Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane ... · 1. Geologic map and location of project wells in the Little Spokane River Basin study area, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend

Prepared in cooperation with Spokane County

Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5124

Cover: Photograph of area north of Spokane near Chattaroy, Washington, looking approximately northeast, autumn 2011. Photograph taken by Karen Payne, U.S. Geological Survey.


By Sue C. Kahle, Theresa D. Olsen, and Elisabeth T. Fasser

Prepared in cooperation with Spokane County

Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5124

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Department of the InteriorSALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological SurveySuzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS.

For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.

Suggested citation:Kahle, S.C., Olsen, T.D., and Fasser, E.T., 2013, Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5124, 52 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5124/

http://www.usgs.gov

http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

http://store.usgs.gov

iii

Contents

Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2

Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................4Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................4Previous Investigations........................................................................................................................4

Methods of Investigation ..............................................................................................................................6Well Data ................................................................................................................................................6Geology ...................................................................................................................................................6Hydrogeology.........................................................................................................................................6

Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity .............................................................................................7Hydrogeologic Framework ...........................................................................................................................8

Geologic Setting ....................................................................................................................................8Pre-Tertiary Geology ...................................................................................................................8Tertiary Geology ...........................................................................................................................8Quaternary Geology ....................................................................................................................9

Pleistocene ..........................................................................................................................9Holocene ............................................................................................................................13

Geologic Units ............................................................................................................................13Hydrogeologic Units ...........................................................................................................................14

Bedrock Unit ...............................................................................................................................17Basin Fill ......................................................................................................................................17

Upper Aquifer ....................................................................................................................17Upper Confining Unit ........................................................................................................17Lower Aquifers ..................................................................................................................21Lower Confining Unit ........................................................................................................21Wanapum Basalt Unit ......................................................................................................21Latah Unit ...........................................................................................................................21Grande Ronde Basalt Unit ...............................................................................................23

Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater .................................................................................23Groundwater Occurrence ........................................................................................................23Groundwater Movement ..........................................................................................................23Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................................25Long-Term Water-Level Data ...................................................................................................25

Data Needs ...................................................................................................................................................29Summary........................................................................................................................................................31Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................32References Cited..........................................................................................................................................32Glossary .........................................................................................................................................................49

iv

PlatesIn pocket

1. Geologic map and location of project wells in the Little Spokane River Basin study area, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington

2. Hydrogeologic unit map, unit of open interval of project wells, and hydrogeologic sections, Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington

Figures 1. Map showing location of the Little Spokane River Basin study area, Spokane,

Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ..................................................................3 2. Map showing physiographic regions of Washington .............................................................5 3. Map showing extent of glacial ice and glacial lakes in northern Washington,

Idaho, and parts of Montana ....................................................................................................10 4. Conceptual model of the hydrogeologic system in the Little Spokane River

Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ...................................15 5. Map showing estimated altitude of the top of the bedrock in the Little Spokane

River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ........................18 6. Map showing thickness of basin fill over bedrock in the Little Spokane River

Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ...................................19 7. Map showing thickness and areal extent, and water-level altitudes and inferred

directions of groundwater flow of the Upper aquifer (UA) in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ........................20

8. Map showing thickness and areal extent, and water-level altitudes of the Lower aquifers (LA) in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington .........................................................................................22

9. Map showing thickness and extent, and water-level altitudes and inferred directions of groundwater flow of the Grande Ronde basalt unit (B2) in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ..................................................................................................................................24

10. Map showing water-level altitudes and inferred directions of groundwater flow in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington .................................................................................................................................26

11. Map showing locations of wells with long-term water level measurements in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ..................................................................................................................................27

12. Map showing Water Resource Inventory Area 55 in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ...................................30

v

Conversion Factors, Datums, Abbreviations and Acronyms, and Well Numbering System

Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtainLength

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Areaacre 4,047 square meter (m2)square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2)

Volumegallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L)gallon (gal) 0.003785 cubic meter (m3)million gallons (Mgal) 3,785 cubic meter (m3)cubic mile (mi3) 4.168 cubic kilometer (km3)

Flow ratefoot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day (m/d)cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)cubic foot per day (ft3/d) 0.02832 cubic meter per day (m3/d)gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s)

Hydraulic gradientfoot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer

Transmissivity*square foot per day (ft2/d) 0.09290 square meter per day (m2/d)

Tables 1. Geologic timescale with simplified geology of the Little Spokane River Basin

study area, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington. ........................12 2. Lithologic and hydrologic characteristics of the hydrogeologic units in the Little

Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ........16 3. Wells with long-term water level measurements in the Little Spokane River

Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ...................................28 4. Selected physical and hydrologic data for the project wells in or near the Little

Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington ........36

vi


Conversion Factors

SI to Inch/Pound

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

*Transmissivity: The standard unit for transmissivity is cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of aquifer thickness [(ft3/d)/ft2]ft. In this report, the mathematically reduced form, foot squared per day (ft2/d), is used for convenience.

Datums

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

BR Bedrock unitB1 Wanapum Basalt unitB2 Grande Ronde Basalt unitLA Lower aquifers unitLC Lower confining unitLT Latah unitNED National Elevation DatasetUA Upper aquiferUC Upper confining unitUSGS U.S. Geological Survey

Multiply By To obtain

Areasquare meter (m2) 0.0002471 acre

vii

Well Numbering System

In Washington, wells are assigned numbers that identify their location in a township, range, section, and 40-acre tract. For example, well number 28N/41E-14A05D1 indicates that the well is in township 28 north of the Willamette Base Line, and range 41 east of the Willamette Meridian. The numbers immediately following the hyphen indicate the section (14) in the township, and the letter following the section (A) gives the 40-acre tract of the section. The two-digit sequence number (05) following the letter indicates that the well was the fifth one inventoried in that 40-acre tract. The "D" following the sequence number indicates that the well has been deepened. In the illustrations of this report, wells are identified individually using only the section and 40-acre tract, such as 14A05D1. The townships and ranges are shown on the map borders.


Willamette Meridian

Willamette Base Line

SECTION 14

28N/41E-14A05D1

ABCD

E F G H

JKLM

N P Q R

R. 41 E.

T.

28

N.

123456

7 12

131418

19 24

2530

31 32 33 34 35 36

W A S H I N G T O N

Well numbering system in Washington.

This page intentionally left blank.


By Sue C. Kahle, Theresa D. Olsen, and Elisabeth T. Fasser

AbstractA study of the hydrogeologic framework of the

Little Spokane River Basin was conducted to identify and describe the principal hydrogeologic units in the study area, their hydraulic characteristics, and general directions of groundwater movement. The Little Spokane River Basin includes an area of 679 square miles in northeastern Washington State covering parts of Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties. The groundwater system consists of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits and isolated, remnant basalt layers overlying crystalline bedrock. In 1976, a water resources program for the Little Spokane River was adopted into rule by the State of Washington, setting instream flows for the river and closing its tributaries to further uses. Spokane County representatives are concerned about the effects that additional groundwater development within the basin might have on the Little Spokane River and on existing groundwater resources. Information provided by this study will be used in future investigations to evaluate the effects of potential increases in groundwater withdrawals on groundwater and surface-water resources in the basin.

The hydrogeologic framework consists of eight hydrogeologic units: the Upper aquifer, Upper confining unit, Lower aquifers, Lower confining unit, Wanapum basalt unit, Latah unit, Grande Ronde basalt unit, and Bedrock. The Upper aquifer is composed mostly of sand and gravel and varies in thickness from 4 to 360 ft, with an average thickness of 70 ft. The aquifer is generally finer grained in areas farther from main outwash channels. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 4.4 to 410,000 feet per day (ft/d), with a median hydraulic conductivity of 900 ft/d. The Upper confining unit is a low-permeability unit consisting mostly of silt and clay, and varies in thickness from 5 to 400 ft, with an average thickness of 100 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.5 to 5,600 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 8.2 ft/d. The Lower aquifers unit consists of localized confined aquifers or lenses

consisting mostly of sand that occur at depth in various places in the basin; thickness of the unit ranges from 8 to 150 ft, with an average thickness of 50 ft. The Lower confining unit is a low-permeability unit consisting mostly of silt and clay; thickness of the unit ranges from 35 to 310 ft, with an average thickness of 130 ft.

The Wanapum basalt unit includes the Wanapum Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group, thin sedimentary interbeds, and, in some places, overlying loess. The unit occurs as isolated remnants on the basalt bluffs in the study area and ranges in thickness from 7 to 140 ft, with an average thickness of 60 ft. The Latah unit is a mostly low-permeability unit consisting of silt, clay, and sand that underlies and is interbedded with the basalt units. The Latah unit ranges in thickness from 10 to 700 ft, with an average thickness of 250 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.19 to 15 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 0.56 ft/d. The Grande Ronde unit includes the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group and sedimentary interbeds. Unit thickness ranges from 30 to 260 ft, with an average thickness of 140 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.03 to 13 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 2.9 ft/d.

The Bedrock unit is the only available source of groundwater where overlying sediments are absent or insufficiently saturated. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.01 to 5,000 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 1.4 ft/d. The altitude of the buried bedrock surface ranges from about 2,200 ft to about 1,200 ft.

Groundwater movement in the Little Spokane River Basin mimics the surface-water drainage pattern of the basin, moving from the topographically high tributary-basin areas toward the topographically lower valley floors. Water-level altitudes range from more than 2,700 ft to about 1,500 ft near the basin’s outlet.

2 Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington

IntroductionThe Little Spokane River Basin, also referred to as

the Little Spokane Water Resources Inventory Area 55 (WRIA 55), includes an area of 679 mi2 in northeastern Washington State covering parts of Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties (fig. 1). Streams originate in the northern part of the basin and contribute flow to the Little Spokane River, which flows southward about 49 mi from just south of Newport, Washington, to its confluence with the Spokane River, about 5 mi northwest of the City of Spokane. Mean annual flow in the Little Spokane River at Dartford (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgaging station No. 12431000; fig. 1) is 299 ft3/s (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009).

Important aquifers in the basin occur primarily within unconsolidated sediments that include glacial flood deposits and recent alluvium. Basalt aquifers also contribute water to some wells in the southern part of the basin where the basalt underlies the unconsolidated sediment or occurs at land surface in remnant basalt mesas. Crystalline basement rocks provide generally limited quantities of water in the higher elevation areas of the basin where the other more-productive units do not occur. The Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, a large regional groundwater system described by Kahle and Bartolino (2007) and Hsieh and others (2007), occupies a small area of the southern part of the basin (fig. 1).

Precipitation in the Little Spokane River Basin is relatively low, particularly during summer and early autumn. The annual precipitation in the basin ranges from 17 in/yr at its confluence with the Spokane River to 40 in/yr in the higher altitude areas (Washington State Department of Ecology, 2012); average precipitation at Deer Park is 22 in. (Chung, 1975). The basin relies on spring snowmelt from the higher altitude areas of the basin and groundwater discharge to the river to maintain streamflows during the drier months, typically July through October.

In 1976, a water resources program for the Little Spokane River was adopted into rule, setting instream flows for the river and closing its tributaries, as well as natural lakes, to further uses (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1988). Instream flow rules establish a water right and priority date for the river to protect instream uses like fish habitat, water quality, recreation, and navigation. The rule only affects those who apply for new water rights after the rule was adopted. These “junior” water rights can be shut off when the flow in

the river is less than required flows. Currently, the streamgage at Dartford is used to manage all junior water rights in the Little Spokane River; when summer flow at Dartford is less than the minimum 115 ft3/s, all junior water rights holders in the basin receive notice to stop withdrawals (Spokane County, 2006). Residents on the Little Spokane River have been advised to conserve water in 9 of the last 10 years when late summer flows have diminished enough to restrict junior water-right holders and other users from taking water from the river. Specifically, about 150 junior water-right holders and other residents along the Little Spokane River have been asked to curtail their irrigation or other use of river water during summer low flows to ensure that water is available for instream resources and senior water-right holders.

Although parts of the hydrogeologic framework had been studied prior to this investigation (Cline, 1969; EMCON, 1992; Dames and Moore, Inc., 1995; Boese, 1996; and Golder Assoc., Inc., 2003), the nature and extent of the unconsolidated sediments and basalt throughout the basin were not well defined. Additionally, Golder Assoc., Inc. (2003) observed that the Diamond Lake area in the northeastern part of the basin might be a conduit for groundwater flow from the Pend Oreille River Basin into the headwaters of the Little Spokane River. An assessment of the hydrogeologic framework of the entire basin was needed, prior to and as a basis for developing a groundwater flow model that could in turn quantify the effects of groundwater use on the groundwater and surface-water system.

Spokane County representatives are concerned about the effects of potential future groundwater development throughout the basin. With increased subdivision and development, an increase in exempt groundwater use is expected to continue, but the potential effects of this growth on the Little Spokane River and the basin’s aquifers are not known.

To obtain information necessary to evaluate these concerns, Spokane County requested that the USGS conduct this initial study with the primary goal of describing the hydrogeologic framework of the Little Spokane River Basin. This work is intended to be followed by subsequent studies that would provide the remaining information needed for the eventual construction and calibration of a numerical groundwater flow model. Such a model then could be used by the county to evaluate the possible regional effects of different groundwater-use and climate scenarios on the groundwater and surface-water system of the basin.

Introduction 3

tac13-0812_fig 01

395

395

2

2

2

3

90

211

292

291

291

20

90

DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond Lake

Sacheen Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr

Deadman CreekDeadman Creek

Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Creek

Br

ickel Cr

WASHINGTON

Studyarea

STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE IDA

HO

Spokane

Dartford

Chattaroy

Spokane Valley

Deer Park

Newport

Peone Prairie

Half Moon Prairie

FivemilePrairie

FivemilePrairie

OrchardBluff

Green Bluff

12431500

LittleSpokaneRiver atDartford12431000

12427000

12429500

1239550012395500

Little Spokane Water Resources Inventory Area 55

Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer

EXPLANATION12431500

U.S. Geological Surveystreamgaging site

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey data, USGS National Elevation Data (2000), 30 foot resolution DEM and other digital sources. Projection: UTM, Zone 11N, North American Datum 1983, Scale factor= 0.9996, False easting = 500,000, False northing = 0.

Figure 1. Location of the Little Spokane River Basin study area, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


Purpose and Scope

This report describes the development of a hydrogeologic framework of the Little Spokane River Basin, focusing on the area upstream of the Little Spokane River at Dartford (USGS Station No. 12431000). The framework is based on a review and interpretation of available drillers’ logs for wells in the basin, existing geologic maps, previous investigations, and data collected at field-located wells. The description of the framework includes: 1. An updated and compiled digital geologic map for the

entire basin, 2. A map and sections of the major hydrogeologic units,

3. Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity by hydrogeologic unit,

4. Thickness and extent maps of principal water-bearing units,

5. A map of the approximate bedrock surface that marks the lower boundary of the basin’s aquifer system,

6. Maps of water-level altitudes based on measurements made from November through December 2011 with inferred directions of groundwater movement, and

7. A map and table of long-term water-level measurement sites in the basin.

The report also includes a brief description of the regional and local geologic history of the Little Spokane River Basin. A glossary is included with definitions for selected technical terms contained in the report.

Description of Study Area

The Little Spokane River Basin is in the Okanogan Highlands East, a physiographic region east of the Columbia River and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, and north of the Columbia Plateau (fig. 2). This area is characterized by north-south trending mountain ranges reaching altitudes of 8,000 ft separated by valleys. Rock types in the study area include the oldest sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in Washington State (Lasmanis, 1991), younger granites, and even younger basalt. Today, remaining basalt in the study area forms mesas in the southern part of the Little Spokane River Basin.

The major tributaries to the Little Spokane River are Deadman, Deer, Dragoon, and Little Deep Creeks, as well as the West Branch of the Little Spokane River; the largest lakes include Diamond, Eloika, Horseshoe, and Sacheen, which are all located in the northern part of the basin (fig. 1). Altitudes range from more than 5,300 ft in the northeast side of the basin to about 1,540 ft at the confluence of the Little Spokane and Spokane Rivers.

Evergreen forests are the primary land cover in the mountainous northern and eastern parts of the basin. Agricultural lands are interspersed throughout the basin, but most are in the lower-elevation, southeastern parts of the basin. Urban areas are most prominent in the southern part of the basin and include the northern extent of the City of Spokane. Smaller cities in the basin include Deer Park and Newport (fig. 1). Numerous vacation or seasonal properties are located near the many lakes in the study area.

Previous Investigations

Numerous documents describe previous investigations that have contributed to the understanding of the hydrogeologic framework in all, or parts, of the Little Spokane River Basin. These documents are listed below, in chronological order.

Cline (1969) studied the groundwater resources and related geology of an area covering 450 mi2 in north-central Spokane and southeastern Steven Counties. The report includes descriptions of geologic units and their water-bearing properties and groundwater recharge, discharge, availability, chemical quality, and use.

The Washington State Department of Ecology outlined management policies in the Little Spokane River Basin in Chung (1975). The policies in the document provided a process for making water-allocation and water-use decisions within the basin. The program established base flows necessary for preserving in-stream values, declared beneficial use priorities, closed certain surface-water bodies to further appropriation, allocated public water, and set forth water-resources administrative procedures.

Landau Associates (1991) characterized the hydrogeologic conditions and contaminant distribution at the Colbert Landfill, an inactive 40-acre municipal solid waste landfill located about 15 mi north of Spokane, Washington. Their activities were conducted in order to obtain design information needed to design a groundwater pump and treat system for the site.

EMCON (1992) described geologic, hydrogeologic, and groundwater quality information for the Deer Park Basin, an area of about 46 mi2, in northern Spokane County. Topics in the report include geologic history, geologic units, occurrence and movement of groundwater, water rights, nitrates in groundwater, stream gaging, and a hydrologic budget for the area.

Dames and Moore, Inc. (1995) assessed the status of the surface and groundwater resources in the Little Spokane River Basin (WRIA 55) in support of regulatory concerns and water management decisions. Based on available data, hydrologic assessments were made that included water quantity, hydrogeology, water demand, water quality, and status of aquatic habitat and fish stocks.

Introduction 5

tac13-0812_fig 02

Columbia River

Colu

mbia River

Fran

klin

D. R

oose

velt L

ake

Colu

mbia

River

Spokane RiverOlympic

Moutains

Columbia Plateau

Cascades North

Cascades South

WillapaHills

PugetLowlands

OkanoganHighlands

West

OkanoganHighlands

East

Little SpokaneRiver Basin

BlueMoutains

0 50 100 MILES

0 50 100 KILOMETERS

122° 120° 118°

49°

124°

48°

47°

46°

Figure 2. Physiographic regions of Washington. (Modified from Lasmanis, 1991.)

Ader (1996) examined the spatial distribution of wells and constructed a conceptual hydrogeologic model of the 4-mi2 Green Bluff Plateau in response to reported water-level declines and well interference issues. The study, conducted by the Washington State Department of Ecology, was done in support of an evaluation of water rights applications on the plateau.

Boese (1996) completed a Master’s thesis on aquifer delineation and baseline groundwater quality in a 230-mi2 area covering most of the southern half of the Little Spokane River Basin. The thesis includes descriptions of the geologic and hydrogeologic setting and water quality sampling, methods, and results.

Boleneus and Derkey (1996) described the geohydrology of a 12-mi2 area of Peone Prairie based on drilling and geophysical tests made in the late 1970s as part of a mineral exploration venture. Their work includes descriptions of aquifers and confining units found during the explorations.

Golder Assoc., Inc. (2003) described the surface water, groundwater, water quality, water rights, and water use in the Little Spokane (WRIA 55) and Middle Spokane (WRIA 57) basins as part of watershed planning efforts. The combined area includes 960 mi2, 675 mi2 in the Little Spokane River Basin, and 285 mi2 in the Middle Spokane Basin. Based on the data compilation and analysis effort, Golder Assoc., Inc. (2004) constructed a watershed simulation model for the combined Little and Middle Spokane watershed.

The southernmost part of the Little Spokane River Basin, near north Spokane, overlaps with a small part of the Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, which was described in a series of reports including Campbell (2005), Kahle and others (2005), Kahle and Bartolino (2007), Bartolino (2007), and Hsieh and others (2007). These reports include descriptions of the hydrogeologic framework, water-level maps, water budget components, and a computer flow model of the aquifer to be used in the management of the Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie aquifer.


Spokane County Water Resources has produced several documents that describe groundwater inventory and mapping in the Little Spokane River Basin (Spokane County, 2009), residential water use in Spokane County (2010a), and groundwater altitude and stream flow monitoring in the Little Spokane River Basin (2010b, 2011). The Spokane County Conservation District (2010) produced a stream-gage report for Deadman and Dragoon Creeks and the west branch of the Little Spokane River. As of 2012, streamflow measurements in the basin are made by USGS, Spokane Conservation District, and Spokane Community College.

Methods of InvestigationCollecting the basic data required to characterize the

hydrogeologic framework and estimate the direction of groundwater movement in the Little Spokane River Basin involved a field inventory of wells, measurement of water levels in wells, and construction of hydrogeologic sections, hydrogeologic unit maps, and water-level maps.

Well Data

Between November and December 2011, 317 wells throughout the study area were field located to acquire lithologic data and to measure the depth to water in wells. Criteria for site selection included availability of a driller’s report and lithologic information (obtained from well records at the USGS Washington Water Science Center and the Washington State Department of Ecology), location and depth of the well, and the ease of access to the well. The intent was to collect data from wells evenly distributed throughout the study area. This was not possible in all areas because of lack of development in much of the basin, or lack of permission to access some wells.

To further augment the project data set, 95 non-field-located wells were assigned approximate locations (latitude and longitude coordinates) using public land survey locations (township, range, section, and quarter-quarter section), well addresses, and (or) parcel numbers for each well included on drillers’ logs. To the extent possible, paper maps (USGS 7 ½-minute quadrangles and City or County road maps) and on-line maps (Google™Earth, 2011; Pend Oreille County Assessor, 2011; Spokane County Assessor, 2011; and Stevens County Assessor, 2011) were used to verify drillers’ locations and to estimate latitude and longitude for the non-field-located wells. Locations of all 412 project wells are shown on plate 1, and selected physical and hydrologic data for the wells are provided in table 4 (at back of report).

Information gathered at project wells included site location and well-construction details. Depth to water (water level) was measured in most wells using an electric tape or graduated steel tape, both with accuracy to 0.01 ft. In some cases, water levels were not measured because a well was difficult to access. Out of the 317 field inventoried wells, 220 wells had a measurable water level. One well was observed as flowing, meaning the water level was above the land surface altitude. Latitude and longitude were obtained for field-located wells using a Global Positioning System receiver with a horizontal accuracy of one-tenth of a second (about 10 ft). Land-surface altitude for each project well was obtained from a digital elevation model with 10-m square cells using the latitude and longitude for each well. All water-level measurements were made by USGS personnel according to standardized techniques of the USGS (Drost, 2005). Information for all project wells was entered into the USGS National Water Information System database.

Geology

The geologic map of the study area (pl. 1) was compiled and simplified from several sources, including the digital geologic map database (1:100,000 scale) for Washington (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, 2005), a spatial database for the geology of the Northern Rocky Mountains developed by Zientek and others (2005), the surficial geologic map of the Chewelah 1:100,000 quadrangle (Carrara and others, 1995), and the reconnaissance geologic map of the north-central Spokane and southeastern Stevens Counties (Cline, 1969). In some areas, modifications were made to existing maps based on field visits or stratigraphic evidence obtained during this investigation, primarily from drillers’ logs for field-located water wells.

Hydrogeology

Lithologic data from the field-inventoried wells were entered into the Rockworks 2006® software, a stratigraphic analysis package. Nine hydrogeologic sections were constructed using Rockworks to identify and correlate eight hydrogeologic units, primarily on the basis of grain size and stratigraphic position. Thickness and extent-of-unit maps were manually drawn for three units using information from the hydrogeologic sections and data from the remaining project wells.

Methods of Investigation 7

Horizontal Hydraulic ConductivityHydraulic conductivity is a measure of a material’s ability

to transmit water. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity was estimated for the hydrogeologic units using the drawdown/discharge relation reported on drillers’ logs that reported pump testing wells for 1–29 hours. Only data from those wells with a driller’s log containing discharge rate, duration of pumping, drawdown, static water level, well-construction data, and lithologic log were used. Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity for this study area are presented in the section “Hydrogeologic Units.” Estimates made for neighboring basins and for similar units, using the same methods described here, are available in Kahle and others, 2003, 2010.

Two methods were used to estimate hydraulic conductivity, depending on well construction. For data from wells with a screened or perforated interval, the modified Theis equation (Ferris and others, 1962) was first used to estimate transmissivity of the pumped interval. Transmissivity is the product of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the hydrogeologic unit supplying water to the well.

The modified equation is

s QT

Ttr s

=4

2 252π

ln . (1)

where s = drawdown in the well, in feet;

Q = discharge, or pumping rate, of the well, in cubic feet per day;

T = transmissivity of the hydrogeologic unit, in square feet per day;

t = length of time the well was pumped, in days;

r = radius of the well, in feet; and S = storage coefficient, a dimensionless

number, assumed to be 0.0001 for confined units and 0.1 for unconfined units.

Assumptions for using equation 1 are that aquifers are homogeneous, isotropic, and infinite in extent; wells are fully penetrating; flow to the well is horizontal; and water is released from storage instantaneously. Additionally, for unconfined aquifers, drawdown is assumed to be small in relation to the saturated thickness of the aquifer. Although many of the assumptions are not precisely met, the field conditions in the study area approximate most of the assumptions.

A computer program was used to solve equation 1 for transmissivity (T) using Newton’s iterative method (Carnahan and others, 1969). The calculated transmissivity values were not sensitive to assumed storage coefficient values; the difference in computed transmissivity between using 0.1 and 0.0001 for the storage coefficient is a factor of only about 2.

The following equation was used to calculate horizontal hydraulic conductivity from the calculated transmissivity:

K Tbh = (2)

where Kh = horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the

geologic material near the well opening, in feet per day; and

b = thickness, in feet, approximated using the length of the open interval as reported in the driller’s report.

The use of the length of a well’s open interval for b overestimates values of Kh because the equations assume that all the water flows horizontally within a layer of this thickness. Although some of the flow will be outside this interval, the amount may be relatively small because in most sedimentary deposits, vertical flow is inhibited by layering.

For data from wells having only an open-ended casing (no perforations), a second equation was used to estimate hydraulic conductivities. Bear (1979) provides an equation for hemispherical flow to an open-ended well just penetrating a hydrogeologic unit. When modified for spherical flow to an open-ended well within a unit, the equation becomes

K Qsrh = 4π

(3)

Equation 3 is based on the assumption that horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are equal, which is not likely for the deposits in the study area. The result of violating this assumption is underestimating Kh by an unknown amount.

The resulting estimates of hydraulic conductivity using the methods described above are presented in the Hydrogeologic Units section. The median values of estimated hydraulic conductivities for the aquifers are similar in magnitude to values reported by Freeze and Cherry (1979, p. 29) for similar materials. It is recognized that the estimates are biased toward the more productive zones in these units and may not be representative of the entire unit. The minimum hydraulic conductivities for the hydrogeologic units illustrate that there are zones of low hydraulic conductivity in most units. Additionally, the range of hydraulic conductivities is at least three orders of magnitude for most units, indicating substantial heterogeneity and inherent uncertainty in estimating hydraulic conductivity. Although many uncertainties are in the estimated values of hydraulic conductivity, these estimates provide an initial assessment of the relative differences in hydraulic conductivity between the different hydrogeologic units. These relative differences provide the basis for an initial conceptual model of hydraulic conductivity values to be used in future computer modeling.


Hydrogeologic FrameworkThis section describes the geologic and hydrogeologic

framework, including the physical, lithologic, and hydrologic characteristics of the hydrogeologic units that compose the groundwater system of the Little Spokane River Basin. An understanding of the geologic setting and relation of geologic units is required to understand the hydrogeologic framework and describe the occurrence and availability of groundwater within the watershed.

Geologic Setting

A description of the geologic events that have defined the geologic framework in the study area is provided in the following section. Although descriptions of the region’s geologic history are available at various levels of detail in numerous documents, the summary that follows is based in part on descriptions contained in Cline (1969), Carrara and others (1995, 1996), Boese (1996), Kiver and Stradling (2001), Kahle and Bartolino (2007), and Bjornstad and Kiver (2012).

The geologic history presented in this report describes three major time periods: the pre-Tertiary, the Tertiary, and the Quaternary. An expanded description of the geologic history for each of these time periods is presented below. A simplified geologic time scale (table 1) is provided to aid the reader in understanding the sequence of geologic events and the magnitude of geologic time during which they occurred. Eleven geologic map units occur in the Little Spokane River Basin; they are described below and are shown on plate 1.

Pre-Tertiary GeologyThe oldest rocks in the region surrounding and

underlying the study area are metamorphosed, fine-grained sediments that originally were deposited in a large, shallow north-south-trending marine basin during the Precambrian (table 1). These rocks are present in outcrop today as low-grade metasedimentary rocks, including argillite, siltite, and quartzite, which grade locally into more highly metamorphosed schists and gneisses. In the study area, these rocks occur in the headwater areas of the Little Spokane River Basin northwest of Eloika Lake, as well as forming an east-west-trending ridge of mountains (Bare and Lone Mountains and Mt. Pisgah) between Diamond Lake to the north, and Chain Lakes and Elk to the south (pЄm, pl. 1).

Following deposition and metamorphism, as much as 20,000 ft of the Precambrian rocks were eroded before the Paleozoic Era began (Conners, 1976). During the Paleozoic, additional sedimentation occurred in shallow seas that resulted in shale, limestone, and sandstone being deposited over

the Precambrian rocks. However, from near the end of the Paleozoic to the present, the region mostly has been emergent, and much of the post-Cambrian sediments have been eroded from the area leaving few surface exposures. Small outcrops occur just outside the Little Spokane River Basin northwest of Loon and Deer Lakes.

Emplacement of various granitic intrusive bodies, along with associated metamorphism and deformation, occurred during a long period of time between the Jurassic and Tertiary. The largest volume of granitic rocks was emplaced during the Cretaceous and includes biotite-muscovite (two-mica) granite that forms Dunns and Lookout Mountains on the southwest part of the study area and the southern end of the Selkirk Mountains, including Mt. Spokane, on the eastern side of the basin (Stoffel and others, 1991). Much smaller outcrops of Cretaceous biotite granite form Dart Hill and the northern side of Fivemile Prairie (Boese, 1996). Younger granitic rocks (hornblende-biotite monzogranite and granodiorite), emplaced during the Eocene, occur in the north part of the study area in the Diamond and Sacheen Lake areas, and on the western margin of the basin south of Loon Lake (Miller, 2000).

All granitic rocks that occur in the study area are included in one geologic map unit, TKg (pl. 1). This unit occurs at land surface throughout much of the study area and comprises most of the highland areas along the perimeter of the basin. Numerous water wells are completed in granite where it occurs at land surface, or where overlying units are thin and (or) poorly saturated.

Tertiary GeologyDuring the Miocene Epoch, basalt lava flowed from

fissures and vents in eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and western Idaho, mantling much of the pre-existing landscape and filling in low-lying areas. By the end of the Miocene, five formations of the Columbia River Basalt Group covered much of eastern Washington, west-central Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. Burns and others (2011) estimated that more than 42,000 mi2 were covered with a volume of about 34,000 mi3 of basalt and associated sedimentary interbeds. Because the study area is on the northeastern edge of the Columbia Plateau (fig. 2), only a few flows of two formations of the Columbia River Basalt Group reached the area. The oldest flows in the area are part of the Grande Ronde Formation. The stratigraphically higher and younger flows are part of the Wanapum Formation (pl. 1).

The Grande Ronde Basalt underlies Wild Rose and Half Moon Prairies, and other areas west of the Little Spokane River (pl. 1; pl. 2, sections C-C', D-D', and E-E'). Boese (1996) identified a thin layer of Grande Ronde Basalt in one deep well in section 19 of T. 27 N., R 44 E. near the western edge of Green Bluff. Other deep wells on Green Bluff, however, did not encounter Grande Ronde Basalt (Boese,

Hydrogeologic Framework 9

1996). The Wanapum Formation has fewer occurrences in the study area than the Grande Ronde because much of it has been eroded away. Where it remains, it forms basalt mesas or bluffs including Green Bluff, Orchard Bluff, Pleasant Prairie, Orchard Prairie, and Fivemile Prairie.

During the Miocene, as lava flows entered the area, basalt blocked existing drainages to the southwest and caused the formation of lakes and swamps that covered the lowlands of large areas surrounding the basalt flows (Boese, 1996). During pauses in the eruption and flow of basalt, great thicknesses of sand, silt, and clay were deposited in large basalt-dammed lakes along the perimeter of the flows. In the study area, the resulting deposits are known as the Latah Formation. Repeated cycles of basalt flows and continued damming of the stream network resulted in interlayered sediment and basalt.

Following the eruption history of the Columbia River Basalt Group, and emplacement of numerous flows and the Latah Formation, a period of slow downcutting from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene removed as much as 590 ft of Latah Formation from the region (Anderson, 1927). Streams in the redeveloping drainages eroded much of the exposed Latah Formation and some of the younger basalt near their margin. Accurate estimates of the thickness and extent of the remaining Latah Formation sediments are difficult to determine because of the cover of Pleistocene drift and the difficulty in distinguishing it from younger glacial lake sediment. Surface exposures of deeply weathered, yellow to orange silt and clay of the Latah Formation can be found below the basalt cap on Fivemile and Orchard Prairies, and Green Bluff and Orchard Bluff (Ml, pl. 1).

Quaternary Geology

PleistoceneDuring the Pleistocene Epoch, the study area was

subjected repeatedly to the erosional and depositional processes associated with glacial and interglacial periods (Kiver and Stradling, 1982, 2001; Kiver and others, 1989). A map of the extent of late-glacial ice and glacial lakes in northern Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana is shown in figure 3. At the maximum extent of the most recent Pleistocene glaciation (about 15,000 years before present), much of northern Washington, Idaho, and westernmost Montana was covered by lobes of the Cordilleran ice sheet (fig. 3). The large ice sheet formed in the mountains of British Columbia and flowed south, filling valleys and overriding low mountain ranges. For thousands of years, lobes of the Cordilleran ice sheet modified the pre-existing landscape through direct ice scour, and through erosion and deposition related to glacial and melt water action. Pre-existing river or melt water drainages were redirected or even blocked, creating ice-age lakes that covered large areas of the inland northwest and resulted in thick accumulations of sediment.

Higher energy environments included glacial outburst flooding and glacial meltwater that deposited vast amounts of sediment along channels and plains. The resulting assemblage of unconsolidated sediment overlies bedrock in much of the study area.

When the Purcell Trench lobe in northern Idaho blocked the drainage of the ancestral Clark Fork in northwestern Montana, Glacial Lake Missoula was created (fig. 3). The lake was about 500 mi3 in volume and reached a maximum depth of 2,200 ft (Waitt, 1980). Enormous catastrophic floods occurred over a 2,000-year period when the ice dam of the Purcell Trench lobe periodically failed, sending floodwaters to the west and southwest. The largest of the Missoula floods, many of which probably occurred relatively early in the lake-filling and flooding cycle, overwhelmed local drainages and topped the 2,400-ft divide west of Spokane, spilling south towards Cheney and beyond, and creating the Channeled Scablands (fig. 3). When glaciers were at their maximum extent, Missoula outburst floods were mostly routed through the Spokane Valley, then north through the Hillyard trough to the southern portion of the Little Spokane River Basin, and then west through the Long Lake area.

The Pend Oreille River lobe occupied the Pend Oreille River valley and reached its most recent southernmost extent near the northeast extent of the Little Spokane Basin (fig. 3) (Carrara and others, 1995). The terminal area was swept by Lake Missoula floodwaters that followed more northern flood routes (Carrara and others, 1995). After deflecting off of the northern ice lobes, Missoula floodwaters were redirected south through a network of channels south and west of Newport, including Scotia and Camden Gaps (Bjornstad and Kiver, 2012), before eventually emptying into the Deer Park area and the Little Spokane River (pl. 1). Most of the deposits from the catastrophic floods are along the channel of the Little Spokane River, where depositional bars and terraces of sand and gravel hundreds of feet thick were deposited (Boese, 1996).

The Okanogan and Columbia River lobes affected the study area by blocking westward drainage of the ancestral Columbia and Spokane Rivers and creating vast ice-age lakes that resulted in thick accumulations of clay and silt (Waitt and Thorson, 1983). Glacial Lake Columbia, impounded by the Okanogan lobe, was the largest glacial lake in the path of the Missoula floods (fig. 3). This lake was long-lived (2,000–3,000 years) and had various surface altitudes depending largely on the degree of blockage by the Okanogan lobe and timing of Lake Missoula outburst floods that brought additional water into the lake. The typical surface altitude of Lake Columbia was about 1,640 ft, but the altitude reached 2,350 ft during maximum blockage by the Okanogan lobe and was as high as about 2,460 ft during the Missoula floods (Atwater, 1986). The higher levels of Glacial Lake Columbia probably occurred early, whereas the lower and more typical level of the lake occurred in later glacial time (Richmond and others, 1965; Waitt and Thorson, 1983; and Atwater, 1986).


Figure 3. Extent of glacial ice and glacial lakes in northern Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana. (Modified from U.S. Forest Service, 2010.)

tac13-0812_fig 03A


Figure 3.—Continued

tac13-0812_fig 03B

L I T T L E S P O K A N E R I V E R B A S I N

PE

ND

OR

EI L

LE

RI V

ER

LO

BE

PE

ND

OR

EI L

LE

RI V

ER

LO

BE


Table 1. Geologic timescale with simplified geology of the Little Spokane River Basin study area, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington. [Modified from U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee (2010). Abbreviations: Mya, million years ago; ya, years ago; –, indicates a gap in the geologic record resulting from erosion and (or) nondeposition]

Eon Era Period, Subperiod EpochGeologic unit; Map symbol

Phanerozoic(542 Mya to present)

Cenozoic(66 Mya to present)

Quaternary(2.6 Mya to present)

Holocene(11,700 ya to present)

Stream deposits; QsMass - wasting deposits; Qmw

Eolian deposits, QePleistocene

(2.6 Ma to 11,700 ya)Fine grained glacial deposits; Qgf

Coarse grained glacial deposits; QgcGlacial till, Qgt

Tertiary(66 to 2.6 Mya)

Pliocene(5.3 to 2.6 Mya)

–

Miocene(23 to 5.3 Mya)

Wanapum Basalt; MwGrande Ronde Basalt; Mgr

Latah Formation; MlOligocene

(34 to 23 Mya)–

Eocene(56 to 34 Mya)

Intrusive igneousrocks; TKg

Paleocene(66 to 56 Mya)

Mesozoic(251 to 65 Mya)

Cretaceous(146 to 65 Mya)

Jurassic(200 to 146 Mya)

–

Triassic(251 to 200 Mya)

Paleozoic(542 to 251 Mya)

Permian(299 to 251 Mya)

–

Pennsylvanian(318 to 299 Mya)

Mississippian(359 to 318 Mya)

Devonian(416 to 359 Mya)

Silurian(444 to 416 Mya)

Ordovician(488 to 444 Mya)

Cambrian(542 to 488 Mya)

Proterozoic(2,500 to 542 Mya)

Neoproterozoic(1,000 to 542 Mya)

Metasedimentaryrocks; pЄm

Mesoproterozoic(1,600 to 1,000 Mya)

Paleoproterozoic(2,500 to 1,600 Mya)


At the higher level of Glacial Lake Columbia (2,350 ft), the glacial lake would have flooded most of the Little Spokane River Basin covering what is now Deer Park and extending to near the top of the basalt bluffs in the southern part of the basin (pl. 1). The long-lived and sediment-rich nature of glacial lakes in the region led to vast thicknesses of mostly fine-grained material being deposited throughout much of the region’s lower altitude areas.

Downwind from the ice front, wind-blown sediments were deposited over much of the Columbia Plateau during the Pleistocene (McDonald and Busacca, 1992). This eolian material is informally known as the Palouse loess and consists of angular fragments that are fine sand to silt sized particles of mostly quartz, feldspar, and mica (McDonald and Busacca, 1992). The Little Spokane River Basin is at the northern edge of the Palouse deposition area, so thicknesses generally are less than 25 ft (Boese, 1996). In the southern part of the basin, the unit mantles the basalt bluffs and occurs locally overlying the bedrock.

HoloceneFollowing the Pleistocene, rivers and streams have

eroded the glacial deposits in many places as well as depositing alluvium along their flood plains. Sand deposited by wind also covers parts of the western side of Peone Prairie and areas around Mead (Boese, 1996).

Geologic UnitsThe geology of the study area consists of 11 geologic

units (pl. 1).Recent non-glacial sediment (Qs): This unit includes

channel, overbank, and alluvial-fan deposits of rivers and streams, and peat in low-lying and poorly drained areas. Unit consists mostly of stratified silt and sand with some gravel and minor amounts of clay deposited by flowing water.

Mass-wasting deposits (Qmw): Includes poorly sorted angular rock fragments deposited as talus at the base of steep slopes and heterogeneous mixtures of unconsolidated surficial material and rock fragments deposited by landslides. Commonly occurs at the base of the basalt uplands where the unit is composed mostly of Latah Formation and basalt fragments.

Eolian deposits (Qe): Unit includes loess—wind-blown silt and fine sand, with minor amounts of clay, blanketing basalt uplands, and dune sand overlying glacial outburst flood deposits in north Spokane and Mead.

Fine-grained glacial deposits (Qgf): Unit includes clay, silt, and sand lake sediments deposited in ice-marginal lakes and sand and silt outwash and distal outburst flood deposits. Unit includes coarse-grained lenses in places.

Coarse-grained glacial deposits (Qgc): Unit includes glacial-outburst flood deposits that consist of sand with gravel, cobbles, and boulders deposited by catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Missoula and reworked outwash and till deposited by the Pend Oreille lobe. Unit includes localized areas and lenses of fine-grained material.

Glacial till (Qgt): Unit includes mostly poorly sorted and unstratified clay, silt, sand, and gravel deposited by the Pend Oreille River lobe. In the study area, the unit occurs only near Newport, where the unit includes the terminal moraine of the Pend Oreille River lobe.

Wanapum Basalt (Mw): Unit includes the Wanapum Basalt, Priest Rapids Member, of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Unit is composed of fine- to coarse-grained basalt flows with olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts. The unit overlies the Grande Ronde Basalt and, when present, the Latah Formation. The Priest Rapids Member is also invasive into Latah Formation. Forms prominent rim rock and steep cliffs (Greenbluff and Fivemile Prairie), commonly with well-developed columnar jointing.

Grande Ronde Basalt (Mgr): Unit includes the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Unit is composed of black to dark gray, fine-grained, dense to slightly vesicular flows composed of dark-brown glass, plagioclase, pyroxene, and minor olivine. Flows are commonly pillowed, indicating the basalt flowed into water. Overlies or is invasive into the Latah Formation; where Latah Formation is absent, the Grande Ronde overlies older crystalline rocks.

Latah Formation (Ml): Unit includes lacustrine and fluvial deposits of gray to tan to yellow orange siltstone, claystone, and minor sandstone that underlie and are interbedded with the Grande Ronde Basalt and Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt in the Spokane area. The unit locally contains fossil leaves and carbonized logs.

Intrusive igneous rocks (TKg): Unit is generally described as granite and includes fine- to coarse-grained, equigranular to porphyritic, muscovite-biotite granite, hornblende-biotite granite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite.

Metamorphic rocks (pЄm): Unit includes strongly foliated and layered, fine- to coarse-grained gneiss, schist, and quartzite; minor amphibolite and hornfels; meta-argillite and metasiltite, and metadolomite.


Hydrogeologic Units

The geologic units and the deposits at depth were differentiated into aquifers and confining beds on the basis of areal extent and general water-bearing characteristics. An aquifer is saturated geologic material that is sufficiently permeable to yield water in significant quantities to a well or spring, whereas a confining bed has lower permeability that restricts the movement of groundwater and limits the usefulness of the unit as a source of groundwater. Generally, well-sorted, coarse-grained deposits have greater permeabilities than do fine-grained or poorly sorted deposits. In the Little Spokane River Basin, saturated glacial outwash or other coarse-grained deposits form the primary aquifers, whereas deposits such as lacustrine or glaciolacustrine deposits form the confining beds. The aquifers and confining beds identified herein are referred to as hydrogeologic units because the differentiation takes into account both the geologic and hydraulic characteristics of the units. Eight hydrogeologic units were identified in the study area, based on their areal extent and general water-yielding properties:

• Upper aquifer (UA);• Upper confining unit (UC);• Lower aquifers (LA);• Lower confining unit (LC);• Wanapum basalt unit (B1);• Latah unit (LT);• Grande Ronde basalt unit (B2); and• Bedrock (BR).

A simplified conceptual model of the hydrologic system of the Little Spokane River Basin (fig. 4) illustrates a series of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits and basalt layers (together referred to as basin fill) overlying the “basin” of crystalline bedrock. Figure 4 is representative of approximately the southern half of the Little Spokane River Basin where basin-fill deposits are composed mostly of low permeability fine-grained material overlain or interbedded with coarse-grained material (sand and gravel) or basalt, in places. Farther north in the basin, the basin-fill deposits are generally thinner and the basalt does not extend beyond the Eloika Lake area (fig. 1).

The lithologic and hydrologic characteristics of the hydrogeologic units are summarized in a table that includes the range of thicknesses for each unit, based on data from the inventoried wells, and the number of inventoried wells open to each unit (table 2). Wells open to more than one unit are not included in the chart, but are indicated in table 4. Project well locations are shown on plate 2 and are color coded based on the hydrogeologic unit that the wells are open to;

wells completed in multiple units, exploratory bore holes, and wells without available drillers’ logs are designated as Other and are shown as gray dots; wells open to the Spokane Valley–Rathrum Prairie aquifer are shown as black dots. The thickness and areal extent of the units are shown on nine hydrogeologic sections and exhibit considerable variation (pl. 2). Adequate data were available to map the approximate thickness and extent of the Upper aquifer, the Lower aquifers, and the Grande Ronde basalt unit. The hydrogeologic units are commonly heterogeneous and locally discontinuous; therefore, correlations are tentative in many places. The Upper confining unit, Lower confining unit, and the Latah unit are virtually indistinguishable in drillers’ descriptions of material detected during well construction. Generally, the first or upper confining material detected during drilling was considered part of the Upper confining unit. If a deeper confining unit was detected below a lower aquifer, it was considered part of the Lower confining unit. Confining beds (with or without associated sandy zones) either below or associated with basalt were considered part of the Latah unit. Along much of the Little Spokane River valley floor, the depth to bedrock, and therefore the total thickness of the unconsolidated deposits, is not well known. Generally, the deeper the units, the less certain are the correlations.

A summary of well yields, as reported on drillers’ logs used during this investigation, is also shown on table 2 by hydrogeologic unit. Well-yield testing is done to determine if an adequate and sustainable yield is available from a well. Driller-reported well yields are not only dependent on the productivity of the unit to which the well is open, but also is a function of the design and purpose of the well. During well-yield testing, a municipal well likely would be pumped at a higher rate and have a larger diameter casing and a longer open interval than one intended for single-family use, thereby having an apparent greater yield than that for the single-family well. Despite the fact that yields often are estimates, they are useful in comparing the general productivity of hydrogeologic units; they also illustrate the variability within a single unit. Based on the available driller-reported yields from 353 of the project wells, yields ranged overall from 0 to 5,000 gal/min, with a median yield of 15 gal/min.

A summary of specific capacity information, derived from driller-reported yield divided by the drawdown measured in the well during pumping, is also provided, by hydrogeologic unit (table 2). Specific capacity often is used to describe the productivity of a hydrogeologic unit and is expected to be smaller for confined aquifers than unconfined aquifers (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Based on the available driller-reported yields and drawdowns of 20 of the project wells, the median specific capacity overall, ranged from 0.7 to 300 (gal/min)/ft, with a median of 84 (gal/min)/ft.


tac13-0812_fig4 conceptual 01

WEST EAST

Bedrockuplands Basalt mesa

Littl

e Sp

okan

e Ri

ver

Sand, gravel

Silt, clay

Basalt

Bedrock

Approximate direction of groundwater flow

EXPLANATION

Spring

Figure 4. Conceptual model of the hydrogeologic system in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

[uni

t lab

el]

Rang

e of

thic

k-ne

ss

[ave

rage

thic

k-ne

ss]

(ft)

Lith

olog

ic a

nd h

ydro

logi

c

char

acte

rist

ics

Num

ber

of p

roje

ct

wel

ls o

pen

to u

nit

Estim

ated

hyd

raul

ic

cond

uctiv

ity

[min

, med

ian,

max

] (ft

/d)

Yiel

d [m

in, m

edia

n, m

ax]

(gal

/min

)

Spec

ific

capa

city

[m

in, m

edia

n, m

ax]

([gal

/min

]/ft)

Upp

eraq

uife

r[U

A]

4–36

0[7

0]

Gen

eral

ly a

n un

confi

ned

sand

and

gra

vel a

quife

r with

som

e fin

e-gr

aine

d le

nses

. Mos

t of t

he u

nit

is c

ompo

sed

of g

laci

al o

utw

ash,

out

burs

t floo

d de

posi

ts, a

nd st

ream

dep

osits

. Uni

t con

sist

s of

sand

, gra

vel,

and

cobb

les a

long

the

Littl

e Sp

okan

e R

iver

and

in m

uch

of th

e D

iam

ond

Lake

ar

ea; u

nit i

s gen

eral

ly fi

ner g

rain

ed, c

onsi

stin

g m

ostly

of s

and,

in th

e D

eer P

ark

area

. Uni

t is

thic

kest

alo

ng fo

rmer

out

was

h ch

anne

ls in

clud

ing

that

now

occ

upie

d by

the

Littl

e Sp

okan

e R

iver

. Whe

re u

nit i

s thi

n an

d in

suffi

cien

tly sa

tura

ted,

wel

ls p

enet

rate

UA

and

are

com

plet

ed in

de

eper

uni

ts.

57[4

.4, 9

00, 4

10,0

00]

{21}

[1.0

, 20,

130

0]

{5

1}[3

00]

{1}

Upp

erco

nfini

ngun

it[U

C]

5–40

0[1

00]

Low

-per

mea

bilit

y un

it co

nsis

ting

mos

tly o

f silt

and

cla

y w

ith so

me

sand

. Con

tain

s coa

rse

grai

ned

mat

eria

l in

plac

es. U

nit i

s com

pose

d m

ostly

of g

laci

olac

ustri

ne m

ater

ial d

epos

ited

in ic

e da

mm

ed la

kes a

nd th

e di

stal

and

fine

-gra

ined

par

t of M

isso

ula

flood

dep

osits

. Uni

t con

tain

s m

ass-

was

ting

depo

sits

at t

he b

ase

of st

eep

slop

es a

nd b

luffs

. Uni

t may

con

tain

lith

olog

ical

ly

sim

ilar b

ut o

lder

dep

osits

of t

he L

atah

For

mat

ion.

36[0

.5, 8

.2, 5

600]

15}

[2.5

, 15,

75]

{3

0}[2

.4]

{1}

Low

eraq

uife

rs[L

A]

8–15

0[5

0]

Loca

lized

con

fined

aqu

ifers

con

sist

ing

of sa

nd a

nd so

me

grav

el. U

nit o

ccur

s at d

epth

in v

ario

us

plac

es in

the

basi

n bu

t app

ears

to b

e fa

irly

cont

inuo

us a

t dep

th b

elow

the

low

er re

ache

s of

the

Littl

e Sp

okan

e R

iver

. Uni

t is c

omm

only

ove

rlain

by

UC

; uni

t is u

nder

lain

by

othe

r low

pe

rmea

bilit

y se

dim

enta

ry u

nits

(LC

, LT)

, bas

alt,

or b

edro

ck.

36[8

.2, 3

40, 8

700]

{1

2}[7

.5, 2

6, 5

000]

{35}

[2.5

, 100

, 280

]

{4}

Low

erco

nfini

ngun

it[L

C]

35–3

10[1

30]

Low

-per

mea

bilit

y un

it co

nsis

ting

mos

tly o

f silt

and

cla

y th

at, i

n pl

aces

, und

erlie

s the

Low

er

aqui

fers

(see

sect

ions

B-B

' and

F-F

'). U

nit m

ay b

e co

mpo

sed

of g

laci

olac

ustri

ne se

dim

ent a

nd

(or)

old

er L

atah

For

mat

ion

sedi

men

t.1

[0.2

]

{1

}[6

]

{1

}–

Wan

apum

basa

lt un

it[B

1]

7–14

0[6

0]

Uni

t inc

lude

s the

Wan

apum

Bas

alt o

f the

Col

umbi

a R

iver

Bas

alt G

roup

; inc

lude

s thi

n se

dim

enta

ry in

terb

eds i

n pl

aces

and

ove

rlyin

g lo

ess.

Uni

t occ

urs o

n G

reen

Blu

ff an

d O

rcha

rd

Blu

ff in

the

sout

heas

tern

par

t of t

he st

udy

area

. Gen

eral

ly n

ot a

relia

ble

wat

er-b

earin

g un

it.2

[2.4

]

{1

}[1

9]

{1}

–

Lata

hun

it[L

T]

10–7

00[2

50]

Mos

tly lo

w-p

erm

eabi

lity

unit

cons

istin

g of

the

Lata

h Fo

rmat

ion

silt,

cla

y, a

nd sa

nd th

at u

nder

lies

and

is in

terb

edde

d w

ith th

e G

rand

e R

onde

and

Wan

apum

Bas

alts

. Inc

lude

s thi

n or

bro

ken

basa

lt an

d co

arse

gra

ined

lens

es. T

he sa

ndy

or g

rave

lly p

arts

of t

his u

nit c

an p

rovi

de su

ffici

ent

wat

er fo

r dom

estic

use

. Uni

t may

con

tain

lith

olog

ical

ly si

mila

r but

you

nger

gla

ciol

acus

trine

de

posi

ts.

34[0

.19,

0.5

6, 1

5]

{3

}[3

.0, 2

0, 1

00]

{35}

–

Gra

nde

Ron

deba

salt

unit

[B2]

30–2

60[1

40]

Uni

t inc

lude

s the

Gra

nde

Ron

de B

asal

t of t

he C

olum

bia

Riv

er B

asal

t Gro

up a

nd se

dim

enta

ry

inte

rbed

s in

plac

es. P

rovi

des s

uffic

ient

wat

er to

num

erou

s dom

estic

wel

ls in

the

wes

t cen

tral

part

of th

e st

udy

area

from

Hal

f Moo

n Pr

airie

to se

vera

l mile

s nor

th o

f Dee

r Par

k.35

[0.0

3, 2

.9, 1

3]

{3

}[0

.25,

27,

200

]

{33}

[0.7

]

{1

}

Bed

rock

unit

[BR

]

Not

appl

icab

le

Uni

t inc

lude

s gra

nite

, qua

rtzite

, sch

ist,

and

gnei

ss.

Loca

lly y

ield

s usa

ble

quan

titie

s of w

ater

w

here

rock

s are

frac

ture

d. Y

ield

s are

gen

eral

ly sm

all;

som

e ab

ando

ned

wel

ls d

ue to

low

yi

elds

.14

1[0

.01,

1.4

, 500

0]

{9}

[0, 4

.3, 6

0]

{127

}–

Tabl

e 2.

Li

thol

ogic

and

hyd

rolo

gic

char

acte

ristic

s of

the

hydr

ogeo

logi

c un

its in

the

Littl

e Sp

okan

e Ri

ver B

asin

, Spo

kane

, Ste

vens

, and

Pen

d Or

eille

Cou

ntie

s, W

ashi

ngto

n.

[Val

ues i

n br

aces

{ }

indi

cate

num

ber o

f val

ues.

Hyd

roge

olog

ic u

nit:

UA

, Upp

er a

quife

r; U

C, u

pper

con

finin

g un

it; L

A, L

ower

aqu

ifers

; LC

, Low

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

B1,

Wan

apum

bas

alt u

nit;

LT, L

atah

uni

t; B

2, G

rand

e R

onde

bas

alt u

nit;

BR

, Bed

rock

uni

t. A

bbre

viat

ions

: SV

RP,

Spo

kane

Val

ley–

Rat

hdru

m P

rairi

e aq

uife

r; ft,

foot

; ft/d

, foo

t per

day

; gal

/min

, gal

lon

per m

inut

e; (g

al/m

in)/f

t, ga

llon

per m

inut

e pe

r fo

ot; m

in, m

inim

um; m

ax, m

axim

um; –

, no

data

ava

ilabl

e]


Bedrock UnitThe Bedrock unit underlies the entire basin and occurs at

land surface on about 44 percent of the basin’s surface area, including most of the higher altitudes areas (pl. 2). Rock types included in this unit are granite, quartzite, schist, and gneiss; these rocks yield usable quantities of water where rocks are fractured. Although this unit generally yields only small quantities of water, it is the only available source of water where overlying saturated sediments are absent. Roughly one-third of the project wells (141 wells) are completed in the Bedrock unit (pl. 2). The depths of the project wells completed in the Bedrock unit range from 52 to 800 ft, with a median depth of 320 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.01 to 5,000 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 1.4 ft/d (table 2). The driller-reported yields for Bedrock unit wells ranged from 0 (those noted as ‘dry’) to 60 gal/min, with a median yield of 4.3 gal/min (table 2). Several of the project wells completed in the Bedrock unit are unused due to insufficient yields.

The approximate altitude of the top of the bedrock, or pre-Tertiary basement, is shown in figure 5. This contour map is based on information from the geologic map, well logs for project wells, the hydrogeologic sections, and a bedrock elevation map developed by Boese (1996) for the southern part of the basin. Contours for the buried bedrock surface were manually drawn in 200-ft intervals and lie within the extent of the Little Spokane River Basin. Along the bedrock’s outcrop area, subsurface contours were tied to DEM-derived land-surface contours, also in 200-ft intervals. The altitude of the bedrock is about 2,200 ft near Diamond Lake, about 1,200 ft beneath Peone Prairie, and about 1,600 ft near the Little Spokane River at Dartford (USGS Station No. 12431000; fig. 1).

Basin FillThe long and varied geologic history of the Little

Spokane River Basin has led to varying thickness of basin fill overlying bedrock. To estimate and illustrate the thickness of basin fill, which includes all of the hydrogeologic units described in this report—except the Bedrock unit—a 10-m Digital Elevation Model of land surface was used along with the altitude of bedrock to subtract the first from the latter in order to get approximate thickness of basin fill. Basin fill is greatest in Peone Prairie, Half Moon Prairie, Orchard Bluff, and Green Bluff (figs. 1 and 6).

Upper AquiferThe Upper aquifer is composed mostly of sand and

gravel, with some fine-grained lenses, and includes material deposited by glacial meltwater, glacial outburst floods, and streams. The Upper aquifer consists of sand, gravel, and cobbles along the Little Spokane River and in much of the Diamond Lake area. The aquifer is generally finer grained, consisting mostly of sand, in the Deer Park area, and in areas farther from main outwash channels. Where the unit is thin and insufficiently saturated, wells penetrate the Upper aquifer and are completed in deeper units (hydrogeologic sections, pl. 2).

The Upper aquifer occurs on about 32 percent of the surface area of the basin (pl. 2) and varies in thickness from 4 to 360 ft, with an average thickness of 70 ft (table 2). The unit is thickest along former outwash channels, including the channel now occupied by the Little Spokane River, and in the Diamond Lake area (fig. 7).

Fifty-seven of the project wells are completed in the unit; the locations of which are shown on plate 2. The depths of the project wells completed in this aquifer range from 29 to 243 ft, with a median depth of 88 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 4.4 to 410,000 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 900 ft/d (table 2). Landau (1991) and Boese (1996) reported hydraulic conductivity values of about 500–600 ft/d for the Upper aquifer. Median values of hydraulic conductivity for similar aquifers in neighboring Colville and Chamokane valleys were 84 and 540 ft/d, respectively (Kahle and others, 2003 and 2010). The driller-reported yields for the Upper aquifer wells ranged from 1.0 to 1,300 gal/min, with a median yield of 20 gal/min (table 2). Data were available for only one specific capacity estimate—300 (gal/min)/ft (table 2). For the most part, the aquifer is under unconfined or water table conditions, except where less permeable material may cause confined conditions locally.

Upper Confining UnitThe Upper confining unit is a low-permeability

unit consisting mostly of silt and clay with some sand; coarse-grained lenses occur locally (pl. 2, sections A-A′ and E-E′). The unit is composed mostly of glaciolacustrine material deposited in ice-dammed lakes and the distal and fine-grained part of Missoula flood deposits. In places, the unit contains mass-wasting deposits at the base of steep slopes, and lithologically similar but older deposits of the Latah Formation. The Upper confining unit occurs on about 20 percent of the surface area of the basin (pl. 2) and varies in thickness from 5 to 400 ft, with an average thickness of 100 ft (table 2). The lateral extent of the unit is difficult to determine due to similar lithologic properties with the Latah unit and Lower confining unit (pl. 2, sections B-B′ and C-C′).


tac13-0812_fig 05

DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond LakeSacheen

Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

R

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

Little Deep Cr

Deadman CrDeadman Cr

Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cr

Br

ickel Cr


STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO

Spokane Spokane Valley

Deer Park

Newport

2,800

2,600

2,600

2,400

2,4002,200

2,2002,000

2,400

2,200

2,400

2,4002,4

00

2,200

2,200

2,200

2,200

2,200

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,0002,000

2,200

2,200

2,400

2,600

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,200

2,000

1,8001,800

1,800

1,800

1,600

1,600

1,400

1,400

1,200

2,000

2,200

1,800

EXPLANATION

Estimated top of bedrock, in feet above NAVD 88

Bedrock well

Bedrock contour below land surface2,2002,0001,800

1,6001,4001,200

2,6002,800

2,4002,933

1,112


Bedrock at land surface

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 5. Estimated altitude of the top of the bedrock in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


tac13-0812_fig 06

0 to 100100.1 to 300300.1 to 500500.1 to 828

DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond LakeSacheen

Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr


Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr


STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO


Deer Park

Newport

Extent and thickness of basin fill, in feet

Bedrock well

EXPLANATION

Little Spokane Water ResourcesInventory Area 55

Bedrock at land surface

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 6. Thickness of basin fill over bedrock in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


tac13-0812_fig 07

T26N

T25N

T27N

T30N

T28N

T29N

T31N

R45ER43ER42ER41E 2R44E R46E

DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond LakeSacheen

Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr


Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr

26D0129F01

27J01

34G0205A01

03A01

01P0112A01

16E0115N01

13P01

35L01 35R01

02Q04

11N02

13P0120H03

29N02

14A03

23C06

27R0327R04

09C01

10J01D1

24B01

16E01

10E02

23C02

06G01

STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO


Deer Park

Newport


1,750 to 1,5771,800 to 1,7511,900 to 1,8011,950 to 1,9012,000 to 1,9512,050 to 2,0012,100 to 2,0512,150 to 2,1012,200 to 2,1512,250 to 2,2012,300 to 2,2512,391 to 2,301

Well in unit UA; water- level altitude, in feet above NAVD 88

Well identification No.

EXPLANATION

Less than 100101 to 200201 to 300Greater than 300

Extent and thickness of UA, in feetSpokane Valley Rathdrum Prairie aquifer

Approximate direction of groundwater movement

10E02

EXPLANATION

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS


Figure 7. Thickness and areal extent, and water-level altitudes and inferred directions of groundwater flow of the Upper aquifer (UA) in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


Thirty-six of the project wells are completed in the Upper confining unit (pl. 2). The depths of the project wells completed in this unit range from 18 to 470 ft, with a median depth of 95 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.5 to 5,600 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 8.2 ft/d (table 2). The median value of hydraulic conductivity for a confining unit of the same origin (glacial lake sediment) in neighboring Chamokane valley was 10 ft/d, (Kahle and others, 2010). The driller reported yields for the Upper confining unit ranged from 2.5 to 75 gal/min, with a median yield of 15 gal/min (table 2). Data are available for only one specific capacity estimate— 2.4 (gal/min)/ft (table 2).

Lower AquifersThis unit consists of localized confined aquifers

consisting of sand and some gravel that occurs at depth in various places in the basin but appears to be fairly continuous at depth below the lower reaches of the Little Spokane River (section F-F′, pl. 2; fig. 8). The unit is overlain by the Upper confining unit and underlain by other low-permeability sedimentary units (Lower confining unit, Latah unit), basalt, or bedrock.

Thirty-six of the project wells are completed in the Lower aquifers (pl. 2). The depths of the project wells completed in this unit range from 102 to 435 ft, with a median depth of 178 ft. Based on data from the project wells, the thickness of the unit ranges from 8 to 150 ft, with an average thickness of 50 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 8.2 to 8,700 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 340 ft/d (table 2). Landau (1991) and Boese (1996) reported hydraulic conductivity values of about 100–200 ft/d for the Lower aquifers. Median values of hydraulic conductivity for similar aquifers in neighboring Colville and Chamokane valleys were 50 and 20 ft/d, respectively (Kahle and others, 2003 and 2010). The driller-reported yields for wells in the Lower aquifers ranged from 7.5 to 5,000 gal/min, with a median yield of 26 gal/min (table 2). Specific capacity estimates ranged from 2.5 to 280 (gal/min)/ft, with a median of 100 (gal/min)/ft (table 2).

Lower Confining UnitThe Lower confining unit is a low-permeability unit

consisting mostly of silt and clay that, in places, underlies the Lower aquifers (pl. 2, see sections B-B' and F-F'). The unit may be composed of glaciolacustrine sediment and (or) older Latah Formation sediment. The thickness of the unit ranges from 35 to 310 ft, with an average thickness of 130 ft. Although several wells penetrate the Lower confining unit, only one of the project wells, 27N/43E-35E02, is open to it; the location of which is shown on plate 2 (section F-F′). The depth of well 27N/43E-35E02 is 570 ft; the estimated hydraulic conductivity is 0.2 ft/d, and the driller-reported yield is 6 gal/min.

Wanapum Basalt UnitThe Wanapum basalt unit includes the Wanapum Basalt

of the Columbia River Basalt Group, thin sedimentary interbeds, and in places, overlying loess. The unit occurs as isolated remnants on Green Bluff, Orchard Bluff, Peone Prairie, and Fivemile Prairie. Ader (1996) reported that the Green Bluff basalt aquifer is spatially isolated from sources of regional groundwater recharge and that water-level declines (as of 1992) in the aquifer were due to losses (pumping from wells and spring discharge) exceeding recharge to the aquifer.

Based on data from project wells, the unit ranges in thickness from 7 to 140 ft, with an average thickness of 60 ft. Only two of the project wells, 26N/43E-23C03 and 28N/44E-07L01 are completed in the Wanapum basalt unit (pl. 2). The depths of the wells are 144 and 73 ft, respectively. Well 26N/43E-23C03 has an estimated hydraulic conductivity of 2.4 ft/d and driller-reported yield of 19 gal/min. For comparison, the median horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Columbia River basalts (Saddle Mountains, Wanapum, and Grande Ronde units combined) was 70 ft/d based on data from 573 wells (Kahle and others, 2011).

Latah UnitThe Latah unit is a mostly low-permeability unit

consisting of the Latah Formation silt, clay, and sand that underlies and is interbedded with the Grande Ronde and Wanapum Basalts. The unit includes thin or broken basalt and coarse-grained lenses in places. The unit may also contain lithologically similar but younger glaciolacustrine deposits. The sandy zones of this unit can provide sufficient water for domestic use. Based on data from project wells, the unit ranges in thickness from 10 to 700 ft, with an average thickness of 250 ft; it is important to note, however, that generally only the coarser zones of this unit provide sufficient water for modest use.

Numerous project wells were open to the Latah unit as illustrated on sections A-A′ through E-E′ (pl. 2). The Latah unit is commonly hundreds of feet thick in the southern part of the basin beneath the basalt bluffs and Peone Prairie. On Green Bluff, in well 27N/44E-20K02, 595 ft of clay and silt was drilled through (pl. 2, section A-A′); on Orchard Bluff, in well 28N/43E-36P02, 511 ft of clay was drilled through (pl. 2, section C-C'). The Latah unit thins to the north and is about 100 ft thick near Deer Park (pl. 2, section E-E′).

Thirty-four of the project wells are completed in the Latah unit (pl. 2). The depths of the project wells completed in this unit range from 79 to 660 ft, with a median depth of 292 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.19 to 15 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 0.56 ft/d (table 2). The driller reported yields for the Latah unit wells ranged from 3.0 to 100 gal/min, with a median yield of 20 gal/min (table 2).


tac13-0812_fig 08

T26N

T25N

T27N

T30N

T28N

T29N

T31N

R45ER43ER42ER41E R44E R46E

DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond Lake

Sacheen Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr


Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr


STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO


Deer Park

Newport


Less than 5051 to 100Greater than 100

Extent and thickness of LA, in feet

Spokane Valley Rathdrum Prairie aquifer

EXPLANATION

1,700 to 1,6801,800 to 1,7011,900 to 1,8011,950 to 1,9012,000 to 1,9512,050 to 2,0012,100 to 2,0512,150 to 2,1012,200 to 2,1512,250 to 2,2012,346 to 2,251

Well in unit LA; water- level altitude, in feet above NAVD 88


EXPLANATION

15F05

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

24B01

02E01

02M01

14L01

31N01

03L0101J01

24B02Flowing

26L02

15F0514R01

10K01

Figure 8. Thickness and areal extent, and water-level altitudes of the Lower aquifers (LA) in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


Grande Ronde Basalt UnitThe Grande Ronde unit includes the Grande Ronde

Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group and sedimentary interbeds, in places. This unit provides sufficient water to numerous domestic wells in the west-central part of the study area from Half Moon Prairie to several miles north of Deer Park (pl. 2, section D-D′). The approximate extent and thickness of the Grande Ronde unit is shown in figure 9.

Thirty-five of the project wells are completed in the Grande Ronde basalt unit (pl. 2). Based on data from the project wells, the thickness of the unit ranges from 30 to 260 ft, with an average thickness of 140 ft (table 2). The depths of the project wells completed in this unit range from 66 to 460 ft, with a median depth of 180 ft. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.03 to 13 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 2.9 ft/d (table 2). The driller-reported yields for the Grande Ronde unit ranged from 0.25 to 200 gal/min, with a median yield of 27 gal/min (table 2). Data are available for only one specific capacity estimate—0.7 (gal/min)/ft (table 2).

Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater

A general description of the occurrence and movement of groundwater in the Little Spokane River Basin is provided below. It is based largely on the previously described hydrogeologic framework and on water-level measurements made during this investigation from November through December 2011.

Groundwater OccurrenceGroundwater in the unconsolidated deposits occurs in the

pore spaces of the sediment where the sediment is saturated. In the Upper and Lower aquifers, the saturated sediment (sand, gravel) can transmit significant quantities of water, whereas in the Upper and Lower confining units and the Latah unit, the saturated sediment (clay, silt) generally does not transmit significant quantities of water except where sand and gravel lenses occur. Groundwater in the Wanapum and Grande Ronde basalt units occurs in joints, vesicles, fractures, and in the pore spaces of sedimentary interbeds. In the Bedrock unit, groundwater occurs within weathered or fractured zones, and depending on the permeability of the weathered zones and degree of connectedness of the fractures, can transmit usable (for domestic purposes), but generally small, quantities of water. It is important to note that not all units are fully saturated throughout their extent, and in the case of the basin fill units, many are ‘bypassed’ during drilling, and wells are completed in bedrock.

Groundwater MovementGroundwater flow generally is from areas of recharge

to areas of discharge, in the direction of decreasing water-level altitudes. Recharge from downward percolation of rain and snowmelt can occur at land surface throughout much of the basin, but may be greatest in higher altitude areas where precipitation is greatest and in areas where coarse deposits occur at land surface. Direct precipitation recharges the Upper aquifer over its extent, and streamflow may recharge the aquifer if losing stream reaches directly overlie the aquifer. Groundwater and surface-water relations are uncertain, however, and were not within the scope of this investigation. Significant recharge also may occur along the perimeter of the Upper aquifer, where it is in contact with coarse-grained lenses or landslide deposits within the Upper confining unit. Relatively small amounts of recharge may occur where the Upper aquifer is in contact with springs discharging from productive zones in the basalt or fractured zones within the bedrock. Recharge to the Lower aquifers probably occurs along the valley walls where talus slopes and landslide deposits along basalt bluffs or glacial outwash fans overlie and interfinger with the otherwise continuous confining material. Vertical downward flow through coarse areas of confining units also recharges the Lower aquifers, in places.

Discharge from the groundwater system in the Little Spokane River Basin occurs as pumping from wells, discharge from flowing wells, discharge at springs and seeps, and discharge to the Little Spokane River and its tributaries if groundwater heads are greater than stream stage. Chung (1975) reported that the main stem of the Little Spokane River receives a large amount of groundwater discharge from springs and subsurface seepage, especially along the stream reach between 3 mi north of Chattaroy to 4 mi downstream of Dartford.

Water-level altitudes for the Upper aquifer, Lower aquifers, and Grande Ronde basalt unit are included in figures 7–9, respectively, along with generalized directions of groundwater movement. Directions of vertical flow were inferred from water-level altitudes in the Upper aquifer and the Lower aquifers where the units overlie one another. Water-level altitudes in closely spaced wells were reviewed to assess if vertical gradients could be determined. In wells 27N/43E-10B02 and -10B03 near the Colbert Landfill (pl. 1), the difference in water levels was almost 100 ft, with a downward gradient from the Upper aquifer to the underlying Lower aquifers.


tac13-0812_fig 09

T26N

T25N

T27N

T30N

T28N

T29N

T31N


DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond LakeSacheen

Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr


Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr


15D02 13H03

23E01

25H01

35C04

03C0301P01

11L04

08R01

12R03

19D0119D0123Q05

28Q0228Q02

33D0233D02

17M09

07C0110Q02

09N0309N03

16D0416D03

18D0217Q0117Q01

28Q01

14A05D1

33G01

STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO


Deer Park

Newport

Well in unit B2; water- level altitude, in feet

above NAVD 88


EXPLANATION

2,207 to 2,2012,200 to 2,1762,175 to 2,1512,150 to 2,1262,125 to 2,1012,100 to 2,0762,075 to 2,0512,050 to 2,0262,025 to 2,0012,000 to 1,9761,975 to 1,9511,950 to 1,925

17M09

Little Spokane Water Resources Inventory Area 55Less than 100101 to 200Greater than 200

Extent and thickness of B2, in feetSpokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer


EXPLANATION

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 9. Thickness and extent, and water-level altitudes and inferred directions of groundwater flow of the Grande Ronde basalt unit (B2) in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


Generalized water-level altitudes of the entire Little Spokane River Basin groundwater system, including all water levels measured during November–December 2011, are shown in figure 10. Although the general direction of regional groundwater movement can be inferred from these maps of water-level altitudes, it is important to note that these water-level maps are general in nature and indicate regional groundwater conditions and directions of flow. Small-scale local flow patterns may vary greatly, but were not within the scope of this study to define and map. Previous analysis of local groundwater flow patterns is available for some of the subareas within the Little Spokane River Basin in reports discussed in section, Previous Investigations.

Groundwater movement in the Little Spokane River Basin generally mimics the surface-water drainage pattern and topography of the basin. Groundwater flow moves from the topographically high tributary-basin areas toward the topographically lower valley floors (fig. 10). Over the entire basin, water-level altitudes range from more than 2,700 ft to about 1,580 ft near the Little Spokane River at Dartford (USGS streamgage 12431000). Groundwater flow directions near Newport are less certain, but available data indicate a groundwater divide west of Newport with water on one side moving southwest into the Little Spokane River Basin, and water on the other side moving northeast into the Pend Oreille River Basin.

Boundary ConditionsThe groundwater system of the Little Spokane River

Basin is bounded laterally and at depth by dense crystalline bedrock. Although the bedrock can supply water from weathered and fractured zones, the unit is expected to

be significantly less permeable with depth. In the upper unconfined aquifer, the water table represents an upper boundary. The Lower aquifers are bound by overlying low-permeability sediment and underlying low-permeability sediment, basalt, or bedrock. The rivers and lakes in the basin also act as local boundaries, as zones of discharge or recharge to or from the groundwater system. The lower discharge point of the ground- and surface-water system of the Little Spokane River Basin likely coincides with the location of the USGS Dartford streamgage (12431000) where bedrock crops out at land surface.

Long-Term Water-Level DataAlthough it was outside the scope of this investigation

to analyze long-term water-level data, this study provided an opportunity to review 32 long-term water level measurement sites in the Little Spokane River Basin. Future water-use planning and forecasting efforts will rely in part on the use of available long-term data and the understanding of long-term water level patterns. Each site listed in table 3 and shown in figure 11 was field visited to determine the condition of the well, obtain accurate location information, and measure depth to water if possible. Dates of measurements and the name of the agency responsible for those measurements are indicated in table 3. As of 2012, there are 10 continuous monitoring sites in the basin (fig. 11), which use pressure transducers and data loggers to record the depth to water in each well on a continuous basis. Six wells were destroyed and were no longer measurable (table 3). The wells with the longest period of record (1978–2012) are 28N/43E-16E01 and 29N/42E-33G01 (fig. 11, table 3).


tac13-0812_fig 10

T26N

T25N

T27N

T30N

T28N

T29N

T31N


DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond LakeSacheen

Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr


Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr


STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO


Deer Park

Newport

Well; water-level altitude, in feet above NAVD 88

EXPLANATION

2,787 - 2,7012,700 - 2,6012,600 - 2,5012,500 - 2,4012,400 - 2,3012,300 - 2,2012,200 - 2,1012,100 - 2,0012,000 - 1,9011,900 - 1,8011,800 - 1,7011,700 - 1,556




EXPLANATION

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 10. Water-level altitudes and inferred directions of groundwater flow in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.


tac13-0812_fig 11

T26N

T25N

T27N

T30N

T28N

T29N

T31N


DeerLake

Loon Lake

Newman Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond LakeSacheen

Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

River

Long Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr


Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr


20B01

03H01

20H01

33G01

16E01

24D01

19P01

10E0208H01

19H01

19J01 20N01

32J02

06G01

03N0109D0309D03 07Q0116D01

19A0121E02

21Q0230H01

27J0131A0134P01

20J01

22D0122B01

23C0222R0122R02

33G02

USGS12427000

1243100012431500

USGS12429500

STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO


Deer Park

Newport

Well

Well with transducer

EXPLANATION

16E01

06G01


Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer 12431000 U.S. Geological Surveystreamgaging site

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 11. Locations of wells with long-term water level measurements in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington.

28 Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, WashingtonTa

ble

3.

Wel

ls w

ith lo

ng-te

rm w

ater

leve

l mea

sure

men

ts in

the

Littl

e Sp

okan

e Ri

ver B

asin

, Spo

kane

, Ste

vens

, and

Pen

d Or

eille

Cou

ntie

s, W

ashi

ngto

n.

[Hyd

roge

olog

ic u

nit:

SV

RPA

, Spo

kane

Val

ley-

Rat

hdru

m P

rairi

e aq

uife

r; U

A, U

pper

aqu

ifer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; B

2, G

rand

e R

onde

bas

alt u

nit;

BR

, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; UN

K, u

nkno

wn.

Abb

revi

atio

ns: f

t, fo

ot; U

SGS,

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y; N

WIS

, Nat

iona

l Wat

er In

form

atio

n Sy

stem

; WD

OE,

Was

hing

ton

Stat

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Ecol

ogy]

USG

S st

atio

n N

o.U

SGS

wel

l No.

Oth

er id

entif

ier

or c

omm

ent

Dep

th o

f w

ell

(ft)

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

Num

ber o

f w

ater

leve

ls

in U

SGS

NW

IS

Peri

od o

f rec

ord

USG

S m

easu

rem

ents

WD

OE

mea

sure

men

ts

WD

OE

tr

ansd

ucer

da

ta

Spok

ane

Coun

ty

tran

sduc

er

data

4746

2211

7304

701

26N

/42E

-09D

03R

utte

r Par

kway

422

SVR

PA1

2011

2007

–12

4746

2311

7220

001

26N

/43E

-03N

0118

0SV

RPA

1019

77–7

8, 2

004,

201

247

4658

1172

4560

126

N/4

3E-0

6G01

Riv

illa

30U

A7

1977

–78

2009

–12

4745

3211

7251

701

26N

/43E

-07Q

01D

estro

yed

88SV

RPA

152

1942

–53,

196

347

4519

1172

3100

126

N/4

3E-1

6D01

247

SVR

PA51

019

43–5

5,19

77–7

8, 2

004

4744

3611

7245

501

26N

/43E

-19A

0116

3SV

RPA

1,68

419

30–8

1, 2

012

4744

1811

7231

001

26N

/43E

-21E

0224

6SV

RPA

1019

77–7

8, 2

004,

201

247

4348

1172

2390

126

N/4

3E-2

1Q02

Cre

stlin

e an

d Li

ncol

n41

0SV

RPA

120

1120

09–1

247

4307

1172

0460

126

N/4

3E-2

7J01

225

UN

K9

1977

–78,

200

4,

4743

2611

7244

901

26N

/43E

-30H

0131

0SV

RPA

1419

75, 1

977–

78, 2

004,

201

247

4242

1172

4490

126

N/4

3E-3

1A01

270

SVR

PA42

1959

–60,

197

7–78

, 201

247

4208

1172

1390

126

N/4

3E-3

4P01

210

SVR

PA56

319

28–5

347

5112

1173

1150

127

N/4

2E-0

8H01

Des

troye

d30

UA

168

1947

–73

4751

2311

7214

701

27N

/43E

-10E

02C

olbe

rt N

orth

Gle

n44

UA

120

1120

09–1

247

4935

1172

4420

127

N/4

3E-1

9H01

41U

NK

1219

62–6

347

4915

1172

4400

127

N/4

3E-1

9J01

Nor

th M

tn V

iew

90U

C8

1964

–65

2009

–12

4747

2611

7233

201

27N

/43E

-32J

02Pi

ne R

iver

Par

k20

8LA

219

63, 2

011

2009

–12

4747

4511

7223

801

27N

/43E

-33G

02Sh

ady

Slop

e18

2B

R2

2000

–201

120

09–1

247

4940

1171

6120

127

N/4

4E-2

0B01

50M

2619

62–6

5, 2

012

4749

1111

7165

101

27N

/44E

-20N

0128

UN

K26

1962

–65,

201

247

5458

1172

7060

128

N/4

2E-2

4D01

Des

troye

d49

UA

2519

62–6

547

5546

1172

3410

128

N/4

3E-1

6E01

Cha

ttaro

y/Pe

rry

Roa

d24

2U

A1

2011

1978

–201

220

05–1

247

5502

1172

1200

128

N/4

3E-2

2B01

Des

troye

d10

0U

C64

1964

–73

4755

0511

7220

101

28N

/43E

-22D

01D

estro

yed

268

UC

1719

62–6

447

5424

1172

1030

128

N/4

3E-2

2R01

Des

troye

d44

UA

2519

62–6

547

5417

1172

1050

128

N/4

3E-2

2R02

Des

troye

d15

7U

A80

1962

–73

4754

5911

7201

701

28N

/43E

-23C

02R

iver

Est

ates

88U

A1

2011

2009

–12

4754

1411

7173

501

28N

/44E

-19P

0144

UC

2519

62–6

5, 2

012

4759

4111

7313

401

29N

/42E

-20J

0118

UC

2519

63–6

5, 2

012

4758

0611

7302

601

29N

/42E

-33G

01D

eer P

ark

Hw

y 39

535

0B

21

2011

1978

–200

820

09–1

248

0223

1172

0550

129

N/4

3E-0

3H01

Des

troye

d52

BR

2419

63–6

547

5946

1171

5430

129

N/4

4E-2

0H01

28U

C34

1965

–69

Data Needs 29

Data NeedsDuring the course of this investigation, several data needs

were identified that, if filled, would provide a more complete understanding of the hydrogeologic framework of the Little Spokane River Basin. Completion of these tasks could aid in the eventual development of a groundwater surface-water flow model to estimates effects of groundwater use on streamflow and provide managers with a tool to evaluate various groundwater-use scenarios in the basin. Data needs for future research identified during this study are listed below, in no particular order of importance.

• A comparison of the boundary of the Little Spokane Water Resources Inventory Area (WRIA) 55 with the boundary of the Little Spokane River Basin as delineated in the National Watershed Boundary Dataset (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2012), and an evaluation of possible groundwater and surface-water inputs from the larger area that is not included in WRIA 55 (fig. 12).

• An enhanced definition of the inferred groundwater divide near Newport would provide a better understanding of the boundary conditions at the northeastern extent of the basin.

• A review of existing water-level and streamflow monitoring networks for adequacy of data collection would assure a robust data set for future modeling efforts.

• Measurement of stream discharge throughout the basin during low-flow conditions would help identify gaining and losing stream reaches, and further the understanding of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the basin.

• A compilation and review of available estimates of water use, including Spokane County (2010b), in the basin and further refinements or updates, also will be needed for future modeling and analysis.

• Development of a groundwater budget of the basin would provide water users with a better understanding of this important resource.

• Acquire deep borehole information in areas where they are currently not available, particularly near the outlet of the basin east of Dart Hill.


tac13-0812_fig 12

DeerLake

Loon Lake

Eloika Lake

Diamond Lake

Sacheen Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Deer Cr

Dragoon Cr

Spokane

RiverLong Lake

Beaver Cr

West Bra

nch

Little

Spok

ane R

Little

Spok

ane R

iver

Little Deep Cr

Deadman Creek

Peone Cr

Deep C

r

Coulee Cr

Pend Oreille R

Grouse Cree

k

Br

ickel Cr

Newman Lake

LibertyLake

CalispellLake

MarshallLake


12429500

12395500

12431500

LittleSpokaneRiver atDartford12431000

12427000

STEVENS

PEND OREILLE

SPOKANE

IDA

HO

Spokane Spokane

Deer Park

Chewelah

Newport

Valley

EXPLANATION



Little Spokane River Basin from National Watershed Boundary Dataset

12431000 U.S. Geological Surveystreamgaging site

117°20'117°40'

48°10'

48°

47°50'

47°40'

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

117°

Figure 12. Water Resource Inventory Area 55 in the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, Washington. (HUC, hydrologic unit code.)

Summary 31

SummaryThe Little Spokane River Basin includes an area of

679 square miles in northeastern Washington State covering parts of Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties. Streams originate in the northern part of the basin and contribute flow to the Little Spokane River which flows about 49 miles from just south of Newport, Washington, to its confluence with the Spokane River, about 5 miles northwest of the City of Spokane. Precipitation in the Little Spokane River Basin is relatively low, particularly during summer and early autumn. The basin relies on spring snowmelt from the higher elevation areas of the basin and groundwater discharge to the river to maintain streamflows during the drier months.

In 1976, a water resources program for the Little Spokane River was adopted into rule, setting instream flows for the river and closing its tributaries to further uses. Groundwater is an important resource for domestic, commercial, and agricultural use in the Little Spokane River Basin, and groundwater discharge helps maintain streamflow in area streams. The quantity of usable groundwater, and the potential effects of changes in climate or human activities on groundwater resources, as well as potential affects to streamflow, is poorly understood.

An assessment of the hydrogeologic framework of the entire basin was conducted, as a basis for developing an eventual groundwater-flow model that could in turn be used to quantify the effects of groundwater use on the groundwater and surface-water system. Existing geologic and hydrogeologic information was obtained and used to evaluate the hydrogeologic framework of the Little Spokane River Basin. Between November and December 2011, 317 wells throughout the study area were field located to acquire lithologic data and to measure the depth to water in wells; water levels were measurable in 220 wells.

The pre-Tertiary geology includes mostly Precambrian sedimentary rocks that have been metamorphosed and disrupted in places by igneous intrusions. The Tertiary geology includes the remnant Columbia River basalts and interbedded lacustrine deposits of the Latah Formation. The Quaternary geology includes lake, stream, glacial, and catastrophic flood deposits of varying grain size that overlie the older rocks. A digital geologic map compiled for the entire study area includes 11 geologic units—recent non-glacial sediment, mass-wasting deposits, eolian deposits, fine-grained glacial deposits, coarse-grained glacial deposits, glacial till, Wanapum Basalt, Grande Ronde Basalt, Latah Formation, intrusive igneous rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Based on lithology, areal extent, and general water-yielding properties, eight hydrogeologic units were identified in the study area—Upper aquifer, Upper confining unit, Lower aquifers, Lower confining unit, Wanapum basalt unit, Latah unit, Grande Ronde basalt unit, and Bedrock unit. The

Upper confining unit, Lower confining unit, and the Latah unit are lithologically similar and difficult to differentiate. Conceptually, the hydrogeologic system of the Little Spokane River Basin includes a series of sedimentary deposits and basalt layers, together referred to as basin fill, overlying a ‘basin’ of crystalline bedrock. The basin fill is composed mostly of low permeability, fine-grained material overlain or interbedded with coarse-grained material (sand and gravel) or basalt.

The Bedrock unit underlies the entire basin, occurs at land surface on about 44 percent of the surface area of the basin and includes granite, quartzite, schist, and gneiss. Although this unit generally yields only small quantities of water from fractured and weathered zones, it is the only available source of water where overlying sediments are absent or insufficiently saturated; 141 of the project wells are completed in this unit. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.01 to 5,000 feet per day (ft/d), with a median hydraulic conductivity of 1.4 ft/d. The driller reported yields for Bedrock unit wells ranged from 0 (those noted as ‘dry’) to 60 gallons per minute (gal/min), with a median yield of 4.3 gal/min. A contour map of the approximate altitude of the top of the bedrock indicates that the altitude of the buried bedrock surface ranges from about 2,200 feet to about 1,200 feet. Basin fill is thickest where remnant basalt and Latah Formation overlay bedrock.

The Upper aquifer is composed mostly of sand and gravel with some fine-grained lenses and includes material deposited by glacial meltwater, and glacial outburst floods and streams. The unit varies in thickness from 4 to 360 feet, with an average thickness of 70 feet, and is thickest along former outwash channels, including the channel now occupied by the Little Spokane River, as well as in the Diamond Lake area. The aquifer generally is finer grained in areas farther from main outwash channels. Where the unit is thin and insufficiently saturated, wells penetrate the Upper aquifer and are completed in deeper units. Fifty-seven of the project wells are completed in the unit; the estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 4.4 to 410,000 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 900 ft/d. The driller-reported yields for the Upper aquifer wells ranged from 1.0 to 1,300 gal/min, with a median yield of 20 gal/min.

The Upper confining unit is a low-permeability unit consisting mostly of silt and clay with some sand; coarse-grained lenses occur locally. The unit is composed mostly of glaciolacustrine material deposited in ice-dammed lakes, and the distal and fine-grained glacial flood deposits. In places, the unit contains mass-wasting deposits at the base of steep slopes, and lithologically similar but older deposits of the Latah Formation. The Upper confining unit varies in thickness from 5 to 400 feet, with an average thickness of 100 feet. The lateral extent of the unit is difficult to determine due to similarities in lithologic properties between


the Latah unit and Lower confining unit. Thirty-six of the project wells are completed in the Upper confining unit. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.5 to 5,600 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 8.2 ft/d; driller-reported yields ranged from 2.5 to 75 gal/min, with a median yield of 15 gal/min.

The Lower aquifers unit is composed of localized confined aquifers consisting of sand and some gravel that occurs at depth in various places in the basin but appears to be fairly continuous at depth below the lower reaches of the Little Spokane River. Thirty-six of the project wells are completed in this unit. The thickness of the unit ranges from 8 to 150 feet, with an average thickness of 50 feet.

The Lower confining unit is a low-permeability unit consisting mostly of silt and clay that, in places, underlies the Lower aquifers. The unit may be composed of glaciolacustrine sediment and (or) older Latah Formation sediment. The thickness of the unit ranges from 35 to 310 feet, with an average thickness of 130 feet.

The Wanapum basalt unit includes the Wanapum Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group, thin sedimentary interbeds, and, in places, overlying loess. The unit occurs as isolated remnants on the basalt bluffs in the study area. The unit ranges in thickness from 7 to 140 feet, with an average thickness of 60 feet. Only two of the project wells are completed in the Wanapum basalt unit.

The Latah unit is a mostly low-permeability unit consisting of the Latah Formation silt, clay, and sand that underlies and is interbedded with the Grande Ronde and Wanapum Basalts. The unit includes thin or broken basalt and coarse-grained lenses in places, and also may contain lithologically similar but younger glaciolacustrine deposits. The sandy zones of this unit can provide sufficient water for domestic use. Thirty-four of the project wells are completed in this unit. The Latah unit ranges in thickness from 10 to 700 feet, with an average thickness of 250 feet. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.19 to 15 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 0.56 ft/d; driller-reported yields for the unit wells ranged from 3.0 to 100 gal/min, with a median yield of 20 gal/min.

The Grande Ronde unit includes the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group and sedimentary interbeds, in places. This unit provides sufficient water to numerous domestic wells in the west-central part of the study area from Half Moon Prairie to several miles north of Deer Park. Thirty-five of the project wells are completed in the unit. Unit thickness ranges from 30 to 260 feet, with an average thickness of 140 feet. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.03 to 13 ft/d, with a median hydraulic conductivity of 2.9 ft/d; driller reported yields ranged from 0.25 to 200 gal/min, with a median yield of 27 gal/min.

Groundwater movement in the Little Spokane River Basin generally mimics the surface-water drainage pattern of the basin, moving from the topographically high

tributary-basin areas toward the topographically lower valley floors. Over the entire basin, water-level altitudes range from more than 2,700 feet to about 1,580 feet near the Little Spokane River at Dartford (USGS Station No. 12431000). Groundwater flow directions near Newport are less certain, but available data indicate a possible groundwater divide west of Newport with water on one side moving southwest into the Little Spokane River Basin and water on the other side moving northeast toward the Pend Oreille River Basin.

The groundwater system of the Little Spokane River Basin is bounded laterally and at depth by dense crystalline bedrock. The rivers and lakes in the basin also act as local boundaries, either as zones of discharge or recharge to or from the groundwater system. The lower discharge point of the groundwater and surface-water system of the Little Spokane River Basin likely coincides with the location of the USGS Dartford streamgage (12431000) where bedrock crops out at land surface.

The data needs that were identified during this investigation include better definition of the hydrologic boundaries at the northeast extent of the basin and at the outlet of the basin, a review of existing water-level and streamflow monitoring networks, and an analysis of groundwater and surface water interactions. Finally, a compilation and refinement of available estimates of water use, and the development of a groundwater budget could allow a better understanding of the movement and availability of groundwater in the basin.

AcknowledgmentsThe USGS gratefully acknowledges the landowners in

the Little Spokane River Basin who allowed access to their land and wells and shared their knowledge about the water resources of the area.

References Cited

Ader, M.J., 1996, Hydrogeology of the Green Bluff plateau, Spokane County, Washington: Washington State Department of Ecology Open File Technical Report 96-3, 1 v., 28 p.

Anderson, A.L., 1927, Some Miocene and Pleistocene drainage changes in Northern Idaho: Moscow, University of Idaho, Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Pamphlet 18, 29 p.

Atwater, B.F., 1986, Pleistocene glacial-lake deposits of the Sanpoil River Valley, northeastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1661, 39 p.

References Cited 33

Bartolino, J.R., 2007, Assessment of areal recharge to the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5038, 38 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5038/.)

Bear, Jacob, 1979, Hydraulics of groundwater: New York, McGraw-Hill, 569 p.

Bjornstad, Bruce, and Kiver, Eugene, 2012, On the trail of the Ice Age floods the northern reaches: Sandpoint, Idaho, Keokee Books, 432 p.

Boese, R.M., 1996, Aquifer delineation and baseline groundwater quality investigation of a portion of north Spokane County, Washington: Cheney, Eastern Washington University Master of Science Thesis, 223 p.

Boleneus, D.E., and Derkey, R.E., 1996, Geohydrology of Peone Prairie, Spokane County, Washington: Washington Geology, v. 24, no. 1, p. 30–39. (Also available at http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1996_v24_no1.pdf.)

Burns, E.R., Morgan, D.S., Peavler, R.S., and Kahle, S.C., 2011, Three-dimensional model of the geologic framework for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5246, 44 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5246).

Campbell, A.M., 2005, Ground-water levels in the Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho, September 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2905, 1 sheet. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2905/.)

Carnahan, B., Luther, H.A., and Wilkes, J.O., 1969, Applied numerical methods: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 604 p.

Carrara, P.E., Kiver, E.P., and Stradling, D.F., 1995, Surficial geologic map of the Chewelah 30’ × 60’ quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2472, 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000.

Carrara, P.E., Kiver, E.P., and Stradling, D.F., 1996, The southern limit of Cordilleran ice in the Colville and Pend Oreille valleys of northeastern Washington during the late Wisconsin glaciation: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 5, p. 769–778.

Chung, S.K., 1975, Water resources management program—Little Spokane River Basin, WRIA 55: Olympia, Wash., Department of Ecology Policy Development Section, Water Resources Division, 83 p.

Cline, D.R., 1969, Groundwater resources and related geology, north central Spokane and southeastern Stevens Counties, Washington: Washington Department of Water Resources Water Supply Bulletin 27, 195 p., 2 pls.

Conners, J.A., 1976, Quaternary history of northern Idaho and adjacent areas: Moscow, Idaho, University of Idaho, Ph.D. dissertation, 504 p.

Dames and Moore, Inc., and Cosmopolitan Engineering Group, 1995, Draft initial watershed assessment Water Resources Inventory Area 55, Little Spokane River watershed: Dames and Moore, Inc., and Cosmopolitan Engineering Group Open-File Technical Report 95-15, 33 p.

Drost, B.W., 2005, Quality-assurance plan for ground-water activities, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1126, 27 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1126/.)

EMCON, 1992, Deer Park ground water characterization study, hydrogeologic summary report, v. 1: Bothell, Wash., EMCON Northwest, Inc., project 0622-001.02, 83 p.

Ferris, J.G., Knowles, D.B., Brown, R.H., and Stallman, R.W., 1962, Theory of aquifer tests: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1536-E, 174 p.

Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 604 p.

Golder Associates, Inc., 2003, Little Spokane (WRIA 55) and Middle Spokane (WRIA 57) watershed planning phase II–Level 1 assessment, data compilation and analysis: Seattle, Golder Associates, Inc., prepared under grant no. 9800300 from the Washington Department of Ecology, variously paginated.

Golder Associates, Inc., 2004, Final report to the Little and Middle Spokane watershed WRIA 55 and 57 planning unit, level 2 technical assessment—Watershed simulation model: Seattle, Golder Associates, Inc., prepared under grant no. 9800300, from the Washington Department of Ecology, 51 p., 4 appendixes.

Google™Earth, 2011, Satellite imagery, maps, and terrain: Google Earth website, accessed November 2011, at http://earth.google.com/index.html.

Hsieh, P.A., Barber, M.E., Contor, B.A., Hossain, Md.A., Johnson, G.S., Jones, J.L., and Wylie, A.H., 2007, Ground-water flow model for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5044, 78 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5044/.)

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5038/


http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1996_v24_no1.pdf

http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1996_v24_no1.pdf

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5246

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2905/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2905/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1126/


http://earth.google.com/index.html

http://earth.google.com/index.html



Kahle, S.C., and Bartolino, J., 2007, Hydrogeologic framework and water budget of the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5041, 48 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5041/.)

Kahle, S.C., Caldwell, R.R., and Bartolino, J.R., 2005, Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley—Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5227, 64 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5227/.)

Kahle, S.C., Longpré, C.I., Smith, R.R., Sumioka, S.S., Watkins, A.M., and Kresch, D.L., 2003, Water resources in the groundwater system in unconsolidated deposits of the Colville River watershed, Stevens County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4128, 76 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034128/.)

Kahle, S.C., Morgan, D.S., Welch, W.B., Ely, D.M., Hinkle, S.R., Vaccaro, J.J., and Orzol, L.L., 2011, Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5124, 66 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5124/.)

Kahle, S.C., Taylor, W.A., Lin, Sonja, Sumioka, S.S., and Olsen, T.D., 2010, Groundwater and surface-water systems, land use, pumpage, and water budget of the Chamokane Creek basin, Stevens County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5165, 60 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5165/.)

Kiver, E.P., and Stradling, D.F., 1982, Quaternary geology of the Spokane area, in Roberts, S., and Fountain, D., eds., 1980 Field Conference Guidebook: Spokane, Wash., Tobacco Root Geological Society, p. 26–44.

Kiver, E.P., and Stradling, D.F., 2001, Ice age floods in the Spokane and Cheney area, Washington—Field trip guide, October 20, 2001: Cheney, Wash., Ice Age Floods Institute, 48 p.

Kiver, E.P., Stradling, D.F., and Moody, U.L., 1989, Glacial and multiple flood history of the northern borderlands—Trip B, in Joseph, N.L., and others, eds., Geologic guidebook for Washington and adjacent areas: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 86, p. 321–335.

Landau Associates, Inc., and others, 1991, Colbert landfill remedial design/remedial action, Spokane County, Washington, Volume I of III—Final phase I engineering report: Landau Associates, Inc., (under contract to) Spokane County, Washington, 1 v.

Lasmanis, R., 1991, The Geology of Washington: Rocks and Minerals, v. 66, no. 4, p. 262–277.

McDonald, E.V., and Busacca, A.J., 1992, Late Quaternary stratigraphy of loess in the Channeled Scabland and Palouse regions of Washington State: Quaternary Research, v. 38, p. 141–156.

Miller, F.K., 2000, Geologic map of the Chewelah 30′ X 60′ quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies MF-2354, accessed November 2011, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/2354/.

Pend Oreille County Assessor, 2011, Pend Oreille County Real Property Search: Pend Oreille County, database, accessed November 2011 at http://www.pendoreilleco.org/county/assessor.asp.

Richmond, G.M., Fryxell, R., Neff, G.E., and Weis, P.L., 1965, The Cordilleran ice sheet of the northern Rocky Mountains, and the related Quaternary history of the Columbia Plateau, in Wright, H.E., Jr., and Frey, D.G., eds., The Quaternary of the United States: Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, p. 231–242.

Spokane County, 2006, Watershed Management Plan Water Resources Area 55–Little Spokane River and Water Resources Area 57–Middle Spokane River: Little Spokane and Middle Spokane River Planning Unit, 120 p.

Spokane County, 2009, WRIA 55 (Little Spokane River) Groundwater Inventory and Mapping Project, June 2009, prepared for WRIA 55/57 Watershed Implementation Team: Spokane, Wash., Spokane County Water Resources, 16 p.

Spokane County, 2010a, Little Spokane Groundwater Elevation and Stream Flow Monitoring Project, June 30, 2010, prepared for WRIA 55/57 Watershed Implementation Team: Spokane, Wash., Spokane County Water Resources, 52 p.

Spokane County, 2010b, Spokane County Residential Water Use Survey, prepared for WRIA 55/57 Watershed Implementation Team and WRIA 56 Watershed Implementation Team: Spokane, Wash., Spokane County Water Resources, variously paged.



http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034128/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034128/



http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/2354/

http://www.pendoreilleco.org/county/assessor.asp

http://www.pendoreilleco.org/county/assessor.asp

References Cited 35

Spokane County, 2011, Little Spokane Groundwater Elevation and Stream Flow Monitoring Project Technical Memorandum–2011 Project Update, June 30, 2011, prepared for WRIA 55/57 Watershed Implementation Team: Spokane, Wash., Spokane County Water Resources, variously paged.

Spokane County Assessor, 2011, Spokane County Parcel Information Search: Spokane County database, accessed November 2011 at http://www.spokanecounty.org/pubpadal/Search.aspx.

Spokane County Conservation District, 2010, Little Spokane River Stream Gage Report—Deadman Creek, Dragoon Creek, and the West Branch of the Little Spokane River: Spokane, Wash., Spokane County Conservation District, 9 p.

Stevens County Assessor, 2011, Parcel Data Base Information System and Assessor’s Maps: Stevens County database, accessed November 2011 at http://stevenswa.taxsifter.com/Search/Results.aspx.

Stoffel, K.L., Joseph, N.L., Waggoner, S.Z., Gulick, C.W., Korosec, M.A., and Bunning, B.B., 1991, Geologic map of Washington northeast quadrant: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Geologic map GM-39, scale 1:250,000.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2012, Natural Resources Conservation Service Watershed Boundary Dataset: U.S. Department of Agriculture, accessed November 1, 2012, at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/dma/?&cid=nrcs143_021630.

U.S. Forest Service, 2010, Ice Age floods in the Pacific Northwest [poster]: U.S. Forest Service, modified by the Ice Age Flood Institute and Eastern Washington University.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Water resources of the United States, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report WDR-US-2009. (Also available at http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/search.jsp).

Waitt, R.B., Jr., 1980, About forty last-glacial Lake Missoula jökulhlaups through southern Washington: Journal of Geology, v. 88, p. 653–679.

Waitt, R.B., Jr., and Thorson R.M., 1983, The Cordilleran ice sheet in Washington, Idaho, and Montana, in Wright, H.E., and Porter, S.C., eds., Late-Quaternary environments of the United States, v. 1: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 53–70.

Washington State Division of Geology and Earth Resources, 2005, Digital 1:100,000-scale geology of Washington State, ver. 1.0: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources database, accessed February 1, 2012, at http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ResearchScience/Topics/GeosciencesData/Pages/gis_data.aspx.

Washington State Department of Ecology, 1988, Updated Chapter 173–555 WAC Water Resources Program in the Little Spokane River Basin, WRIA 55: Washington State Department of Ecology, 6 p., accessed May 8, 2013, at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/wac173555.pdf.

Washington State Department of Ecology, 2012, Focus on water availability, Little Spokane watershed: Washington State Department of Ecology, WRIA 55: Washington State Department of Ecology Fact Sheet 11-11-059, 5 p., accessed September 1, 2012, at https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1111059.pdf.

Zientek, M.L., Derkey, P.D., Miller, R.J., Causey, J.D., Bookstrom, A.A., Carlson, M.H., Green, G.N., Frost, T.P., Boleneus, D.E., Evans, K.V., Van Gosen, B.S., Wilson, A.B., Larsen, J.C., Kayser, H.Z., Kelley, W.N., and Assmus, K.C., 2005, Spatial databases for the geology of the Northern Rocky Mountains−Idaho, Montana, and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1235, 201 p., at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1235/.

http://www.spokanecounty.org/pubpadal/Search.aspx

http://www.spokanecounty.org/pubpadal/Search.aspx

http://stevenswa.taxsifter.com/Search/Results.aspx

http://stevenswa.taxsifter.com/Search/Results.aspx

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/dma/?&cid=nrcs143_021630

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/dma/?&cid=nrcs143_021630

http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/search.jsp

http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/search.jsp

http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ResearchScience/Topics/GeosciencesData/Pages/gis_data.aspx



http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/wac173555.pdf

https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1111059.pdf

https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1111059.pdf



ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

Was

hing

ton.

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

26N

/42E

-02L

0247

4636

1172

8060

139

839

1SV

RPA

4746

4711

7280

11,

845

10-1

9-90

––

––

26N

/42E

-02N

0747

4636

1172

8160

135

034

5SV

RPA

4746

3611

7281

61,

770

10-1

1-01

1.96

––

–26

N/4

2E-0

3L03

4746

3611

7292

201

240

234

SVR

PA47

4636

1172

922

1,71

401

-12-

95–

––

–26

N/4

2E-0

3M01

4746

4311

7291

401

220

210

SVR

PA47

4638

1172

933

1,70

501

-17-

95–

––

–26

N/4

2E-0

4N03

4746

2911

7305

101

321

321

SVR

PA47

4627

1173

055

1,71

205

-27-

92–

172.

5511

-17-

11–

26N

/42E

-05N

0347

4623

1173

2030

123

723

6SV

RPA

4746

3411

7320

51,

742

02-0

6-78

––

––

26N

/42E

-09D

0147

4611

1173

0420

140

540

5SV

RPA

4746

1611

7304

61,

762

11-1

2-66

––

––

26N

/42E

-09D

0347

4622

1173

0470

142

242

2SV

RPA

4746

2211

7304

71,

769

03-3

0-07

–16

6.3

11-1

0-11

–26

N/4

2E-1

1C02

4746

1411

7280

501

290

290

SVR

PA47

4614

1172

805

1,76

102

-23-

00–

––

–26

N/4

2E-1

4G02

4745

1211

7273

701

200

200

M47

4512

1172

741

2,40

609

-06-

78–

––

–26

N/4

2E-2

3E01

4744

2111

7281

701

460

460

B2

4744

2111

7282

12,

358

04-1

6-85

––

––

26N

/43E

-02L

0247

4637

1172

0170

118

017

3LA

4746

3711

7201

71,

886

05-2

8-10

––

––

26N

/43E

-03F

0147

4654

1172

1330

121

417

5LA

4746

5411

7213

71,

895

06-0

8-83

514.

3–

––

26N

/43E

-03L

0147

4641

1172

1330

116

015

4LA

4746

4111

7213

71,

790

09-1

6-91

256.

3–

––

26N

/43E

-03N

0147

4623

1172

2000

118

018

0SV

RPA

4746

2311

7220

31,

866

05-2

9-70

391.

311

1.75

04-2

7-12

–26

N/4

3E-0

6G01

4746

5811

7245

601

3030

UA

4746

5611

7250

11,

585

07-0

7-57

6,19

67.

8111

-10-

11–

26N

/43E

-07D

0247

4617

1172

5450

114

013

8SV

RPA

4746

1711

7254

91,

571

10-1

1-84

––

––

26N

/43E

-07G

0247

4610

1172

4540

129

620

0SV

RPA

4746

0811

7250

11,

819

07-1

0-79

1,63

6–

––

26N

/43E

-07Q

0147

4532

1172

5170

188

SVR

PA47

4546

1172

507

1,79

501

-01-

156,

409

––

–26

N/4

3E-0

8B04

4746

1811

7235

801

89.5

89.5

SVR

PA47

4621

1172

358

1,78

606

-01-

5945

9.5

––

–26

N/4

3E-0

8E03

4746

0411

7242

901

465

462

SVR

PA47

4606

1172

429

1,78

807

-08-

96–

––

–26

N/4

3E-0

8N02

4745

3811

7243

601

6360

SVR

PA47

4538

1172

436

1,78

209

-06-

73–

29.0

411

-15-

11–

26N

/43E

-09D

0147

4618

1172

3150

117

017

0SV

RPA

4746

1811

7231

51,

825

12-2

0-95

––

––

26N

/43E

-10Q

0247

4535

1172

1300

140

540

5B

R47

4535

1172

124

1,90

805

-26-

04–

––

–26

N/4

3E-1

5H02

4745

1011

7204

901

340

340

LT47

4511

1172

052

2,09

009

-21-

04–

––

–26

N/4

3E-1

5N01

4744

4411

7215

301

300

300

BR

4744

4411

7215

31,

972

10-0

9-85

––

––

26N

/43E

-16D

0147

4519

1172

3100

124

724

7SV

RPA

4745

2011

7231

01,

944

––

160.

2504

-20-

12–

26N

/43E

-16D

0347

4526

1172

3170

128

6SV

RPA

4745

2611

7232

11,

942

04-2

3-51

––

––

26N

/43E

-16G

0147

4512

1172

2270

155

655

6M

4745

1211

7223

11,

946

01-0

1-42

––

––

26N

/43E

-18B

0147

4524

1171

5050

128

228

2SV

RPA

4745

1811

7251

41,

909

08-2

1-86

900.

6–

––

26N

/43E

-19A

0147

4436

1172

4550

116

316

3SV

RPA

4744

3611

7245

91,

944

01-0

1-21

–13

7.1

04-2

6-12

–26

N/4

3E-1

9P01

4743

5811

7251

701

210

210

SVR

PA47

4359

1172

521

1,98

403

-26-

55–

––

–26

N/4

3E-2

0J02

4744

0911

7232

801

768

SVR

PA47

4409

1172

332

2,01

501

-01-

62–

––

–

Table 4 37Ta

ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

26N

/43E

-21E

0247

4418

1172

3100

124

624

6SV

RPA

4744

1811

7231

11,

995

11-0

2-51

1,26

018

1.15

04-2

4-12

–26

N/4

3E-2

1Q02

4743

4811

7223

901

414

410

SVR

PA47

4348

1172

239

2,03

307

-25-

09–

193.

8311

-10-

11–

26N

/43E

-22N

0447

4352

1172

1510

127

525

4SV

RPA

4743

4711

7220

42,

009

09-0

1-80

–18

2.48

11-1

4-11

–26

N/4

3E-2

3C03

4744

2811

7203

001

144

144

B1

4744

2811

7203

02,

355

02-1

2-99

2.35

80.8

11-1

4-11

–26

N/4

3E-2

5P01

4743

0311

7190

401

500

500

BR

4743

0311

7190

42,

360

07-1

4-08

––

––

26N

/43E

-27J

0147

4307

1172

0460

1–

225

UN

K47

4308

1172

050

2,00

206

-01-

73–

––

–26

N/4

3E-3

0H01

4743

2611

7244

901

310

310

SVR

PA47

4327

1172

456

2,05

204

-19-

7340

6,70

021

004

-20-

1226

N/4

3E-3

1A01

4742

4211

7244

901

–27

0SV

RPA

4742

4211

7245

22,

068

04-1

8-60

–21

1.83

04-2

6-12

–26

N/4

3E-3

4P01

4742

0811

7213

901

–21

0SV

RPA

4742

0811

7214

32,

040

01-0

1-28

––

––

26N

/44E

-03D

0147

4704

1171

4100

155

054

5LT

4747

0411

7141

12,

403

11-0

4-10

––

––

26N

/44E

-04K

0147

4638

1171

4530

132

032

0LT

4746

3811

7145

32,

016

10-1

3-04

188.

3311

-16-

11–

26N

/44E

-04L

0147

4645

1171

5070

113

813

8LA

4746

4511

7150

71,

895

05-1

7-06

31.1

359

.87

11-1

6-11

–26

N/4

4E-0

4M01

4746

4411

7153

201

645

–N

A47

4644

1171

533

1,86

4–

––

––

26N

/44E

-05B

0147

4703

1171

6160

126

026

0LT

4747

0311

7161

61,

905

10-2

3-06

––

––

26N

/44E

-05E

0147

4652

1171

6440

137

6.8

–N

A47

4652

1171

644

1,88

7–

––

––

26N

/44E

-05L

0147

4646

1171

6370

155

1–

NA

4746

4611

7163

71,

865

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

5M01

4746

3911

7165

601

534.

2–

NA

4746

3911

7165

71,

864

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

5R01

4746

2611

7155

301

700

–N

A47

4626

1171

553

1,86

4–

––

––

26N

/44E

-06A

0147

4711

1171

7110

131

031

0LT

4747

1111

7171

11,

937

05-0

9-03

0.19

131.

7111

-16-

11R

26N

/44E

-06B

0147

4702

1171

7140

122

021

1LT

4747

1411

7173

71,

897

09-2

1-90

––

––

26N

/44E

-06D

0247

4713

1171

8100

138

8–

NA

4747

1311

7181

01,

868

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

6N01

4746

3211

7180

901

705

–N

A47

4632

1171

809

1,87

1–

––

––

26N

/44E

-07A

0147

4614

1171

7040

126

8–

NA

4746

1411

7170

41,

864

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

7M01

4745

5511

7180

801

700

700

NA

4745

5511

7180

81,

881

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

8K02

4745

5111

7160

801

260

247

LT47

4551

1171

608

1,88

406

-27-

08–

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

8Q02

4745

3811

7160

501

760.

576

0.5

NA

4745

3811

7160

51,

956

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

9L01

4745

4511

7150

801

757.

6–

NA

4745

4511

7150

81,

885

––

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

9P01

4745

3611

7150

701

145

145

LA47

4536

1171

507

1,95

503

-03-

05–

––

–26

N/4

4E-0

9P02

4745

3111

7151

401

115

115

LA47

4531

1171

514

1,88

408

-28-

02–

––

–26

N/4

4E-1

1Q04

4745

3711

7121

301

440

440

BR

4745

3211

7121

72,

368

09-1

2-94

–12

3.4

11-1

5-11

R26

N/4

4E-1

4J01

4744

5911

7115

301

400

400

M47

4459

1171

153

2,43

806

-26-

02–

––

–26

N/4

4E-1

4N01

D1

4744

4911

7125

201

580

580

BR

4744

4911

7125

32,

360

03-2

5-05

––

––

26N

/44E

-17N

0447

4442

1171

6560

118

018

0LT

4744

4211

7165

62,

023

06-2

5-08

–62

.57

11-1

6-11

–26

N/4

4E-2

3H02

4744

2111

7120

301

240

240

LT47

4421

1171

203

2,44

612

-20-

06–

46.4

811

-15-

11–


ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

26N

/44E

-23H

0347

4424

1171

2040

150

038

8M

4744

2511

7120

42,

417

01-3

1-06

–66

.14

11-1

5-11

–27

N-4

2E-0

2B01

4752

2611

7273

801

322

322

BR

4752

2611

7273

81,

989

04-2

1-00

––

––

27N

/42E

-02C

0847

5224

1172

8120

140

040

0B

R47

5224

1172

812

2,08

309

-13-

04–

78.5

311

-17-

11–

27N

/42E

-08H

0147

5112

1173

1150

1–

30U

A47

5121

1173

114

2,12

301

-01-

471,

002

––

–27

N/4

2E-0

8L01

4751

0211

7314

901

400

400

BR

4751

0211

7314

92,

168

07-0

7-04

–39

.41

11-1

6-11

–27

N/4

2E-0

9C01

4751

3511

7303

601

6255

UA

4751

3511

7303

62,

114

07-2

3-08

10.8

214

.72

11-1

6-11

27N

/42E

-12B

0247

5130

1172

6220

157

57U

A47

5134

1172

619

2,08

810

-31-

90–

––

–27

N/4

2E-1

3M01

4750

1011

7271

301

100

100

BR

4750

1011

7271

32,

194

02-0

1-07

4,99

033

.511

-17-

11–

27N

/42E

-14R

0147

4958

1172

7150

120

520

0LA

4749

5811

7271

52,

200

09-2

7-06

9.24

99.9

811

-17-

11–

27N

/42E

-24F

0147

4932

1172

6460

170

070

0B

R47

4932

1172

646

2,10

908

-14-

03–

59.9

11-1

7-11

–27

N/4

2E-2

5A02

4748

4911

7255

801

400

395

BR

4748

4911

7255

81,

982

04-1

9-05

––

––

27N

/42E

-25H

0147

4837

1172

6020

140

090

BR

4748

3711

7260

22,

027

08-2

0-04

–7.

604

-24-

12–

27N

/43E

-01L

0147

5155

1171

9020

130

530

5B

R47

5155

1171

902

2,07

012

-01-

05–

––

–27

N/4

3E-0

2J03

4751

5611

7193

401

8079

LT47

5156

1171

934

2,04

105

-02-

95–

39.4

604

-26-

12–

27N

/43E

-04C

0647

5217

1172

2470

122

022

0LT

4752

1711

7224

71,

822

10-1

3-11

–76

.83

04-1

7-12

–27

N/4

3E-0

5B01

4752

2711

7235

401

405

405

M47

5227

1172

354

2,13

411

-12-

05–

––

–27

N/4

3E-0

6G03

4752

0811

7251

201

180

180

B2

4752

0811

7251

22,

090

08-0

4-98

2.88

63.7

804

-17-

12R

27N

/43E

-07M

0147

5108

1172

5500

113

013

0U

C47

5108

1172

550

2,16

407

-03-

0771

.02

04-1

7-12

27N

/43E

-08R

0347

5047

1172

3310

120

020

0B

247

5047

1172

331

1,91

108

-24-

99–

––

–27

N/4

3E-0

9Q02

4750

5111

7224

101

229.

7522

0.75

LT47

5051

1172

241

1,76

107

-12-

01–

––

–27

N/4

3E-1

0B02

4751

3111

7211

201

276

272.

5LA

4751

3211

7211

21,

861

01-1

4-02

–17

9.2

04-1

7-12

–27

N/4

3E-1

0B03

4751

3211

7211

201

100

100

UA

4751

3211

7211

21,

860

01-1

7-02

–78

.704

-17-

12–

27N

/43E

-10E

0247

5123

1172

1470

145

44U

A47

5123

1172

147

1,69

2–

–8.

1311

-10-

11–

27N

/43E

-11R

0147

5045

1171

9480

122

020

0B

R47

5045

1171

948

1,84

905

-19-

051.

09–

––

27N

/43E

-12P

0247

5050

1171

9000

131

931

6LA

4750

5511

7190

81,

902

10-9

-86

––

––

27N

/43E

-13Q

0147

5003

1171

8420

129

028

1LA

4750

0311

7184

21,

947

05-0

3-99

–84

.204

-17-

12–

27N

/43E

-14C

0347

5033

1172

0270

124

124

1LA

4750

3311

7202

71,

854

03-0

7-03

–16

0.7

04-1

7-12

–27

N/4

3E-1

5F05

4750

2411

7213

201

320

320

LA47

5018

1172

142

1,84

411

-02-

92–

164.

3111

-29-

11–

27N

/43E

-17M

0947

5017

1172

4380

120

020

0B

247

5017

1172

438

2,05

403

-16-

06–

141.

9811

-29-

11–

27N

/43E

-19H

0147

4935

1172

4420

1–

41U

NK

4749

3511

7243

21,

964

01-0

1-61

––

––

27N

/43E

-19J

0147

4915

1172

4400

190

90U

C47

4921

1172

443

1,94

501

-01-

644.

4640

.42

11-1

0-11

–27

N/4

3E-2

0C07

4749

4711

7241

701

505

505

BR

4749

4711

7241

71,

964

03-1

5-04

–79

.43

11-2

9-11

–27

N/4

3E-2

1C01

4749

4511

7225

001

100

84U

C47

4945

1172

254

1,69

4–

––

––

27N

/43E

-21C

0247

4945

1172

2490

119

518

5LA

4749

4711

7225

11,

710

03-2

9-90

––

––

Table 4 39Ta

ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

27N

/43E

-24K

0147

4912

1171

9090

136

034

0LT

4749

2311

7183

92,

316

09-0

5-89

–10

9.87

04-1

8-12

–27

N/4

3E-2

6M01

4748

2511

7203

801

264

264

LA47

4830

1172

032

1,90

102

-12-

648.

16–

––

27N

/43E

-28R

0247

4820

1172

2190

118

316

9U

A47

4811

1172

213

1,82

405

-05-

87–

––

–27

N/4

3E-3

0M01

R1

4748

2311

7253

202

605

605

BR

4748

3211

7255

52,

078

06-0

1-77

–12

.95

04-2

4-12

–27

N/4

3E-3

2J02

4747

2611

7233

201

208

208

LA47

4728

1172

335

1,62

305

-05-

6142

720

.51

11-1

0-11

T27

N/4

3E-3

2J05

4747

3811

7233

401

252

251

LA47

4740

1172

334

1,64

102

-24-

0588

9–

––

27N

/43E

-33A

0147

4820

1172

1420

147

047

0U

C47

4805

1172

223

1,80

011

-19-

92–

––

–27

N/4

3E-3

3G02

4747

4511

7223

801

182

182

BR

4747

4611

7223

81,

633

10-2

5-00

–33

.55

11-1

0-11

–27

N/4

3E-3

3G03

4747

4611

7223

801

130

120

UA

4747

4611

7223

81,

633

01-1

1-01

116.

5–

––

27N

/43E

-33M

0247

4734

1172

3080

123

623

6LA

4747

3411

7230

81,

625

05-0

2-88

640.

8–

––

27N

/43E

-34H

0147

4747

1172

1020

144

043

5LA

4747

3911

7205

81,

904

01-0

1-01

––

––

27N

/43E

-35E

0247

4747

1172

0340

157

057

0LC

4747

4711

7204

11,

909

10-1

6-84

0.17

––

–27

N/4

3E-3

6A01

4747

5611

7182

001

202

–N

A47

4756

1171

820

1,90

9–

––

––

27N

/43E

-36C

0147

4756

1171

9110

156

9–

NA

4747

5611

7191

11,

908

––

––

–27

N/4

3E-3

6P02

4747

2211

7185

801

160

160

B2

4747

2211

7185

81,

896

10-0

2-03

–92

.01

04-1

8-12

–27

N/4

4E-0

5P03

4751

5011

7164

501

325

325

BR

4751

4911

7163

42,

022

07-2

1-94

–19

.45

04-1

8-12

R27

N/4

4E-0

5P04

4751

4811

7163

001

320

320

BR

4751

4911

7163

02,

025

11-2

7-07

–1.

0604

-18-

12–

27N

/44E

-06B

0147

5221

1171

7020

150

050

0B

R47

5227

1171

725

2,33

604

-02-

92–

––

–27

N/4

4E-0

6Q01

4751

5011

7170

401

300

300

BR

4751

5011

7170

81,

979

04-2

0-84

––

––

27N

/44E

-06R

0247

5144

1171

7140

176

076

0B

R47

5144

1171

715

1,91

805

-09-

06–

36.5

504

-18-

12–

27N

/44E

-07P

0147

5051

1171

7430

185

85U

C47

5049

1171

744

2,01

710

-28-

90–

––

–27

N/4

4E-0

8N03

4750

4611

7165

801

120

120

UC

4750

4611

7165

81,

956

05-1

9-00

219

.35

04-1

9-12

–27

N/4

4E-0

9B02

4751

3411

7145

401

700

700

BR

4751

3411

7145

42,

172

09-0

3-03

–38

.804

-18-

12–

27N

/44E

-16L

0147

5013

1171

5070

122

522

5LT

4750

1311

7150

72,

098

05-1

7-07

–91

.18

04-1

8-12

–27

N/4

4E-1

8G01

4750

2511

7172

401

440

440

LT47

5026

1171

727

2,26

806

-16-

93–

306.

9711

-30-

11–

27N

/44E

-19R

0247

4905

1171

7130

144

044

0B

R47

4905

1171

713

2,37

208

-17-

06–

343.

404

-13-

12–

27N

/44E

-20B

0147

4940

1171

6120

1–

50M

4749

4111

7161

52,

346

01-0

1-50

64.4

8-0

.404

-25-

12–

27N

/44E

-20K

0247

4922

1171

6060

166

066

0LT

4749

2211

7160

62,

323

03-1

5-06

–30

5.4

04-2

7-12

–27

N/4

4E-2

0N01

4749

1111

7165

101

–28

UN

K47

4912

1171

658

2,38

001

-01-

30–

21.7

04-2

5-12

–27

N/4

4E-2

1G01

4749

3211

7144

401

400

400

BR

4749

3211

7144

42,

279

01-0

1-30

–21

5.58

12-0

1-11

–27

N/4

4E-2

3L04

4749

2111

7124

301

525

525

BR

4749

2111

7124

31,

946

01-0

1-30

–21

.94

12-0

1-11

–27

N/4

4E-2

9R01

4748

1911

7160

001

160

160

LT47

4819

1171

560

2,35

101

-01-

30–

––

–27

N/4

4E-2

9R02

D1

4748

1911

7155

801

560

560

LT47

4819

1171

558

2,36

001

-01-

30–

356.

5804

-19-

12–


ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

27N

/44E

-30Q

0147

4815

1171

7320

114

714

6U

C47

4815

1171

732

1,94

801

-01-

30–

––

–27

N/4

4E-3

1G01

D1

4747

5111

7172

201

440

440

LT47

4751

1171

722

2,00

001

-01-

30–

198.

2512

-01-

11–

27N

/44E

-31M

0147

4740

1171

8060

155

1–

NA

4747

4011

7180

61,

866

––

––

–27

N/4

4E-3

2N02

4747

2711

7164

101

300

300

LT47

4727

1171

641

2,02

312

-08-

0015

.1–

––

27N

/44E

-33P

0147

4721

1171

5080

116

015

9LA

4747

1711

7151

11,

842

09-1

1-92

––

––

28N

/41E

-01P

0147

5654

1173

4310

113

013

0B

247

5654

1173

431

2,18

309

-19-

03–

24.3

510

-31-

11–

28N

/41E

-11E

0147

5619

1173

6200

139

339

3B

R47

5619

1173

620

2,20

611

-18-

02–

11.5

110

-31-

11–

28N

/41E

-11E

0247

5619

1173

6190

183

83U

C47

5619

1173

620

2,20

611

-16-

98–

–10

-31-

11P

28N

/41E

-12R

0347

5555

1173

4060

112

412

4B

247

5555

1173

406

2,15

410

-29-

04–

27.5

510

-31-

11–

28N

/41E

-13M

0147

5526

1173

5000

112

011

7U

C47

5526

1173

460

2,18

907

-10-

070.

53.

1710

-31-

11–

28N

/41E

-14A

05D

147

5554

1173

5140

110

710

7B

247

5554

1173

514

2,18

405

-08-

06–

13.4

711

-01-

11–

28N

/41E

-14C

0147

5551

1173

5450

163

063

0B

R47

5551

1173

545

2,19

301

-10-

05–

4.89

11-0

9-11

–28

N/4

1E-1

5F02

4755

3711

7370

901

320

320

BR

4755

3711

7370

92,

262

05-1

7-06

–32

.73

10-3

1-11

–28

N/4

1E-2

5E01

4753

5011

7334

501

285

285

BR

4753

5711

7350

02,

345

12-2

1-94

––

––

28N

/41E

-25E

0247

5354

1173

4490

130

030

0B

R47

5354

1173

449

2,34

0–

–69

.411

-01-

11P

28N

/41E

-26B

0147

5411

1173

5280

149

049

0B

R47

5411

1173

528

2,52

608

-19-

04–

64.2

211

-01-

11–

28N

/42E

-03C

0147

5732

1172

9300

130

030

0M

4757

3111

7293

32,

138

01-0

1-62

––

––

28N

/42E

-03C

0347

5731

1172

9240

114

514

5B

247

5731

1172

924

2,11

104

-25-

07–

20.9

12-2

3-11

28N

/42E

-05C

0247

5734

1173

1560

117

517

5B

247

5734

1173

156

2,14

603

-29-

96–

––

–28

N/4

2E-0

7C01

4756

4411

7332

701

144

144

B2

4756

4411

7332

72,

140

05-2

6-05

–12

.11

11-0

2-11

–28

N/4

2E-0

8R01

4756

0011

7311

901

180

180

B2

4756

0011

7311

92,

128

04-2

8-11

–48

.01

12-2

0-11

–28

N/4

2E-0

8R02

4755

5611

7311

701

280

280

M47

5556

1173

117

2,14

407

-14-

99–

––

–28

N/4

2E-0

9N03

4755

5611

7310

801

165

165

B2

4755

5711

7310

82,

135

04-1

3-05

12.6

656

.712

-20-

11–

28N

/42E

-10Q

0247

5607

1172

8580

116

416

4B

247

5607

1172

858

2,16

408

-24-

99–

76.5

12-2

0-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

0Q03

4756

0211

7285

801

398

398

M47

5602

1172

858

2,14

708

-27-

96–

23.5

12-2

0-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

0Q04

4756

0311

7292

001

325

320

LT47

5602

1172

900

2,14

412

-03-

91–

35.9

12-2

0-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

1L04

4756

1811

7280

401

170

170

B2

4756

1811

7280

42,

085

09-0

6-07

–57

.22

12-2

0-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

2A07

4756

3111

7260

501

160

160

M47

5639

1172

605

2,15

404

-23-

81–

37.3

512

-20-

11–

28N

/42E

-12B

0347

5637

1172

6250

190

90U

A47

5637

1172

625

2,14

703

-05-

87–

––

–28

N/4

2E-1

3J03

4755

2111

7260

301

360

360

LT47

5521

1172

603

2,10

010

-03-

00–

––

–28

N/4

2E-1

4K03

4755

2511

7274

301

300

292

LT47

5529

1172

757

2,09

708

-31-

94–

36.4

12-2

1-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

6D03

4755

4411

7311

501

185

185

B2

4755

4411

7311

52,

153

07-1

7-01

–81

.34

12-2

1-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

6D04

4755

4311

7311

401

290

290

B2

4755

4311

7311

52,

151

07-3

1-07

–64

.712

-21-

11–

Table 4 41Ta

ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

28N

/42E

-16K

0247

5517

1173

0200

130

030

0B

247

5517

1173

020

2,08

306

-20-

07–

––

–28

N/4

2E-1

7Q01

4755

1211

7315

101

185

185

B2

4755

1211

7315

12,

144

11-0

5-07

–30

.42

12-2

2-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

8D02

4755

4611

7333

301

253

253

B2

4755

4611

7333

32,

155

10-1

2-05

–19

.811

-02-

11–

28N

/42E

-18N

0147

5508

1173

3330

151

51U

C47

5503

1173

335

2,16

905

-07-

84–

––

–28

N/4

2E-1

9D01

4754

5911

7334

301

140

140

B2

4754

5911

7334

32,

171

04-0

6-95

–16

.43

11-0

3-11

–28

N/4

2E-1

9D02

4755

0111

7333

101

160

160

B2

4755

0111

7333

12,

171

07-2

7-07

––

––

28N

/42E

-21G

0247

5446

1173

0290

132

032

0LT

4754

4611

7302

92,

104

04-0

6-10

–22

.212

-21-

11R

28N

/42E

-23Q

0347

5419

1172

7420

119

719

7B

247

5417

1172

751

2,09

303

-07-

89–

––

–28

N/4

2E-2

3Q05

4754

1711

7275

301

250

250

B2

4754

1711

7275

32,

094

09-0

7-06

–80

.26

12-2

3-11

–28

N/4

2E-2

4D01

4754

5811

7270

601

–49

UA

4754

5811

7271

01,

994

01-0

1-60

––

––

28N

/42E

-24D

0247

5459

1172

7060

1–

66B

247

5459

1172

710

1,99

401

-01-

64–

––

–28

N/4

2E-2

5C01

4754

0611

7264

301

300

290

LT47

5401

1172

641

2,03

409

-24-

92–

83.5

512

-21-

11–

28N

/42E

-26H

0547

5353

1172

7420

137

537

5M

4753

4711

7273

52,

093

05-1

6-90

––

––

28N

/42E

-28Q

0147

5330

1173

0150

120

020

0B

247

5330

1173

015

2,11

507

-28-

04–

7112

-21-

11–

28N

/42E

-28Q

0247

5331

1173

0300

126

026

0B

247

5331

1173

030

2,12

407

-02-

10–

6612

-21-

11–

28N

/42E

-33D

0247

5315

1173

0540

120

420

4B

247

5315

1173

054

2,12

709

-12-

05–

73.9

12-2

2-11

–28

N/4

2E-3

5L04

4752

5311

7275

601

250

250

B2

4752

5311

7275

62,

033

03-2

2-07

––

––

28N

/42E

-36N

0147

5236

1172

7060

128

527

5LT

4752

3711

7270

62,

069

06-1

3-97

––

––

28N

/43E

-02Q

0147

5650

1172

0060

126

026

0B

R47

5650

1172

007

1,80

106

-06-

07–

––

–28

N/4

3E-0

4C01

4757

3211

7230

101

440

440

BR

4757

3211

7230

11,

994

08-2

6-03

––

––

28N

/43E

-05P

0147

5658

1172

4230

117

717

7U

C47

5658

1172

423

2,15

510

-17-

05–

55.9

512

-20-

11–

28N

/43E

-07Q

0347

5606

1172

5190

130

028

0LT

4756

0611

7251

92,

114

09-2

1-00

–35

.112

-09-

11–

28N

/43E

-07Q

0447

5606

1172

5210

1–

–U

NK

4756

0611

7252

12,

118

––

45.9

12-0

9-11

–28

N/4

3E-0

8H01

4756

3011

7233

201

280

280

BR

4756

3011

7233

62,

093

03-0

6-80

––

––

28N

/43E

-09J

0247

5621

1172

2140

116

016

0B

R47

5621

1172

214

1,94

006

-04-

09–

59.8

912

-08-

11–

28N

/43E

-10K

0547

5617

1172

1300

114

013

8LA

4756

1711

7213

01,

926

07-0

2-03

––

––

28N

/43E

-11R

0147

5557

1171

9500

199

95U

C47

5557

1171

950

1,72

912

-31-

09–

9.5

12-0

7-11

R28

N/4

3E-1

3L02

4755

2411

7191

101

340

340

BR

4755

2411

7191

11,

956

06-2

6-07

–84

.74

12-0

7-11

R28

N/4

3E-1

4A03

4755

5611

7195

001

4645

UA

4755

5611

7195

01,

719

10-1

1-05

–11

.912

-07-

11–

28N

/43E

-16E

0147

5546

1172

3410

124

224

2U

A47

5545

1172

325

1,98

401

-23-

78–

34.6

911

-10-

11–

28N

/43E

-17R

0347

5511

1172

3420

114

014

0U

C47

5511

1172

342

2,01

310

-07-

056.

49–

––

28N

/43E

-19K

0247

5437

1172

5190

134

034

0M

4754

3711

7251

92,

072

05-2

6-99

––

––

28N

/43E

-20A

0147

5504

1172

3310

126

526

5M

4755

0411

7233

12,

023

06-1

2-95

–20

.85

12-0

8-11

–


ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

28N

/43E

-22B

0147

5502

1172

1200

110

010

0U

C47

5459

1172

127

1,86

401

-01-

613.

02–

––

28N

/43E

-22D

0147

5505

1172

2010

1–

268

UC

4755

0411

7220

61,

926

01-0

1-61

2.92

––

–28

N/4

3E-2

2R01

4754

2411

7210

301

–44

UA

4754

2411

7210

71,

851

––

––

–28

N/4

3E-2

2R02

4754

1711

7210

501

–15

7U

A47

5415

1172

108

1,84

401

-01-

61–

––

–28

N/4

3E-2

3C02

4754

5911

7201

701

9088

UA

4754

5811

7202

11,

704

04-2

5-62

1,19

219

.411

-10-

11T

28N

/43E

-23C

0547

5458

1172

0220

112

212

1.5

UA

4754

5811

7202

21,

704

06-2

1-02

––

––

28N

/43E

-23C

0647

5458

1172

0170

165

63U

A47

5459

1172

017

1,70

410

-15-

031,

082

14.9

612

-08-

1128

N/4

3E-2

3C07

4754

4511

7194

001

9090

UA

4754

5711

7202

11,

704

08-2

5-81

––

––

28N

/43E

-23J

0247

5340

1171

9190

133

233

0LA

4754

3011

7194

71,

878

07-2

7-87

––

––

28N

/43E

-25L

0247

5334

1171

8560

162

062

0B

R47

5334

1171

856

2,00

301

-25-

07–

160.

0812

-08-

11R

28N

-43E

-26L

0247

5340

1172

0180

127

927

9LA

4753

4011

7201

81,

886

11-0

2-01

–18

3.3

12-0

8-11

28N

/43E

-27R

0247

5329

1172

0560

136

036

0B

R47

5329

1172

100

1,73

608

-22-

94–

––

–28

N/4

3E-2

7R03

4753

2611

7210

201

3636

UA

4753

2611

7210

21,

744

09-0

2-02

–15

.14

12-0

9-11

28N

/43E

-27R

0447

5326

1172

1010

129

29U

A47

5326

1172

102

1,74

409

-19-

08–

14.9

212

-09-

1128

N/4

3E-2

8P01

4753

4311

7225

201

150

150

UC

4753

2911

7225

01,

854

03-1

5-93

8.2

––

–28

N/4

3E-2

9C01

4754

0711

7240

901

210

209

LT47

5407

1172

413

1,92

104

-20-

92–

––

–28

N/4

3E-3

1B01

4753

1511

7250

601

355

355

M47

5312

1172

511

1,93

609

-27-

94–

––

–28

N/4

3E-3

1L01

4752

4511

7252

701

415

404

LT47

5245

1172

527

2,02

001

-05-

070.

56–

––

28N

/43E

-33H

0147

5307

1172

2070

181

81U

A47

5307

1172

207

1,71

407

-27-

09–

––

–28

N/4

3E-3

5E01

4753

0211

7203

601

320

320

UC

4753

0111

7204

31,

876

05-2

0-86

––

––

28N

/43E

-36P

0247

5235

1171

8590

157

557

5LT

4752

3111

7185

82,

384

08-2

3-90

––

––

28N

/44E

-01C

0147

5723

1171

1240

136

036

0B

R47

5723

1171

124

2,61

606

-20-

06–

6.45

12-0

7-11

–28

N/4

4E-0

4M01

4757

0311

7152

401

240

240

BR

4757

0311

7152

82,

214

01-1

8-95

––

––

28N

/44E

-05H

0247

5720

1171

5500

135

035

0B

R47

5720

1171

550

2,18

009

-16-

040.

0149

.21

12-0

6-11

R28

N/4

4E-0

7F01

4756

2311

7173

701

140

140

LT47

5623

1171

737

2,39

205

-10-

06–

54.7

612

-06-

11R

28N

/44E

-07L

0147

5622

1171

7340

173

73B

147

5621

1171

738

2,39

011

-05-

63–

30.3

212

-06-

11–

28N

/44E

-15C

0147

5545

1171

3520

155

055

0B

R47

5545

1171

352

2,55

811

-26-

07–

89.7

212

-06-

11–

28N

/44E

-19E

0247

5427

1171

8210

150

050

0B

R47

5450

1171

756

1,94

902

-09-

94–

––

–28

N/4

4E-1

9M04

4754

3211

7180

701

300

300

LT47

5432

1171

807

1,94

607

-09-

09–

––

–28

N/4

4E-1

9P01

4754

1411

7173

501

–44

UC

4754

1411

7173

81,

936

01-0

1-59

–37

.504

-25-

12–

28N

/44E

-20H

0147

5446

1171

5540

113

313

0U

C47

5446

1171

554

1,99

704

-12-

0139

.74

90.9

312

-06-

11–

28N

/44E

-21J

0147

5433

1171

4230

120

020

0B

R47

5433

1171

423

2,31

509

-19-

80–

12.8

312

-05-

11–

28N

/44E

-28C

0147

5429

1171

5050

116

016

0B

R47

5360

1171

511

2,08

406

-14-

93–

8.55

12-0

6-11

–

Table 4 43Ta

ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

28N

/44E

-29Q

0147

5328

1171

6120

158

058

0B

R47

5328

1171

612

2,38

805

-18-

06–

284.

9812

-06-

11–

29N

/41E

-14R

0148

0027

1173

5260

185

85B

R48

0027

1173

526

2,32

605

-28-

03–

19.3

611

-02-

11–

29N

/41E

-22P

0147

5931

1173

7190

144

844

8B

R47

5931

1173

719

2,48

509

-05-

03–

65.8

411

-02-

11–

29N

/41E

-23B

0448

0012

1173

5450

142

542

5B

R48

0012

1173

545

2,32

908

-18-

04–

19.8

711

-02-

11–

29N

/41E

-24M

0347

5941

1173

5140

122

522

5B

R47

5941

1173

514

2,31

609

-18-

00–

28.4

511

-03-

11R

29N

/41E

-25H

0147

5909

1173

4050

117

517

5B

R47

5909

1173

405

2,23

506

-09-

06–

15.2

511

-02-

11–

29N

/41E

-34H

0147

5825

1173

6440

168

67U

C47

5810

1173

638

2,24

605

-23-

8511

.36

29N

/41E

-34H

0247

5808

1173

6460

130

530

5B

R47

5808

1173

646

2,26

808

-23-

07–

36.8

511

-02-

11R

29N

/41E

-35F

0247

5813

1173

5550

118

518

5B

R47

5813

1173

555

2,22

511

-08-

06–

15.7

311

-03-

11–

29N

/42E

-02A

0148

0249

1172

7360

118

518

5B

R48

0249

1172

736

2,40

405

-03-

07–

17.5

311

-16-

11–

29N

/42E

-04G

0248

0236

1173

0270

130

530

5B

R48

0236

1173

027

2,26

308

-11-

04–

––

–29

N/4

2E-0

7L01

4801

2911

7332

301

440

440

BR

4801

2911

7332

32,

404

07-2

7-05

–16

2.03

11-0

1-11

–29

N/4

2E-1

3H03

4800

4811

7262

301

140

140

B2

4800

4811

7262

32,

224

10-0

6-05

–21

.43

11-1

4-11

–29

N/4

2E-1

5B01

4801

0611

7292

501

400

400

BR

4801

0611

7292

52,

239

––

26.6

911

-16-

11R

29N

/42E

-15D

0248

0101

1173

0020

173

73B

248

0101

1173

002

2,20

609

-26-

01–

-2.6

111

-14-

11R

29N

/42E

-17Q

0248

0017

1173

1450

118

818

8B

R48

0017

1173

145

2,22

209

-26-

06–

7.58

11-1

6-11

–29

N/4

2E-2

0A01

4800

1011

7314

401

500

500

BR

4800

1011

7314

42,

224

06-2

9-07

–17

.46

11-1

5-11

–29

N/4

2E-2

0B01

4800

0611

7315

301

105

102

BR

4800

0611

7315

32,

228

09-2

6-01

–37

.91

11-1

5-11

R29

N/4

2E-2

0J01

4759

4111

7313

401

–18

UC

4759

4211

7313

82,

158

01-0

1-48

–6.

1704

-26-

12–

29N

/42E

-21N

0247

5925

1173

1220

117

517

2LT

4759

2511

7312

22,

204

07-1

7-02

––

––

29N

/42E

-23E

0147

5951

1172

8390

112

512

5B

247

5951

1172

839

2,19

207

-13-

98–

26.1

611

-15-

11–

29N

/42E

-23E

0247

5951

1172

8410

1–

–U

C47

5951

1172

841

2,19

7–

–21

.06

11-1

5-11

–29

N/4

2E-2

3N02

4759

2611

7283

801

273

273

M47

5926

1172

838

2,15

411

-13-

03–

––

–29

N/4

2E-2

5G01

4759

0611

7264

801

185

185

LT47

5906

1172

648

2,21

004

-24-

06–

34.2

911

-15-

11–

29N

/42E

-25H

0147

5903

1172

6300

126

026

0B

247

5903

1172

630

2,21

404

-25-

070.

0251

.711

-15-

11–

29N

/42E

-25K

0147

5847

1172

6470

117

617

6M

4758

4711

7264

72,

209

04-3

0-07

4.19

46.8

211

-15-

11–

29N

/42E

-26M

0147

5844

1172

8460

1–

–U

NK

4758

4511

7284

62,

134

––

4.09

11-1

5-11

–29

N/4

2E-3

1N01

4757

5011

7335

001

190

185

M47

5750

1173

350

2,18

004

-28-

07–

13.4

311

-01-

11R

29N

/42E

-31P

0247

5745

1173

3250

185

83U

C47

5754

1173

331

2,19

207

-18-

86–

16.2

511

-05-

11–

29N

/42E

-33G

0147

5806

1173

0260

135

035

0B

247

5806

1173

030

2,18

401

-25-

78–

36.9

11-1

0-11

–29

N/4

2E-3

3L01

4757

5511

7304

801

320

320

LT47

5755

1173

048

2,16

402

-20-

04–

20.9

212

-05-

11–

29N

/42E

-35C

0447

5822

1172

8100

120

520

0B

247

5822

1172

810

2,16

810

-05-

06–

41.9

511

-16-

11–

29N

/43E

-01J

0148

0212

1171

8320

111

011

0LA

4802

1211

7183

22,

065

01-1

0-02

–7.

6311

-17-

11–


ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

29N

/43E

-02Q

0448

0203

1172

0060

160

60U

A48

0205

1172

019

2,12

307

-22-

92–

20.9

812

-08-

11–

29N

/43E

-03H

0148

0223

1172

0550

1–

52B

R48

0224

1172

060

2,14

3–

––

––

29N

/43E

-03L

0148

0221

1172

1570

117

117

0LA

4802

2111

7215

72,

135

01-0

3-01

22.8

470

.412

-07-

11–

29N

/43E

-06D

0148

0240

1172

6020

120

520

5B

R48

0241

1172

603

2,37

105

-04-

01–

75.5

12-0

6-11

–29

N/4

3E-0

7B01

4801

4511

7252

601

300

300

BR

4801

4511

7252

62,

231

05-1

8-06

––

––

29N

/43E

-09D

0148

0145

1172

3290

140

040

0B

R48

0145

1172

329

2,00

811

-11-

04–

––

–29

N/4

3E-1

1N02

4801

1611

7204

901

9999

UA

4801

1611

7204

92,

097

06-1

6-03

–64

.31

12-0

8-11

–29

N/4

3E-1

3P01

4800

1811

7191

301

123

122

UA

4800

1811

7191

32,

027

40-1

3-06

–10

0.12

12-0

8-11

–29

N/4

3E-1

5G02

4800

4011

7211

901

600

600

BR

4800

4011

7211

92,

004

09-2

5-06

–11

6.4

12-0

6-11

R29

N/4

3E-1

6D01

4800

5811

7232

501

350

350

BR

4800

5811

7232

52,

039

07-1

6-04

0.86

––

–29

N/4

3E-1

7N01

4800

1811

7243

501

266

266

M48

0018

1172

435

2,22

405

-26-

04–

––

–29

N/4

3E-1

7N02

4800

1811

7243

901

––

UN

K48

0018

1172

439

2,22

4–

–88

.712

-09-

11–

29N

/43E

-18H

0148

0047

1172

5060

132

532

5M

4800

4711

7250

62,

234

02-1

5-07

––

––

29N

/43E

-20H

0347

5953

1172

3490

115

315

3U

A47

5953

1172

349

2,23

706

-18-

07–

120

12-0

6-11

–29

N/4

3E-2

1N01

4759

3311

7231

001

300

300

BR

4759

2211

7231

42,

226

12-1

7-80

–20

4.1

12-0

7-11

–29

N/4

3E-2

2Q03

4759

2911

7213

401

108

108

UC

4759

2911

7213

41,

964

06-1

5-05

9.18

––

–29

N/4

3E-2

4B02

4800

0611

7185

501

120

119

LA48

0007

1171

855

1,96

407

-10-

08–

–12

-07-

11F

29N

/43E

-24H

0147

5957

1171

8340

110

810

3U

A47

5957

1171

834

1,99

702

-15-

07–

––

–29

N/4

3E-2

4P02

4759

2711

7191

001

600

600

BR

4759

2711

7191

01,

932

12-2

2-05

–11

7.9

12-0

8-11

–29

N/4

3E-2

6G02

4758

4011

7195

801

8181

UC

4758

5511

7200

01,

861

07-2

7-94

–41

.88

12-0

7-11

–29

N/4

3E-2

6H02

4759

0611

7195

601

762

760

BR

4758

5911

7195

41,

811

08-0

7-86

–85

.15

12-0

7-11

–29

N/4

3E-2

6R07

4758

2911

7195

001

510

510

BR

4758

2911

7195

01,

832

09-1

3-96

–67

.62

12-0

8-11

R29

N/4

3E-2

7A01

4759

1611

7210

101

320

320

BR

4759

1611

7210

11,

964

09-1

5-09

––

––

29N

/43E

-29N

0147

5841

1172

4300

120

2.5

202.

5U

A47

5840

1172

434

2,22

207

-01-

59–

––

–29

N/4

3E-2

9N02

4758

4011

7243

201

192

183

UA

4758

3911

7244

02,

217

12-0

1-59

–88

.07

11-2

9-11

–29

N/4

3E-3

2G01

4758

0111

7240

801

140

140

BR

4758

1311

7241

32,

202

07-2

2-77

2.17

72.4

12-0

7-11

–29

N/4

3E-3

4L02

4757

5611

7214

101

117

117

UC

4757

5611

7214

11,

984

04-0

1-03

5,55

394

.15

12-0

7-11

–29

N/4

3E-3

5H02

4758

0211

7195

601

300

300

BR

4758

0211

7195

61,

771

02-1

7-09

––

––

29N

/44E

-01F

0148

0220

1171

1180

118

518

5U

A48

0220

1171

118

2,30

706

-09-

03–

––

–29

N/4

4E-0

5A02

4802

4011

7160

101

148

148

BR

4802

4011

7160

12,

267

03-1

8-03

––

––

29N

/44E

-07H

0548

0134

1171

7040

115

215

2B

R48

0134

1171

704

2,15

404

-18-

07–

––

–29

N/4

4E-0

7M03

4801

1911

7182

101

122

122

LA48

0119

1171

821

2,04

303

-02-

88–

––

–29

N/4

4E-1

0J01

D1

4801

1711

7131

801

9090

UA

4801

1711

7131

82,

122

10-0

7-05

–23

.48

12-0

8-11

–

Table 4 45Ta

ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

29N

/44E

-11A

0548

0149

1171

1550

117

517

5B

R48

0149

1171

155

2,23

207

-30-

04–

––

–29

N/4

4E-1

4R02

4800

1211

7115

501

500

500

BR

4800

1211

7115

52,

484

03-1

5-04

–13

9.4

12-0

9-11

R29

N/4

4E-1

5G01

D1

4800

4311

7134

201

315

315

BR

4800

4311

7134

22,

165

04-0

1-05

–60

.112

-08-

11–

29N

/44E

-17E

0348

0039

1171

6440

119

019

0B

R48

0039

1171

644

1,90

406

-01-

07–

––

–29

N/4

4E-1

9H06

4759

5311

7171

001

180

180

BR

4759

5411

7171

01,

842

12-0

1-06

––

––

29N

/44E

-20H

0147

5946

1171

5430

1–

28U

C47

5945

1171

549

2,02

401

-1-4

5–

––

–29

N/4

4E-2

0Q02

4759

2111

7160

601

245

245

BR

4759

2111

7160

61,

983

10-1

9-06

––

––

29N

/44E

-21F

0147

5944

1171

5100

155

055

0B

R47

5945

1171

510

2,04

110

-26-

06–

––

–29

N/4

4E-2

1M01

4759

4211

7154

101

9582

UC

4759

3111

7154

42,

004

07-1

1-78

–29

.81

12-0

8-11

–29

N/4

4E-2

1N03

4759

2511

7153

001

7777

UC

4759

2111

7154

42,

020

07-0

6-88

–17

.112

-09-

11–

29N

/44E

-23A

0247

5959

1171

2100

127

527

5B

R47

5959

1171

210

2,42

010

-15-

97–

––

–29

N/4

4E-2

7B01

4759

0511

7134

601

3535

M47

5905

1171

346

2,09

105

-06-

94–

7.3

12-0

9-11

–29

N/4

4E-3

3C02

4758

1711

7152

001

8076

UC

4758

1711

7152

02,

115

09-1

4-04

–33

.312

-09-

11–

30N

/41E

-24N

0148

0445

1173

5000

152

552

5B

R48

0445

1173

460

2,76

605

-18-

07–

208.

8511

-01-

11–

30N

/42E

-18B

0148

0609

1173

3130

155

255

2B

R48

0609

1173

313

2,84

706

-13-

05–

15.7

511

-01-

11R

30N

/42E

-31J

0148

0311

1173

2550

115

015

0B

R48

0311

1173

255

2,41

408

-19-

02–

84.9

911

-01-

11–

30N

/42E

-33M

0148

0307

1173

1180

112

212

2B

R48

0307

1173

118

2,41

108

-07-

03–

15.1

411

-02-

11–

30N

/42E

-35D

0148

0332

1172

8470

124

024

0B

R48

0332

1172

847

2,49

710

-25-

05–

49.2

411

-01-

11–

30N

/43E

-02Q

0148

0718

1172

0160

117

017

0B

R48

0718

1172

016

2,46

607

-22-

03–

55.2

811

-30-

11–

30N

/43E

-04D

0148

0756

1172

3280

156

056

0B

R48

0756

1172

328

2,28

308

-15-

08–

30.7

111

-30-

11–

30N

/43E

-07K

0148

0630

1172

5250

165

65U

A48

0630

1172

525

1,98

909

-10-

07–

––

–30

N/4

3E-1

0B01

4806

5811

7212

401

250

250

BR

4806

5811

7212

42,

460

03-1

7-05

–37

.111

-30-

11R

30N

/43E

-15N

0148

0528

1172

2020

140

39U

A48

0528

1172

202

2,32

307

-12-

10–

14.2

811

-30-

11–

30N

/43E

-19M

0148

0454

1172

6000

150

050

0B

R48

0454

1172

600

2,42

010

-03-

06–

4.81

12-0

1-11

–30

N/4

3E-2

3D01

4805

1311

7204

801

425

425

BR

4805

1311

7204

82,

622

10-1

2-06

––

––

30N

/43E

-25C

0148

0420

1171

9130

140

040

0B

R48

0420

1171

913

2,60

705

-16-

93–

43.8

811

-30-

1130

N/4

3E-2

6L01

4804

0411

7203

801

100

100

UA

4804

0411

7203

82,

203

02-0

3-77

––

––

30N

/43E

-27R

0148

0339

1172

0590

170

64U

A48

0339

1172

059

2,18

304

-28-

99–

––

–30

N/4

3E-2

7R02

4803

3911

7210

501

7553

UA

4803

3911

7210

52,

185

10-0

4-95

––

––

30N

/43E

-29R

0148

0347

1172

3400

126

024

0B

R48

0347

1172

340

2,14

311

-03-

03–

––

–30

N/4

3E-3

3H01

4803

1611

7221

901

4444

UA

4803

1611

7221

92,

267

04-1

9-04

––

––

30N

/43E

-33L

0148

0310

1172

3030

150

050

0B

R48

0310

1172

303

2,26

904

-23-

09–

124.

6212

-01-

11R

30N

/43E

-34H

0148

0316

1172

0590

140

040

0B

R48

0316

1172

059

2,17

405

-10-

02–

16.9

04-2

6-12

–


ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

30N

/43E

-35L

0148

0306

1172

0300

159

59U

A48

0306

1172

031

2,17

507

-13-

98–

30.9

812

-01-

11–

30N

/43E

-35L

0248

0307

1172

0310

170

70U

A48

0307

1172

031

2,17

807

-20-

0113

.88

––

–30

N/4

3E-3

5R01

4802

5211

7195

501

7070

UC

4802

5211

7195

52,

145

07-2

8-05

–4.

9112

-01-

11–

30N

/43E

-36J

0148

0303

1171

8290

112

012

0B

R48

0303

1171

829

2,13

601

-15-

07–

––

–30

N/4

4E-0

1P01

4807

1611

7112

201

180

178

UA

4807

1611

7112

22,

455

06-0

8-06

114.

9811

-15-

11–

30N

/44E

-03A

0148

0803

1171

3160

111

011

0U

A48

0803

1171

316

2,45

206

-25-

0321

9.3

78.4

811

-16-

11–

30N

/44E

-03M

0148

0735

1171

4170

150

050

0B

R48

0735

1171

417

2,36

708

-15-

05–

––

–30

N/4

4E-0

3N01

4807

0711

7142

301

6565

UA

4807

0711

7142

32,

382

07-2

4-92

––

––

30N

/44E

-04C

0148

0805

1171

5100

124

824

8B

R48

0805

1171

510

2,47

112

-03-

03–

51.1

411

-14-

11–

30N

/44E

-05A

0148

0811

1171

6030

142

42U

A48

0811

1171

603

2,42

508

-25-

00–

19.3

211

-14-

11P

30N

/44E

-07Q

0148

0626

1171

7300

112

312

3B

R48

0626

1171

730

2,49

006

-09-

04–

13.2

511

-17-

11–

30N

/44E

-09K

0148

0639

1171

5030

124

824

8B

R48

0639

1171

503

2,35

409

-13-

03–

––

–30

N/4

4E-0

9R01

4806

2811

7144

001

4040

UC

4806

2811

7144

02,

350

08-0

2-09

81.6

5–

––

30N

/44E

-10D

0148

0659

1171

4230

145

44U

A48

0659

1171

423

2,37

205

-16-

95–

––

–30

N/4

4E-1

0K01

4806

2911

7134

001

180

174

LA48

0629

1171

340

2,44

107

-15-

92–

94.7

211

-17-

11–

30N

/44E

-11D

0148

0654

1171

2490

115

015

0B

R48

0654

1171

249

2,40

401

-22-

970.

0549

.72

11-1

5-11

–30

N/4

4E-1

1M01

4806

3011

7130

001

234

225

UC

4806

3011

7126

02,

496

12-0

5-04

1.73

––

–30

N/4

4E-1

2A01

4806

5811

7103

801

243

243

UA

4806

5811

7103

82,

450

03-3

0-98

–21

2.6

11-1

6-11

–30

N/4

4E-1

2D01

4806

5911

7114

501

199

199

UA

4806

5911

7114

52,

473

07-2

6-02

8,40

7–

––

30N

/44E

-13P

0148

0523

1171

1200

173

70U

A48

0523

1171

121

2,30

312

-09-

10–

28.4

511

-16-

11–

30N

/44E

-13Q

0148

0524

1171

1080

130

229

6B

R48

0524

1171

108

2,22

204

-06-

04–

271.

411

-15-

11–

30N

/44E

-14D

0148

0602

1171

3050

127

027

0B

R48

0603

1171

305

2,49

108

-07-

07–

––

–30

N/4

4E-1

4L01

4805

3811

7123

401

140

138

LA48

0538

1171

234

2,39

409

-07-

05–

70.5

211

-17-

11–

30N

/44E

-15D

0148

0614

1171

4130

111

111

1LA

4806

1411

7141

32,

448

08-2

1-92

8,66

7–

––

30N

/44E

-16E

0148

0601

1171

5430

138

35U

A48

0601

1171

543

2,36

001

-15-

0710

.17

9.23

11-1

7-11

–30

N/4

4E-1

7D01

4806

0511

7165

201

150

150

BR

4806

0511

7165

22,

439

05-1

1-05

–28

.62

11-1

7-11

–30

N/4

4E-2

4B01

4805

2011

7105

101

230

230

BR

4805

2011

7105

12,

235

08-1

0-04

17.7

4–

––

30N

/44E

-26F

0148

0410

1171

2310

119

819

8B

R48

0410

1171

231

2,39

310

-14-

03–

––

–30

N/4

4E-2

7E01

4804

1511

7142

701

250

250

BR

4804

1511

7142

72,

408

08-1

9-09

–79

.14

12-0

6-11

–30

N/4

4E-2

8P01

4803

4511

7151

601

300

300

BR

4803

4511

7151

62,

360

05-0

3-05

–71

.04

11-1

5-11

–30

N/4

4E-2

9J01

4803

5311

7154

801

597

597

BR

4803

5311

7154

82,

525

09-1

3-90

–16

4.72

11-1

6-11

R30

N/4

4E-3

1N01

4802

5211

7181

901

102

102

LA48

0252

1171

819

2,11

912

-11-

99–

10.6

911

-17-

11–

30N

/44E

-35C

0148

0333

1171

2350

142

42U

A48

0333

1171

235

1,96

808

-26-

10–

––

–

Table 4 47Ta

ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

30N

/45E

-02E

0148

0747

1170

5000

116

015

3LA

4807

4711

7046

02,

281

12-1

0-05

1,28

533

.52

11-2

9-11

–30

N/4

5E-0

2M01

4807

3411

7050

501

118

118

LA48

0734

1170

505

2,26

408

-24-

06–

33.0

512

-02-

11–

30N

/45E

-04E

0148

0744

1170

7530

110

710

7B

R48

0744

1170

753

2,11

408

-30-

05–

––

–30

N/4

5E-0

4F01

4807

5311

7073

401

275

275

BR

4807

5311

7073

42,

264

07-1

2-97

44.9

4–

––

30N

/45E

-04K

0148

0734

1170

7120

121

621

4LA

4807

3411

7071

22,

135

07-2

8-95

––

––

30N

/45E

-05D

0148

0809

1170

8530

134

034

0B

R48

0809

1170

853

2,39

407

-12-

05–

221.

8711

-29-

11P

30N

/45E

-06P

0148

0721

1170

9540

147

547

5B

R48

0721

1170

954

2,39

303

-30-

06–

––

–30

N/4

5E-0

7C01

4807

0211

7095

601

184

184

UA

4807

0311

7095

62,

403

03-2

3-04

––

––

30N

/45E

-07E

0148

0646

1171

0120

139

339

3B

R48

0646

1171

012

2,40

209

-22-

8315

1.5

11-2

9-11

30N

/45E

-08B

0148

0658

1170

8270

117

517

5B

R48

0658

1170

827

2,16

405

-16-

94–

––

–30

N/4

5E-1

0A01

4806

5811

7052

901

600

600

BR

4806

5811

7052

92,

528

10-3

0-07

––

––

30N

/45E

-11H

0148

0642

1170

4190

121

221

2U

C48

0642

1170

419

2,28

401

-17-

0419

.87

70.6

511

-29-

11–

30N

/45E

-12D

0148

0617

1170

3530

120

020

0LA

4806

1711

7035

32,

333

08-1

5-96

–13

3.85

11-3

0-11

–30

N/4

5E-1

4N01

4805

3211

7050

601

450

450

BR

4805

3311

7050

62,

519

07-1

4-06

–23

9.92

11-2

9-11

–30

N/4

5E-1

4P01

4805

2711

7045

201

125

125

UA

4805

2711

7045

32,

349

06-1

3-06

6.29

96.4

211

-29-

11–

30N

/45E

-14R

0148

0530

1170

4110

117

317

3U

A48

0530

1170

411

2,36

410

-10-

0911

.412

8.4

12-0

2-11

–30

N/4

5E-1

8G01

4805

5711

7095

101

6262

UA

4805

5711

7095

12,

204

02-2

8-06

––

––

30N

/45E

-18H

0148

0553

1170

9270

156

56U

A48

0553

1170

927

2,13

406

-05-

054.

45–

––

30N

/45E

-31D

0148

0331

1171

0150

132

032

0B

R48

0331

1171

015

2,46

505

-25-

07–

––

–31

N/4

3E-2

4R01

4809

4611

7182

801

360

360

BR

4809

4611

7182

82,

238

09-1

2-07

–4.

6311

-09-

11–

31N

/43E

-26M

0148

0907

1172

0460

150

050

0B

R48

0907

1172

046

2,33

907

-06-

94–

40.8

311

-08-

11R

31N

/43E

-33R

0148

0800

1172

2300

117

317

3B

R48

0760

1172

230

2,22

809

-30-

03–

40.8

511

-11-

11R

31N

/44E

-19M

0148

1015

1171

8180

118

018

0B

R48

1015

1171

818

2,30

410

-11-

04–

29.2

311

-07-

11–

31N

/44E

-27P

0148

0910

1171

3530

130

030

0B

R48

0910

1171

353

2,57

807

-18-

07–

60.7

811

-09-

11–

31N

/44E

-31D

0148

0902

1171

8120

130

030

0B

R48

0902

1171

812

2,29

903

-31-

98–

18.5

11-0

7-11

–31

N/4

4E-3

5M01

4808

4011

7125

801

415

415

BR

4808

4011

7125

92,

567

08-0

3-06

–13

3.6

11-0

9-11

R31

N/4

5E-1

3Q01

4811

0311

7031

801

240

240

BR

4811

0311

7031

82,

188

70-2

2-07

–24

.08

11-0

7-11

R31

N/4

5E-1

4E01

4811

2111

7052

001

500

500

BR

4811

2111

7052

02,

490

06-2

7-07

––

––

31N

/45E

-15E

0148

1121

1170

6430

140

240

2B

R48

1121

1170

643

2,52

510

-13-

88–

122.

811

-07-

11–

31N

/45E

-19B

0148

1052

1170

9520

115

515

5B

R48

1052

1170

952

2,48

705

-20-

041.

3977

11-0

7-11

–31

N/4

5E-2

1Q01

4810

0411

7072

001

290

290

BR

4810

0411

7072

02,

458

12-1

7-03

–51

.34

11-0

7-11

–31

N/4

5E-2

2Q01

4810

0111

7055

001

800

800

BR

4810

0111

7055

02,

485

09-3

0-09

–43

5.37

12-0

1-11

–31

N/4

5E-2

4B01

4810

4411

7031

401

175

107

UA

4810

4411

7031

82,

159

08-0

9-73

81.3

945

.41

11-0

8-11

–


ble

4.

Sele

cted

phy

sica

l and

hyd

rolo

gic

data

for t

he p

roje

ct w

ells

in o

r nea

r the

Litt

le S

poka

ne R

iver

Bas

in, S

poka

ne, S

teve

ns, a

nd P

end

Orei

lle C

ount

ies,

W

ashi

ngto

n.—

Cont

inue

d

[USG

S w

ell N

o.: S

ee d

iagr

am sh

owin

g w

ell n

umbe

ring

syst

em fo

r exp

lana

tion

of w

ell-n

umbe

ring

syst

em. L

atitu

de a

nd L

ongi

tude

are

giv

en in

deg

rees

, min

utes

, sec

onds

refe

renc

ed to

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

D

atum

of 1

983

(NA

D 8

3). L

and-

surf

ace

altit

ude:

Ref

eren

ced

to th

e N

orth

Am

eric

an V

ertic

al D

atum

of 1

988

(NAV

D 8

8). H

ydro

geol

ogic

uni

t: S

VR

PA, S

poka

ne V

alle

y-R

athd

rum

Pra

irie

aqui

fer;

UA

, Upp

er

aqui

fer;

UC

, Upp

er c

onfin

ing

unit;

LA

, Low

er a

quife

rs; L

C, L

ower

con

finin

g un

it, B

1, W

anap

um b

asal

t uni

t; LT

, Lat

ah u

nit;

B2,

Gra

nde

Ron

de b

asal

t uni

t; B

R, B

edro

ck u

nit;

M, c

ompl

eted

in m

ultip

le u

nits

; N

A, n

ot a

pplic

able

—ex

plor

ator

y bo

reho

le; U

NK

, unk

now

n. S

tatu

s of w

ater

leve

l: M

inus

sign

(-) i

ndic

ates

wat

er le

vel a

bove

land

surf

ace;

F, fl

owin

g; P

, pum

ping

; R, r

ecen

tly p

umpe

d; T

, nea

rby

rece

ntly

pu

mpe

d. A

bbre

viat

ions

: USG

S, U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey;

ft, f

oot;

ft/d,

foot

per

day

; –, n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble]

USG

S w

ell N

o.U

SGS

site

iden

tifie

rH

ole

dept

hW

ell

dept

h

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

unit

of o

pen

inte

rval

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Land

-su

rfac

e al

titud

e (ft

)

Dat

e of

wel

l co

nstr

uctio

n

Hor

izon

tal

hydr

aulic

co

nduc

tivity

(ft

/d)

Wat

er le

vel

(feet

bel

ow

land

sur

-fa

ce)

Dat

e of

w

ater

leve

lSt

atus

of

wat

er le

vel

31N

/45E

-26D

0148

0957

1170

5180

172

72U

A48

0957

1170

518

2,15

809

-23-

96–

43.3

411

-09-

11–

31N

/45E

-27B

0148

0957

1170

6010

151

451

4B

R48

0957

1170

601

2,48

406

-18-

10–

161.

8911

-08-

11R

31N

/45E

-27J

0148

0928

1170

5320

156

56U

A48

0928

1170

532

2,11

912

-04-

95–

22.3

411

-08-

11–

31N

/45E

-28L

0148

0933

1170

7270

150

050

0B

R48

0933

1170

727

2,40

607

-07-

05–

––

–31

N/4

5E-2

9F01

4809

3711

7090

001

4844

UC

4809

3711

7090

02,

361

06-3

0-09

–16

.34

11-0

9-11

–31

N/4

5E-3

1H01

4808

4411

7092

601

100

100

BR

4808

4411

7092

62,

369

05-3

0-06

––

––

31N

/45E

-32G

0148

0847

1170

8270

112

312

2U

A48

0847

1170

827

2,32

305

-06-

06–

––

–31

N/4

5E-3

3B01

4809

0111

7071

201

475

475

BR

4809

0111

7071

22,

354

03-2

1-07

––

––

31N

/45E

-34G

0148

0902

1170

6040

120

820

8LA

4808

4711

7055

42,

254

11-1

4-76

71.0

3–

–31

N/4

5E-3

4G02

4808

5411

7054

901

280

280

LA48

0854

1170

549

2,28

801

-29-

96–

47.1

811

-08-

11–

31N

/45E

-35Q

0148

0827

1170

4370

152

052

0B

R48

0827

1170

437

2,45

808

-17-

00–

––

–31

N/4

5E-3

5R01

4808

2111

7041

401

400

400

BR

4808

2111

7041

42,

493

04-2

4-81

–17

3.18

11-2

9-11

–31

N/4

6E-1

9M01

4810

1811

7023

801

170

170

UC

4810

1811

7023

82,

161

09-0

5-05

30.2

376

.25

11-0

8-11

–31

N/4

6E-3

1E01

D1

4808

4611

7022

901

350

350

BR

4808

4611

7022

92,

403

10-1

2-10

–18

6.88

11-0

9-11

–

Glossary 49

Glossary

Acre-foot (acre-ft): The volume of water needed to cover an acre of land to a depth of 1 foot (equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons). Alluvium: General term for sediments of gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other particulate rock material deposited by flowing water, usually in the beds of rivers and streams, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base of a mountain. Aquifer: A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to springs and wells. Bedrock: A general term used for solid rock that underlies soils or other unconsolidated material. Confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): An aquifer that is completely filled with water under pressure and is overlain by material that restricts the movement of water. Confining layer: A body of impermeable, or distinctly less permeable (see permeability), material that is stratigraphically adjacent to one or more aquifers that restricts the movement of water into and out of the aquifers. Cubic foot per second (ft3/s, or cfs): Rate of water discharge representing a volume of 1 cubic foot passing a given point during 1 second, equivalent to approximately 7.48 gallons per second or 448.8 gallons per minute or 0.02832 cubic meter per second. In a stream channel, a discharge of 1 cubic foot per second is equal to the discharge at a rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing at an average velocity of 1 foot per second. Discharge: The volume of fluid passing a point per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, gallons per minute, or seconds per minute per day.

Drainage basin: The land area drained by a river or stream. Drainage divide: The boundary between adjoining drainage basins. Drawdown: The difference between the water level in a well before pumping and the water level in the well during pumping. Additionally, for flowing wells, the reduction of the pressure head as a result of the discharge of water. Evaporation: The process by which water is changed to gas or vapor; occurs directly from water surfaces and from the soil. Fluvial deposit: A sedimentary deposit consisting of material transported by suspension, or laid down by a river or stream. Gaging station: A particular site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of hydrologic data are obtained. Glacial: Of or relating to the presence and activities of ice or glaciers. Glacial drift: A general term for rock material transported by glaciers or icebergs and deposited directly on land or in the sea. Glacial lake: A lake that derives its water, or much of its water, from the melting of glacial ice; also a lake that occupies a basin produced by glacial erosion. Glacial outwash: Stratified detritus (chiefly sand and gravel) “washed out” from a glacier by meltwater streams and deposited in front of or beyond the end moraine or the margin of an active glacier. Granite/Granitic rock: A coarse-grained igneous rock. Groundwater: In the broadest sense, all subsurface water, commonly that part of the subsurface water in the saturated zone. Groundwater flow system: The underground pathway by which groundwater moves from areas of recharge to areas of discharge.


Headwaters: The source and upper part of a stream. Hydraulic conductivity: The capacity of a rock to transmit water. It is expressed as the volume of water that will move in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow. Hydraulic head: The height of the free surface of a body of water above a given point beneath the surface. Igneous rocks: Rocks that have solidified from molten or partly molten material. Infiltration: The downward movement of water from the atmosphere into soil or porous rock. Lacustrine: Pertaining to, produced by, or formed in a lake. Lake stand: Temporary level of glacial lake lasting over a period of years.Loess: Fine-grained deposit of wind-blown and wind-deposited silt and fine sand. Long-term monitoring: The collection of data over a period of years or decades to assess changes in selected hydrologic conditions. Median: The middle or central value in a distribution of data ranked in order of magnitude. The median is also known as the 50th percentile. Metamorphic rocks: Rocks derived from preexisting rocks by mineralogical, chemical, or structural changes (essentially in a solid state) in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and chemical environment at depth in the Earth’s crust. Monitoring: Repeated observation, measurement, or sampling at a site, on a scheduled or event basis, for a particular purpose. Moraine: A mound, ridge, or other distinct accumulation of unsorted, unstratified glacial drift, predominantly till, deposited chiefly by direct action of glacier ice. Mouth: The place where a stream discharges to a larger stream, a lake, or the sea.

Permeability: The capacity of a rock for transmitting a fluid; a measure of the relative ease with which a porous medium can transmit a liquid. Potentiometric surface: An imaginary surface that represents the total head in an aquifer. It represents the height above a datum plane at which the water level stands in tightly cased wells that penetrate the aquifer. Precipitation: Any or all forms of water particles that fall from the atmosphere, such as rain, snow, hail, and sleet.Recharge (groundwater): The process involved in the absorption and addition of water to the zone of saturation; also, the amount of water added. Runoff: That part of precipitation or snowmelt that appears in streams or surface-water bodies. Sedimentary rocks: Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose sediment that has accumulated in layers. Shale: A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of clay, silt, or mud. Siltstone: An indurated silt having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine lamination. Spring: Place where a concentrated discharge of groundwater flows at the ground surface. Streamflow: The discharge of water in a natural channel. Surface water: An open body of water such as a lake, river, or stream. Terminal moraine: The end moraine extending across a glacial plain or valley as an arcuate or crescent ridge that marks the farthest advance or maximum extent of a glacier. Till: Predominantly unsorted and unstratified drift, deposited directly by and underneath a glacier without subsequent reworking by meltwater, and consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders.

Glossary 51

Transmissivity: The rate at which water is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. It equals the hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the aquifer thickness. Tributary: A river or stream flowing into a larger river, stream, or lake. Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer whose upper surface is a water table free to fluctuate under atmospheric pressure.

Unconsolidated deposit: Deposit of loosely bound sediment that typically fills topographically low areas. Watershed: See drainage basin. Water table: The top water surface of an unconfined aquifer at atmospheric pressure. Withdrawal Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use.

This page intentionally left blank.

Publishing support provided by the U.S. Geological SurveyPublishing Network, Tacoma Publishing Service Center

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the Director, Washington Water Science Center

U.S. Geological Survey 934 Broadway, Suite 300 Tacoma, Washington 98402 http://wa.water.usgs.gov

http://wa.water.usgs.gov

Kahle and others— Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille Counties, W

ashington—Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5124

Documents

Hydrogeology of the Little Spokane River Basin, Spokane ... · 1. Geologic map and location of project wells in the Little Spokane River Basin study area, Spokane, Stevens, and Pend