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Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest Frequency, and Grazing Management in Alfalfa Persistence Across the Southern Alfalfa Persistence Across the Southern U.S. R. Lemus, J.B. Rushing, and J.A. White Mississippi State University 2018 NAAIC, Logan, Utah

Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

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Page 1: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Impact of K Fertilization, HarvestImpact of K Fertilization, Harvest Frequency, and Grazing Management in Alfalfa Persistence Across the SouthernAlfalfa Persistence Across the Southern 

U.S.

R. Lemus, J.B. Rushing, and J.A. WhiteMississippi State University2018 NAAIC, Logan, Utah

Page 2: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

From Days Past...The Hay DaysFrom Days Past...The Hay Days

• In the 1900’s, Artesia, MS became one of the largest producers of alfalfa hay in the south.

• The topography of Artesia is gently rolling, with frequent outcrops of soft, erosive limestone.

• The Starkville News in 1923 reported that alfalfa has been grown successfully in Artesia for many years, often producing three to five y y y , p gtons of dry hay per acre annually.

Photo:  Ms. Ruth Morgan

Page 3: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Current Situation of Alfalfa in the Deep SouthCurrent Situation of Alfalfa in the Deep South

• Producers Seek More Information about Alfalfa• Interest in alfalfa and interseeding alfalfa into grass hayfields has created demand for• Interest in alfalfa and interseeding alfalfa into grass hayfields has created demand for a greater research and extension education effort 

• The demand is two‐fold to train producers how to:• Manage alfalfa and alfalfa‐grass mixtures • Utilize baleage technology to appropriately harvest and store the forage

• In the eastern and southern USA a coordinated research andIn the eastern and southern USA, a coordinated research and demonstration/extension effort, across Georgia and Mississippi for example, has substantially increased alfalfa acreage. 

• 500% increase in Georgia• 3 500 acres in Mississippi in the last 4 years3,500 acres in Mississippi in the last 4 years.

Page 4: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Alfalfa Variety Evaluation Lemus and White, 2014.Variety Dormancy Group 2011 2012 2013Variety Dormancy Group 2011 2012 2013

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ lb/ac ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Bulldog 505 5 10155 7407 (‐27%) 4731 (‐53%)Bulldog 805 8 9354 7016 (‐25%) 4018 (‐57%)Phoenix 5 9267 7222 ( 22%) 4483 ( 52%)Phoenix 5 9267 7222 (‐22%) 4483 (‐52%)Magnum VI 4 9176 6944 (‐24%) 3993 (‐56%)Magna 601 6 10082 7049 (‐30%) 4950 (‐51%)CW500 5 8320 7317 (‐12%) 3959 (‐52%)PGI‐345LH 3 8536 7445 (‐13%) 3707 (‐56%)PGI‐345LH 3 8536 7445 (‐13%) 3707 (‐56%)PGI‐608 6 8750 6952 (‐21%) 4259 (‐51%)PGI‐1007BA 10 9968 7152 (‐28%) 4147 (‐58%)Magna 801 8 8903 6680 (‐25%) 3907 (‐56%)Magnum VI Wet 4 8697 7184 (‐17%) 4053 (‐53%)Magnum VI Wet 4 8697 7184 (‐17%) 4053 (‐53%)Hybridforce‐2420 Wet 4 9802 7076 (‐28%) 4020 (‐59%)

Mean 9246 7118 (‐22%) 4191 (‐55%)LSD 650 NS NSLSD0.05 650 NS NSC.V. (%) 10 7 18

Page 5: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

ObjectivesObjectives

• Soil K deficiency and low soil pH are common problematic issues in southeastern forage systemssoutheastern forage systems.  

• Objectives• To determine the impact of K fertilization and harvest regime on forage yield, plant persistence, forage quality, and yield component of alfalfa in the southeastern U.S.

• To compare concurring production of ‘Georgia Bulldog 805’ alfalfa in aTo compare concurring production of  Georgia Bulldog 805  alfalfa in a legume/warm‐season grass mixture system with bermudagrass/bahiagrass vs. nitrogen application to determine species competitiveness, forage mass, nutritive value, animal performance, and the economic net return of alfalfa/grass system in a hot, humid southeastern U.S.,

Page 6: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Objective 1: K Study M&MObjective 1:  K Study M&M

• Georgia Bulldog 805’ alfalfa was planted at a rate of 20 lb pure live seed (PLS) per ac in a prepared seed bed (6 ft x 12 ft) in fall 2015(PLS) per ac in a prepared seed bed (6 ft x 12 ft) in fall 2015.

• The experiment is a randomized complete block design with four replications in a split plot arrangementreplications in a split plot arrangement

• Main plots (harvest regimes): bud and three bloom stages (10, 30, and 50%)• Sub‐plots (potassium application rates): 0, single application (60, 90, 120 lb K/ac), split applications (30/30, 45/45, and 60/60 lb K/ac).

• Soil samples were collected from each plot from the 0‐ to 6‐inches (soil) and 6‐ to 12‐inches (subsoil) soil depths at the beginning (prior to fertilization) and at the end of the growing season to determine exchangeable K levelsexchangeable K levels.

Page 7: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale
Page 8: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Seasonal Biomass Production Across Diff Alf lf G h SDifferent Alfalfa Growth Stages

2016  (P = 0.0005) 2017 (P = 0.6175) A

7000

8000

9000

M/ac)

BBB

4000

5000

6000

onmass (lb DM

0

1000

2000

3000Bio

0Bud 10% 30% 50%

Alfalfa Growth Stage

Page 9: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Impact of Potassium Application in Alfalfa S l Bi P d iSeasonal Biomass Production

82002016 (P = 0.6294)

( )

74007600780080008200

lbDM/ac)

2017 (P = 0.5207)

66006800700072007400

onal Biomass (

6000620064006600

0 60 60S 90 90S 120 120S

Seaso

0 60 60S 90 90S 120 120SPotassium Application Rate (lb K/ac)

Page 10: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Potassium Concentration in Whole Alfalfa Plant Diff P i A li i R 2016as Different Potassium Application Rates, 2016

8.00

10.00

n (%

 DM)

Bud 10% Bloom 30% Bloom 50% Bloom

4.00

6.00

Concen

tration

0.00

2.00

0 60 60S 90 90S 120 120S

Tissue

 K 

Potassium Application Rate (lb K/ac)

Page 11: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Crude ProteinCrude Protein

30Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4 30

Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3

2016, P<0.0001 2017, P<0.0001

20

25

M)

Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4

20

25

M)

10

15

CP (%

 DM

10

15

CP (%

 DM

0

5

Bud 10% 30% 50%0

5

Bud 10% 30% 50%

Alfalfa Growth Stage Alfalfa Growth Stage

Page 12: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Objective 2: Alfafa/bermudagrass Grazing M&MObjective 2: Alfafa/bermudagrass Grazing M&M

• The grazing study is a randomized complete block design with two replications, three pasture composition treatments:three pasture composition treatments:

• bermudagrass with no N fertilization• bermudagrass with 90 kg N/ha applied in an evenly split manner• bermudagrass interseeded with alfalfa

• Each grazing paddock is 2.0 acres. 

• “Georgia Bulldog 805” alfalfa was planted at a rate of 20 lb PLS per ac using a no• Georgia Bulldog 805  alfalfa was planted at a rate of 20 lb PLS per ac using a no‐till drill in the fall of 2016.

• Pasture were fertilized at planting and lime (CaCO3), phosphorous, potassium, p g ( 3), p p , p ,boron and zinc will be applied as soil test results indicate.  

Page 13: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Alfafa/bermudagrass Grazing M&MAlfafa/bermudagrass Grazing M&M

• Each grazing cycle starts when the paddocks have reached 10 inches of herbage height with the exception of the alfalfa paddocks that start when alfalfa paddocks have reached the 1/10 bloom stage.

• Each grazing period ends at a stubble height of two‐inch, based on the lowest height to which cattle typically graze common bermudagrassbermudagrass.

Page 14: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

2017 and 2018 number grazing days, average daily gain, and gain per acre for Alfalfa at the Coastal Plain Branch Experiment Station in f f f pNewton, MS (data up to May 22, 2018)

Item

Treatment

0 N 100 N AlfalfaItem

2017Grazing Days (d) 22 36 29 36 29 36

ADG (lb)ADG (lb) 2.50 1.56 2.60 2.13 2.71 2.29

Gain/acre (lb) 115 113 156 154 162 165

20182018

Grazing Days (d) 29

ADG (lb) 1.85

Gain/acre (lb) 103

Page 15: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

I t f Mi bi l I l t th Q litImpact of Microbial Inoculants on the Quality and Fermentation Stability of Alfalfa Round 

Bale BaleageBale BaleageR. Lemus and J.A. WhiteMississippi State University2018 NAAIC, Logan, Utah

Page 16: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Baleage as a Transformational Technologyd h R l f I land the Role of Inoculants

• In the humid southeast, environmental conditions in the spring can k i t t t iti l t i th f hmake moisture content a critical aspect in the success of hay 

production.• Rain damage resulting from rewetting during the drying process can lead to leaf loss nutrient leaching and respirationleaf loss, nutrient leaching, and respiration.

• The availability of bale wrapping equipment grants the producer more flexibility and reduced risk of weather‐related yield and quality losses. 

• Preservation of baleage has a great impact on forage quality. • Inoculants can provide benefits to ensiled forage such as reduced dry matter and energy losses while in storage, reduced protein solubilization, higher i l f d l t lifanimal performance, and longer storage life. 

Page 17: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Alfalfa/Bahiagrass StudyAlfalfa/Bahiagrass Study

• The increasing popularity of interseeding alfalfa into perennial warm‐h b d d b hi h t dseason grasses such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass has created a 

need for more research involving this system in the southern USA. 

• A study was conducted to measure the efficacy of microbial inoculants in improving the fermentation and nutritive value of bahiagrass/alfalfa baleage on a farm scale.  

• The Mississippi research trial was conducted at the Robison Farm in New Herbron, MS (31˚42’42.69” N, 89˚58’09.51” W) in a 25‐acre stand of Argentine bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) interseeed with ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa in the fall of 2015. 

September 2015

Page 18: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

April 2016

Page 19: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

ObjectivesObjectives

• Objectives• To compare the efficacy of using microbial inoculants to improve the fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale.  

• To implement an Extension and Outreach program to educate beef cattle producers and small and medium‐sized dairies about the use of alfalfa and alfalfa grass mixtures by providing the linkages with the transformationalalfalfa‐grass mixtures by providing the linkages with the transformational technology of baleage. 

Page 20: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Harvesting ProtocolHarvesting Protocol

• Alfalfa/bahiagrass was baled at 10% bloom.

• Inoculant application and baling process were targeted at moisture contents ranging 40 to 60% (50% being the ideal).

• Bales were wrapped using an individual wrapper and applying 8 layers of UV treated wrapping plastic.  

• After baling, a 20‐ft temperature microsensor (Spectrum Technologies, Aurora, IL) was inserted (3 sensors per treatment) into the bale using an aluminum pipe to a 12 inches depth. 

• Data was collected for 21 days. 

Page 21: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

TreatmentsTreatments• The experimental design was a randomized complete block design where each bale treatment consisted of six bales.

• Each of the liquid inoculant mixtures were mixed with 12.4 L deionized water and applied to supply inoculants at a rate of:

• Control with DI Water only• 11 mg/kg forage to supply 1 25 x 1011 cfu/g of Pioneer 11H50 and Pioneer 1174 (DuPont Pioneer Johnston IA)• 11 mg/kg forage to supply 1.25 x 1011 cfu/g of Pioneer 11H50 and Pioneer 1174  (DuPont Pioneer Johnston, IA)• 11 mg/kg forage to supply 1.0 x 1011 cfu/g of Pioneer 11G22 (heterofermentative) (DuPont Pioneer Johnston, IA)• 1.1 mg/kg forage to supply 1.5 x 104 cfu/g of SiloSolve MC during the baling process   (CHR Hansen, Horsholm, Denmark)• The SiloKing inoculant was applied at a rate of 7.9 mg/kg of forage to supply 1.0 x 105 cfu/g using a dry applicator (Agri‐King, 

Inc., Fulton, IL) 

• Inoculants were sprayed using a Utility vehicle equipped with a 12 gallon tank and continuous‐flow sprayer boom.

• The sprayer was fitted oriented to spray the entire windrow just before the forage entered the baling• The sprayer was fitted oriented to spray the entire windrow just before the forage entered the baling chamber. 

Page 22: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

Sampling ProtocolSampling Protocol

• Hay core samples were taken using a HayStar core sampler (4 cores per bale at 18 to inches deep) at day 0 (prior to wrapping) and 7 14 21 andbale at 18 to inches deep) at day 0 (prior to wrapping), and 7, 14, 21, and 112 days post‐wrapping. 

• Collected samples were frozen immediately to be analyzed for pH, nutritiveCollected samples were frozen immediately to be analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by Daryland Laboratories (Arcadia, WI). 

• Subsamples were also used to determine nutritive value using a Foss 2500 NIR instrument (Foss North America, Eden Prairie, MN) and using the 2017 haylage equation developed by the NIRS Forage and Feed Testing Consortium (Hillsboro, WI).  

Page 23: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale
Page 24: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

7.00 27-Jun (P = 0.0002)9-Sep (P = 0.0209)

June 27, 2016 - 65% MoistureSeptember 9, 2016 - 44% Moisture

5.00

6.00

AB B

AB BBBB

4.00

pH

BC C B

C

B B

2.00

3.00

1.00

0.00Water P1174 P11G22 P11H50 SiloKing SiloSolve

Inoculant

Page 25: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale
Page 26: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

3.50

4.00Ammonia, LSD0.05 = 0.29, P < 0.0001 Lactate, LSD0.05 = 0.83, P < 0.0001

Acetate, LSD0.05 = 0.24, P = 0.0004 Propionate, LSD0.05 = 0.05, P < 0.0001

*

3.00

asis

Butyrate, LSD0.05 = 0.31, P = 0.0055

June 27, 2016

65% Moisture

2.00

2.50

Dry

Mat

ter B

a 65% Moisture

*

1 00

1.50

Perc

ent

*** **

0.50

1.00

*

* *

*

*

0.00Water P1174 P11G22 P11H50 SiloKing SiloSolve

Inoculant

Page 27: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

0.70

0.80

Ammonia, LSD0.05 = 0.11, P < 0.0001 Lactate, LSD0.05 = 0.19, P = 0.0001

A t t LSD0 05 0 04 P 0 0001 P i t LSD0 05 NS P 0 0627

*

*0.60

asis

Acetate, LSD0.05 = 0.04, P < 0.0001 Propionate, LSD0.05 = NS , P = 0.0627

Butyrate, LSD0.05 = 0.06, P < 0.0001

September 9, 2016*

*

0.40

0.50

Dry

Mat

ter B

a

44% Moisture

*

0.20

0.30

Perc

ent *

*

**

*0.10

0.20

* * **

*

*0.00

Water P1174 P11G22 P11H50 SiloKing SiloSolve

Inoculant

Page 28: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

0 80

Ammonia, LSD0.05 = 0.29, P<0.0001 Lactate, LSD0.05 = 0.83, P=0.0001 Acetate, LSD0.05 = 0.24, P<0.0001

Proprionate, LSD0.005= NS, P=0.0627 Butyrate, LSD0.05 = 0.31, P<0.0001

0.70

0.80

July 21, 2017

58% Moisture

*

0.50

0.60

Matter B

asis

**

0.30

0.40

Percen

t Dry M

**

0.10

0.20

**

*

**

0.00Water P1174 P11G22 P11H50 SiloKing SiloSolve

**

Page 29: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

SummarySummary

• Potassium rates have had minimum impact in biomass production during the first two years of the studythe first two years of the study.

• There is need to collect more long‐term data to determine which of these applications might be critical in the southern US.

Th i t ti l t t d th i i th th US b• There is potential to extend the grazing season in the southern US by incorporating warm‐season grasses to increase yield, forage quality and reduce nitrogen applications.

• Inoculants did not reduce pH relative to the control due to lack of WSC.• Overall, microbial inoculants generally had a positive effect on alfalfa baleagecharacteristics by shifting fermentation toward lactic acid with homofermentativelactic acid bacteria or toward acetic acid with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.lactic acid bacteria or toward acetic acid with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.

Page 30: Impact of K Fertilization, Harvest and Grazing Management ... · fermentation, nutritive value, dry matter digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa/grass baleage at farm scale

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments• This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award numbers 2015‐70005‐g ( ), p g ,24077 and 2016‐70005‐25653.

• This project is a contribution of the “Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) and the Mississippi State University Extension Service (MSU‐ES)Station (MAFES) and the Mississippi State University Extension Service (MSU ES). 

• Richardson Farms, New Hebron, MS for facilitating the land, resources, and equipment for this project.

• Thank you to student workers (Mike Hammock, Joey Hessner, Daniel Newman, and Christian Hines) for assisting with data collection, sample processing and analysis.

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