 1836-Martin Van Buren, a democrat, was the winnerElection of 1840-Harrison, a Whig, was the winner. He won because of the images portrayed of himin his log cabin and hard cider campaign. To prove his youth after his election, he gave the longestinaugural speech to date in cold weather, causing him to die of pneumonia a month later. AfterHarrisons death, John Tyler was chosen to be the president

    Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign-what started off as a phrase used by Democrats to mockHarrisons campaign by saying if Harrison were given some hard cider and a small pension he wouldlive out all of his days in a log cabin. The sarcasm backfired however, as many Americans

    considered hard cider and log cabins as symbols of the traditional, rural ideals of America. Whigsused this to their advantage by posting images of log cabins and hard cider on their pro-Harrisoncampaign signs in order to show Americans they werent snobby but rather believed in homespunvalues. It helped their campaign as Harrison won 19 of 26 states. It caused the emergence of symbolsand images in the future presidential campaigns.Election of 1844-James Polk a democrat won against Henry Clay.P.T. Barnum-inspired by the public fascination with the macabre and fanciful, he opened his firstmuseum in 1841, displaying such oddities as an 161 year old Black woman who claimed to beGeorge Washingtons nurse, the Feejee Mermaid, Thom Thumb, magicians, and midgets.Despite his displays being disproved by science, his museum flourished for the next 20 years. Healso toured his traveling Barnums American Museum with Swedish singer Jenny Lind.

    John Tyler-became first president after Harrisons death in 1841, and was the first president tosucceed to office after the death of a predecessor. He was against many of the traditional ideals ofthe Whig party and thus they labeled him His Accidency and expelled him from their party.Tylers administration annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845.James K. Polk-11th president of the United States, a Democrat. He was speaker of the House (1835-1839) and governor of Tennessee (1839-1841). He defeated Henry Clay, and won the election of1844 because he promised to annex Texas. In his presidency he split Oregon Territory with Britain.

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    In the Mexican-American war he led America to a victory when Mexico rejected the Americanannexation of Texas.Alex de Tocqueville-a Frenchman who traveled to United States to view their concepts ofDemocracy and he wrote his book Democracy in America based on what he sawthe book isembodied in this passage freedom does not seem to bring happiness but rather a constant anxietyand ceaseless yearning, property is everywhere in America but its pursuit does not necessarily bringhappiness.Henry Thoreau-an American author, poet, historian, abolitionist, and transcendentalist. He is bestknown for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings.Brook Farm-it was founded by Bronson Alcott and about 80 others. It was one of the many utopiancommunities that tried to get off the ground in the 1830s and 1840s. Brook Farm put people to workin the fields in the morning and on their books in the afternoon. The community produced both cropsand an impressive weekly newspaper. Its schools stood as examples of enlightened education. Theexperiment failed economically after a few years, but for a while Brook Farm offered the possibilityof combining intellectual excitement, physical work, and social responsibility in a way thetranscendentalists craved.-Most slaves that were brought to the New World got taken to the CARIBBEANEdgar A. Poe-an American author, poet, and novelist. He wrote short stories, which were in high-demand, but added self-consciousness into the stories that had never been demonstrated before. Poetapped into a widespread fascination with the occult, crime, sances, and ghosts, filling his workwith ruins, shadows, and legends. His works include The Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Maskof Red Death, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Tell-Tale Heart, and The Raven.McGuffeys Readers-books, which sold an astonishing 9 million copies between 1836 and 1850, thatwere distributed in schools through the North and West, and celebrated Christian piety, the virtues ofhard work, and patriotism.Texas Republic (annexation)-Polk entered office with a clear vision of annexing large areas ofMexican Territory, Texas, and Oregon. But even before Polk took office the Senate voted to annexTexas, an independent republic since 1836, as soon as Texas consented. Texas gave its approval inthe fall of 1845 and won its vote for annexation in Washington at the end of that year.Oregon Territory-after the Texas republic was annexed the Democrats sought to quiet concernsamong northerners by also annexing Oregon. Though Americans, including some northern

    Democrats in congress, clamored for all of Oregon to its northernmost boundary with Russianterritory, Polk secretly negotiated with Britain to set the boundary at the 49th parallel.

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    CH 13 H US HISTORY VOCABULARY TERMSWilliam Walker-a proslavery Tennessean who pushed for expansion of the American territory intoCuba or Central America, places where slavery could flourish

    Charles Sumner-United States senator from Massachusetts (1851-1874) he was a noted orator withan uncompromising opposition to slavery

    James Buchanan-the fifteenth president of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain abalance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his views angered radicals in both theNorth and South

    John Brown-American abolitionist who, in 1859 with 21 followers captured the United Statesarsenal at Harper's Ferry as part of an effort to liberate Southern slaves. His group was defeated andBrown was hanged after a trial in which he won sympathy as an abolitionist martyr.

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    Abraham Lincoln-the 16th president (1861-1865) he led the United States throughout the Civil War

    Jefferson Davis-United States senator, secretary of war and then presidency of the confederacy(1861-1865). He was captured by Union Soldiers in 1865 and imprisoned for 2 years. Although hewas indicted for treason (1866) but never prosecuted.

    Roger B. Taney-American jurist who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme