Energy Efficiency Options for Low Carbon Energy for Bangladesh

Workshop organized by LCEDN Ijaz Hossain Chemical Engineering Department, BUET Email: ijaz@che.buet.ac.bd

What this presentation is about?

This presentation deals with energy efficiency GHG mitigation options for Bangladesh

The material presented is derived from the study report of the Second National Communication (SNC)

The SNC will be submitted soon to UNFCCC, and will be available in their website

Summary of Primary Energy Supply in Bangladesh in 2009-10

Fuel Type Original Unit (TJ) (%) of Total

(%) Without Biomass

Natural Gas 703 BCF 868,600 44.5% 77.1% Oil 3.5 million Tons 155,400 8.0% 13.8% Coal (estimate) 3.5 million Tons 98,000 5.0% 8.7% Hydro 1000 GWh 3,600 0.18% 0.36% Solar PV (estimate) 60 MW-p (equivalent) 400 0.02% 0.04% Biomass (estimate) 55 million Tons 825,000 42.3% TOTAL 1,951,000 100.0% 100.0%

• As can be seen Bangladesh is heavily dependent on natural gas • All oil is imported; in 2010-11 consumption has exceeded 5.5 million

tons because of the addition oil-fired power plants to meet shortage • Coal: 1 million ton domestic; 2.5 million tons imported from India • Biomass still constitutes 40% of the total primary energy • Proportion of renewables less than 0.5% of the total primary energy

Gas Consumption by different sectors – 2009-10

Supply: 2000 MMcfd Need: > 2300 MMCFD

SNC

INC = Initial National Communication SNC = Second National Communication

Relative contributions to CO2 emission

2005 Commercial

1%

Agriculture5%

Non-Spec Sector3%

Transport13%

Mfg & Construction

27%

Fertilizer9%

Residential11%

Energy Industries

31%

CO2 Emission by Energy Sub-Sectors

2005

Agriculture12%

Commercial4%

Transport14%

Residential25%

Mfg & Construction

45%

Emission from Power Generation Distributed to Consuming Sectors

CO2 from Transportation Sector

2005

Navigation8%

Railways2%

Aviation2%

Cars20%

Trucks & Buses68%

CO2 Emission by Manufacturing & Construction Sub-Sector

2005

Fertilizer25%

Non-specified Industry

9%

Textile & Leather22%

Brick (Coal)36%

Chemicals1%

Paper, Machinery, Non-Ferrous Metals

1%

Food, Beverages & Tobacco

2%

Iron & Steel2%

Non-Metallic Minerals

2%

Major Assumptions for GHG Projection for SNC in LEAP

Item Value Comments

Gas Reserves 12 + 25 Tcf Daily production to reach a maximum of 4000 MMcfd by 2017

Coal Reserves 2000 MT Production: 1 MT/yr up to 2015; to reach 10 MT/yr in 2030

Imports 500 MMcfd LNG from 2012; Coal from 2015; All fuel shortfall met by imports

Electricity (2030)

New Coal 10000 MW 40% efficiency sub-critical boiler power plants starting at 2015

Gas Based 6000 MW CCGT for intermediate and baseload; GT for peak load

Others 4000 MW 2000 MW Nuclear and 5% of Total to be solar + wind + hydro by 2030

Item Growth (%) Comments

Population 1.75 Constant (not much slowing down expected)

Household 1.75 Constant (not much slowing down expected)

Income 5 Corresponds to GDP growth rate of 6.5% per year

Energy projection of the demand sectors for the period 2005 to 2030

GHG emissions projection by fuel type for the period 2005 to 2030

Electricity generation plan by technology type

Mitigation Sectors/Options Considered for SNC

Electricity generation and supply

Transport – rail and water

Energy Intensive Industries – Fertilizer, Scrap Steel Melting, Re-rolling, Brick, Ceramic, Cement, Sugar

Selected options in the Residential, Commercial and Agricultural sectors

Cross-sectoral options (boiler, CHP, motor, fan, light)

Renewables

Transport Sector • Modal shift from (i) road to railway and (ii) road to waterway

Agriculture Sector • Solar PV irrigation pumps

Residential Sector • Metering residential gas supply and Improved gas stoves • Solar PV lanterns to replace kerosene lamps

Industry Sector (both public and private sector industries) • New Urea fertilizer plants • Sugar mills (cogeneration plant efficiency improvement) • Steel re-rolling mills efficiency improvement • Brick making – Higher efficiency kilns • Industrial cogeneration for captive generators • Boiler efficiency improvement

MITIGATIONS OPTIONS – I

Commercial Sector • Solar reflective glass for façades and windows • Use of hollow bricks as partition walls

Energy Sector (Electricity) • CCGT to replace old Steam Turbine (ST) plants • Electricity distribution loss reduction • Supercritical boilers for coal fired power plants

Cross Sectoral Options • Efficient fans • Efficient lighting (T8 replaced by T5 fluorescent tube-lights)

Biomass Options • Efficiency improvement of parboiling • Biogas plants

MITIGATIONS OPTIONS – II

Rail Transport

A passenger-kilometer is 2-3 times more efficient than buses

A freight-kilometer is 5-6 times more efficient than trucks

Modal shift by expanding and upgrading service ___________________________________________________

Share of rail transport has fallen dramatically since 1980

Road transport is cheaper overall and more convenient

Cannot withstand competition from road transport

Government very keen, but lacks funding to promote it

Water Transport

Most efficient mode of transport in terms of energy use; more than even railway

Passenger-kilometer is 3-4 times and freight-kilometer is 8-10 times more efficient

Expand and upgrade service for modal shift

Maintain waterways and ensure security ______________________________________________ Share has fallen since 1980 Neglected service and problems of river

navigability Dredging of waterways critically needed

Rauzan (I) [420]

Rauzan (II) [210]

Chittagong [60]

Ashuganj [450]

Ashuganj [128]

Ghorasal (I) [110]

Ghorasal (II) [420]

Ghorasal (III) [420]

Siddirganj [210]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Rauzan (I) [420]

Rauzan (II) [210]

Chittagong [60]

Ashuganj [450]

Ashuganj [128]

Ghorasal (I) [110]

Ghorasal (II) [420]

Ghorasal (III) [420]

Siddirganj [210]

Age in Years

STEAM THERMAL

Baseload Power Plants of BPDB (public)

Data for 2009-10

Rauzan (I) [420]

Rauzan (II) [210]

Chittagong [60]

Ashuganj [450]

Ashuganj [128]

Ghorasal (I) [110]

Ghorasal (II) [420]

Ghorasal (III) [420]

Siddirganj [210]

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%Effi

cien

cy

Average Efficiency = 31.5%

Electricity Generation

STEAM Rankine Cycle

CCGT to replace STEAM

Year: 2009-10

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

CCGT to replace steam thermal plants

(minimum efficiency of CCGT is 52%)

Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical boilers for coal-fired power plants (4-8% efficiency improvement possible)

T&D infrastructure up-grading and rehabilitation (study shows high potential; up to 10% loss reduction in certain urban/rural feeders)

Captive Power Generation

• Because of electricity shortage and unreliable power supply, gas utilities started allowing captive power generation about 12 years back

• 1500+ MW gas-based captive generation exists

• 25% of the gas for power is consumed by this sub-sector

• Plant efficiencies vary from 28% to 42% (average = 35%)

• Waste heat is mostly not utilized

• Ideal opportunity for cogeneration

COGENERATION

A waste-heat boiler can recover a good portion of the wasted heat to produce steam

This will replace the existing boiler thus saving the natural gas used to make steam

If the industry does not require steam, then absorption refrigeration can be used for air-conditioning or making ice

Otherwise, the steam can be sold to neighboring industries

Urea Fertilizer: Four plants (NGFF, PUFF, UFFL, ZFCL) consume for 1 ton of urea more than 40 Mcf of natural gas, compared to 23 Mcf and 30 Mcf by KAFCO and JFCL respectively

S Mills are so old that simply building new mills can double the energy efficiency

Cogeneration in Sugar Mills

• There are 15 medium sized sugar mills owned by BSFIC

• Most of these mills are more than 40 years old, and use very low pressure boilers for electricity generation

• State-of-the-art bagasse boilers are operating at 82 bar, whereas boilers under BSFIC are operating at 11 bar

• Each mill can export surplus electricity between 3-4 MW to the grid. A feed-in tariff appropriate for renewable energy is needed to promote this option

Private Industries: Brick Kilns

5000+ Fixed Chimney Kilns (FCK) consume 2-3 million Tons of coal - Highly polluting and energy inefficient

FCK – Very crude furnace; dugout area in open field

Smalltime entrepreneurs run the industry _____________________________________________ Government has taken many measures to improve the present

situation both in terms of energy consumption and environmental pollution

GEF project in 2005-2008; UNDP, WB and GTZ have facilitated World Bank pilot project for improvement of FCK CDM project using Hybrid Hoffman Kiln have been registered World Bank CASE project is ongoing to improve situation

Fixed Chimney Kiln (FCK)

HOFFMAN KILN – Coal Fired: 25-35% more efficient than FCK

VSBK: 40-50% more efficient than FCK

Scrap Steel Mills + Re-rolling Mills

• Energy component more than 25% of product cost

• Crude Operation and Inefficient Induction Furnaces

• Plant shuts down during peak hours (5 – 11 pm). Furnaces undergo cyclic cooling and heating

• Load shedding causes significant losses. Scrap melting and ingot re-rolling not synchronized

• Re-rolling: Bad insulation; no heat recovery and inefficient burners

• SEC varies from 25 to 75 m3/ton for modern to traditional re-rolling mills

Demand Side Management

Metering of domestic gas connections

Efficient ceiling fans

Improved gas cookstoves

Efficient building: Solar Reflective Glass

Cookstoves (old and new type)

Ceiling Fan

Solar Reflective Glass could have been used

Metering Domestic Gas Connection

Solar Reflective Glass

Huge tendency to build commercial building with glass façades

Even though all commercial building are air-conditioned not enough attention being paid to lessen air-conditioning load

Several measures exist to lessen cooling load in commercial buildings

One such measure is Solar Reflective Glass

Solid bricks and alternatives

Hollow bricks - less clay, less coal

Hollow bricks

Cement Blocks

BOILERS • According to the Chief Inspector of Boilers (CIB) there are

more than 5000 registered boilers in Bangladesh

• Based on preliminary assessment, the CIB believes many boilers are operating in the region of 70% efficiency

• The boilers that are in the most neglected condition are in the Textile Dyeing Sector. Also, many of the Garments sector boilers are not in a good shape

• The most prospective size range for intervention in boiler efficiency improvement is the 1-5 t/h. More than 50% of the boilers are in this size range

• Boiler efficiency should be above 85%

MOTORS

• Propensity to purchase the cheapest in the market

• Widespread re-winding of burnt outs motors practiced

• Motors kept running unnecessarily

• Efficient drives/Intelligent Motor Controllers not used

Renewables: Biomass efficiency improvement

Improved Cook Stoves(ICS) and Improved Rice Parboiling Systems are two excellent options

These can reduce biomass consumption by up to 50%, and also reduce environmental pollution

Up to February, 2012, more than 400,000 ICS have been installed. Grameen Shakti alone has installed more than 150,000. POA CDM project registered

There are 50,000 Rice Parboiling units(GIZ Data)

Biomass thus saved can be utilized in biomass gasification plants (ongoing GIZ pilot project)

Improved Biomass Cookstove

Efficiency of traditional stoves is 8-10%

Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) can easily achieve a thermal efficiency of 20%

If the saved biomass is Non Renewable Biomass, CDM can be used to promote ICS

ICS

Village Restaurant

Efficient use of Biomass

Efficiency Improvement of Paddy PARBOILERS

Estimates indicate that 2-3 million tons can be saved through the use of efficient parboilers

GIZ Project

Cost Effectiveness

($/ton) of GHG

mitigation options

The figure is the study result of the second national communication (SNC) submitted to meet Bangladesh’s obligation under the UNFCCC

GHG Reduction Potential of Mitigation Options analyzed under the SNC study

GHG Emissions from the Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios (SNC)

Thank You