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I. I. Empire Building in Africa Empire Building in Africa (1880 – 1914) (1880 – 1914) Ch. 6, Sec. 2

I.Empire Building in Africa (1880 – 1914) Ch. 6, Sec. 2

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I.I. Empire Building in AfricaEmpire Building in Africa(1880 – 1914)(1880 – 1914)

Ch. 6, Sec. 2

Shaka Zulu and the Zulu Shaka Zulu and the Zulu NationNation

Zulus fought the Boers in the 1830s when the Dutch settlers(Boers) moved into Zulu land to escape from the British during what became known as “The Great Trek.”

Zulu land became a part of British-controlled land in 1887.

Shaka Zulu

Distribution of African languagefamilies

British EgyptBritish Egypt► The Suez Canal was The Suez Canal was

built with French money built with French money & Egyptian labor and & Egyptian labor and opened in 1869.opened in 1869.

► With Egypt in debt, the With Egypt in debt, the canal was turned over canal was turned over to the British in 1882.to the British in 1882.

► Egypt became a British Egypt became a British protectorateprotectorate in Egypt in in Egypt in 1914 to control access 1914 to control access to the Suez Canal.to the Suez Canal.

A.A. The Suez Canal, 1869.The Suez Canal, 1869.

1.1. “Lifeline of “Lifeline of the the British British Empire”Empire”

2.2. Faster access Faster access to to Asian & Asian & African African colonies.colonies.

3.3. Saved 4,000 Saved 4,000 miles; 2 weeks miles; 2 weeks travel.travel.

B.B. The Berlin Conference (1884).The Berlin Conference (1884).

1.1. Bismarck hosted the Western Bismarck hosted the Western powers powers to set rules for dividing up to set rules for dividing up Africa.Africa.

1914

Only 36 years later.

Map is onPage 344 inTextbook

The scramblefor Africa.

C.C. European Motives for Imperialism.European Motives for Imperialism.

1.1. Gold: Economic Motive.Gold: Economic Motive.

a)a) Raw Materials: Gold, Raw Materials: Gold, diamonds, diamonds, rubber, rubber, copper, tin, oil, etc.copper, tin, oil, etc.

b)b) Markets: Africans would buy Markets: Africans would buy European goods.European goods.

Rubber tree In Liberia

Gold, Glory,and God.

2.2. Glory: National PrideGlory: National Pride

a)a) Measure of national Measure of national superiority.superiority.

b)b) Plant flag on as much of the Plant flag on as much of the world world as possible.as possible.

3.3. God: The Missionary ImpulseGod: The Missionary Impulse

a)a) Europeans to Christianize the Europeans to Christianize the world.world.

b)b) End the Arab slave trade.End the Arab slave trade.

c)c) Wanted to “civilize” the Wanted to “civilize” the “savages.”“savages.”

D.D. Dr. David Livingstone, Scottish Dr. David Livingstone, Scottish minister. minister.

1.1. Explored Africa’s interior, Explored Africa’s interior, 1860’s.1860’s.

E.E. The CongoThe Congo1.1. Henry Stanley – Henry Stanley – American American who found who found Livingstone in Livingstone in Africa Africa in 1871.in 1871.2.2. By 1882, signed By 1882, signed treaties treaties w/ local chiefs of w/ local chiefs of Congo Congo River Valley River Valley giving control giving control to King to King Leopold II of Leopold II of Belgium.Belgium.

“Dr. Livingstone,I presume.” - Henry Stanley

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo► ► King Leopold IIKing Leopold II

► ► Used forced labor to collect sap Used forced labor to collect sap from rubber from rubber

plant, plant, butbut

willed his willed his colony tocolony to

Belgium Belgium upon his upon his

death in death in 1908.1908.

A young boy (Impongi) with a severed A young boy (Impongi) with a severed hand and foot, mutilated by sentries after hand and foot, mutilated by sentries after his village failed to meet its rubber quota.his village failed to meet its rubber quota.

The Belgian Congo under King Leopold II The Belgian Congo under King Leopold II employed mass forced labor of the employed mass forced labor of the indigenous population to extract rubber indigenous population to extract rubber from the jungle.from the jungle.

As the demand for rubber grew King As the demand for rubber grew King Leopold's private army of 16,000 Leopold's private army of 16,000 mercenaries were given leave to use any mercenaries were given leave to use any method to coerce the population into method to coerce the population into meeting quotas, including random killing, meeting quotas, including random killing, mutilation, village burning, starvation and mutilation, village burning, starvation and hostage taking. hostage taking.

This photograph forms part of the Harris This photograph forms part of the Harris lantern slide collection. Alice Seeley lantern slide collection. Alice Seeley Harris and her husband John Harris were Harris and her husband John Harris were missionaries in the Congo in the early missionaries in the Congo in the early 1900s. Their photographs formed part of 1900s. Their photographs formed part of what was probably the first orchestrated what was probably the first orchestrated multimedia campaign against widespread multimedia campaign against widespread human rights abuses. human rights abuses.

Rubber PlantationsRubber Plantations► Small slits are cut by Small slits are cut by

hand into trunks of hand into trunks of rubber trees. rubber trees.

► White latex is collected White latex is collected into small bowls.into small bowls.

► It is later collected into It is later collected into large vats, then dripped large vats, then dripped onto a rotating mass of onto a rotating mass of rubber being cooked rubber being cooked over a slow, smoky fire.over a slow, smoky fire.

F.F. “The sun never sets on the “The sun never sets on the British British Empire.”Empire.”

1.1. Rudyard Kipling – moral Rudyard Kipling – moral responsibility.responsibility.

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden

► Rudyard Kipling (1865 Rudyard Kipling (1865 – 1936).– 1936).

► English poet.English poet.► Justification for Justification for

European imperialism European imperialism was the idea that the was the idea that the “more advanced” “more advanced” peoples had the moral peoples had the moral responsibility to raise responsibility to raise “ignorant” native “ignorant” native peoples to a “higher peoples to a “higher level of civilization.”level of civilization.”

► Poem addressed to Poem addressed to the United States.the United States.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

► Cecil Rhodes was Cecil Rhodes was the driving force the driving force behind British behind British Imperialism in Imperialism in South AfricaSouth Africa

► He believed He believed Europeans had the Europeans had the right & duty to bring right & duty to bring progress to other progress to other countries: Social countries: Social DarwinismDarwinism

G.G. Military Technology.Military Technology.

1.1. Hiram Maxim, an American, invented Hiram Maxim, an American, invented the “Maxim Gun” in 1889.the “Maxim Gun” in 1889.

2.2. World’s 1World’s 1stst automatic machine gun. automatic machine gun.

The Steam EngineThe Steam Engine

► Railroads and Railroads and steamboats allowed steamboats allowed Europeans to advance Europeans to advance into the interior of into the interior of Africa.Africa.

► Technology allowed Technology allowed Europeans to maintain Europeans to maintain close communications close communications within a colony as well within a colony as well as b/w the colony & as b/w the colony & the mother country.the mother country.

Current Geographic Malaria Current Geographic Malaria LocalesLocales

► Europeans developed a cure for Malaria, allowing them to stay and take control of Africa.

Effects of MalariaEffects of Malaria

Britain: “The Sun Never Sets on Britain: “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”the British Empire”

► Queen Victoria of Queen Victoria of England (1819 – England (1819 – 1901).1901).

► Ruled over the largest Ruled over the largest colonial empire, colonial empire, including African including African colonies in Nigeria, colonies in Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, Egypt, South Africa, among others. among others.

► India was her “crown India was her “crown jewel” of the empire.jewel” of the empire.

“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”1900

► From 1788-1868, approx. 160,000 male, female, and child convicts were sent from England to the colony of Australia (independence in 1901, but still strong Ally).

British Imperialism: 19British Imperialism: 19thth-20-20thth C.C.

British South Africa British South Africa

“I think what God would like me todo is to paint as much of Africa Britishred as possible.”

- Cecil Rhodes, 1896.

H. Boer War (1899-1902).H. Boer War (1899-1902).

1. British fought 1. British fought the Boers (Dutch the Boers (Dutch settlers).settlers).

2. 1st modern war: 2. 1st modern war: used used

concentration concentration camps.camps.

3. British won &3. British won &

created South created South Africa.Africa.

French ColoniesFrench Colonies

► The French colonized much The French colonized much of North & West Africa, of North & West Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and French W. Tunisia, and French W. Africa.Africa.

► The majority of the The majority of the population living there were population living there were Arab Muslims.Arab Muslims.

► The French used direct The French used direct control over their colonies, control over their colonies, and used a policy of and used a policy of paternalismpaternalism in ruling. in ruling.

► The French wanted colonial The French wanted colonial peoples to peoples to assimilateassimilate to to French culture.French culture.

Eugene Delacroix: Mid-19Eugene Delacroix: Mid-19thth century North African century North African travels produced series of paintings reflecting travels produced series of paintings reflecting

French attitudes towards African peoples.French attitudes towards African peoples.

Sultan of Morocco & His Entourage,1845

Algerian Women in their Apartments, 1834

Delacroix (1766–1863) believed beauty existed in the fierceness of nature, especially animals, which he painted in scenes of violent & exotic tiger hunts. Romantic ideals of Africa appealed to the Europeans, and

encouraged exploration and, later, colonization.

The Tiger Hunt, 1854.

I.I. African Resistance.African Resistance.

1.1. Liberia.Liberia.

2.2. Ethiopia.Ethiopia.

African Resistance African Resistance Movements: EthiopiaMovements: Ethiopia

Menelik II of Ethiopia was the onlysuccessful African to defeat the Europeans.He defeated the Italians in 1896. He used modern military technology supplied bythe French & Russians to defeat the imperialists.

By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two countries in Africa that remained independent.

Percentage of Africa Controlled by European Countries in 1913.

Which country controlled the most land in Africa? Who controlled the least?

European empires:  British in red, French in green, German in purple. Blue arrows show the flow of raw materials; purple arrows show the flow of manufactured goods.

Satirical cartoon from the mid-19th century, the imperial British lion (its tail Satirical cartoon from the mid-19th century, the imperial British lion (its tail holding a box marked “Carrying Trade” indicating the source of Britain’s wealth holding a box marked “Carrying Trade” indicating the source of Britain’s wealth in the flow of trade among its colonies) muses that the American eagle, while in the flow of trade among its colonies) muses that the American eagle, while

holding a scroll marked “Monroe Doctrine” (to indicate President Monroe’s holding a scroll marked “Monroe Doctrine” (to indicate President Monroe’s policy that no European power should make territorial claims in the Americas).policy that no European power should make territorial claims in the Americas).

This small brochure was produced by the German government in 1940.

How Were Europeans Able to How Were Europeans Able to Conquer?Conquer?

European AdvantagesEuropean Advantages::

Maxim gunMaxim gun (1889) (1889) made it easier for made it easier for Europeans to put down Europeans to put down resistance movements.resistance movements.

Steam engineSteam engine made it made it possible explore & possible explore & colonize deep within colonize deep within the interior of the the interior of the continent.continent.

The The cure for malariacure for malaria provided Europeans provided Europeans with a longer life span with a longer life span to stay and conquer. to stay and conquer.

African DisadvantagesAfrican Disadvantages::

DiversityDiversity of of population made it population made it difficult to unite to difficult to unite to fight against fight against Europeans.Europeans.

Low technologyLow technology made made it difficult to resist it difficult to resist advanced weaponry.advanced weaponry.

The Legacy of Imperialism The Legacy of Imperialism

NEGATIVE EFFECTSNEGATIVE EFFECTS► Africans lost control of Africans lost control of

their land & their land & independence.independence.

► Many died from Many died from diseases like smallpox.diseases like smallpox.

► Thousands died Thousands died resisting the Europeans.resisting the Europeans.

► Famines resulted in Famines resulted in switching to cash crops.switching to cash crops.

► Lost traditional culture.Lost traditional culture.► Identity problems.Identity problems.► Divided continent with Divided continent with

artificial boundaries.artificial boundaries.

POSITIVE EFFECTSPOSITIVE EFFECTS► Reduced local warfare.Reduced local warfare.► Humanitarian efforts.Humanitarian efforts.► Improved sanitation.Improved sanitation.► Improved schools, Improved schools,

transportation & transportation & hospitals.hospitals.

► Lifespan increased.Lifespan increased.► Literacy rates increased Literacy rates increased

(whose language?).(whose language?).► Economic expansion Economic expansion

and infrastructure built.and infrastructure built.