IGCSE Chemistry Revision Checklist

8/9/2019 IGCSE Chemistry Revision Checklist

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formula mass*Mr )

1.1( understand the term molar volume of a gas and use its values *2! dm 3 and2!, cm3) at room temperature and pressure *rtp) in calculations

e) hemical formulae and chemical equations

content revised can

1.2 write word equations and balanced chemical equations to represent thereactions studied in this specification

1.&1 use the state symols #s%$#l%$#g% and #a'% in chemical e'uations tore"resent solids$ li'uids$ gases and a'ueous solutions res"ectively

1.22 understand how the formulae of simple compounds can be obtainede"perimentally, including metal o"ides, water and salts containing water ofcrystallisation

1.&( calculate em"irical and molecular !ormulae !rom e)"erimental data

1.&* calculate reacting masses using e)"erimental data and chemicale'uations

1.2$ calculate percentage yield

1.2% carry out mole calculations using volumes and molar concentrations

f) /onic compounds

content revised can

1.2& describe the formation of ions by the gain or loss of electrons

1.2' understand o"idation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain ofelectrons

1.2( recall the charges of common ions in this specification

1.3 deduce the charge of an ion from the electronic configuration of the atomfrom which the ion is formed

1.31 e"plain, using dot and cross diagrams, the formation of ionic compounds byelectron transfer, limited to combinations of elements from 0roups 1, 2, 3,and $, %, &

1.32 understand ionic bonding as a strong electrostatic attraction betweenoppositely charged ions

1.(( understand that ionic com"ounds have high melting and oiling "ointsecause o! strong electrostatic !orces et+een o""ositely chargedions

1.3! understand the relationship between ionic charge and the melting point andboiling point of an ionic compound

1.3$ describe an ionic crystal as a giant threedimensional lattice structure heldtogether by the attraction between oppositely charged ions

1.3% draw a simple diagram to represent the positions of the ions in a crystal ofsodium chloride

g) ovalent substances

content revised can

1.3& describe the formation of a covalent bond by the sharing of a pair ofelectrons

between two atoms1.3' understand covalent bonding as a strong attraction between the bonding pair of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved in the bond1.3( e"plain, using dot and cross diagrams, the formation of covalent compounds

de"cel /0S chemistry 2( revision checlist 2



by electron sharing for the following substances: hydrogen, chlorine,hydrogen chloride, water, methane, ammonia, o"ygen, nitrogen, carbondio"ide, ethane, ethene

1.! recall that substances with simple molecular structures are gases or liquids,or solids with low melting points

1.!1 e"plain why substances with simple molecular structures have low meltingpoints in terms of the relatively wea forces between the molecules

1.*& e)"lain the high melting "oints o! sustances +ith giant covalentstructures in terms o! the reaking o! many strong covalent onds

1.*( dra+ sim"le diagrams re"resenting the "ositions o! the atoms indiamond and gra"hite

1.** e)"lain ho+ the uses o! diamond and gra"hite de"end on theirstructures$ limited to gra"hite as a luricant and diamond in cutting

h) 4etallic crystals

content revised can

1.!$ describe a metal as a giant structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea ofdelocalised electrons

1.*, e)"lain the malleaility and electrical conductivity o! a metal in termso! its structure and onding

i) lectrolysis

content revised can

1.!& understand an electric current as a flow of electrons or ions

1.*- understand +hy covalent com"ounds do not conduct electricity

1.* understand +hy ionic com"ounds conduct electricity only +hen molten or in solution

1.$ describe simple e"periments to distinguish between electrolytes and non electrolytes

1.$1 recall that electrolysis involves the formation of new substances when ionic

compounds conduct electricity1.$2 describe simple e"periments for the electrolysis, using inert electrodes, of

molten salts such as lead*//) bromide

1./( descrie sim"le e)"eriments !or the electrolysis$ using inertelectrodes$ o! a'ueous solutions o! sodium chloride$ co""er#II%sul"hate and dilute sul"huric acid and "redict the "roducts

1.$! write ionic halfequations representing the reactions at the electrodes duringelectrolysis

1.// recall that one !araday re"resents one mole o! electrons

1./, calculate the amounts o! the "roducts o! the electrolysis o! moltensalts and a'ueous solutions




Section 2: Chemistry of the elements

a) he +eriodic able

content revised can

2.1 understand the terms group and period

2.2 recall the positions of metals and nonmetals in the +eriodic able

2.3 e"plain the classification of elements as metals or nonmetals on the basisof their electrical conductivity and the acidbase character of their o"ides

2.! understand why elements in the same group of the +eriodic able havesimilar chemical properties

2.$ recall the noble gases *0roup ) as a family of inert gases and e"plain theirlac of reactivity in terms of their electronic configurations

b) he 0roup 1 elements 5 lithium, sodium and potassium

content revised can

2.% describe the reactions of these elements with water and understand that the

reactions provide a basis for their recognition as a family of elements2.& recall the relative reactivities of the elements in 0roup 1

&.- e)"lain the relative reactivities o! the elements in Grou" 1 in terms o!distance et+een the outer electrons and the nucleus

c) he 0roup & elements 5 chlorine, bromine and iodine

content revised can

2.( recall the colours and physical states of the elements at room temperature

2.1 mae predictions about the properties of other halogens in this group

2.11 understand the difference between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloricacid

2.12 e"plain, in terms of dissociation, why hydrogen chloride is acidic in water butnot in methylben#ene

2.13 recall the relative reactivities of the elements in 0roup&

2.1! describe e"periments to show that a more reactive halogen will displace aless reactive halogen from a solution of one of its salts

2.1$ understand these displacement reactions as redo" reactions

d) 6"ygen and o"ides

content revised can

2.1% recall the gases present in air and their appro"imate percentage by volume

2.1& describe how e"periments involving the reactions of elements such ascopper, iron and phosphorus with air can be used to determine thepercentage by volume of o"ygen in air

2.1' describe the laboratory preparation of o"ygen from hydrogen pero"ide

2.1( describe the reactions with o"ygen in air of magnesium, carbon and sulphur,and the acid base character of the o"ides produced

2.2 describe the laboratory preparation of carbon dio"ide from calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid

2.21 describe the formation of carbon dio"ide from the thermal decomposition ofmetal carbonates such as copper*//) carbonate




2.22 recall the properties of carbon dio"ide, limited to its solubility and density

2.23 e"plain the use of carbon dio"ide in carbonating drins and in firee"tinguishers, in terms of its solubility and density

2.2! recall the reactions of carbon dio"ide and sulphur dio"ide with water toproduce acidic solutions

2.2$ recall that sulphur dio"ide and nitrogen o"ides are pollutant gases whichcontribute to acid rain, and describe the problems caused by acid rain

e) 7ydrogen and water

content revised can

2.2% describe the reactions of dilute hydrochloric and dilute sulphuric acids withmagnesium, aluminium, #inc and iron

2.2& describe the combustion of hydrogen

2.2' describe the use of anhydrous copper*//) sulfate in the chemical test forwater

2.2( describe a physical test to show whether water is pure

f) -eactivity series

content revised can2.3 recall that metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on the

reactions of the metals and their compounds: potassium, sodium, lithium,calcium, magnesium, aluminium, #inc, iron, copper, silver and gold

2.31 describe how reactions with water and dilute acids can be used to deducethe following order of reactivity: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium,magnesium, #inc, iron, and copper

2.32 deduce the position of a metal within the reactivity series using displacement reactions between metals and their o"ides, and between metals and their

salts in aqueous solutions

2.33 understand o"idation and reduction as the addition and removal of o"ygenrespectively

2.3! understand the terms: redo", o"idi#ing agent and reducing agent2.3$ recall the conditions under which iron rusts

2.3% describe how the rusting of iron may be prevented by grease, oil, paint,plastic and galvanising

2.3& understand the sacrificial protection of iron in terms of the reactivity series

g) ests for ions and gases

content revised can

2.3' describe simple tests for the cations

2.3( describe simple tests for the anions:

2.! describe simple tests for the gases hydrogen, o"ygen, carbon dio"ide




ammonia, chlorine

Section 3: Organic chemistry

a) /ntroduction

content revised can

3.1 e"plain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated,general formula and isomerism

b) lanes

content revised can

3.2 recall that alanes have the general formula n72n82

3.3 draw displayed formulae for alanes with up to five carbon atoms in amolecule, and name the straightchain isomers

3.! recall the products of the complete and incomplete combustion of alanes

3.$ recall the reaction of methane with bromine to form bromomethane in thepresence of 9 light

c) lenes

content revised can

3.% recall that alenes have the general formula n72n

3.& draw displayed formulae for alenes with up to four carbon atoms in amolecule, and name the straightchain isomers

3.' describe the addition reaction of alenes with bromine, including thedecolourising of bromine water as a test for alenes

d) thanol

content revised can(. descrie the manu!acture o! ethanol y "assing ethane and steam over

a "hos"horic acid catalyst at a tem"erature o! aout (00C and ao! aout ,0270 atm

(.10 descrie the manu!acture o! ethanol y the !ermentation o! sugars$ !ore)am"le glucose$ at a tem"erature o! aout (0C

(.11 evaluate the !actors relevant to the choice o! method used in themanu!acture o! ethanol$ !or e)am"le the relative availaility o! sugarcane and crude oil

(.1& descrie the dehydration o! ethanol to ethene$ using aluminium o)ide




Section 4: Physical chemistry

a) cids, alalis and salts

content revised can

!.1 describe the use of the indicators litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alaline solutions

!.2 understand how the p7 scale, from 51!, can be used to classify solutionsas strongly acidic, wealy acidic, neutral, wealy alaline or strongly alaline

!.3 describe the use of universal indicator to measure the appro"imate p7 value of a solution

!.! define acids as sources of hydrogen ions, 78, and alalis as sources ofhydro"ide ions, 67

!.$ predict the products of reactions between dilute hydrochloric, nitric andsulfuric acids; and metals, metal o"ides and metal carbonates *e"cluding the

reactions between nitric acid and metals)

!.% recall the general rules for predicting the solubility of salts in water:

i all common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble

ii all nitrates are solubleiii common chlorides are soluble, e"cept silver chloride

iv common sulfates are soluble, e"cept those of barium and calcium v common carbonates are insoluble, e"cept those of sodium, potassium and ammonium

!.& describe how to prepare soluble salts from acids

!.' describe how to prepare insoluble salts using precipitation reactions

!.' describe how to prepare insoluble salts using precipitation reactions

b) nergetics

content revised can

!.1 recall that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as e"othermic and those in which heat energy is taen in are endothermic

!.11 describe simple calorimetry e"periments for reactions, such ascombustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation in which heatenergy changes can be calculated from measured temperature changes

*.1& calculate molar enthal"y change !rom heat energy change

!.13 understand the use of <H to represent molar enthalpy change for e"othermic and endothermic reactions

!.1! represent e"othermic and endothermic reactions on a simple energy leveldiagram

!.1$ recall that the breaing of bonds is endothermic and that the maing of

bonds is e"othermic*.1, use average ond energies to calculate the enthal"y change during a

sim"le chemical reaction

c) -ates of reaction

content revised can

!.1& describe e"periments to investigate the effects of changes in surface area ofa solid, concentration of solutions, temperature and the use of a catalyst onthe rate of a reaction




!.1' describe the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration ofsolutions, pressure of gases, temperature and the use of a catalyst on therate of a reaction

!.1( understand the term =activation energy> and represent it on a reaction profile

!.2 e"plain the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration ofsolutions, pressure of gases and temperature on the rate of a reaction interms of particle collision theory

!.21 understand that a catalyst speeds up a reaction by providing an alternativepath way with lower activation energy

d) quilibria

content revised can

!.22 recall that some reactions are reversible and are indicated by the symbol ⇌ in equations

!.23 describe reversible reactions such as the dehydration of hydratedcopper*//)sulfate and the effect of heat on ammonium chloride

!.2! understand the concept of dynamic equilibrium

!.2$ predict the effects of changing the pressure and temperature on theequilibrium position in reversible reactions




Section 5: Chemistry in society

a) "traction and uses of metals

content revised can

$.1 e"plain how the methods of e"traction of the metals in this section arerelated to their positions in the reactivity series

$.2 describe and e"plain the e"traction of aluminium from purified aluminiumo"ide by electrolysis, includingi. the use of molten cryolite as a solvent and to decrease the required

operating temperature ii. the need to replace the positive electrodes iii. the cost of the electricity as a ma?or factor $.3 write ionic halfequations for the reactions at the electrodes in aluminium

e"traction

$.! describe and e"plain the main reactions involved in the e"traction of ironfrom iron ore *haematite), using coe, limestone and air in a blast furnace

$.$ e"plain the uses of aluminium and iron, in terms of their properties

b) rude oil

content revised can

$.% recall that crude oil is a mi"ture of hydrocarbons

$.& describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crudeoil into fractions

$.' recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil:refinery gases, gasoline, erosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen

$.( describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions

$.1 recall that in complete combustion of fuels may produce carbon mono"ideand e"plain that carbon mono"ide is poisonous because it reduces thecapacity of the blood to carry o"ygen

$.11 recall that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow

nitrogen and o"ygen from air to react, forming nitrogen o"ides$.12 recall that fractional distillation of crude oil produces more longchain

hydrocarbons than can be used directly and fewer shortchain hydrocarbonsthan required

$.13 describe how longchain alanes are converted to alenes and shorterchainalanes by catalytic cracing, using silica or alumina as the catalyst and atemperature in the range of %5&@

c) Synthetic polymers

content revised can

$.1! recall that an addition polymer is formed by ?oining up many small moleculescalled monomers

$.1$ draw the repeat unit of addition polymers, including poly*ethene),poly*propene) and poly*chloroethene)

$.1% deduce the structure of a monomer from the repeat unit of an additionpolymer

/.17 recall that nylon is a condensation "olymer

/.1- understand that the !ormation o! a condensation "olymer isaccom"anied y the release o! a small molecule such as +ater orhydrogen chloride




/.1 recall the ty"es o! monomers used in the manu!acture o! nylon

/.&0 dra+ the structure o! nylon in lock diagram !ormat

d) he manufacture of some important chemicals

content revised can

$.21 recall that nitrogen from air, and hydrogen from natural gas or the cracing of hydrocarbons, are used in the manufacture of ammonia

$.22 describe the manufacture of ammonia by the 7aber process, including theessential conditions:

i a temperature of about !$@ii. a pressure of about 2 atmospheresiii. an iron catalyst

$.23 understand how the cooling of the reaction mi"ture liquefies the ammoniaproduced and allows the unused hydrogen and nitrogen to be recirculated

$.2! recall the use of ammonia in the manufacture of nitric acid and fertilisers

/.&/ recall the ra+ materials used in the manu!acture o! sul"huric acid

/.&, descrie the manu!acture o! sul"huric acid y the contact "rocess$including the essential conditions3

i. a tem"erature o! aout */0 C

ii. a "ressure o! aout & atmos"heresiii. a vanadium#4% o)ide catalyst

/.&7 recall the use o! sul"huric acid in the manu!acture o! detergents$!ertili5ers and "aints

/.&- descrie the manu!acture o! sodium hydro)ide and chlorine y theelectrolysis o! concentrated sodium chloride solution #rine% in adia"hragm cell

/.& +rite ionic hal!6e'uations !or the reactions at the electrodes in thedia"hragm cell

/.(0 recall im"ortant uses o! sodium hydro)ide$ including the manu!actureo! leach$ "a"er and soa" and o! chlorine$ including sterilising +atersu""lies and in the manu!acture o! leach and hydrochloric acid


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IGCSE Chemistry Revision Checklist