IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION

Dr. AJEE KURUVILLADr. AJEE KURUVILLA

IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION Identification in the livingIdentification in the living

Identification of the deadIdentification of the dead

Civil casesCivil cases PensionPension InsuranceInsurance InheritanceInheritance MarriageMarriage Disputed sexDisputed sex EmploymentEmployment VotingVoting Missing personsMissing persons

Criminal casesCriminal cases

Absconding soldiersAbsconding soldiers Absconding criminalAbsconding criminal Person accused of rape, murder, Person accused of rape, murder,

assaultassault Intentional interchange of babiesIntentional interchange of babies Theft Theft

Corpus delicti Corpus delicti

body of offence- essence of crimebody of offence- essence of crime

Complete identificationComplete identification

Partial identificationPartial identification

Points to be considered Points to be considered for establishment of for establishment of identityidentity RaceRace ReligionReligion SexSex AgeAge Congenital featuresCongenital features Acquired peculiarityAcquired peculiarity Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

Race Race

A biological grouping within the A biological grouping within the human species distinguished or human species distinguished or classified according to genetically classified according to genetically transmitted differences.transmitted differences.

Clothes, complexion, hair, eyes, lipsClothes, complexion, hair, eyes, lips

Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloids Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloids

Caucasoid Caucasoid EuropeansEuropeans Semitic (Arabs & Jews)Semitic (Arabs & Jews) Indo- AryanIndo- Aryan Skin colour- very fair to brownSkin colour- very fair to brown Hair- straight, wavy, blonde, Hair- straight, wavy, blonde,

brown, blackbrown, black Nose-generally long & narrowNose-generally long & narrow Face- narrow- medium broadFace- narrow- medium broad

Negroid Negroid

Africa to the south of SaharaAfrica to the south of Sahara Negrito people of India & S.E. AsiaNegrito people of India & S.E. Asia Skin colour- black- brownish- Skin colour- black- brownish-

yellowishyellowish Hair- crinkly / frizzy, woolly, coarseHair- crinkly / frizzy, woolly, coarse Noses- broad, flatNoses- broad, flat Face- narrow- medium broadFace- narrow- medium broad Stature- variesStature- varies

Mongoloids Mongoloids

Chinese, Japanese, Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, Burmese, Thias, Vietnamese, Malays, Thias, Vietnamese, Malays, Eskimos, Red Indians, American Eskimos, Red Indians, American Indians of South AmericaIndians of South America

Eyes- characteristic fold of skinEyes- characteristic fold of skin Hair- lank & straightHair- lank & straight Stature- short to mediumStature- short to medium

IndicesIndices

Cephalic index =Cephalic index =

Max. transverse breadth of skull _____Max. transverse breadth of skull _____ x 100x 100Max. antero- posterior length of skullMax. antero- posterior length of skull

70 – 75: Dolicocephalic / long head (Negroes, Pure 70 – 75: Dolicocephalic / long head (Negroes, Pure Aryans)Aryans)

75 – 80: Mesaticephalic / medium head (Europeans, 75 – 80: Mesaticephalic / medium head (Europeans, Chinese)Chinese)

80 – 85: Brachycephalic / short head (Mongolians)80 – 85: Brachycephalic / short head (Mongolians)

Religion Religion

Stature Stature 2 x (length of upper limb)+ 30 + 4cms2 x (length of upper limb)+ 30 + 4cms 2 x (length from vertex to symphysis 2 x (length from vertex to symphysis

pubis)pubis) 2 x (length from symphysis pubis to 2 x (length from symphysis pubis to

either heel)either heel) 3.3 x (length from sternal notch to 3.3 x (length from sternal notch to

symphysis pubis)symphysis pubis) 7 x (height of head)7 x (height of head) 8 x (length of skull)8 x (length of skull) 19/ 5 x (length of forearm)19/ 5 x (length of forearm)

StatureStature

From skeletal remains, with the From skeletal remains, with the help of regression formula using help of regression formula using long boneslong bones

From fragmented bones- SteeleFrom fragmented bones- Steele

Hair Hair Is it hair or not?Is it hair or not? Human hair / animal hair ?Human hair / animal hair ? If human- If human- 1.1. sex ?sex ?2.2. Age ? Age ? 3.3. From which part of the body?From which part of the body?4.4. Individualisation- DNA typing, ABO, Individualisation- DNA typing, ABO,

trace elements, disease, dyes, hennatrace elements, disease, dyes, henna Medico Legal Importance Medico Legal Importance

Resists putrefaction for longResists putrefaction for long

1. One of the following indices is 1. One of the following indices is

helpful in helpful in determining the race of determining the race of

an unidentified an unidentified skull. skull.

a) Cephalic index. a) Cephalic index.

b) Cranial index. b) Cranial index.

c) Cerebral index. c) Cerebral index.

d) Cortical index. d) Cortical index.

2.2.One of the following is useful in One of the following is useful in

determining the stature from determining the stature from

fragmented fragmented long bones. long bones.

a) Karl Pearson’s formulaa) Karl Pearson’s formula

b) Trotter and Gleser’s formula b) Trotter and Gleser’s formula

c) Dupertuis and Hadden’s formula c) Dupertuis and Hadden’s formula

d) Steele’s formula d) Steele’s formula

3. Cephalic index is derived by using 3. Cephalic index is derived by using

one of one of the following formula . the following formula .

a) Length of skull / Breadth of skull x a) Length of skull / Breadth of skull x

100 100

b) Breadth of skull / Length of skull x b) Breadth of skull / Length of skull x

100100

c) Height of skull / Length of skull x c) Height of skull / Length of skull x

100 100

d) Length of skull/ Height of skull x d) Length of skull/ Height of skull x

100100

4. The “medullary index” of human 4. The “medullary index” of human

hair is hair is

a) Less than 0.3. a) Less than 0.3.

b) More than 0.3. b) More than 0.3.

c) Less than 0.5. c) Less than 0.5.

d) More than 0.5. d) More than 0.5.

5. The “medullary index” of animal 5. The “medullary index” of animal

hair is hair is

a) Less than 0.3. a) Less than 0.3.

b) More than 0.3. b) More than 0.3.

c) Less than 0.5. c) Less than 0.5.

d) More than 0.5. d) More than 0.5.

7. Identification of a living person may 7. Identification of a living person may

arise in : arise in :

a) Civil cases.a) Civil cases.

b) Criminal casesb) Criminal cases

c) Both A & Bc) Both A & B

Tattoo markTattoo markss

Tattoo marks are designs made by Tattoo marks are designs made by multiplemultiple

small puncture wounds made through thesmall puncture wounds made through the

skin with needles or similar penetrating skin with needles or similar penetrating toolstools

dipped in colouring agents ( dye )dipped in colouring agents ( dye )

Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to markmark

Commonly used dyes:Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely indigo, cobalt, finely divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian blue , etc.vermillion, prussian blue , etc.

Optimum depth of penetration:Optimum depth of penetration: superficial superficial layers of dermis.layers of dermis.

Permanency of tattoo marks:Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on depends on type of dye used, its depth of penetration & type of dye used, its depth of penetration & part of body tattooed.part of body tattooed.

Latent tattoo marks:Latent tattoo marks: Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining with magnifying glass in strong light examining with magnifying glass in strong light

Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:Natural disappearance of tattoo marks: Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10

years.years. Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanentBlack pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent

Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingSurgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingCarbon dioxide snow; dermal abrasion; laser; caustic Carbon dioxide snow; dermal abrasion; laser; caustic substancessubstances

Forensic importance of Forensic importance of tattoo markstattoo marks Identity: Identity:

Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of person Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage, etc. or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage, etc.

Mental make up / desire: obscene figuresMental make up / desire: obscene figures

Infection & keloid formation. Infection & keloid formation.

Drug addicts (concealing site)Drug addicts (concealing site)

Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)

Photo & Video Photo & Video SuperimpositionSuperimposition

Photo superimpositionPhoto superimposition

Photographs of the skull are taken.Photographs of the skull are taken. Transparencies of skull photograph & Transparencies of skull photograph &

that of life-time photograph are that of life-time photograph are focused on the same sensitive printing focused on the same sensitive printing paper.paper.

After maximum alignment, a positive After maximum alignment, a positive print will be taken.print will be taken.

Attempt is made to study the matching Attempt is made to study the matching / non-matching of major anatomical / non-matching of major anatomical landmarks. landmarks.

Video superimpositionVideo superimposition

2 video images (one of 2 video images (one of photograph & other of skull) are photograph & other of skull) are mixed on one video display unit.mixed on one video display unit.

Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photographNegative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph

Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photographPositive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph

Facial reconstruction Facial reconstruction using clayusing clay

These methods use modeling clay These methods use modeling clay or plasticine to build up the or plasticine to build up the depth depth of tissueof tissue on the skull to that of a on the skull to that of a living individual. living individual.

Shape of the eyes, nose and Shape of the eyes, nose and mouth mouth cannot be confidently cannot be confidently predictedpredicted and are largely and are largely guesswork.guesswork.

Tissue depth markersTissue depth markers

Anatomical structures, which define Anatomical structures, which define the outer surface of the face are the outer surface of the face are pasted onto the skullpasted onto the skull

Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, orbicularis orbicularis

oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.chin.

Adding clay using the tissue depth Adding clay using the tissue depth

marker guidelinesmarker guidelines

Finishing touches are applied Finishing touches are applied and tissue depth markers are and tissue depth markers are

coveredcovered

Painting, replacing polyfiber Painting, replacing polyfiber

scalp hair & eyebrowsscalp hair & eyebrows

TERIMA KASIHTERIMA KASIH