De-colonization in the Middle East

I. De-colonization in Palestine

II. De-colonization in Egypt

III. De-colonization in Algeria

Terms: Balfour Declaration, Gamal Nasser, Suez Crisis, Pied Noir

Mandates

Colonies under a new name in the Middle East: › Syria, Lebanon to France

Lebanon, Independent 1943 Syria, Independent 1945

› Palestine, Iraq to Great Britain Iraq Independent in 1932 but British troops

continued to support non-Iraqui monarchLeftist coup 1958—ended British rule

I. De-colonization in Palestine

A. Palestine before Israel

B. Massive Jewish migration between wars

C. British tried to halt migration-failed with Holocaust

D. Britain turned it over to the United Nations in 1947

Creation of State of Israel

A. U.N. Declared Partition of Palestine

B. David Ben-Gurion declares statehood, 1948

War ended hostilitiesIsrael a state in area it

occupied600,000 Palestinians fled

or were driven out, creating new population of stateless refugees

II. De-colonization in Egypt

A. European imperialism in Egypt

B. The Rise of Gamal Nasser – Army overthrows King Farouk and asserts independence

C. The Suez CrisisA. 1956- Britain withdraws

troopsB. Egypt nationalizes

waters/canalC. Provoked - Israel attacks

EgyptD. France and England send

ships to protect canalA. U.S. forces French/British

withdrawalB. Begin of the end for Br.

And Fr. Colonial EmpiresC. U.S. moving in as

interventionist power in Middle East

Algeria under the French

Algeria under the French from 19th CenturyA. Many French

migrated to Algeria – largest European settler pop. In N. Africa—the pieds noirs (black boots) – held 1/3 of all land

B. By 1950—80% pieds noirs born in Algeria

C. Algeria not a colony but an integral part of France

D. Algerian elite saw selves as more French than Algerian

Algerian War

FLN (National Liberation Front) launches movement for independence from French – 1954

French dug in, sending 400,000 troops to Algeria

Algerian women hiding behind headscarfs planted bombs in European cafes

French soldiers savagely tortured Algerian Arabs› Brutality of French soldiers led to massive anti-

war protests in France Led army to use torture against French citizens in

France

Algerian War Continued

Pieds Noirs – determined to keep Algerian French, threatened coups, set off bombs in France and Algeria, and assassinated politicians

1958 army coup brings Charles de Gaulle to power – hope strong leader would keep Algeria

De Gaulle negotiates emergency powers and creates strong presidency to deal with crisis› Terrorism in France and Algeria escalatedDe Gaulle negotiates settlement with Algerian leaders in

1962, making Algeria Independent after 300,000 Algerians and 20,000 Frenchmen killed

Millions of pieds noirs and Algerian supporters flee to France