IFF Issue 20

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

FIRE FIGHTERI N T E R N A T I O N A L

FIRE FIGHTER

An MDM PUBLICATIONIssue 20 – November 2008An MDM PUBLICATION

Issue 20 – November 2008

www.mdmpublishing.com

Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training ProfessionalsReporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals

IFF20 OFC November 08 12/11/08 3:34 pm Page 1

THUNDERSTORM® ATC AR-AFFF

PERFORMANCE FOAMfor Hydro-Carbons & Polar Solvents

Introducing a new ...

SYMBOL OFEXCELLENCE

Performance on both hydro-carbons and polar solvents has been built into ThunderStorm from its beginning.

The “E-Drop” is intended to clearly mark THE AR-AFFF foam of choice when confronting Ethanol, Ethanol/Hydro-Carbon Blend, i.e. E85, or other polar solvent fires.

THUNDERSTORM AR-AFFF ...there is no substitute.

UK +44 (0)1702 230 999 | USA 409-745-3232

OR VISIT ...

WWW.WILLIAMSFIRE.COM

SINCE 1980

RESPONSE • EQUIPMENT TRAINING

Williams Fire IFF19 ifc 14/8/08 2:54 PM Page 1

INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER 1

Front Cover Picture: courtesy Lou Molino,Fire & Safety Specialists Inc

PublishersDavid Staddon & Mark Seton

Sales and Editorial ManagerMark Bathard

Contributing EditorsJan Knappert, Heinrich David, MarkBathard, Michael Brand, Jeffrey WPetersen, Thierry Moinet, Alec Don,John Eklund, Dave Opheim, Jeannevan Buren, Paul Harvey

IFF is published quarterly by:MDM Publishing Ltd The Abbey Manor Business Centre,The Abbey, Preston Road, Yeovil, Somerset BA20 2ENTel: +44 (0) 1935 426 428Fax: +44 (0) 1935 426 926 Email: [email protected]: www.mdmpublishing.com

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DISCLAIMER:The views and opinions expressed inINTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER are notnecessarily those of MDM Publishing Ltd.The magazine and publishers are in noway responsible or legally liable for anyerrors or anomalies made within theeditorial by our authors. All articles areprotected by copyright and writtenpermission must be sought from thepublishers for reprinting or any form ofduplication of any of the magazinescontent. Any queries should be addressedin writing to the publishers.

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Page design by Dorchester Typesetting Group Ltd

Printed in Singapore



FIRE FIGHTER





November 2008 Issue 20

68-71

5-14 News AndProduct Profiles

MUNICIPAL SECTION

17-21 In TheStruggle BetweenMan And Nature, ManBest Plan To BePrepared

23-26 HighlightsFrom TheAngloco/AirwaveConference AndDemonstration Day AtThe Fire ServiceCollege, Moreton InMarsh

29-31 Heat Stress,Ignore The Signs AtYour Peril

33-36 DraegerSafety, An in depthlook

INDUSTRIAL SECTION

39-44 StorageTank Fire Protection-Leave Nothing ToChance

47-50 Safer ByDesign

53-56 LifePreserving Standards

58-60 SelectingAnd Placing GasDetectors ForMaximum ApplicationProtection

TRAINING SECTION

63-66 The ScenarioChoices For VeryLarge Pool Fires:Determination OFHeat Flux

68-71 Taking OffWith RealisticAviation Fire FightingTraining

72 Advertisers’Index

47-50

39-44

33-36

23-26

17-21

63-66

58-60

Contents

P. 01 Contents 12/11/08 3:35 pm Page 1

MDM dps IFF15 24/7/07 10:13 AM Page 2

MDM dps IFF15 24/7/07 10:13 AM Page 3

Document3 11/11/08 11:37 PM Page 1

The Work at Height Regulations 2005 arethe most stringent legislation of their typein Europe. However despite this, last year inthe construction industry alone 10employees were killed, 13 self-employedkilled and 3,409 seriously injured afterfalling from height. To help reduce thesefigures, MILLER BY SPERIAN, the flagshipbrand of the Sperian Protection group, hasinvested in a large scale prevention policyaimed at both users and employers and cannow provide a complete fall protectionsolution from products through to trainingand equipment inspection.

In line with this policy, Miller by Speriancontinues to develop innovative and bespokeproducts as demonstrated by new Söll Vi-Gosystem, which recently won a BSIF award forinnovation. The cable-based vertical arrestsafety system was developed specifically tomeet the needs of a number of Sperian’sEuropean clients and was built on Miller bySperian’s successful rail-based technology,Söll Glide-Loc, which renders vertical arrestsof up to 200m safe. The Söll Vi-Go systemadopts the energy absorber of its fellow rail-based product, which is integrated into thefall arrester rather than the cable’s fixedsupports. The absorber is quick to react inthe event of a fall. It considerably reduceserratic body movements as well as the forceexerted on the user without excessivelywearing the cable to which it is attached. Inthe event of a fall, and in accordance withstandard EN 353-1, the impact force exertedon the user must be limited to 6 KN. The Vi-Go bracket keeps the impact force levels farbelow this value.

As well as itsinnovativeproducts Miller bySperian nowoffers tailor-madesafety at heighttraining coursestaught byexperiencedinstructors. Forflexibility, thesetraining coursescan be taken atone of the manyMiller by Sperian

centres, which are growing in number yearon year worldwide, and also within usercompanies themselves so that the hazardsposed by the environment and theprotective solutions used can be assessedin-situ.

In addition to its product and trainingofferings, Miller by Sperian has launched anautomatic inspection date reminder systemthrough its dedicated fall protectioninternet site: www.ritaserv.com. Afterregistering their company and equipmentdetails on the site, users receive an

automatic reminder about the equipment’sfinal annual inspection date. Theequipment can then be taken to adedicated Miller Service Point (MSP) forinspection, enabling employers to ensurethey meet their legal obligations.

For further product information pleasevisit www.fall-protection.com. A technicalbrochure is available on request.For more details about Miller by Sperian’straining and inspection services, visitwww.ritaserv.com


NEWS

The rescue board, a further development of awindsurfing board, is protected by patents all overthe world and developed with environmentallysafe materials. Mayday Hansa Board has beendeveloped by the company Mayday ScandinavianInternational AB in cooperation with Swedishprofessional life rescuers at the Fire and RescueServices, the Life saving Society and the insurancecompany Trygg-Hansa.

It has been in use for the last about 15 yearsby the Swedish and the Nordic countriesNorway and Finland Rescue Department. TheMayday-Hansa-Board is sold all over the world,including Scandinavia, Europe, the US andCanada and Asia. There are several applicationsfor the board it can even be used withhelicopters and a compliment to boats.

In Sweden the Mayday-Hansa-Board isincluded in the official training programme forprofessional rescuers on the life rescue schooland almost every fire department is equippedwith a Mayday-Hansa-Board for rescueoperations in all types of water, icy or open,river and streams, mud and floods. The firstrescue vehicle out to a surface accident alwaysbring a Mayday-Hansa-Board.

In an interview with Fire Captain, also teamleader and professional diver, AlfAlexandersson, from Kungsholmens FireDepartment in Stockholm, Sweden, he statesthe following comments about the Mayday-Hansa-Board Rescue System:

To know that you are coming back to ownsafety is a condition for being able to perform aprofessional rescue operation. Fire captain AlfAlexandersson means that behind all theequipment is a human being. For going out torescue a person in distress, is the key wordsafety, therefore it is very important with theright and effective equipment, and a lot oftraining for being well prepared when anaccident occurs.

Alf also mentions a particular case whenthey saw the importance with effectiveequipment:

It was an ice accident, a man had brokenthrough the ice, about 100 m from shore. Asurface rescuer wearing only a dry suit triedto reach out to the distressed person. Heonly managed to get out 25m before hebroke through the ice.

After 2-3 minutes the rescue personnelarrived with the Mayday-Hansa-Board, andwith unloading his own bodyweight on theboard the rescuer could easily run with theboard on the ice out to the victim withoutbreaking through the ice. Within a few minutesthe distressed man was safely on shore again.

It was such an obvious difference havingthe right equipment. The Mayday-Hansa-Boardand a dry suit was a condition/determined inthis operation for a fast and safe rescueoperation with a happy outcome.

Quote: “With the Mayday-Hansa-Board asa life insurance, I can focus on the rescueoperation without anxiety for my ownsecurity, which is a condition for both bewilling to go out in an dangerous situationand being able to perform a good andprofessional rescue operation” Rescue Captain Alf Alexandersson

Miller by Sperian covers allfall protection angles

Mayday Hansa Board Rescue System– for fast and safe surface rescue

For more information please contact: Mayday Scandinavian International ABTel: +46 278 12350 Box 182 Fax: +46 278 39454 821 22 BollnäsEmail: [email protected] SWEDENWebsite: www.mayday-hansa-board.com

News P. 5, 10, 11, 14 12/11/08 3:36 pm Page 5

The heavy-duty monitorsare constructed withbuilt-in foam concentrate

inductors, eliminating theneed for a separate pro-portioning system. The newunit is designed for fastresponse and reliable deploy-ment and to provide years of low maintenance, trouble-free service in a host ofchallenging hydrocarbon pro-cessing, petrochemical, heavyindustrial, military and aviationenvironments.

The compact, balanceddesign SKUM monitor has amaximum working pressure of12bar and produces excep-tional flow performancecharacteristics that ensure fastfire knock-down. Its wide andadjustable flow range and long throw lengthcombined with the monitor’s low weight and lowfriction bearings, means that it can be broughtinto action quickly, accurately and safely.

The monitor has a water capacity of up to10,000 lpm (litres per minute) at 10bar and aconstant flow nozzle, so the nozzle capacity isunchanged whether it is used to deliver a fog orjet of foam or water. It can be rotated through a full 360 degrees; its vertical elevation is between minus 60 degrees and plus 90 degrees,and it can be locked in any desired operatingposition.

Even in the most extreme environments, thenew SKUM unit has impressive durability charac-teristics. The monitor has a stainless steel bodyand a bronze nozzle and bearings, and is mountedonto the unit’s fully-welded tank that is fabricatedfrom 2.5mm thick stainless steel and incorporatesa 250mm diameter auto-venting, quick-release filllid, and internal baffle plates to minimise anysurge.

The trailers can be 2 wheel or 4 wheel to suitthe tank capacity and is mounted on an ‘A’ framesteel channel chassis that is fully galvanised, andits standing area/deck plate is aluminium. Itincorporates a beam axle system to increasestability and reliability, and ensure its suitability for

harsh industrial locations. The stability of the newSKUM trailer is further boosted by the incorpora-tion of industrial heavy-duty, fully retractable propstands with jacking pads on each corner, and thenew SKUM trailer’s suspension is far more reliableover rough terrain than any other suspensionsystem.

The unit’s four-way inlet manifold with one-waycheck valves ensures that there is no loss of waterif any individual hose is punctured. This manifold isconnected to the monitor via a 100mm waterwaythat is integrally welded inside the tank andterminates at the monitor. All of the pipe work inthe tank is stainless steel to safeguard against thepossibility of corrosion caused by the foamconcentrate.

The trailer is fitted with a 50mm ball-hitchcoupling although other international standardtowing eye connections can be supplied, thelighting and breaking system fully conforms toInternational standards’ laid down for towing trail-ers on public highways. The two pack epoxy paintfinish gives a very durable finish to ensure longcorrosion free life in the most arduous of condi-tions. The Skum range of FJM monitors are FM(Factory Mutual) approved and certified by DNV(Det Norske Veritas), Rina (Registro ItalanioNavale), and BV (Bureau Veritas). IFF

6 INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER

PROFILE

New Skum™Foam TrailerMonitor UnveiledTyco Fire Suppression & Building Products has unveiled a new SKUM™ brandfire fighting foam trailer with a range of tank capacities up to 2,200-litre (485-gallons). The trailers have optional capabilities including the latestgeneration of manually-operated SKUM FJM Fog Jet Monitors in capacities tosuit site conditions.

Further information on thenew SKUM foam trailermonitor is available fromTyco Fire Suppression &Building Products bytelephone on +44 (0) 161875 0400, by fax on +44 (0) 161 875 0490, or via email [email protected] new SKUM website is atwww.skum.com

P. 06 Skum Profile 12/11/08 3:37 pm Page 6

Tyco Fire Suppression & Building Products, Burlingham House, Hewett Road, Gapton Hall Industrial Estate, Great Yarmouth NR31 0NN, UKTel: +44 (0)1493 417600 Email: [email protected]

● Shown with SKUM manual monitor & 4 inlet manifold● Durable high quality chassis construction● Option tank sizes up to 2,200 litres● Fully customisable specification

Rapid Response Mobile Foam Trailers

Foam fire fighting trailers - customised to suit your site requirements.

SKUM trailer a4 v4.indd 1 22/10/08 12:16:17


By Jan Knappertand Heinrich David

PROFILE

These extremely low temperatures have givenfire fighters severe difficulties in Fire FightingFoam Concentrate selection when dealing with

fuels containing alcohols and polar solvents.Originally Alcohol Resistant Foams were devel-

oped using Polysaccharide Polymer Additive to forma stable blanket between the fuel and foamblanket, this minimises vapourisation of the fuel andminimises the alcohol absorbing the water in thefoam bubble wall and causing it to break down andbecome ineffective.

In low temperature environments these Poly-saccharide containing foams become extremelyviscous because of their chemical composition (theyare also known as Thixotropic or Non-NewtonianLiquids) and are then difficult to pump, at tempera-tures below –15°C, they will start to solidify and willbe rendered unusable.

Ongoing product development between MSRDosiertechnik GmbH and Dr Sthamer – Hamburg,

have developed not only a revolutionary lowtemperature foam for use at extremely low temper-atures down to –25°C but also the means toproportion accurately at these extremely lowtemperatures.

FireDos is water driven foam proportioner, whichdoes not require any external energy. Changingflow-rates, working pressures and viscosities of the dosing material have no influence of theadmixing-rate.

The system consists mainly of a water motor anda piston pump. The foam concentrate is stocked inan atmospheric tank. The shaft of the water motorand the shaft of the piston pump are connected overa clutch. The whole water volume to the foam gen-erators is passing the water motor. The number ofrotations of the water motor are flow-proportional.The water motor is actuating a piston pump. Thedischarge volume of the piston pump is proportionalto the number of rotation.

Alcohol Resistant F oIn Extremely Low TeRecent oil and gas discoveries have been found in the most inhospitable climates,where extremes of temperature are common, notably the Middle East where blackbodytemperature can achieve +90°C and within the artic circles of –40°C and lower.

www.firedos.de

• No external energy required• Working flow-proportional• Easy installation and handling• Retrofitting into existing systems possible• Versions for stationary installations, or vehicles and mobile applications available,

also for use with seawater• Large flow ranges and dosing ranges covered• Not affected by changing pressure or flow rate• Suitable for all common fire-fighting liquids

Auf der Kaulbahn 6 • D-61200 Wölfersheim • GermanyTel. +49(0)6036/ 9796-0 • Fax +49(0)6036/ 9796-30 • E-Mail [email protected]

The intelligent choice for admixing systems

P. 08-09 Sthamer Profile 12/11/08 3:38 pm Page 8

Any change of water flow changes without anydelay the discharge volume of the piston pump,therefore the concentration remain constant.

The combination between water motor (positivedisplacement system) and piston pump (positivedisplacement system) create a accurate admixingrate, also in case of admixing rates of 1% or lower.

FireDos creates a pressure loss in the watersystem. The pressure loss is depending of the flow-rate, the working pressure and the admixing-rate. Incase of a maximum flow-rate, a water pressure fromaround 10 bar and an admixing rate of 1% thepressure loss will be approx. 1 bar.

The system is able to admix all types of commonfire fighting foam concentrates, also alcoholresistant foam concentrates and protein foams.

In combination with the right foam concentrateand foam generators low expansion, medium expan-sion and high expansion foams can be produced.

An excellent combination is FireDos and DrSthamer – Hamburg Moussol APS LV 1x1Alcohol resistant low viscosity foam concentratewith an admixing rate of 1%. Foam temperaturesfrom minus 27°C and plus 25°C had no influencesof the admixing rate. An ad-mixing rate 1.08% wasachieved across the whole temperature range withdifferent water flows and water pressures. Manyinstallations have now been made with thiscombination of ad-mixer and foam concentrate.

FireDos is a compact admixing system and canbe used for any fire fighting application, like fixedinstallations, in fire trucks, on ships, off shore inmobile applications. The water can be fresh water,brackish water or sea water. The systems are inflow-rates from 10 l/min and 20,000 l/min, withfixed, in steps changing or simultaneously changingadmixing-rates from 0,1% up to 10%, workingpressures from 16 bar, 25 bar and 40 bar and work-ing temperatures up to 50°C and 80°C available.

The biggest advantage of FireDos is, that thesystem can be tested under real conditions foam towater without producing any premix solution.

An other possibility is the remote injection of the

foam concentrate. Between the system with foamtank and the injection point can be a distance up to1,000 metres away.

With features like reducing of the minimum flowcan the flow-range expanded up to 1:100.

FireDos has the VdS approval, the KFI (KoreanFire Institute), GL (Germanischer Lloyd, Marineapproval), GOST-R approval (Russian Federation),approval from the Czech and Slovakian Republic.Applied for FM approval. The first batch of theseunits are in the FM laboratories for testingprocedures. IFF


PROFILE

F oam ProportioningTemperatures

HeadquartersLiebigstr. 5 · D-22113 HamburgTelephone +49 (0) 40-73 61 68-0Telefax +49 (0) 40-73 61 68-60E-Mail: [email protected] · www.sthamer.com

Branch OfficeKönigsteiner Str. 5 · D-01796 PirnaTelephone +49 (0) 35 01-46 44 84 + 52 40 06Telefax +49 (0) 35 01-46 44 85

FOAMFIGHTS

FIRE

We present a comprehensive range of high-performance and environment compatible fire fighting foam concentrates.

24 HOUR EMERGENCY SERVICE +49 (0 ) 40-736 16 80

PRODUCT NEWS

MOUSSOL APS LV 1�1

Alcohol ResistantAFFF

Low Temperature UseGuaranteed –25°C (–13°F)

P. 08-09 Sthamer Profile 12/11/08 3:38 pm Page 9

MFC SURVIVAL’s RS15T Motorised Rescuesled is ideally suited for use on inlandwaterways and as a means oftransportation for people and equipmentin flooded urban areas.

Following the success of the range ofMFC Rescue Sleds, MFC Survival hasadded a new product to compliment theMFC Survival water rescue solution whichincludes walkways, API stretchers, hoseinflation kits, drysuits, level 1 water rescuekits, lifejackets and sleds.

After much discussion with many of ourcustomers MFC Survival decided toredesign and power their best sellingwater rescue sled. This resulted in theRS15T. It is fitted with an integral transomwith a non return drain port and towing‘u’ bolts. Fully inflatable within minutes,the RS15T provides a completely stableand manoeuvrable safe working platform.Easily stowed, the 5m x 2.14m sled packsinto a valise which measures just 1.65m x0.55m x 0.35m.

Lightweight, the RS15T weighs just

56kg making it easily transportable. Thesled is ideally suited for use on inlandwaterways and as a means oftransportation for up to 15 people inflooded urban areas, especially where

mass evacuation is needed. It can also beused to tow. The shallow draught enablesuse in shallow waters of approximately40cm depth and the large bearing surfacemakes the sled ideal for ice and mudrescues. With integral stern boarding stepsthe sled is easily boarded.

Fully laden and to full capacity (15 peopleor 1200kg) in trials the sled still powersalong at 11 knots with a 15HP, 2 strokeengine and at 23 knots with 2 people.

The RS15T has many features such asstowage pockets, control line patches,internal and external lifelines fitted asstandard and many more can be fitted tosuit customer requirements.

MFC Survival’s research anddevelopment team has again proven thatlistening and responding to customerrequirements and ideas provides aplatform for continuous, new and existingproduct development to benefit all.

MFC Survival LtdNaval Yard, Tonypandy, RCT S/Wales CF40 1JS, UKTel: +44(0) 1443 433075Fax: +44(0) 1443 437846Email: [email protected] Website: www.mfcsurvival.com


NEWS

MFC Survival launch a newmotorised sled

MSA announces a new SCBA systemspecifically created for the versatiledemands within emergency serviceapplications. In order to fulfil therequirements and budgets for diverse tasksthe MSA SCBA system can be completelycustomised. Users compare and choosefrom a selection of backplates, harnesses,pneumatic systems, rapid cylinderexchange couplings and monitoringelectronic components. MSA, in addition,provides ‘presets’ for those users whodon’t want to configure their own SCBAsystem. Overall, MSA gathered input andconducted interviews from hundreds ofactive firefighters, representing a strong“voice of the customer” influence into theMSA design.

Established in 1984 in Abu Dhabi, MSAMiddle East is the regional office for MSAin the Middle East. Our local presence hasenabled MSA to be close to its customersand in many cases custom products & safetysolutions were tailor made to fulfill the everdemanding needs of exploration rigs in theArabian Gulf as well as civil defense fire

units in UAE, Saudi Arabia & Iraq.MSA is a global leader in the

development, manufacture and supply ofsophisticated safety products that protectpeople’s health and safety. The company’scomprehensive line of products is beingused by workers around the world in thefire service, homeland security,construction and other industries, as wellas the military since 1914. Principalproducts include self-contained breathingapparatus, gas masks, gas detectioninstruments, head protection, respirators,ballistic body armor and thermal imagingcameras.

Additional information is available on the company’s website atwww.msamiddleeast.com

NEW: MSA Modular SCBASystem for Fire Service (For every fire service the optimal breathingapparatus model)

News P. 5, 10, 11, 14 12/11/08 3:36 pm Page 10


New Sperian protection glovesoffer enhanced protectionSPERIAN PROTECTION has launched twoinnovative new products that combineenhanced protection and maximumfreedom of movement: Perfect PolyAqua and Polytril Air Comfort gloves.

Sperian is well-known in the handprotection equipment market and isconstantly developing new materials todesign protective gloves that performbetter and are adapted to the varyingrisks encountered in the workplace.

Polyurethane (PU) gloves are recognised for their ability to resist abrasion andtears, as well as their comfort (flexibility and breathability). However, the methodused for their manufacture involves the use of a toxic solvent, DMF(DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE) to dilute the polyurethane.

Perfect Poly® Aqua gloves, knit polyamide/spandex with a water-based (thussolvent-free) PU coating on the palm and fingertips eliminating toxic dangers,reducing the risk of allergies and minimising their environmental impact.

What’s more, this glove offersextraordinary comfort. Indeed, thanks tothe water-based solution, the PU does notpenetrate the glove (unlike standardpolyurethane gloves) so there is no contactbetween the hand and the coating. Theaddition of lycra in the material makes itclose-fitting to the hand.

New fibre technology has increased theabsorption properties of the polyamide,

reducing the feeling of perspiration. The volume of water soaked up by the ultra-absorbent knitted material in the Perfect Poly Aqua gloves is 76% greater than thatabsorbed by standard polyamide gloves. This glove also garners better marks thanits cotton counterparts. Thus, Perfect Poly Aqua offers workers long-lasting comfortand a perfect fit.

Sold in lots of 10 pairs packaged in a polyethylene pouch that is 100%photodegradable in three years, Perfect Poly Aqua gloves help to protect theenvironment.

Admired for their natural feel and high breathability, leather handling gloves aresometimes considered uncomfortable. Thanks to the glove’s polyamide/cotton/lycrawoven material, Polytril Air Comfort offers a high level of comfort and grip.

Its foam nitrile coating on the palm and the fingertips ensures excellent abrasionresistance and good impermeability to oils. Foam nitrile contains air bubbles whichhelp to limit perspiration without affecting the user’s sense of touch.

For more information on Sperian visit: www.sperianprotection.co.uk

NEWS

Dr Sthamer – Hamburg launches newenvironmentally friendly AlcoholResistant Fluorine Free foamDR STHAMER – Hamburg, has launched at the Fire Service College, Morten in Marsh, theirlatest development, Moussol FF 3/6.

A revolutionary new Fluorine Free alcohol resistant fire fighting foam, the foam has beenspecifically designed to answer the calls for an environmentally friendly foam which doesnot contain Fluoro-Surfactants.

The foam can be used at 3% induction rates for Hydrocarbons and 6% for Polar Solvents,it has been certified to EN1568 parts 1, 3 and Part 4 with a rating of 1A/1B.

It can be used with all types of foam making equipment, Monitors, Branchpipes, over thetop pourers, etc.

Moussol FF 3/6 can be used with fresh, salt, brackish and recycled process water.This latest addition to the Dr Sthamer-Hamburg arsenal underlines the company’s

commitment to remaining at the forefront of Fire Fighting Foam development.

For more information please contact Jan Knappert – International Sales Director,tel: +44 (0)7795 101770, [email protected] and at www.sthamer.com

News P. 5, 10, 11, 14 12/11/08 3:36 pm Page 11

Technology has come a long way since the firstvacuum tube based devices. Picture qualityhas improved beyond recognition, reliability

has increased five-fold and the cost of ownershiphas vastly reduced. Additionally, thermal imagingcameras are offered with stronger warranties –Argus4 cameras are offered with an extendedtwo-year warranty for peace of mind.

The Argus4 HR320 is latest fire camera to jointhe Argus range. With its 320 x 240 high-resolu-tion detector, and high definition LCD screen, itprovides by far the best image quality of any handheld thermal imaging camera on the market today.

Argus cameras utilise a Microbolometer sensor,matched with electronics designed and manufac-tured by e2v, ensuring that quality and durabilityare built in. Argus cameras are designed to thehighest specifications to instil confidence in emer-gency services personnel that they are using thebest thermal technology available to them.

The Argus4 HR320 infrared remote control andPC software allow end users to configure thecamera to their specific needs. Once a fire fighter’ssettings have been chosen, simple button opera-tion allows the user to switch the camera on andoff, take pictures, and activate the x4 digital zoomfacility.

The camera is extremely light, weighing lessthan 3lbs (1.3kg). It comes packed with the mostadvanced features available on the market today,these include:

Enhanced Dynamic Scene Colourisation (EDSC):This feature provides the user with an opportunityto colourise the thermal image. With the Argus4HR320 the dynamic scene colourisation has beenenhanced to give the user greater information.

Direct Temperature Measurement (DTM): Thisfeature displays the temperature of objects withina defined area of the thermal scene.

SceneSave™ Digital Image Capture: TheArgus4 HR320 can capture and store up to 100images. These can then be viewed or deletedusing the remote control supplied. Using thesoftware provided the captured images can bedownloaded to a suitable laptop/PC and thenexported in various formats.

Tri-Mode Sensitivity: The Argus4 HR320 nowhas an expanded third level of sensitivity for veryhigh scene temperatures, enablling clear imageryat all temperatures. This expanded temperaturerange means that temperatures in excess of 1000degrees celcius can be identified.

Customisable Start-up Screen: A feature of thecamera that allows brigade logos or station namesto be added to the start-up screen. This can bebenificial for asset tracking and/or personalisationof the camera.

Ambient Temperature Measurement: A sensorfitted to the front of the camera measures theambient temperature of the local environment,which is then displayed on the viewing screen.

e2v thermal imaging cameras were the very firstto be supplied to the world’s fire fighters back inthe 1980s. Argus thermal imaging cameras as theyare now known, have come a long way since then,with e2v continuing to provide the most advancedTIC’s to fire and rescue personnel working to savelives and property. IFF


PROFILE

e2v supplyingrevolutionarysolutionse2v the manufacturer of Argus cameras has a long history of supplyingrevolutionary solutions to the world’s firefighting markets. Starting with thePeviconTM based Argus, e2v has since launched the Argus2 and 3 to an evermore educated customer base.

For more information aboutArgus cameras please visitour website atwww.argusdirect.com orcontact your closest Argussales office:

European regional office:Arguse2v, 106 Waterhouse LaneChelmsfordEssex CM1 2QUEnglandTel: +44 (0)1245 453443Fax: +44 (0)1245 453725Email:[email protected]

European regional office:Arguse2v, 16 BurospaceF-91 572 BievresCedexFranceTel: +33 (0)1 6019 5500Fax: +33 (0)1 6019 5529Email: [email protected]

Americas:Arguse2v, 4 Westchester PlazaElmsfordNY 10523-1482USATel: +1 (914) 592 6050 orTel: +1-800-342-5338Fax: +1 914 592 5148Email: [email protected]

Asia Pacific:Arguse2v, 11/FOnfem Tower29 Wyndham StreetCentral Hong KongTel: +852 3679 364 8/9Fax: +852 3583 1084Email: [email protected]

P. 12 e2v Profile 12/11/08 3:43 pm Page 12

+44 (0)1245 453443www.argusdirect.com

Who’s the toughest member of your crew?


NEWS

The Bac’Run® range of safety footwear fromSPERIAN PROTECTION is expanding with theintroduction of 11 new models. Combiningmodern design with improved performance interms of lightness, safety and comfort, thenew Bac’Run Free shoes will further reinforcethe leadership and success of this collectionof safety footwear that has been widelyadopted across Europe.

The new products in the Bac’Run Freecollection build on the elements that havesecured the success of the Bac’Runrange: the dual density polyurethane (PU2D) outsole with excellent grip and shockabsorption and the SpaciumTM non-metallictoe cap that resists to 200 joules, insulates againstheat and cold.

In addition, Bac’Run Free safety shoes offer 100% non-metallic protection: they feature the FlexiumTM anti-perforationmid-sole made from high-tenacity textile fibers to provide greaterflexibility and suppleness for users as they move.

In addition, thanks to a new polyurethane formula and a newinjection process, it has been possible to reduce the weight of theoutsole and shoe by more than 20% therefore preventing userfatigue brought about by frequent movement and prolongedstanding. Moreover, the slip resistance properties of the Bac’Run

Free outsole are compliant with the requirements of the newstandard EN ISO 20345: 2007 SRC.

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News P. 5, 10, 11, 14 12/11/08 3:36 pm Page 14

MUNICIPAL

Pic courtesy of Reuters

Dividers p. 15, 37, 61 12/11/08 3:44 pm Page 15

Scott IFF20 p16 7/11/08 4:02 AM Page 1


MUNICIPAL

You’re insignificant and unimportant, perhapsone of thousands almost on this coastline.It’s just as you’d wanted when you booked

the get away at the travel agent, they’d highlyrecommended it for peace and quiet. The wavesgently wash up the sandy shore and you drift lazilyand slowly off to sleep…

You rouse slightly, a child shouts somethingfrom the beech so loud that you’ve been woken.Their parents should teach them better, people arerelaxing! The child’s family close to you chatters

hurriedly. What in the blazes is all the racket aboutyou can’t help but wonder. As you bolt uprightyou hold your hand to your eyes, your vision takestime to settle from having been in the sun so longand as it does your breath escapes you. In the dis-tance is a wall of pure blue, sparkling here or therein the sun, and it seems almost to be frozen in theair. The shore line has disappeared, the sandstretching now out to the base of the floatingexpanse of water, causing an eerie quiet. Screamsfrom up and down the beach pierce the silence as

By Michael Brand

In the strugglebetween Manand Nature, Manbest plan to beprepared ISO/FDIS 20712Paradise lostThe sun beats down on you as you lay on your sun lounger in some foreignparadise. Children play on the shoreline whilst their parents chat casually withother holiday makers on the loungers next to them. You can’t understand whatthey’re saying, the beach is filled with families from across the globe all intent onrelaxing and enjoying their hard earned holiday, but that’s just fine for you as notunderstanding them makes the chatter all the easier to ignore.

P. 17-21 Tsunami 12/11/08 3:46 pm Page 17

people begin to flee up the sand banks only topause in bewilderment at the top unsure of whereto go. You continue to look on in horror as thespectacle grows in size as it nears. You wonderhow, just how, your going to survive this. Youthink, ‘I wish I was back in the office’…

Nature’s furyA Tsunami. An unimaginable display of nature’spower and one of the many increasing dangers inthese times of global climate change.

On December 26th 2004, Boxing Day, therewas an undersea earthquake at 00:58:53AM


MUNICIPAL

P. 17-21 Tsunami 12/11/08 3:46 pm Page 18

(UTC/GMT). Its epicentre was off the west coast ofSumatra, Indonesia, causing many devastatingTsunamis along the coastlines of many of thecountries bordering the Indian Ocean. The quakewas caused by subduction, two of the Earth’stectonic plates colliding and with one sliding‘under’ the other. It was the second largest earth-quake ever recorded on a seismograph measuringin at approximately 9.2 on the Richter scale.

The resulting death toll was in the hundreds ofthousands. Waves of up to 30 metres high fellagainst the resorts and beaches washing awayhundreds of properties and thousands of people. Itis estimated that 230,000+ people died as a resultof the earthquake and resultant tsunamis. Therelief effort, still continuing today, is estimated totake 5–10 years to complete and likely to be thecostliest in human history.1

Unprepared and unrelentingIn Phuket, Thailand, There was no plan for evacua-tion. There was no early warning system in placenor system to alert people once the threat hadbeen recognised. Even something as basic as asiren was found nowhere on the beaches. Uponrealising their fate people rushed away from theimpending danger but were unsure of where toproceed from there. Obviously uphill would be the first answer or failing that a person may haveknown to seek refuge in a ‘substantial building’such as a Hospital (proceeding to the third level orabove to ensure likely safety). However, a maze ofstreets and foreign language direction signs, or awall of pathless jungle woodland if you was luckyto be on holiday in a secluded resort, presented aserious hindrance to seeking safety.2

It is fair to say that had signs guiding peoplewhat to do in a tsunami emergency been in place,with routes of escape to safe buildings and landmasses high above sea level maintained andcorrectly signed, many more people could havebeen saved.

This concept has not been lost on those rebuild-ing their lives still many years on. On Pulo Breuh,an island of the tip of Indonesia, 12,000 people,half the islands population, perished in the cata-clysmic event. In the village of Ulee Paya, using agrant from the British Red Cross, the inhabitantshave made good an old “off the beaten track”road. It was used by many of the villagers duringthe tsunami to escape the floods. It has now beenprepared clearly signed in order for the villagers tohave a safe evacuation method.3

This is likely to be the case across many areasdevastated by the tsunami. But as in the case


IN THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE, MAN BEST PLAN TO BE PREPAREDMUNICIPAL

There was no early warning

system in place nor system

to alert people once the

threat had been recognised.

Even something as basic as a

siren was found nowhere

on the beaches.

P. 17-21 Tsunami 12/11/08 3:46 pm Page 19

above many signs installed will be in the locallanguage with symbols perhaps best understoodby that countries local population. But what offoreign visitors? Few people learn little if any ofthe local language when travelling abroad. Inevent of an emergency will the signs now dis-played be of use to all or only those privileged tobe able to read the language?

A World working togetherIt has long been identified by the World TourismOrganisation that the use of differing flags andsigns on beaches around the world presents adanger to the beaches international users and theuse of poorly designed signs a risk to all. In light ofthis ongoing danger and as poignantly highlightedby the tragic events of December 2004 a compre-hensive range of signs has been developed for useon beaches and other water areas as the first partof the ISO 20712 series of standards on WaterSafety.

The standard comprises the following:

Water safety signs and beach safety flags –ISO/FDIS 20712Part 1: Specifications for water safety signs used inworkplaces and public areas Part 2: Specifications for beach safety flags —Colour, shape, meaning and performance Part 3: Guidance for use

As a function of Part 1 a range of signs has beendeveloped to give direction to safety in the event ofa Tsunami occuring. Two themes of sign areavailable, evacuation to a land mass of sufficientheight above sea level or evacuation to a substantial

building able to provide refuge, with variations forthe different arrow direction possibilities.

The whole range has been tested using theprocedures of ISO 9816-1:2007 Graphical Symbols– Test Methods – Part 1 : Methods for testingcomprehensibility.

This means the signs have been produced to astandard internationally recognised as being easy

to understand and interpret, usually not requiringfurther text to explain the meaning allowing peopleof all nations to be clearly instructed in safety.4

Resting on laurelsWith the relief effort having long been underwayit can only be hoped that in areas where signshave already been purchased and displayed thatthe benefits of this new ISO are truly understoodcausing a re-purchase of the new ISO compliantsigns by those in charge of life safety.

For those areas still re-developing, again, it hasto be hoped, as with many ISO publications regard-less of circumstance, that knowledge of the


MUNICIPAL

A comprehensive range of

signs has been developed for

use on beaches and other

water areas as the first part

of the ISO 20712 series of

standards on Water Safety.

P. 17-21 Tsunami 12/11/08 3:46 pm Page 20

standards existence has reached key buyers andpurchasers. Their commitment to safety is hopefullysuch that they will want to purchase signs to aninternationally recognised standard ensuring quality.

In the particular case of the Tsunami affectedresorts and coastlines, it is important to givefurther consideration as to the possible risks suchunique emergencies can present. With ISO stan-dard signing in place can any more be done tosecure the safety of tourists and civilians alike? Aresting on laurels prior to the Tsunami meant themany locations were entirely unprepared for whenan emergency situation occurred.

Broadening the horizonsAn interesting thought is what would havehappened had the Tsunami occurred at night?Striking at approximately 10:AM GMT/UTC itwould have been a glorious sunny morning. Haveprecautions been taken against such an occur-rence? Newly installed signs would also need to bewell lit to be of any use at night. They wouldrequire connecting to an external power sourceand a system of monitoring and maintenance.What then once a wave has struck? Will thepower infrastructure be such that it will be un-affected by the Tsunamis furious strike? Unlikely.

Here, as previous, we have a potential disasterwaiting to happen but it is unlikely anything willbe done. A lack of planning and considerationwith a focus only on re-action, not pro-action,being employed. The simple use of innovativetechnology, such as photoluminescence signage,would quickly negate many of the risksmentioned. Signs conspicuous by day or night,

self-powered and can with graphics to the newISO standard.

By employing a pro-active mentality we cancontinue to truly analyse the risks involved. Letsassume it is night still with poor visibility. Our self-powered photoluminescent signs continue toilluminate the general direction for evacuation. Butstreets can look the same and errors in judgementcan be made on which routes to take. As is becom-ing increasingly popular in Britain what could beutilised is a Way Guidance System. A series of floormarkers and indicators giving confidence to the

evacuee that they are quickly reaching safety andfollowing the correct path by giving additionalinstruction. Edge markers can be used to highlightdangers on the route that by day may be highlyvisible but at night become dangerous hazardssuch as signposts (how ironic!). In our example,where power supply is a concern, this can all bedone once again with photoluminescent material.

Bright future?A re-active approach to safety is the greatestthreat to people’s lives across the world.Implementing safety to ISO standards is commend-able and demonstrates a commitment to safetybut it should not be viewed as a minimum compli-ant level guaranteeing safety. It should be lookedat as a benchmark. The many great disasters ofour time have often been due to someone havingimplemented the minimum of safety precautionsrationalising the choice as ‘it will never happen tome’. Invariably disaster ensues. Lets hope that theinception of this new ISO standard gives the manyresponsible parties for the numerous locationsacross the globe where the standard is relevant areason to consider safety further. To go beyondsimply re-acting and begin pro-acting. People’slives depend.

“No, no….we don’t need anymore life boats,this here ship is Unsinkable!”

Health & Safety manager for the Titanic…. (Maybe)5

www.means-of-escape.com

References1. www.wikipedia.org2. www.tatnews.org/tat_news/2547.asp 3. www.redcross.org.uk/standard.asp?id=850984. ISO Focus Sep 20075. Parody of following: “Your uncle here tells me youproposed 64 lifeboats and he had to pull your arm toget you down to 32. Now, I will remind you just as Ireminded him these are my ships. And, according toour contract, I have final say on the design. I’ll not haveso many little boats, as you call them, cluttering up mydecks and putting fear into my passengers.” – J. BruceIsmay, Director of the White Star Line, Operators of theTitanic

IFF


IN THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE, MAN BEST PLAN TO BE PREPAREDMUNICIPAL

The simple use of innovative

technology, such as

photoluminescence signage,

would quickly negate many

of the risks mentioned.

For further informationplease contact:Michael BrandMeans of EscapeWins House Bentalls Pipps Hill Industrial Estate Basildon Essex SS14 3BSTel: 01268 242340Fax: 01268 284046Email: [email protected]

P. 17-21 Tsunami 12/11/08 3:46 pm Page 21

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MUNICIPAL

Idecided to accept an invite sent to me someweeks ago from the offices of Alistair Brown,associate director for Angloco to the Angloco/

Airwave demonstration day. The day was to be aninformal affair with some presentations made bycompanies who Angloco represent in the UK andIreland. These presentations were to be followedby a static display of the company’s hardware andafter lunch, some live burn demonstrations. Someof the companies who Angloco represent and whowere on hand to answer any questions as well ashaving displays on the day were, Bronto Skylift,Gunzburger Steigtechnik, Rosenbauer, Specten-hauser and Dr Sthamer Hamburg.

After the morning meet and greet and themandatory refreshments, we were invited into the theatre at the Fire Service College to begin

proceedings. Bill Brown, Chairman and ManagingDirector of Angloco Limited thanked all who werein attendance which included representation fromthree industrial brigades, thirty eight fire brigadesand one airport. Thanks also went to five of thefire and rescue services Avon, Limerick, Stafford-shire, Warwickshire and West Midlands who hadloaned vehicles for the day to assist in the staticdisplays as well as the live demonstrations.

Bill then handed proceedings to his son Alistairwho introduced Angloco and gave us a bit ofhistory about the company and its core business.Interestingly, Angloco is still a family owned busi-ness. Its inception was back in 1965 and nowemploys 60 staff in a plant of over 35,000 sq feet.Turnover for 2007 was just under 13 millionpounds. Angloco are the leader in industrial

By Mark Bathard

Angloco/Airwaveconference anddemonstration day Date 9th October 2008

Venue, The Fire Service College,Moreton in Marsh

Aircraft Simulator withSthamex AFFF at 3%.Picture courtesy ofMark Bathard

P. 23-26 Angloco 12/11/08 3:47 pm Page 23

vehicles and over half of their vehicles areexported, they also have a long standing businessrelationship with the MOD. Training is also a veryimportant aspect of Angloco to the point that theyare heavily investing in 3D “blue light” driver train-ing software.

Next on the Podium was Mark Pearson whowas representing Airwave Solutions. Airwave co-sponsored the day with Angloco and provide theUK fire service with resilient communicationsystems that effectively mean that fire fighters andother emergency service responders can communi-cate in even the harshest of conditions and insome of the most inaccessible locations. Theuniqueness of Airwave and its “Firelink” solution,is that it offers a seamless communicationbetween the fire services and all other responderseven when all other networks fail thus resulting in a safer, more efficient response. The Firelinksolution should be fully operational by 2010.

We were then taken outside to a static areawhere various vehicles, pumps, ladders and foamequipment were placed on display. A technicianfrom Finnish aerial appliance manufacturer, BrontoSkylift was on hand to answer questions from thevisiting delegates. One of the highlights of the dis-play ( no pun intended) was the Bronto Combined


Static display area at the Fire Service College.Picture courtesy of Mark Bathard

P. 23-26 Angloco 12/11/08 3:47 pm Page 24

Aerial Rescue Pump (CARP) that elevated up to anastonishing twenty eight meters. A break for lunchfollowed and we were then back in the theatre fortwo more presentations.

Alistair Brown once again took the podium andintroduced the latest range in pump technologyfrom Rosenbauer. The Otter which is classed as alightweight portable pump has an air cooledmotor, low fuel consumption and insensitivity todirt. The Otter is also available as a diesel version.Another portable pump from Rosenbauer is thenew Beaver which boasts a pump output1200l/min at 6bar and only weighs 130kg includ-ing a full 20l fuel tank. The Fox is another marvelof pump design with an output of 1600l/min at10bar and is the lightest pump in its class with afour stroke engine. Alistair then went onto explainabout Rosenbauer’s CAFS systems namely PolyCAFS, Flash CAFS and Conti CAFS. Poly CAFS heexplained is for the highest effectiveness in thefirst decisive minutes and completely independentof external drives or power of any type. FlashCAFS are a tailor made system for specific extin-guishing agent rates at the highest possible outputrates. Conti CAFS is a continuous foam releasewith different expansion rates possible at severalnozzles simultaneously.

The last presentation before we were invited togo to the Fire Service College’s training ground forthe live burn demonstrations was chaired by Jan

Knappert who is the International Sales Directorfor Dr Sthamer Hamburg. Jan explained about thedifferent foams types, and how and when best touse them. Class A foams which are used to fightthree dimensional fires offer rapid flame knock-down and because of its sticky nature, coats thefuel source with a blanket of bubbles. A goodscenario for Class A foams would be a tyre fire andas Jan pointed out, this would be demonstratedlater on the fire ground. AFFF foams are used tofight class B hydrocarbon based liquid fuel fires(diesel,crude oil Av Gas etc). Jan explained thatthis foam gives rapid flame knockdown by devel-oping an aqueous film on top of the liquid surfaceand so preventing, the vapours from re igniting.AR/AFFF (Alcohol Resistant) foams are ideallysuited to tackle class B polar solvent liquid basedfires such as ethanol, biodiesel and MTBE. Thisfoam as Jan explained, develops a polymer film ontop of the liquid fuel surface preventing reignition


ANGLOCO/AIRWAVE CONFERENCE AND DEMONSTRATION DAYMUNICIPAL

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P. 23-26 Angloco 12/11/08 3:47 pm Page 25

and protecting the bubbles from being absorbedby the alcohol.

Two more foams that Dr Sthamer know a lot about include fluorine free alcohol resistantfoam. This is an environmentally benign product tofight class B hydrocarbon fires and polar solventbased liquid fires. Dr Sthamer have investedheavily in the development of fluorine free foamsand are considered experts in this field. Finally, Hi-Ex High expansion foams are ideally suited forenclosed large scale class A fire types such asaircraft hangars, warehouses and ships enginerooms.

Now the time had come that everyone hadbeen waiting for which was the visit to the fireground. We all donned high visibility jackets andwalked the short distance to the live burn areawhere we were given a brief by one of the FireService College instructors as to what was goingto be demonstrated. First up was a pan fire with asolution of E85 ethanol which was lit and left toburn for a few minutes. To demonstrate that AFFFfoams are not effective on Alcohols or PolarSolvents Dr Sthamer Sthamex AFFF1% was usedto attempt to extinguish the fire but without anyeffect, during the demonstration, Jan Knappertexplained that he knew this would not work untila solution of Dr Sthamer’s new Fluorine Free Alco-hol Resistant Moussol FF 3x6 was used and within90 seconds the pan fire was out. The seconddemonstration also consisted of a pan fire but thistime with a solution of diesel. Dr Sthamer SthamexAFFF1% was again used for this scenario and Ipersonally counted 30 seconds and the fire was

out. The next demonstration involved a small pileof tyres which were lit and left to burn for about 2minutes. When they were fully involved, DrSthamer Sthamex AFFF 3% was supplied from a35 litre Rosenbauer Poly CAFS trolley unit to extin-guish the fire. The backdrop of the area where thedemonstrations were taking place was an aircraftsimulator which the instructors, armed with theirnozzles, painted the fuselage with the remainingfoam so the delegates could see how sticky thefoam was in preventing re-ignition.

The next demonstration involved a car being setalight and the use of a Rosenbauer UHPS (UltraHigh Pressure System) with Sthamex AFFF3%foam. Again, the fully involved fire was success-fully extinguished in little time and with only asmall amount of foam and water being used.

The “piece de resistance” were two stacks ofstraw bales each separated by about 1 meter. Onestack was coated in Dr Sthamer Sthamex Class AFoam whilst the other was set alight. Being a fairlyblustery day, the idea was to prove that the effectof the “adhesion” of Sthamer foam would preventthe stack with the foam on, from igniting. Thewind blew the flames from the involved stack ontothe other stack of straw with the foam coating.After about 5 minutes you would of had to ofbeen looking through a microscope to detect anyscorching on the bales with the foam coating.

All companies and visitors who attended theFire Service College on this thoroughly enjoyableand informative day would like to extend theirthanks to the college for their hospitality and theuse of their facilities. IFF


Stack of straw bales. Thestack on the right iscoated with Sthamexclass A foam andremains intact. Picturecourtesy of MarkBathard

ANGLOCO/AIRWAVE CONFERENCE AND DEMONSTRATION DAYMUNICIPAL

For more information aboutany of the companies or toarrange anotherdemonstration pleasecontact:Alistair BrownAngloco LimitedStation RoadBatleyWest Yorkshire WF17 5TAEnglandTel: +44 1924 441212Fax: +44 1924 233896 Email:[email protected] Website: www.angloco.co.uk

P. 23-26 Angloco 12/11/08 3:47 pm Page 26

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MUNICIPAL

Heat stress refers to the combination ofenvironmental conditions, metabolic ratefrom activities we do and clothing that we

wear, which will increase our core temperature.Our body tries to achieve a balance between heatgain and heat loss, but it is when this balance iscompromised that the body is unable to functionat its optimal level, writes Jeffery Petersen.

The major source of heat gain is the internalheat generated through activity the body under-takes. Of the energy expended during this activity,only about 25 per cent is translated to mechanicalwork, the remainder being released as heat in thecontracting muscle. The harder the human bodyhas to work during a particular activity, the moreinternal heat is generated.

The major avenue for heat loss is evaporativecooling through evaporation of sweat from theskin’s surface. When heat balance is compromised,the body will try to direct the heat away from thecore by increasing blood flow to the skin. At theskin surface, water secreted from sweat glandsabsorbs heat from the skin, changes from a liquidto a vapor and is carried off by the surrounding air.Because the heat of evaporation is quite high,small amounts of sweat remove relatively largeamounts of heat.

It is well known in the Fire Service the worldover, therefore, that to maintain normal body func-tion; fluid must be replaced as soon as possible.

It is also well known that by the time somebodyexperiences thirst, they are probably alreadydehydrated and potential functional capacity will

already be significantly reduced.The rate at which people sweat is determined

by three main factors – state of acclimation(acclimatization); aerobic fitness; and genetics.

Acclimation is a physiological adaptation thatthe human body makes with repeated exposuresto heat stress during exercise; it increases our rateof sweat production, shortens the time it takes for sweating response to start and conservessodium.

Some of the best-acclimated firefighters arebreathing apparatus training officers because ofthe repeated exposures during hot fire training.Regular and sustained aerobic exercise can elicit asimilar response.

Firefighters who maintain an adequate level of

fitness will have a reduced cardio-vascular strainand lower core temperature for the same level ofheat stress. Fit firefighters also tend to havereduced levels of body fat, which means that theydo not have to carry around extra (non-functional)weight, therefore requiring less energy to do thesame job. Body fat is a very good insulator, whichmeans that increased levels of body fat willcompromise the body’s ability to lose heat.

It does not matter how hydrated, how accli-mated or how fit a person is – if the sweat cannot evaporate, then thermo-regulation will becompromised.

It is therefore essential that firefighters areaware of the signs and symptoms of heat stress sothat it can be identified early and the appropriatemeasures taken.

By Jeffery W Petersen

Heat StressIgnore the signs at your peril

The warning signs of heat stress are still not recognized or are beingignored by many firefighters. Jeffery Petersen provides a checklist ofphysical symptoms and gives new data showing that the mental effectscan be equally dangerous.

It does not matter how hydrated, how acclimated

or how fit a person is – if the sweat cannot

evaporate, then thermo-regulation will be

compromised. It is therefore essential that

firefighters are aware of the signs and symptoms

of heat stress so that it can be identified early and

the appropriate measures taken.

P. 29-31 Heat Stress 12/11/08 3:48 pm Page 29

At the first sign of any of these symptoms theOfficer in Charge should be notified and appro-priate action taken, including work/rest cyclesinstituted; keep cool and avoid radiant heat; drinksmall amounts of appropriate fluids; avoid coffee,tea and alcoholic beverages; use cooling devicessuch as water spray bottles, damp towels andfans. Ice packs are not recommended.

Although technology and training have played asignificant role in reducing the number of deathsand injuries from heat strain, it is a danger thatfirefighters continue to face.

The physical effects of heat strain have beenwell documented. However, recent research showsthat there is a further deleterious effect on themental state of people suffering from heat strain,which is equally dangerous.

Heat strain has a direct effect on a firefighter’smental agility and his or her ability to makedecisions. The mental symptoms are not as readily

identifiable in the heat of a large fire, but theconsequences can be fatal. Research in this areahas been led by the interest in reducing air forcepilot error. Researchers found that the decision-making process is significantly hampered by theincreased heat strain, with known consequencesbeing decrement in mental performance, vigilanceand eye/hand co-ordination.

Highly motivated heat stressed subjects exhibita higher error rate, a narrowed attention spanwith neglect of secondary tasks and a diminishedresponse to unusual events. The potential forinjury to the individual and to those under his orher command is therefore much higher.

Stress limits for workers exposed to adversethermal conditions have recently been challenged.Rather than basing exposure limits on a physio-logical criterion – i.e. increase in body temperature– it is suggested that changes in behavioral per-formance efficiency are a more sensitive reflectionof human response to heat.

Reducing the risk of heat strain will also reducethe incidence of cardiac strain. In the UnitedStates, approximately 50 firefighters die each yearas a result of cardiac arrest. Improved technologyto reduce the risk of heat strain could have apositive impact upon these mortality rates.

From general research and specific researchundertaken at W. I. Gore and Associates (manu-facturer of GoreTex waterproof and breathablefabric), we know that the inclusion of a breathablemoisture barrier in a firefighter’s ensemble canmake a significant impact on reducing risk fromheat stress to a firefighter carrying out moderateto light duties – i.e. 80 per cent of the normalworkload.

Current technology is such that in the realextremes of temperature experienced whenfighting a fire in an enclosed space, it is almostimpossible to remove the build-up of heat fromthe body inside the protective clothing and, at


MUNICIPAL

The physical effects of

heat strain have been

well documented.

However, recent

research shows that

there is a further

deleterious effect on the

mental state of people

suffering from heat

strain, which is equally

dangerous.

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MONOPOD

Paratech’s Bipod Conversion Kit and Monopod Pulley Kit are designedfor use in various lifting and moving applications. Both can be utilizedfor high angle, cliff overhangs, grain elevators, confined space, trenchrescue, elevator shaft, mine and open pit rescues. Contact us today tosee how we can help your technical rescue efforts.

1-815-469-3911, +45-6611-2422 or www.paratech.us

RESCUE SUPPORT SYSTEMS


the same time, protect thoroughly from theoutside.

For most of the work undertaken by firefighters,a moisture barrier will have a distinct effect,allowing them to work for longer without a rest,lowering the increase in body temperature andreducing the risk of errors through poorer mentalperformance. New research is currently aimed atcreating up to date clothing technology that will offer these benefits in the most extremetemperatures. IFF


HEAT STRESS

Jeffery Petersen is an Australian freelance writer and aformer 8-year veteran firefighter now living in Indiana,USA

Heat CrampsSymptoms: Painful muscle cramps, especiallyin abdominal or fatigued muscles

Signs: Incapacitating pain in voluntary muscles

First Aid: Rest in cold environment; drinksalted water (0.5 per cent salt solution);massage muscles

Heat SyncopeSymptoms: Blurred vision (gray-out); fainting(brief)

Signs: Brief fainting or near fainting behavior;normal behavior

First Aid: Lie on back in cool environment;drink water

DehydrationSymptoms: No early symptoms;fatigue/weakness; dry mouth

Signs: Loss of work capacity; increasedresponse time

First Aid: Fluid and salt replacement

Heat ExhaustionSymptoms: No early symptoms:fatigue/weakness

Signs: High pulse rate; profuse sweating; lowblood pressure; increased gait; pale face; bodytemperature normal to slightly increased

First Aid: Lay down flat on back in coolenvironment; drink water; loosen/removeclothing

Heat StrokeSymptoms: Chills; restless; irritable

Signs: Red face; euphoria; shivering;disorientation; erratic behavior; collapse;unconsciousness; convulsions; bodytemperature more than or equal to 104° Fahrenheit (40° Celsius)

First Aid: Immediate; aggressive; effectivecooling; transport to hospital

Please visit our website for full details of all

product and services or contact us directly.

Bristol Uniforms Ltd,

Bristol, United Kingdom. BS16 5LL

Telephone +44 (0) 117 956 3101

[email protected]

www.bristoluniforms.com


www.draeger.com

Safety requires real-time information and monitoring. The Dräger Bodyguard® 7000 electronic unit is a key element of the Dräger PSS® 7000 personal safety system. It combines innovative ergonomicdesign with advanced monitoring and warning features.

Dräger Bodyguard® 7000: safety in the palm of your hand.

Interested? Take a look at the innovative system solutions of Dräger under www.draeger.com

Working together for your safety.

Ad_template_00_PSS_7000_DINA4_.qxd:Ad_PSS_7000_DINA4 08.05.2008 13:24 Uhr Seite 7


MUNICIPAL

By working closely with its customers andunderstanding the complexities of hundreds ofvery different applications, Draeger has been

able to develop products that not only meet theneeds of today’s users but which can be furtherenhanced to meet the needs of the future.

Innovative in design, Draeger’s revolutionary,complete system solution for firefighters is a primeexample of how firefighting equipment can bedesigned to meet future needs. Combining modu-larity with state-of-the-art technology to bring acompletely new dimension to personal protectiveequipment, it incorporates the latest in compressedair breathing apparatus, full face masks, head-up-displays, quick-cylinder connection, electronicmonitoring as well as customised training. For max-imum operational benefit, the system can be puttogether as a series of mix-and-match componentsto meet different operational requirements.

Required to work in the worst possible environ-ments, firefighters know that although the condi-tions may be unexpected and uncontrolled, the risks

to their own personal safety can be significantlyreduced through effective training and safety pre-paredness. Wherever the threat occurs and whateverform it may take, if firefighters are trained to dealwith the unexpected and have the right equipmentto help them to overcome the hazards they mayface, their safety can be significantly improved.

The new Draeger PSS 7000 Breathing Appara-tus, for instance, can be used with the newDraeger FPS 7000 Full Face Mask and the newBodyguard 7000 Electronic Monitoring Unit tobring a pioneering, total solution that offers maxi-mum protection. It can also be used with theadvanced PSS Merlin entry control system and FPSCom, a new fully integrated speech radio withvoice amplification option.

Breaking new ground in terms of design, theDraeger PSS 7000 combines a wide range offeatures to maximise comfort and minimise bothstress and fatigue. The new harness, for example,features advanced compression moulded com-fortable padding that combines high temperature

Draeger Safety,An in depth lookFocusing on firefighters withtechnology for lifeAs manufacturers of a wide range of respiratory protection and gas detectionsystems for use in firefighting and industrial applications, Draeger prides itself onhaving innovation as its theme.

P. 33-36 Draeger Profile 12/11/08 3:48 pm Page 33

performance with exceptional wear resistance. Ahigh grip, anti-slip surface ensures that the harnessstays in position and the set remains secure on thebody, whilst a quick release mechanism on both thewaistbelt and shoulder harness allows quick andeasy detachment for easy cleaning and maintenance.

The Bodyguard 7000 is a sophisticated electronicmonitoring unit boasting advanced technology aswell as an ergonomic design. Providing continuousmonitoring of the operational status of both thefirefighter and the BA, it improves firefighter safetyas well as comfort and performance. Utilisingsimple, user-friendly push button controls to pro-vide fast access to essential information, the gaugeincorporates an improved visibility LCD display thatprovides accurate and continuously updated data inan easy to read format. This includes the time-to-whistle display which is a dynamic calculationbased on current air consumption, digital pressurereading in bar, and a simulated analogue gauge.With integrated ADSU and manual distress alarm, italso performs automatic self tests and system testsand emits both visual and acoustic alarms. For max-imum flexibility, it is also offered with a choice ofoperating modes: Tally and Automatic.

Accurate and fast, the Draeger PSS Merlin incor-porates an entry control board, the Bodyguard7000 and a portable radio unit attached to thefirefighter’s BA set. Using radio technology tocontinuously transmit and receive data from up to12 individual firefighters (on each control board)simultaneously, this self-contained, state-of-the-artelectronic system is able to remotely monitor theirexact status and safety from outside the incident.As a result, and unlike traditional manual or semi-manual systems, the PSS Merlin provides EntryControl Officers with a continuously updatedsupply of vital information, thereby enabling themto react immediately in an emergency.

Benefiting from Draeger’s extensive knowledgeand experience in the design and manufacture of

ergonomic, comfortable and high performancebreathing apparatus, this comprehensive SystemSolution also boasts Draeger’s advanced pneumat-ics as well as its proven modular capabilities. Theeffortless assembly and disassembly of all majorcomponents means that not only can the system beconfigured rapidly, but easy care and maintenancewill guarantee quick turnaround times in the work-shop and, as a result, ensure that every part of thesystem is always ready for use.

Further improving visibility in poor conditions,the new FPS 7000 Head-Up-Display can also belinked into the system, as can the fast, efficientCylinder Quick-Connect option. Training, which canbe customised to meet exact needs, can then beadded as a further component in the fight to keepfirefighters safe.

Offering a further opportunity to enhance thesystem to meet specific needs, the innovativeDraeger UCF Thermal Imaging Cameras are suitablefor use in the harshest operating environments.Using the very latest sensor technology to ensuresharp, detailed, high-contrast thermal images anddirect temperature readings, it has been specificallydesigned to meet fire industry requirements.


DRAEGER SAFETY, AN IN DEPTH LOOKMUNICIPAL


Plastisol IFF19 p79 15/8/08 2:54 PM Page 1

Combining excellent build quality with outstandingperformance, these small, lightweight, robust cam-eras have also been ergonomically designed toensure easy handling.

Together with cooling vests, chemical protectivesuits, helmets and a wide range of gas detectionsystems, these firefighting essentials mean thatDraeger can provide a wide range of firefightingequipment to suit just about every firefighting need.

Technology for lifeFounded in 1899 and employing over 350 peoplein the UK, Draeger believes that innovative forwardthinking and a strong customer focus are central toits success. These core principles allow the com-pany to remain faithful to its values, respond to therequirements of the market and meet customerneeds for protection and safety.

Offering unique solutions from the developmentof the first carbonic acid pressure reducing valve byHeinrich Dräger in 1899, to the DraegerMan PSSrange of Compressed Air Breathing Apparatusaround 100 years later, Draeger has never lost sightof the need to meet customer requirements. Thedevelopment of the revolutionary DraegerMan PSSMerlin Telemetry system which allows up to 12firefighters to be monitored from outside anincident bears testimony to that, as does the latestrange of innovative Draeger X-am personal gasdetection instruments which are as small as amobile phone.

The Draeger philosophy of Technology For Lifehas ensured that the company never loses sight ofits goal – creative design, high quality performanceand practicality in use.

Every year, Draeger invests around five percent

of its sales revenue on researchand development. In addition,the sophisticated in-houseresearch department continuallyworks with different engineer-ing and scientific disciplines in avariety of national and inter-national projects. Technologyscouting and joint studies withscientific institutions also ensurethe ongoing identification andmonitoring of relevant fields oftechnology.

This international approachhas also led to the developmentof more and more productsthat are specifically designedwith the user in mind. Forinstance, extensive work studieswith the Rotterdam Fire Brigadeled to improvements in theergonomics of compressed airbreathing apparatus whilst bothon and offshore gas detectionsystems have been significantlyenhanced by studying customerfeedback.

Providing a comprehensiveselection of products andsystems solutions for everyconceivable customer require-ment, each of the Draegerproducts combine ergonomicsand wearer comfort with usersafety and a modern, practicaldesign. They are also designedto be cost effective, durable

and easy to use. Whether protecting against dusts, gases and

vapours, chemical attack and other atmospheresthat may be hazardous to health or where life can-not be sustained, the Draeger range has somethingfor everyone.

In 1930, for instance, Auguste Piccard was thefirst person to fly into the stratosphere in a lightmetal balloon using Draeger apparatus andDraeger oxygen equipment was used by SirEdmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay when theybecame the first people to conquer Mount Everest.Marine researcher Jacques Cousteau has also reliedon innovative Draeger technology back in the1950’s.

Today, Draeger systems can be found in a widerange of industries from construction, firefightingand freight through to mining, oil and gas, petro-chemicals, process control and water and wastetreatment – wherever, in fact, a potentially airbornehazard may exist.

Fully supported with the Draeger Total Care pro-gramme which combines cost efficiency with easeof mind, the range includes half-mask and full-facemasks, powered air purifying respirators, com-pressed air breathing apparatus, personal escapesystems, electronic monitoring units and telemetrysystems. Portable gas detection instruments, fixedgas detection systems and chemical protection suitsare also included, as are alcohol breath test systemsand diving apparatus. IFF


DRAEGER SAFETY, AN IN DEPTH LOOKMUNICIPAL

Further information isavailable from:Paul HarveyDraeger UK LimitedUllswater CloseBlyth Riverside Business ParkBlythNorthumberland NE24 4RG Tel: 01670 352891 Fax: 01670 356266


INDUSTRIAL

Pic courtesy of Reuters


833t SkumPort FPB_0608.indd 1 24/6/08 15:22:05


INDUSTRIAL

If a storage tank fire breaks out, the site operatorreally has a choice; he can adopt a controlledburn strategy, or the blaze can be tackled. In reality though, the controlled burn approach

is an option only when: firewater run-off wouldcause significant pollution to sensitive environmen-tal receptors, such as surface and groundwaterextraction areas; the site is remote from popula-tion centres or a controlled burn is the bestsolution for air quality; when the site is notcapable of containing the required quantities offirefighting water and foam; or when there is asignificant risk to firefighter safety. It is certainlynot an option when: smoke plumes could be a riskto public health, or large areas may require

evacuation; there is a significant risk of the fireescalating; or when the burn-out strategy mayrequire major transport routes to be closed, withits own attendant risks.

In most cases, of course, allowing a storagetank fire to burn out is simply unacceptable onenvironmental pollution grounds. When thestrategy is adopted, it is often not so much a pre-determined management decision; invariably, it isthe result of not having the essential firefightingmeasures in place and there being no otherchoice. Indeed, it could be argued that somestorage tank fires have been a combination ofboth strategies. Take, for example, the Buncefieldstorage tank fire in the UK. While it was eventually

By Thierry Moinet

EMEA BusinessDevelopment ManagerFoam & Hardware, Tyco Fire Suppression &Building Products

Storage TankFire Protection– Leave NothingTo ChanceThere is no disputing that fire safety is a major concern throughout thepetrochemicals industry. However, no matter how much effort goes intopreventing storage tank fires, they do occur and, when they do, it is best ifnothing has been left to chance. Thierry Moinet, EMEA Business DevelopmentManager Foam & Hardware at Tyco Fire Suppression & Building Products,explains.

P. 39-44 Storage Tank 12/11/08 3:49 pm Page 39

extinguished, it undoubtedly burnt for longer thanit would have had effective firefighting measuresand safety protocols either been in place orproperly implemented.

Interestingly, the final report of the BuncefieldStandards Task Group entitled Safety and Environ-mental Standards for Fuel Storage Sites, containsadvice that all of us with a part to play in thepetrochemicals fire safety should heed. Thisincludes determining the amount of foam concen-trate and water that will be necessary to fight theworst-case scenario – and the key term here is“worst-case” – which should surely mean a con-flagration that engulfs the entire site. Interestingly,the report also stresses the importance of assess-ing whether the necessary foam stocks are avail-able on site and, if not, how quickly these stockscan be brought to the site and by whom; in partic-ular, what arrangements have been made withfoam manufacturers and/or neighbouring sites.

At Buncefield, the foam stocks on site werewholly inadequate, and it was only through theherculean efforts of organisations such as JOIFF(Joint Oil & Industry Fire Forum) and its membercompanies that the essential foam concentratesand hardware was hastily brought to bear. Inresponse Tyco, for example, implemented a policyof strategically locating stocks of foam concen-

trate that are sufficient to meet any eventuality;ensure fast response, continuity of supply, techni-cal support, engineering know-how, manu-facturing resources and industry expertise. Thesiting of these stocks is under constant review andthey are relocated as and when it is necessary toreflect local supply and availability conditions, and customers’ updated risk assessments andcontingency plans for each site.

Foam stocks & fast responseThe effectiveness of this solution to ensuring that,as the Buncefield report puts it: “…the necessaryfoam stocks are available on site” by one means oranother is illustrated by the events surrounding therecent storage tank fire at the Harouge OilOperation petrochemical and refining complex atthe Ras Lanuf Terminal in Libya.

The Harouge Oil Operation is a joint venturebetween the National Oil Corporation of Libya(NOC) and Petro-Canada, Canada’s fourth largestoil producer and refiner. In August of this year,during routine maintenance, a fire broke out in a450,000 barrel oil-storage tank; one of 13 oilstorage tanks on the site with a total capacity of6.5 million barrels.

To ensure that an adequate stock of foamconcentrate was available on site to meet any


STORAGE TANK FIRE PROTECTION – LEAVE NOTHING TO CHANCEINDUSTRIAL


TFT IFF20 p41 7/11/08 4:23 AM Page 1

eventuality that might develop, Calgary-basedPetro-Canada immediately sought help from OSRL(Oil Spill Response Limited) in Southampton. Witha brief to source 200,000 litres of foam concen-trate and arrange its urgent delivery to the RasLanuf Terminal, OSRL contacted every major foamsupplier in the UK and mainland Europe anddiscovered that Tyco – thanks to its strategically

located stocks – was the only one with the capa-bility to immediately meet the demand. That sameafternoon, talking to Kelvin Hardingham, Euro-pean, Middle East, Africa, India and RussiaManager for Williams Fire and Hazard ControlInc®, OSRL learned that three years previously – atthe request of the Harouge Oil Operation’s firechief – he had produced an outline report settingout recommendations for the site’s foam stock

requirement in the event of a fire.The Williams/Tyco team put into action an

emergency response package that, in addition toensuring adequate foam stocks on the ground,resulted in considerable savings in the airfreightcosts and simplified on-site logistics. This requiredfoam concentrate to be express supplied from theTyco emergency response stocks in Spain and the

Netherlands, despite it being a national holidayperiod in Spain and a weekend in Libya.

The original request, channelled through OSRL,was for 200,000 litres of 3% foam concentrate.However, the Williams/Tyco solution was for anequivalent quantity – 80,000 litres – of its 1%THUNDERSTORM® ATC (Alcohol Type Concen-trate) 1x3 AFFF foam concentrate that wasdeveloped jointly by ANSUL® and Williams Fire


INDUSTRIAL

The Harouge Oil Operation is a joint venture

between the National Oil Corporation of Libya

[NOC] and Petro-Canada, Canada’s fourth largest

oil producer and refiner.


and Hazard Control. THUNDERSTORM is threetimes as concentrated as regular 3% foam; it usesnew and proprietary technology, it is specificallydesigned to fight fires in oil refineries, and is for-mulated to ensure the fastest, most reliable andsafest extinguishing of a fire.

By the end of the same day, 40,000 litres wereready for despatch from the Madrid emergencystocks and 40,000 litres from Enschede in Holland,and were air freighted the following morning onthe next available flights. The original plan was touse Vatry airport in northeast France and MadridInternational, however the tragic Spainair accidenta few days earlier made this impossible and theSpanish load was diverted to Malaga airport. Evenso, the required amount of foam concentratearrived in Libya within 24 hours of Williams andTyco being alerted.

This is by no means the first time that the readyavailability of strategically located emergencystocks of foam concentrate has averted a potentialdisaster within the petrochemicals industry. Shortlyafter the emergency stockholding policy had beenimplemented, one of BP’s huge petrochemicalstorage tanks at the Port of Amsterdam terminal inthe Netherlands threatened to erupt into flames.The first consignment of foam was on site withinjust three hours of the emergency being declaredby BP.

Integrated solutionsFixed foam systems are undeniably the bestmethod of protection for storage tanks becausethey do not demand the hasty marshalling ofemergency equipment and manpower. Much hasbeen written on the various techniques sinceSKUM™ developed the first reliable storage tankfire protection solution almost 60 years ago. Today,SKUM brand systems are available for cone roofand fixed roof tanks, open-top floating roof tanks,covered floating roof tanks, and horizontal tanks.

However, storage tank fires – again, Buncefieldis a typical example – invariably start with anexplosion that may seriously damage the tankstructure and nullify the effectiveness of foamgenerators used in fixed or “over-the-top”systems. This has led to the more widespread useof the less vulnerable sub-surface injection andsemi-subsurface injection systems for applicationswhere there is sufficient water pressure availablefor their use.

In sub-surface systems, foam is introduced closeto the bottom of a tank through a separate foam line and then floats to the surface to spreadand extinguish the fire. However, this technique is not used on gasoline blends that contain alcohol or other polar solvent additives asoxygenates, as polar solvents destroy the foam,even where alcohol-resistant concentrates are




used. Sub-surface injection also cannot be used oncone roof tanks with internal floaters, inaccordance with NFPA (National Fire ProtectionAssociation) 11 (Standard for Low, Medium andHigh-expansion Foams). The semi-subsurfaceinjection technique overcomes this problem. It canbe used for all types of fuel and has all of thebenefits of sub-surface injection. This techniqueuses a flexible hose that is filled with foam underpressure. When the system is activated, the hosefloats from the bottom of the tank to deliver thefoam to the surface.

Fixed monitors are now available with deliverycapabilities that span from 1,000 litres-a-minuteup to more than 20,000 litres-a-minute and haveshown to be a cost effective method of protectingrelatively small storage tanks and associated spillor ground fires. Also, the availability of remotely-operated monitors with electrical or hydraulic con-trol systems and exceptional throw performanceare now enabling firefighters to remain at a safedistance from the blaze (Distance is safety). Thishas resulted in monitors being used successfully toextinguish fires in larger diameter tanks, usinghigh-flow devices and large diameter fire hoses.

Horizontal storage tanks have been known torupture following an explosion, so it is vital toensure that the bund area is adequately protected.Even for larger bund areas in major tank farms,fixed low or medium-expansion generators can be

used to create an effective foam blanket, with anyremaining fuel in the tank being protected using amonitor. Monitors can be used to protect thebund area, but this leads to much higher foamconsumption, and the recommendation is for atleast two monitors to protect larger bunds toensure complete coverage and the effectiveness ofthe equipment in all wind conditions.

Turning to the Buncefield report once again, itreinforces the importance of determining the winddirection because the monitors should be placedto allow the wind to carry the foam to the fire,and changes in wind direction will have to beaccommodated in the plan. The report alsostresses the need to decide how many and whatsize monitors are necessary; an assessment thatobviously needs to take into account the area atrisk and the application rates required to secureand extinguish this risk.

Finally, the 118-page report has a word ofcaution about the need to ensure compatibilitywhen hardware is brought from a variety ofsources, which surely underpins the wisdom ofsourcing the foam firefighting agent and deliverysystem from one supplier. This is an argument long expounded by Tyco that, in addition toTHUNDERSTORM, offers an array of brand foamconcentrates, SKUM brand foam delivery systems,fixed foam generators and fixed and portablemonitors. IFF




Fire Fighting Foams & Equipment

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www.fomtec.com

omtect

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Dafo Fomtec 3/5/06 14:51 Page 1

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INDUSTRIAL

But although it is an inherently dangerous job,what is not so well appreciated is the mun-dane fact that 70% of reportable injuries to

firemen arise as a result of the mundane-soundingactivities such as lifting or carrying, or slipping. Toget into these statistics, an accident usually has tobe serious, so one can only imagine whatadditional plethora of minor scratches and bruisesand pinched fingers may occur every year asfirefighters go about their daily business.

Analysing all the causes of these injuries is alifetime’s work – in some cases maybe the fireman

should have just been more careful, but in manyothers it may genuinely be the case that every dayequipment is badly designed or laid out, and nosingle piece of equipment is more important thanthe fire truck. It is the means of transporting thefire fighter and all of his or her equipment to thefire scene, and once there the firefighter needs tobe able access the life saving tools of the tradewithout being injured in the process.

Surprisingly the safety inherently designed intofire trucks and their locker compartments can varyenormously form territory to territory. Increasingly

By Alec Don

GSF Slides Limited [email protected]

Safer by DesignWe all hope that we shall never have to call out the fire brigade to save our livesand property, and it is perhaps only when we do that we can really appreciatethe bravery of our firefighters as they enter the building we may have just beenglad to escape.

Increasingly a lot of attention is now being given to

improving the locker designs, both to reduce the

risk of injury and to increase operational

effectiveness, and much of this is to do with

the choice of components.

P. 47-50 Safer by Design 12/11/08 3:50 pm Page 47

a lot of attention is now being given to improvingthe locker designs, both to reduce the risk of injury and to increase operational effectiveness,and much of this is to do with the choice ofcomponents. For example drawer carrying toomuch weight relative to the strength or specifica-tion of the drawer components can pose anumber of injury risks:● The drawer opens with excessive momentum

and, because the ballbearing slide carrying thedrawer is the wrong type, the drawer smashesthrough the end stops causing serious injury tothe operator

● The slide mechanism simply breaks, forexample as the load (eg a portable pump) isdropped back onto the drawer, again with therisk of serious injury to the operator

● Even if there is no risk of the drawer and itsslide mechanism failing, an overloaded drawerslide can require too much force to open orclose, and this may cause back injuries andother strains.

● It can also be the case that placing too muchequipment on one drawer can make a particu-lar piece of equipment hard to find and access.The problem of overloading of drawers is of

course best addressed by very careful pre-planningby the fire department of exactly which pieces ofequipment go into which lockers and onto whichdrawers, and commensurately increasing thenumber of drawers to ensure that every piece ofequipment is rapidly and safely accessible. This hasthe added benefit that after attending a fireemergency, it is easy for the crew to put theequipment back on the vehicle and check thatnothing has been forgotten or lost.

The use of cold drawn steel (as opposed to coldrolled) with both principal and reinforcing bearingsenables fire truck builders to standardise on astrong and cost effective slide component forwhatever drawer function is envisaged, based onvery high resistance to damage from shock andvibration, and end-stops and beam profiles that donot fail when exposed to arduous conditions overthe life of the vehicle.

By standardising on a stronger slide the vehiclebuilder can work with the fire departmentcustomer on a new or non-standard drawer designwith the certain knowledge that the componentswill be fully fit for purpose, reducing the engineer-ing time taken to tailor a compartment design

without the usual costs of bespoke manufacture,as well as specifying components that match thelife of the vehicle.

Stronger and better slides are however only onepart of the picture. Inappropriate locking mecha-nism design will cause fire operators to put theirhands near moving components posing a substan-tial risk of pinching and other similar injuries. Ifsuch latches are also mounted at the edge of adrawer then the operator may not have bothhands in a position to control the movement ofthe drawer – many drawers are located at headheight, and some of these latch designs are usedin conjunction with unguarded angle-iron increas-ing the risk of injury as well as the potentialseriousness of the injury.

These are all risks that can and should bedesigned out of the vehicle. Probably the safestdesign entails fitting the drawers with a doublefront drawer handle with a central unlockingplunger. The locking mechanism is designed tointeract with modular glass reinforced plastic slide

and tilt mounting brackets, to deliver a number ofkey advantages in safe locker design:● The operator has good and positive control of

the movement of the drawer, with no risk ofdamage to fingers from loads inside the drawerthat could slide forward as the drawer isopened and tipped down.

● The handles are glove safe, and hands are keptwell away from moving components and pinchrisks.

● The drawer self locks as it is pushed closed.The use of these modular components to create

slide out drawers and slide out and tip downdrawers has been accompanied by the increasinguse of high quality positive lock and friction locktool mounts inside the drawers and storagecompartments. These enable tools and other vitalequipment to be held securely and remain undam-aged as the vehicle travels to the emergencyscene, and once there crews that have beentrained on the location of every tool on the vehiclecan swing quickly and efficiently into action.

Paul Beard, Fleet Manager at Avon Fire andrescue Service told us:

“Over the past few years we have got muchmore involved in pre-planning the layout of thelockers on our fire trucks, and there have beenundoubted benefits for us both in terms of reduc-ing our injury rates, but also in terms of improving


SAFER BY DESIGNINDUSTRIAL

The use of cold drawn steel (as opposed to cold rolled)

with both principal and reinforcing bearings enables fire

truck builders to standardise on a strong and cost

effective slide component for whatever drawer function

is envisaged, based on very high resistance to damage

from shock and vibration, and end-stops and beam

profiles that do not fail when exposed to arduous

conditions over the life of the vehicle.


In some things we always stay a length ahead.

Bad news for „shorties“: Length is still decisive. Particularly during operation, centimeters do make a major difference! As in the case of our DLK 23-12 GL or GL-T: Articulated arm or ar ticulated arm with telescope not only yield a tremendous additional performance but also allow the cage to be set down on the ground in front of the cab – allowing you to enter the cage or to take a stretcher on board.More about the decisive length ahead: www.iveco-magirus.net

Iveco MagIrus Brandschutztechnik gmbH Graf-Arco-Strasse 30 • D-89079 UlmFax +49 (0) 731/408-24 10 www.iveco-magirus.net • [email protected]

our overall fire-fighting capability.Our suppliers have done a fantastic job in terms

of helping us to specify better and safer drawersystems”

Fire departments in other territories such as theUSA, India and South Africa are increasingly look-ing outside their home territories for good designideas and components wherever they may befound. Michael Wilbur of the New York FireDepartment and one of the USA’s leading trainerson safe vehicle driving techniques told us

“We have a lot of diversity in the physical sizeand strength of individual fire fighters, particularlywith growing numbers of females joining depart-ments, and we are currently commissioning someextensive studies on the challenges this sets us onthe design of equipment – simple issues like thestep heights on ladders and the height and weightof compartment drawers.

We are now having a close look at the range ofcomponents being used on our fire trucks com-pared to other territories such as the UK, and theapproach these components embody towardssafer better vehicle design.”

Better vehicle design will not eliminate allaccidents but the vehicle lockers and drawers arepossibly the most important point of interactionbetween fire fighter and vehicle. It unquestionablymakes sense for fire departments to put more timeinto pre-planning the layout of these compart-ments and to invest in better components toimprove vehicle and fire fighter performance andvehicle life.

The components – which include glassreinforced plastic slide and tilt brackets that areactually stronger than their steel forbears, colddrawn steel dual bearing reinforced telescopicslides, strong glove safe handles and lockingmechanisms and high strength positive lockingtool mounts – are all selected to deliver bettervehicle and operator safety and – ultimately – firefighting performance.

If that means that the fire fighter who bravelywalked into the building we just escaped also walksout again because he was able to get there just thatlittle bit sooner and with the right equipment, thenthat is unquestionably a good thing.

Thin and weak – cold-rolled-steel slidespose a danger

Slide failure can cause fatal injury. This slidedeformed and the end stops failed with the resultthat the heavily loaded drawer fell outwards.Switching to cold drawn steel reinforced slideslargely eliminates such risks.

Operator safety designed out

With no handle on the front of the drawer theOperator has to hold the drawer face with his orher fingers inside the drawer and therefore at riskfrom loose loads

The draw lock is located at the edge of thedrawer adjacent to the weak cold rolled slidingmechanism posing a significant pinch risk to theoperator. It also forces the hands into positionswhere they do not naturally have good positivecontrol of the drawer movement

Operator safety designed in

In this slide and tilt configuration the drawer isfitted with a strong double-hand front handle withpush button lock, giving the operator a glove safehandle, and excellent central hold with which tocontrol the movement of the drawer. In additionall the contents of the drawer will be securely heldin position against vehicle and drawer movementusing positive and friction-lock tool mounts. IFF


SAFER BY DESIGNINDUSTRIAL

Fire departments in

other territories such as

the USA, India and South

Africa are increasingly

looking outside their

home territories for

good design ideas and

components wherever

they may be found.


Unifire w/p 18/5/06 5:07 pm Page 1

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INDUSTRIAL

NFPA 1992 addresses the second tier ofhazardous materials response protection. Itfocuses on chemical liquid splash protection,

short-term intermittent contact with non-hazardous (skin-toxic or carcinogenic) chemicalsthat do not produce vapours.

The highest level of protection is covered byNFPA 1991. Its primary purpose is to specify pro-tective clothing that isolates the wearer from ahazardous chemical environment that surroundsthem. Complete ensembles, a suit with attachedgloves that totally encapsulates the wearer includ-ing their breathing apparatus, are always thoughtto be required in these circumstances. With astringent test, these are evaluated for permeationresistance to both liquid chemicals and gases. Thepassage of this media through the ensemblematerial is measured at a molecular level usinganalytical equipment.

Testing incorporates:

● Permeation testing of suit, visor, glove, andfootwear materials along with their seams.

● Test for resistance against a battery of 24chemicals containing gases and liquids, includ-ing five warfare agents.

● Inflation of ensembles to determine integrityagainst gas penetration.

● A “shower-like” test for demonstrating integrityof clothing against liquid penetration.

● Burst strength, puncture/tear resistance, lowtemperature performance, abrasion resistance,and flex fatigue testing of suit, glove, andfootwear materials.

● Break strength testing for seams and closures.● Leakage and mounting strength testing of

exhaust valves.● Evaluation of the functional use of the

ensemble and dexterity of gloves.● Additional options cover protection against

liquefied gas and flash fire.

By John Eklund

Trelleborg ProtectiveProducts

Life PreservingStandardsStandards covering protective clothing first began in the 1980s. Up until thengarments used by first responders did not give consistent protection. Sofollowing an incident involving leaking chemicals from a railcar, the NationalTransportation Safety Board in the US recommended that government agenciessupport the development of protective standards. The result was the preparationof standards NFPA 1991 and NFPA 1992 by the National Fire Protection Agency(NFPA), the agency that issues standards for protective clothing for the fireservice and first responders of all kinds.

An ensemble is cleanedto allow the user to takeit off safely

P. 53-56 CPC 12/11/08 3:51 pm Page 53

Also of relevance to protective clothing are levelsof protection, originally developed for respiratoryequipment, defined by the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA). These go from A throughto D, where D is the lowest and A the highest levelof protection.

Level D applies when there are no contaminantsand splashes, immersion, or where the potentialfor unexpected inhalation or contact with haz-ardous levels of chemicals can be prevented withinthe working area.

Level C protection is required when the concen-tration and type of airborne substances is knownand the criteria for using air-purifying respiratorsare met.

Level B protection applies when the highest levelof respiratory protection is required with a lowerlevel of skin protection. The main differencebetween Level C and Level B protection is that

atmospheric concentrations and other selectioncriteria permit wearing of an air-purifying respira-tor. Equipment therefore includes positive-pressure,full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respiratorwith escape SCBA, inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves, face shield, hooded chemical resis-tant clothing, coveralls, and outer chemical-resistant boots.

Level A protection is required when the greatestpotential exists for exposure to hazards and wherea very high level of skin, respiratory, and eye pro-tection is needed. Clothing and equipmentincludes positive-pressure, full face-piece selfcontained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positivepressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA,totally encapsulated chemical-and vapour-protectivesuit, inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves, anddisposable protective suit, gloves, and boots.

There are no standards linked to the EPA levelof protection except for NFPA 1992 which equatesto EPA level B and NFPA 1991, corresponding tolevel A. These standards are voluntary and there isno legal obligation for users and manufacturers tocomply. However, in order to obtain federal grantsfor Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) procurement,compliance with the applicable NFPA standard isusually required. Independent institutes and labo-ratories such as the Safety Equipment Institute(SEI) and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) managecertification and approval to NFPA standards.

In Europe the basic requirements for all PersonalProtective Equipment (PPE) on the market areoutlined by directive, 89/686/EC. This requires CEmarking and for this purpose products are dividedinto three different categories. Category 1 is PPEof simple design, for example sunglasses. Category2 is “intermediate”, everything that is neither 1nor 3. CPC belongs to Category 3 for PPE of acomplex design that protects against serious risks.

Harmonisation of the specific requirementsevolved within CEN, the European standardizationorganization. A series of classifications for differenttypes of CPC and levels of protection were devised.


Complete ensemblesincluding breathingapparatus are requiredto meet NFPA andEuropean standards

LIFE PRESERVING STANDARDSINDUSTRIAL

Classification Type Product standard Test to define typenumber

1 Gastight top level of protection EN 943-1 EN 464 pressure testfrom solids, liquids and gases

1a Gastight, breathing apparatus worn EN 943-1 EN 464 pressure testinside a protective suit

1aET Type 1a for emergency teams EN 943-2 EN 464 pressure test

1b Gastight, breathing apparatus worn EN 943-1 EN 464 pressure testoutside the suit

1bET Type 1b for emergency teams EN 943-2 EN 464 pressure test

1c Gastight, air fed suit (breathable air EN 943-1 EN 464 pressure testfed into the suit; no breathing apparatus)

2 Air fed suit (see 1c) but not gastight EN 943-1 EN 464 pressure test

3 Liquid-tight protection EN 14605 EN 463 jet test

4 Spray-tight protection EN 14605 EN 463 spray test

5 Protection from particles EN ISO 13982-1 EN ISO 13982-2

6 Low exposure/risk protection from liquids EN 13034

P. 53-56 CPC 12/11/08 3:51 pm Page 54

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Sperian IFF19 p49 14/8/08 2:22 PM Page 1

These are detailed above with relevant standards.The PPE directive is implemented through national

legislation and monitored by an authority in eachmember state. For category 3 PPE, third partyapproval is required. Notified bodies, test institutesthat are accredited for performing compliance test-ing and approval of PPE, perform this. To achieveCE marking not only is product examination andapproval needed but also manufacture by a qualitycontrol system according to the PPE directive andISO 9000, as approved by a notified body. Alterna-tively, the manufacturer can make an agreementwith a notified body for sampling and testing of thePPE being produced at regular intervals.

There is a relationship between the Europeanand American standards with NFPA 1991 relating tolevels 1 and 2 of the European standard for gastightand air fed suits. However the American tests aremore stringent with a minimum breakthrough timeof 60 minutes, where EN 943-2 stipulates 30 min-utes and EN-943-1 only ten. More importantly arethe detection limits for permeation rates. For NFPA1991 these are ten-times more challenging at0.1 µg/cm2/min versus 1.0 µg/cm2/min for theEuropean standards. In addition, for NFPA 1991,testing is against a larger battery of chemicals athigher temperatures, includes resistance testingagainst warfare agents and additional flexing plusabrasion prior to testing. Also, like in Europe, man-ufactures’ quality control systems are regulated forNFPA 1991, with yearly checks on facilities.

More details are included in the comparisonabove.

When choosing an ensemble there are a num-ber of other factors linked to the standards thatshould be considered. Firstly will an ensemble withover cover, outer gloves and boots be necessary tomeet both NFPA 1991 and EN standards. Generallythis is the case. However, with advanced materialtechnology a number of manufacturers canachieve the European standards with a singlelayer, significantly enhancing manoeuvrability and

comfort. Due to the much higher demands ofNFPA 1991 there are few single skin, one layerensemble certified to this standard.

Other considerations when selecting an ensembleare reusability and limited use. Limited use CPCcan be made just of plastic laminate, are of a rela-tively low strength, typically 250-300 N, limiteddurability with flex cracking at less than 5000cycles and cannot be decontaminated or evenhygienically cleaned.

A reusable suit must be made of rubber or rub-ber plus plastic laminate on woven fabrics. Thismust be strong with a tensile strength typicallybetween 1000 and 1500N. It should demonstratedurability and resistance to flex cracking over50,000 to 100,000 cycles, be flame retardant andcapable of decontamination. To conform to higherstandards the use of reusable as opposed to limiteduse suits is recommended.

Additionally there have been recent concernsabout ensemble storage life. The NFPA standardsrequire that a statement regarding ensemble stor-age life be included in user information. The SafetyEquipment Institute (SEI) has become aware thatfor some ensembles manufacturers are claimingindefinite storage life. The SEI is therefore advisingthat statements such as ‘unlimited storage life’ or‘indefinite storage life’ are not acceptable unlessthey can be substantiated. They also state that thisevidence should be made available on request.

Finally, and importantly for any employer tonote, is that much legislation requires them toprovide their workers with the ‘best level ofprotection available’. If it can be shown that thiswas not done then the employer may be liable tocompensate for any injury that a higher level ofPPE would have prevented. Generally, as in manyfirst response situations the risks are unknown,this means that PPE certified to both European andUS standards is recommended. In this way anemployer can then be certain that they havecovered all eventualities. IFF


LIFE PRESERVING STANDARDSINDUSTRIAL

USA Europe

Standard NFPA 1991 EN 943-1 EN 943-2

Test Chemicals 24 Specified At least 2 none specified 15 Specified

Liquids 19 12

Gases 6 3

Chemical resistance test method ASTM F739 EN 374-3 or EN ISO 6529

Detection limit of permeation test 0.1 µg/cm2/min 1.0 µg/cm2/min

Preconditioning of primary suit Flexing & abrasion Nonematerials prior to permeation test

Duration of permeation test At least 60 minutes 10 minutes 30 minutes – if failure –include note in manual

Test temperature or chemical +27°C (+81°F) +23°C (+73°F) or 20°C (+68°F)permeation resistance test

Chemical resistance test of Penetration resistance None Penetration resistance zipper/closure for 60 minutes after 50 for 5 minutes

opening/closing cycles

Warfare agent resistance Chembio testing with 5 None agents for minimum of60 minutes at +32°C(+90°F)

P. 53-56 CPC 12/11/08 3:51 pm Page 56


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INDUSTRIAL

To ensure a high level of safety, know the latestsensing technologies, which technology is bestfor the application, and where detectors

should be installed for maximum protection.

General Introduction to fixedgas detectionPortable gas detectors are small, lightweight, andmove with the user; many are disposable. Fixed gasdetection systems, on the other hand, are designedfor installation at a stationary location and areexpected to provide long-term service life andprotection. This article addresses fixed gas detectiononly. Three main types are generally offered: point-type, open-path, and analytic or sampling detectionsystems.

Point-type gas detectorsPoint-type gas detectors can be fitted with eithercombustible or toxic gas sensors. These detectorsmonitor a specific area or point within the facilityand must be strategically located for early detectionof gas. These detectors require calibration for thegas type to be detected. Point-type detectors alsomust be routinely inspected to ensure they arecapable of performing as expected.

Open-path or line-of-sight gas detectors Open-path, or line-of-sight, gas detectors monitorthe presence of combustible hydrocarbon gaseswithin a beam of infrared light projected between apair of modules. To ensure that the gas/vaporhazard passes through the light beam, the modulesmust be strategically located and properly aligned.As with point-type detectors, open-path detectorsmust be calibrated for the gas type to be detected.Typically, open-path detectors are self-monitoring in the case of a blocked light beam or similartrouble.

Analytic/sampling gas detection systems Many point-detection and analytical instruments usea sampling system technique to extract an airsample, direct the sample to a sealed sensor where

it is analyzed, and then exhaust or return thesample to a safe location. Sampling systemcomponents typically include a vacuum pump,sensor(s), flowmeters, filters, and flow controlelements. They are generally mounted on a subplateinstalled within an enclosure with compressionfittings for sample tubing connections.

Gas Alarm Threshold SettingsFixed gas detection systems provide alarm outputsignals to alert people and initiate corrective action.The alarm settings must be low enough to ensurethe safety of people and equipment, but should notbe so low as to cause false alarms, sometimescaused by background gases, sensitivity to othergases or vapors, or sensor signal drift. If false alarmsare a problem, one option is to use voting: twodetectors must detect hazardous gas levels beforethe alarm activates. In determining optimum alarmlevels for fixed gas detection systems, consider thefollowing:● Applicable industry standards or codes● Fire/explosion risk of the gas(es)● Toxicity of the gas or vapor● Typical background gas levels ● Size and magnitude of the potential leak● Whether the area is occupied or unoccupied● Time required to respond to the alarm● Corrective actions required

Selecting Gas DetectorsThird-party approvedFortunately for users of fixed gas detectors, anumber of independent agencies now have docu-mented safety and performance criteria for fixedgas detectors. Manufacturers must submit theirinstruments to these agencies, or affiliated test labs,for testing to ensure compliance with the standardsand mark their product as “certified.” Independentproduct safety and performance certification

By Dave Opheim

Detector ElectronicsCorporation

Selecting and Placifor Maximum Appli

Point gas detectors detect gas in the airwithin a defined radius of their sensor

A pair of open-path gas detectors detect gasin the air between the two sensors

Many industrial processes involve dangerous gases and vapors: flammable, toxic,or both. With the different sensing technologies available, and the wide range ofindustrial applications that exist, selecting the best sensor and locating themproperly for the job at hand can be a challenge.

P. 58-60 Gas Detection 12/11/08 3:53 pm Page 58

benefits end-users by providing a level of assurancethat the product being considered for purchase isactually fit for duty. Following is a summary table of agencies and criteria to which they requirecompliance.

IntelligenceThe latest fixed gas detection instruments andsystems often offer on-board digital intelligence,meaning they deliver diagnostic capabilities, histori-cal data logging, digital communications protocols,and provide additional microprocessor-based func-tionality. The most dominant digital protocolsinclude HART and RS-485 Modbus, althoughproprietary digital protocols are also available.

Mean time between failureNew gas sensing technologies are available thatsignificantly improve the mean time betweenfailure. Foremost of these new technologies arenon-dispersive infrared (NDIR or simply IR) opticalgas detection devices that sense the presence offlammable hydrocarbons based upon their tendencyto absorb infrared energy in a certain wavelength.This nondestructive measurement technique resultsin overall excellent service life expectancies, as longas 10 years in some cases.

Sensing technologies for combustiblegasesFor detection of combustible gases, the mostcommon choices are catalytic and infrared sensors.

Catalytic sensors detect a wide range of com-bustible vapors, including hydrocarbon, hydrogen,and acetylene. Catalytic sensors offer good repeata-bility and accuracy with fast response time and lowinitial cost. A catalytic sensor’s greatest weakness isthat at high combustible gas concentrations, theremight be insufficient oxygen to catalyze all of thecombustible gas, resulting in a decreased signal ofgas concentration less than 100% LEL. Catalytic

sensing requires routine calibration (typically everythree months or less). Catalytic sensors are suscep-tible to poisoning from exposure to a substancessuch as silicones, halogens, tetraethyl lead, acid, pvcvapors, and other corrosive materials. Sensors canfail without annunciation, hence the requirement forroutine calibration or bump testing.

Infrared (IR) detectors are immune to poisoningfrom contaminants and require less maintenancethan catalytic. They are unaffected by prolongedexposure to gas, high gas concentrations, andchanges in oxygen level. Unlike catalytic sensors,some IR detectors are fail-safe, meaning that theinstrument checks itself and reports any internalcondition preventing detection capability. IR sensorscan detect only hydrocarbon-based gases andvapors. IR sensors do not detect the presence ofsubstances such as hydrogen (H2), carbon disulfide(CS2) or acetylene. Apply IR sensors in combustible-gas applications where hydrocarbons are present.


SELECTING AND PLACING GAS DETECTORS FOR MAXIMUM APPLICATION PROTECTIONINDUSTRIAL

Nanotechnology MOS(NTMOS) sensorssignificantly improveMOS performance inboth arid and humidenvironments

Performance Requirement FM 6310/6320 (2001) CSA C22.2 #152 (1988) EN 61779-4 (2000)ANSI/ISA-12.13.01 (2000) IEC 61779-4 (1988)

Unpowered storage X X XCalibration and adjustment X X XStability X X XAlarm set point(s) X X XTemperature X X XPressure XHumidity X X XAir velocity X X XOrientation XVibration X X XWarm-up time XTime of response X X XFlooding X X XPower supply variation X X XVoltage transients X XElectromagnetic field X X

cing Gas Detectorsl ication Protection



SELECTING AND PLACING GAS DETECTORS FOR MAXIMUM APPLICATION PROTECTIONINDUSTRIAL

Sensing technologies for toxic gasesCurrently, two main fixed-detector families are avail-able to detect toxic gases: electrochemical cell andMetal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensors.

Generally considered the workhorses for toxicgas detection, electrochemical sensors are relativelystable, repeatable, and consistent. Used to detect awide range of different toxic gases in a variety of different applications, electrochemical sensors areavailable in different sizes and packages. Electro-chemical gas sensor limitations include restrictionsin very hot and very cold environments. Somesensors use an electrolyte that can evaporate in hotarid conditions. They are generally not fail-safe,meaning they must be visually inspected androutinely calibrated to ensure proper operation.

MOS sensor strengths include long life, wide oper-ating temperature range, and excellent performancein low humidity environments. Historically, MOSsensor stability was not ideal in regions prone tomajor changes in ambient relative humidity. However,nanotechnology MOS (NTMOS) sensors are nowavailable that significantly improve MOS performancein both arid and humid environments. These newsensors also enhance sensor speed of response todangerous hydrogen sulfide gas concentration levels.

Installation and CoverageRecommendationsAlthough gas detection system design and perfor-mance requirements exist through some regulatoryauthorities, there are no documented rules concern-ing optimum detector placement or quantity require-ments. Hazardous operation (HAZOP) analysis, alongwith proper planning and placement of sensors isthe first step in protecting workers and assets fromgas hazards within any facility. However, best prac-tices show that identification of most-likely sequenceof events leading to a gas leak, and typical environ-mental conditions during the leakage, are the bestway to identify optimal sensor installation points.

Where and how many?Consider these factors when evaluating optimalplacement and quantity of gas detectors: gas orvapor source, ignition source, gas density orbuoyancy, location (indoors or outdoors), ambienttemperature, and personnel location.

Gas or vapor source: To locate potential gas orvapor sources, review Process and InstrumentationDiagrams (PIDs), facility maps, and hazardous-areaclassification drawings. Evaluate the characteristicsof potential sources including pressure, amount ofsource, source temperature, and distance. Commonareas for releases include pump and compressorseals, instrumentation sources, valve seals, gaskets,and sample points.

Ignition source: After determining the presenceof combustible gas, identify sources of ignition –sparks or high-pressure gas release areas. Place thedetector between the ignition source and anypotential source of the gas or vapor.

Gas density, or buoyancy: Gas or vapor that isless dense than air (1.29 g/cc at normal conditions)will rise in still air. Gas or vapor that is denser thanair will settle to lower elevations in still air. Thedetector typically should be placed 45.7 to 61 cm(18 to 24 inches) above level where the gas wouldsettle. Remember that temperature affects thedensity of a gas. Heating decreases the density of agas and makes it lighter. In fact, heating or coolinga gas by 30°C (54°F) changes the gas density byapproximately 11%. Pre-stratification by thermal

sources can delay or prevent gas detection nearheated areas or ceilings. This typically occurs whereheat sources are near the ceiling or where roofdecks are heated by solar radiation and no suitablemechanical ventilation is provided. If such pre-stratification potentials are present, then placementof the detector in area(s) unaffected by thestratification is recommended.

Indoors/outdoors: The environmental settinggreatly influences vapor dispersion characteristics andgas detection ability. Typically, indoor settings meanthat the overall hazardous area is well contained andthat air flow can be identified and controlled.Ceilings and walls usually are the likely areas for gasaccumulation and area delineation. Point(s) of humancontact are usually identifiable. Outdoor settingsmean the air flow is less controllable with few distinctareas of gas accumulation. These areas present achallenge that requires comprehensive applicationanalysis and sound engineering judgment.

Ambient temperature: Determine the maximumambient temperature. Include all nearby hot sur-faces, such as motors, pumps, or steam lines. Themaximum ambient temperature plus a safety factorof 50°C to 60°C should be less than the flash pointof the monitored gas.

Location of personnel: Particularly in situationsdealing with toxic gases, it is extremely important toconsider the locations of people at the facility. Toplace a sensor accurately between the leak sourceand the people, review PIDs, facility maps, andhazardous-area classification drawings.

Useful accessoriesThe availability and routine use of gas detectionsystem accessories often ensures proper application,operation, and maintenance of an installed gasdetection system. Typical useful accessories includecompressed gas calibration kits, sensor separationkits, remote gas-tubing kits, duct-mount adapters,and handheld communicators.

Combination of open and pointOptimal protection of a facility can be achievedthrough the simultaneous use of both open pathand fixed gas detectors. Point detectors should beinstalled at or near known high-risk gas leakagepoints or accumulation areas to provide specificinformation on the level of gas present at theseareas. Open-path gas detection systems should beinstalled at plant or process area boundaries, wherethey can monitor the plant perimeter, and providean indication of overall gas cloud movement in andout of the facility. It is possible to indentify and trackthe movement of gas clouds throughout the facilityby monitoring the output signals of all the gasdetectors on a common workstation graphic displayscreen.

Technology and TechniqueGas detection design relies on both technology andtechnique. After becoming familiar with the tools ofthe industry, talk with detection system providers.They will know the most effective ways to installand use the devices and system.

In general, look at process design drawings and consider where gas leaks can happen. Makesure you are using the proper technology to see thehazard. Look seriously at the safety standards youare required to meet and judge whether deviceshave undergone full third-party testing. And takefull advantage of the experts that know the safetydevices and system you decide to implement. IFF


TRAINING

Pic courtesy of Texas Engineering Extension Service


The VFR2000, certifi cated according to the UNI EN 433 norms,

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• Radio communication systems• Refracting bands

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TRAINING

Before we start putting data in these computermodels we should establish what sort of poolfire we are dealing with. We should distinct

between a pool fire and a spill fire. Spill fires arenot bunded or diked. There are three sorts of spillfires. ● An instantaneous spill fire which burns away

quickly (10-15 minutes). ● A spill fire with a supply of fuel where the burn

rate of the fuel is in equilibrium with the supplyof the fuel. Ergo, the size of the spill will staythe same.

● A spill fire with a large fuel flow. The firesurface will increase unless the fuel can freelyflow to some sort of containment.

With spill fires it has to be considered that theyeventually will burn back to the source of the spill,which may pose additional problems.

Now back to the pool fires. The dept of thisbunded or diked fire is the first issue we have toconsider. There is a distinct difference betweenshallow and deep pool fires. Shallow pool fires arequite fierce and behave like bunded spill fires . Theflame will move along the surface. A lot of heatfrom the fire will go into heating the liquid, sup-porting a fast burn rate. Larger surfaces can result

in more soot production – depending on theproduct involved towards the centre of the pool asair entrainment will become more difficult.Outcomes of generally accepted fire models usedto determine the radiation heat contours of theseshallow bunded pool fires, should be taken seriousfor any (pre) planning purposes includingemergency response.

In general, the formation of soot in hydro-carbon pool fires, shallow or deep, is more likely ifthe product has a C : H ratio of > 3 : 10 and/or nooxygen molecules in the molecule.

Now let us look at deep large pool fires. Whenis a pool fire a large deep pool?

From the modelling point of view, a deep large

pool fire consists when the diameter of the fire is> 3 meter. Also the pool layer must be deepenough for the fire to burn over 1 hour. Above adiameter of 3 meter the deep pool fire can havedifferent characteristics than smaller fires, depending on the product involved.

Emergency responders however use the termlarge pool fire when the net surface of the fire iswell over 1000m2 and will last longer than 1 hour.This is to do with the equipment, foam and staffneeded to tackle this fire and the total amount of

By Jeanne van Buren

Reprinted courtesy of The Catalyst

The ScenarioChoices For VeryLarge Pool Fires:Determination of Heat Flux The radiation heat contours of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), used tomodel fires, are used by various stakeholders for different purposes. All theCFD‘s are based on the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow phenomena.Generally accepted models use RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and LES(Large Eddy Simulation). So many combinations of variables are possible that it isimpossible to put them in the software. Therefore all these models are at best agood guess of the actual situation. As long as we have no other options this iswhat we have to work with. But using the proper model together with the rightdata derived from a well thought through scenario is however conditional.

Outcomes of generally accepted fire models used

to determine the radiation heat contours of these

shallow bunded pool fires, should be taken serious

for any (pre) planning purposes including

emergency response.

P. 63-66 Pool Fires 12/11/08 3:56 pm Page 63

water required to fight the fire and cool structuresaffected by the radiant heat.

Before we start modelling we like to know ifdirect ignition is anticipated or we are dealing withan instantaneous (static) pool with fuel vapourbuilt-up, before ignition. If the fuel is volatile, an unconfined vapour cloud is likely to form,which, after (explosive) ignition moves back

towards the spilt fuel, resulting in a pool fire. Notonly are the effects of both scenarios different, the number and sort of lines of defence violatedare different too. The latter has many similaritieswith the Buncefield scenario. Only the low atmos-pheric winter inversion layer contributed to theextent and severity of the effects at Buncefield.Winter inversion layers are normally not con-sidered when modelling such incidents or anyother incident.

So make sure everyone not only gets theoutcome of the modelling exercise, but also the scenario and the assumptions on which thescenario was based.

When dealing with very large pool fires, theshape, the height and even the material of


The Buncefield disasterattracted attention fromaround the world.Picture courtesy ofDuncan White

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Only the low atmospheric

winter inversion layer

contributed to the extent

and severity of the effects

at Buncefield.


the bund may have an effect. If the edge of thebund is higher than fluid level it may locally inten-sify the burning, but if the bund material is able totransport the heat, it may slow down the burnrate. Crosswind together with the shape of thebund wall may also influence the heat radiation.Modelling software does not take this intoaccount.

If the fluid is a mixture like crude, the composi-tion of the fuel will change when the fire endures.This too is not taken into account when modellingthe fire.

At some moment in time a very large pool fire –if not extinguished by that time will – become fullydeveloped. Soot built-up will decrease the radiantheat emission, unless we are dealing with a fairlyclean burning fuel like alcohol. For heat flux

modelling purposes the fire should now be split upin two layers. One layer represents the fire, whilethe second layer represents the layer with sootabove the fire. There are not many models thatuse this two layer approach for fully developedvery large pool fires.

All the characteristics of any large pool fire willchange in time due to the effect the soot forma-tion has, the heating up of the liquid in the pool


Picture courtesy ofDuncan White

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A D V I C E & C O N S U LT I N GD E S I G N P L A N N I N G

P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N TD O M E S T I C A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L

R E S E A R C H & F E A S I B I L I T YD E S I G N A N D B U I L D

If the fluid is a mixture like

crude, the composition of

the fuel will change when

the fire endures.


due to the convective heat of the fire, theweathering of the product on fire, etc. As anemergency responder you not only have to beprepared for these changes, you also must antici-pate working with the benefits of these changes.

As mentioned earlier, the outcome of a pool firemodelling exercise, usually present the worst caseeffects of an incident scenario, which should beused for (pre)planning purposes.

But we should also be willing to look furtherand show sympathy for the incident commander.Besides the preplanning and training he likestangible data from the actual incident he isconfronted with. In the Netherlands each structureexposed to a heat flux of ≥ 10 kW/m2, must becooled with water. In practice organising theamount of water required to do this during a verylarge pool fire may pose a challenge. And whatabout all the run off (polluted) water and thedamage it may cause either on land or to theaquatic life.

It would be very helpful if the commander andhis team could actually measure the real heat fluxat intervals during the fire – for safety of hispersonnel and to support of efficient use of hisresources.

The Stefan–Boltzmann law, may be able to helpus out here, it states that that the total energyradiated per unit surface area of a black body inunit time (known variously as the black-bodyirradiance, energy flux density, radiant flux, or theemissive power), j*, is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body’s thermo-dynamic temperature T (also called absolutetemperature).

Does this mean that if the emergencyresponders are able to read the temperature of anobject affected by the radiation of a fire, with for instance a portable heat reading camera, theycan use this information to determine if aconstruction has to be cooled.Perhaps we have tobe innovative and paint small (10 x 10 cm) blacksurfaces (based on the incident scenario) on the constructions to enable this measurement.Maybe all storage tanks will in future have hori-zontal black lines (10 cm width) half way up thecylinder wall. Surely this is something to explore.Or should we all stick together and start fundingthe development of non-contact portable heat fluxsensor. It would prevent the fires spread so mucheasier.

By the way, the widely used ear thermometers,is based on the same principal. It measures yourtemperature by detecting the amount of radiantheat (infrared energy) emitted by your eardrum.

I would like to invite readers, especially compa-nies, who are willing to invest in the developmentof reliable methods and (non contact) equipmentfor establishing the heat flux (up to 35 kW/m2) toa structure during a fire. IFF


Fire fi ghting helmets and thermal imaging cameras

Weighing only 750g with the ability to adapt the camera to suit individual requirements, the S2 Fire takes hand held and hands free technology even further.

The smallest and lightestfi re fi ghting TIC in the world

The S2 Fire can be used as a hands-free unit or it can be hung over the neck like a pair of binoculars using the neck strap. It is the lightest and smallest thermal imaging camera in the World. It is suitable for use with all known breathing apparatus and gas masks. As an all round camera with the capability to monitor for fi re / search and rescue of victims, there is no better camera for the job.

For full details or to arrange a demonstration contact -

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Our lightest and smallest, long wavelength infrared camera core

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Specifi cation includes:• On Screen Temperature

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• On Screen Battery Time Remaining

• On Screen Temperature Warnings

• Has White Hot/Black Hot Toggle

• Video Output

• Over 4 Hours Battery Life (With Rechargeable Battery)

FIRE

Jeanne van Buren is a Safety specialist working withthe Rotterdam-Rijnmond regional emergency responseorganisation in The Netherlands. She has a BA in ProcessEngineering, Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistryand Environmental Engineering and an MSc inEnvironmental Quality Management as well as RiskCrisis and Disaster Management. She is currentlycarrying out a PhD research into integrated fire safetyduring the life cycle at SEVESO sites.



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P. 67 ads 12/11/08 3:57 pm Page 67


TRAINING

Fire can develop in many places on an aircraft;in an engine, on the landing gear, in the cargohold, in the passenger compartment, in over-

head luggage lockers, in the cabin seating areas orin the galley. An external fuel leakage can alsoresult in a fire under the aircraft itself. Each firerequires an individual approach through realistictraining with a variety of internal and external firescenarios.

Past events, however, have shown that around80% of all aircraft accidents happen during thetake-off and landing phase and, for this reason,emergency personnel must also receive regularresponse training to ensure that they are ready forevery eventuality. As with all training it must berealistic, safe and repeatable, whilst limiting itsimpact on the environment.

Airports are categorised on a scale of 1-10,based on the largest size of aircraft that regularlyuse the airport. Specific standards are laid out forthe emergency services for each category, includ-ing the number of fire appliances, the minimumperformance levels for appliances, crewing num-bers, training for firefighters, the amount of water,foam and other extinguishing agents, the type ofrescue equipment to be carried, emergency access

routes, and additional water supplies. In additionto direct passenger and aircraft considerations,emergency preparedness and training must also becatered for.

The use of aircraft firefighting simulators, suchas those designed and built by Draeger, bring areal-time, realistic approach to this dangerous task.From complete, full size and to scale aircraft,through to custom designed aircraft combinationsthese training aids not only enable airportfirefighters to meet International Civil AviationOrganisation (ICAO) requirements but they enablethem to remain safe whilst tackling the fire quicklyand effectively.

The search for injured people and the evacua-tion of passengers via an emergency slide, forexample, requires a well trained and competentteam. A plane filled with smoke or engulfed byflame can be difficult to tackle at the best of timesand prior knowledge of a plane’s layout willgreatly enable firefighters to find their waythrough the cabin.

Upon entering a simulator, however, firefighterswill obtain far more than just an idea of a particu-lar aircraft’s layout. Wearing full BA and carryingsearch and rescue equipment, they will realise the

By Paul Harvey

Draeger Limited

Taking Off With ReFirefighter Trainin

Aircraft fires represent a special challenge in firefighting – not least because ofthe extreme nature of the potential hazard and the immediate impact on boththe passengers and air crew.

P. 68-71 ARFF Training 12/11/08 3:57 pm Page 68

limited space in which they have to work and beable to experience, first hand, the fierce heat andimmense flames that can be involved with a fireon board. Visibility is likely to be zero and therescue team will be under high physical andpsychological stress. Team spirit and communica-tions skills will be called for and a calm, organisedapproach will be essential.

By conveying the atmosphere, the environmentand the emotion that a real emergency involves,state-of-the-art simulators are going a long waytowards preparing firefighters for the worstpossible encounters.

The Draeger Passive Aircraft Trainer (PAT), forinstance, is a wide bodied, multi-level aircrafttrainer in the form of a full size replica of theBoeing 747. It can be used to perform variousincident scenarios and practice evacuation pro-cedures. Constructed using over 250 tonnes ofcorrosion resistant steel, it contains many realisticfeatures and can be filled with cosmetic smoke for increased realism during search and rescuesimulations.

Featuring compartment settings and dooropenings, it also incorporates accurately scaledengine nacelles and an evacuation slide from thegull wing door on the upper deck. Fully equippedwith respiratory equipment and thermal imagingcameras, the PAT allows rescue personnel topractice combing the internal areas in the searchfor passengers, crew members and the cause ofthe incident. For added realism, numerous 75kgmannequins can also be strategically placed

throughout the aircraft.This type of system is already in use at

Bangkok’s Suvarnabhumi Airport which handlesaround 45 million passengers a year. Five of itsgates are already equipped to handle the newAirbus A380 and the three stations of the AircraftRescue and FireFighting (ARFF) Department aremanned 24 hours a day for firefighting, rescuemissions and fire prevention purposes.

Whilst Bangkok’s ARFF may be required torespond to fire alarms that actuate in the terminalbuildings or other incidents that occur on theairport grounds, their primary task is the pro-tection of aircraft and their occupants. For thisreason, they use a number of turnkey aviationtraining systems from Draeger which combine aTraining Facility complete with the PAT and a FuelSpill Trainer. They also utilise a self containedbreathing apparatus (SCBA) Training Gallery and acomplete Control and Operating System.

Located directly next to the new terminal, the2.6 hectare Training Facility is home to threeseparate trainers, each of which is controlled viathe central computer terminal housed within thecontrol building.

Leaking aviation fuel that ignites is possibly oneof the most dangerous situations in aircraftfirefighting. The right tactics, proper teamworkand the correct use of extinguishing media will bringa successful end to a life threatening scenario.

Bangkok uses a state-of-the-art Fuel Spill Trainer(FST), complete with a Boeing 737 replica at itscentre, to simulate a fuel spill fire. Mindful of the


TAKING OFF WITH REALISTIC AVIATION FIREFIGHTER TRAININGTRAINING

Realistic Aviationing


cost and environmental impact of kerosene,Draeger uses liquid propane gas (LPG) to generateflames. Designed to maximise safety and improvethe carbon footprint, the system incorporates awide range of safety systems and proven controltechniques.

With a total surface area of over 750 sq m, it is

obviously important that a realistic and versatiletraining environment is maintained. As a result,the FST incorporates a total of 66 individually con-trolled sections which can be set, by the operator,to run at different flame heights and at differenttimes.

Benefiting from Draeger’s unique Media Detec-tion system, it also features more than 130 sensorsthat automatically detect the use of extinguishingmedia and cause the fire(s) to react accordingly. Inaddition, the computerised system is able to con-trol the spread of fire to accurately represent a realsituation. For maximum flexibility, as well as othertraining foams, the two most commonly usedfoam types, i.e. Film-Forming Fluoroprotein (FFFP)and Aqueous Film Forming Fluorochemical (AFFF)are fully compatible with the trainer and can bemixed with water to produce finished foam.

Repeated live fire training could obviously takeits toll on the longevity of the system. To provideongoing protection, the simulator incorporates awater drenching system along the length andbreadth of the B737 replica. This ejects a pro-tective layer of water over the fuselage at a rate of10.2 litres/min/sq m in line with NFPA 15Regulations.

Training on the correct use and maintenance ofSCBA is also vital to the success of any search andrescue operation and aviation firefighting is nodifferent. For this reason, SCBA sets are providedto all operational aviation fire service personnel toensure protection from smoke, toxic fumes andother substances. Training with this life-preservingapparatus is given in a specially designed traininggallery.

Located next to the two aircraft trainers, the


TRAINING


Bangkok SCBA facility provides heat, humidity,cosmetic smoke and confined space training andallows firefighters to practice any number ofsearch and rescue scenarios. Providing both newrecruit training as well as skills maintenance, itensures that all personnel are able to complete livetraining prior to deployment. Different proceduressuch as evacuation, for instance, can be rehearsedsafely by sending firefighters into a smoke loggedBoeing 747, whilst the integral safety proceduresallow constant communication to be maintained.

Operational control is essential at all times toensure both safety and effective training. A centralcomputer operates the entire facility from a con-trol room which overlooks the training ground.This proven hardware configuration and Windows-based operating system provides real-timeinformation to the controller in English, German orthe local Thai language. Easy and simple to use,this innovative operating system can perform self-diagnostic checks to ensure full and correct systemstatus prior to training, and can also capture awide range of data for use by the training andmaintenance teams during post-training analysis.

Other configurations can be found throughoutthe world in Gran Canaria, Kuala Lumpur andEurope. One of the most recent European installa-tions includes the combination of both single andtwin-aisle aircraft at Cardiff International Airport.Custom built by Draeger, this unique steel aircraftmock-up comprises two sections replicatingBoeing 767 and Dash 8 aircraft. Thirty metres inlength, it offers 17 different computer-simulatedfirefighting scenarios from cockpit fires to firesstarting in the galley, toilet, landing gear, seats,fuselage and engines. As well as a ceiling flashfire, it also incorporates an external fuel spill firearea.

Built with safety in mind and incorporating anautomatic monitoring system, the Cardiff rig alsofeatures Draeger gas detection sensors, tempera-ture sensors and a remote support service via datainterface. As well as automatic shutdown in the

event of a gas leak or excessive heat generation,the system includes several emergency stopbuttons which, once activated, will automaticallyshut down the simulation and start ventilation toremove smoke, and cool the simulator.

With water conservation in mind, any watergenerated during the training exercises can berecycled and used again for certain applications,such as when cooling the mock-up’s steel structure.

Preparing for the disaster that, hopefully, willnever happen, also involves major incident train-ing, command and control training and training incounter terrorist applications. As an added benefit,these aircraft simulators and control systems canall double as bases from which these additionalneeds can be met.

Without doubt, the modern training arenaremains a dynamic and exciting environmentwhich requires continual re-assessment in thesearch for improved efficiencies and compliancemaintenance. Occupational health and safety,together with industry regulation and guidelines,continue to steer this ever-evolving market.

By working closely with its customers, Draegeris able to lift the burden of training by developingaviation firefighting systems that ensure that per-sonnel, equipment and systems are equal to thedemands placed upon them. The goal, at the endof the day, is not just to help emergency personnelto maintain the required state of preparedness inline with international regulatory requirements, itmust be to ensure that they also remain safe. IFF


TAKING OFF WITH REALISTIC AVIATION FIREFIGHTER TRAININGTRAINING

Further information isavailable from:Paul HarveyDraeger LimitedUllswater CloseBlyth Riverside Business Park BlythNorthumberland NE24 4RGTel: 01670 352891Fax: 01670 356266

Occupational health and safety,

together with industry

regulation and guidelines,

continue to steer this

ever-evolving market.



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