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Impacts of globalization on e-Commerce Adoption and Firm Performance
Abstract
This research develops and examining the relationship between firm
globalization, scope of e-commerce use, and firm performance, using data from the
selected firm that use Internet in its business operation. It is said that globalization
leads to both greater scope of e-commerce use and improved performance, measured
as efficiency, coordination, and market impacts. Scope of e-commerce use also leads
to greater firm performance of all three types. Globalization has differential effects on
B2B and B2C e-commerce, however, such that highly global firms are more likely to
do B2B but less likely to do B2C.
Statement of the problem
Two powerful and sometimes controversial current social and economic trends
are globalization and the widespread adoption of information and communication
technologies (ICTs). It is argued that these two trends are closely associated, each
driving the other forward, and both being driven by other common forces. There is a
direct and indirect effect of globalization to the firm performance and the process of
globalization will create new challenges to the organizations. Therefore in responding
to this, it requires the firms to think about the impacts of the two separate but
interrelated forces on individual firms.
Background to the Problem
Pohjola (2002) argues that the twin forces of globalization and the ICT
revolution are combining to create the so-called New Economy, marked by higher
rates of economic and productivity growth. Technology is both driven by and a driver
of globalization, as both forces continually reinforces one another (Bradley et al.,
1993). The process of globalization creates new challenges and opportunities for
firms. The opportunities include access to new markets that were previously closed
due to cost, regulation, or indirect barriers, the ability to tap resources such as labor,
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capital, and knowledge on a worldwide basis, and the opportunity to participate in
global production networks that are becoming prevalent in many industries such as
automotive, electronics, toys and textiles. Challenges come from foreign competitors
entering firms’ domestic markets, and from domestic competitors reducing their costs
through global sourcing, moving production offshore or gaining economies of scale
by expanding into new markets. Globalization challenges firms to become more
streamlined and efficient while simultaneously extending the geographic reach of
their operations.
Responding to these opportunities and challenges increasingly requires a
fundamental restructuring of organizational strategy and processes (Bradley et al.,
1993). Due to increased competitive pressure, companies are using new technologies
to extend their products and operations into the international marketplace (Snow et al.,
1996). They are also using these technologies to achieve new innovative transnational
organizational forms (Boudreau et al., 1998; Sturgeon, 2002). The adoption of ICTs
such as the Internet makes it cheaper and easier for firms to extend their markets,
manage their operations and coordinate value chains across borders
As Alan Greenspan (2001) has said, "By lowering the costs of transactions and
information, technology has reduced market frictions and provided significant
impetus to the process of broadening world markets". ICT adoption fosters
globalization by reducing transaction and coordination costs and creating new and
expanded markets with economies of scale.
It is important to focus on the relationship between globalization and the
adoption of a particular set of ICTs, namely the Internet and electronic commerce, at
the firm level. The goal is to move beyond general arguments about these
“megatrends” and to look at their actual dynamics in the operations of business
establishments. This requires thinking about the impacts of the two separate but
interrelated forces on individual firms. Much of the literature on globalization and IT
is lacking in empirical analysis, but implicitly treats globalization as the dependent
variable and examines the impacts of IT and the Internet. It is acknowledged that there
is a reciprocal relationship between the two, so there is a need to examine the impacts
of globalization on e-commerce and firm performance as the process of globalization
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has preceded the adoption of the Internet and e-commerce in time and it is still too
early to observe reciprocal effects.
Studies show that highly global companies (those that have operations abroad,
buy and sell abroad, and face more intense foreign competition) utilize the Internet for
business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce more than their less global counterparts. On
the other hand, highly global firms are actually less intensive users of the Internet for
business-to-consumer (B2C) ecommerce than less global firms. This suggests
different patterns of e-commerce activity for global and local firms. Global firms (the
largest share of which are in manufacturing) are more likely to integrate their
operations and automate transactions through B2B e-commerce in order to compete in
a global marketplace. On the other hand, local firms may have an advantage in the
B2C arena due to established physical infrastructures, local knowledge of consumer
preferences, language and culture, and brand recognition and trust. Global companies
also report greater performance improvements from the adoption of ecommerce, in
terms of greater efficiency, better value chain coordination, increases sales and
improved competitive position. Further, the adoption of B2B e-commerce by all firms
leads to improved sales, coordination and efficiency, while adoption of B2C improves
sales and efficiency but has no impact on coordination.
Figure 1: Example of conceptual framework of a company
Research Objectives
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Analyses will be based on the following factors:
(1) The relationship between globalization, e-commerce adoption and impacts on firm
performance.
(2) The degree to which a firm is already globalized will influence the extent to which
it adopts e-commerce and types of e-commerce it undertakes.
(3) The degree of globalization will influence firm directly as well as indirectly.
Research Questions
Will the impacts of globalization result to an improved firm performance and
better company efficiency?
Will level of e-commerce adoption lead to firm performance?
What type of impacts do firms face and what are the measures should firms
undertake to improve firm’s overall efficiency?
Significance
Globalization of both the economy and the society has confronted the world
over the past decade. A shift of focus and interest from the local market to the
international setting has demanded innovation not just in corporate leadership as new
information; forms of communication and technology are being offered to be utilized
in encouraging and reinforcing interaction among individuals. Fewer trade barriers
and unprecedented technological advances have accelerated the pace of globalization.
The advances in communication technology make it easier to enter the
international market through the efficient marketing (online transactions) and
advertising strategies that a number of international business organizations invest in
by utilizing the services provided by the Worldwide Web. Electronic data
communication (EDC) facilitates the exchange of data at tremendous speeds; it sorts
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and integrates data with other information available to the recipients (businesses,
banks, capital markets) from other sources. Thus, this improves the firm performance
as a whole. It also creates opportunities for local business to reach market globally
and young entrepreneur to operate business successfully by adopting e-commerce in
their business strategy. More job opportunities are created since the higher demand of
skilled workers with excellent IT knowledge.
Research Design (Materials and Methods)
Sources of data will be primary and secondary data. Based on primary
research, data will be gathered through a survey and questionnaires distribute to the
selected firms and different level of employees. Respondents will be among the
CEOs, CIOs or IS managers who are responsible for making the firm’s IT related
decisions. Interviews with the experts from the company will be conducted to get the
relevant information of the firm’s performance with regard to impact of globalization.
The firms will be selected from industry sectors that are known to be more advanced
users of e-commerce such as manufacturing, distribution(wholesale and retail), and
finance (banking and insurance). The survey covers a number of topics related to
adoption and impacts of the internet and e-commerce. However this research
addresses only the relationships between globalization, e-commerce adoption and firm
performance. Through exploratory factor and reliability analysis, several dimensions
of globalization are identified as well as e-commerce adoption and impacts based on
the following:
1) Firm globalization: the degree to which firms conduct business internationally and
face international competition.
2) E-commerce adoption: the use of the Internet to buy, sell or support products and
services.
3) Firm performance: the firm’s operational efficiency, coordination and expansion of
commerce.
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4) Control variables: firm sizes and industry.
Data collection mainly relies on primary data (questionnaires method).
However, other useful information is gathered through literature search, websites
review, reports and documents. A stratified random sample will be used, drawing
from company lists representative of each local market and stratified by industry and
firm size within country. Several hypotheses will be made to support the analysis.
Justifications
The research is relying on the logical argument that the process of firm
globalization has been occurring longer than Internet-based e-commerce has been in
existence, so it precedes it chronologically. However, it could also be argued that
greater e-commerce adoption leads to greater firm globalization in turn. It also focuses
on the effect of firm globalization on e-commerce adoption and impacts, rather than
being explicitly interested in a range of factors explaining different types of impacts.
Given the robustness of the estimates, the results will indicate that globalization does
have an effect on e-commerce adoption. It also has an impact on firm performance,
both independently and through the mediating influence of e-commerce adoption
Timeline
Stage 1: Based on the literature reviews, issues are identified and preliminary
framework will be done.
Stage 2: Questionnaire development which includes; discussions with experts from
company, field visit to the selected firm, and literature reviews or journals
proceedings.
Stage 3: Questionnaire administration and analysis of data.
Stage 4: Consolidation and learning.
Expected Result
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Firm globalization is heralded as a key driver of e-commerce diffusion.
(Steinfield &Klein, 1999). The overall analysis should show positive results when
testing the hypotheses. It is expected that highly global firms are likely to employ e-
commerce more intensively than less global firms. It is also expected that there will be
a direct relationship between firm globalization and firm performance. Highly global
firms should perform better in terms of increased sales, lower costs, and improved
competitive position and it is likely that global firms will realize greater impacts on
performance as they can more effectively employ e-commerce technologies.
Therefore, it should can be concluded that globalization will have impacts on the
certain level of e-commerce adoption within firms and will result to greater firm
performance.
References
Boudreau, Marie-Claude, Karen D. Loch, Daniel Robey, & Detmar Straud,. (1998)
Going Global: Using Information Technology to Advance the Competitiveness of the
Virtual Transnational Organization. Academy of Management Executive, 12(4): 120-
128.
Bradley, Stephen P., Jerry A. H, & Richard L. N,. (1993) Globalization, Technology,
and Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Mann, C., L., Sue E., & Knight., S,. C, (2000) Global Electronic
Commerce: A Policy Primer. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
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Sekaran, U. (2003), Research Methods for Business, New York, NY: John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
Websites:
Internet and e-Business, 2009, Available from:
http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/globalization/ [online], Accessed on
28 July 2009.
Impacts of Globalization: A Cross-Country Investigation, 2002, Available from:
http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/JIBS.pdf [online], Accessed 0n 29 July 2009.
Impacts of Globalization, 2004, Available from:
www.crito.uci.edu/pubs/2004/GEC3Japan.pdf [online], Accessed 0n 29 July 2009.
Factors Determining E-Commerce Usage And Value Creations In Malaysian Service
Industry, 2009, Available from:
http://www.cluteinstitute.com/Programs/Prague_2009/Article%20292.pdf [online],
Accessed on 2 August 2009.