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Gospel, God and Glory

Imperial Spain

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Philippine History - Spanish Era

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Page 1: Imperial Spain

Gospel, God and Glory

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Age of ExplorationWhen: Renaissance Period – opening of the world

to European shippingHow: New technology

Navigation – ships, sailing charts and maps, navigational instruments

Military – gunpowder, superior high-powered arms

Why: Gospel, Gold and GloryWho: Two Iberian Superpowers

Spain Portugal

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Age of ExplorationDiscovery of previously terra incognita AsiaRace to the Moluccas or Spice Islands

Portugal – sailed via south-eastern route through the Indian Ocean (Malacca in 1511 & Moluccas in 1512)

Spain – sailed via the western or south-western route (West Indies in 1492; Philippines in 1521)

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Iberian PeninsulaIberian Peninsula

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Spice IslandsSpice Islands

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East Meets WestTrade relations between the East and the

WestSpicesGoldSlavesSilverSilk

Dynamic interaction of cultures

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Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime DiscoveriesPortugal won the race to the wealth and

spices of the East:First to use innovation in seamanship and

boatbuildingDiscovery of Azores in the Atlantic, leading to

(a) the discovery of the Americas; and (b) circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa

Reached the East using direct all-water routeReached southermost end of AfricaReached India

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Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime DiscoveriesSpain earlier dispatched the

first truly momentous exploration in modern times:Attempting to find a westward

route to India by Christopher Columbus, instead reached Guanahani and Cuba (1492)

Led to misapprehension and dispute between Spain and Portugal

Christopher Columbus

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Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime DiscoveriesPapal Bull (1493)

Spanish Pope Alexander VI mediated dispute and gave Spain the right over the New World (lands discovered by Columbus) while Africa and India were reserved for Portuguese

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)Partioned the non-Christian world into 2

spheres of influence: imaginary line from north to south poles – west of Cape Verde to Spain, east to Portugal

Agreement to propagate Christianity

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Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

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Important expeditionsMagellan Expedition

(1518-1521) – led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty

Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) – led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

Legazpi Expedition (1564) – led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

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Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)

led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty who was then not in good terms with the Lisbon Court

Pigafetta, Magellan expedition chronicler

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Took the westward Route from Spain:Southern tip of South AmericaAcross Pacific OceanLimasawa, PHILIPPINES – March 15, 1521

Blood compact with Raja Humabon, ruler of Limasawa

Fr. Pedro Valderama celebrated MassPlanted a large cross

Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)

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Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)

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Blood compact with Raja Humabon, the Cebu chieftain

Battle of MactanRaja Sula asked for

assistance from Magellan

Magellan’s forces were defeated by Raja Lapu-lapu and the natives of Mactan

Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)

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Battle of MactanBattle of Mactan

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Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)Milestones:

Europeans first led of the existence of the Philippines

Proved that Earth was roundProved that East Indies could be reached by

crossing the PacificProved that Americas was land mass separate

from Asia

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Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) Led by Ruy Lopez de VillalobosReached the Eastern Coast of Mindanao

(Sarangani) in 1543Milestone:

Attempted to set up a colony and plowed the land to plant corn – the first time on Philippine soil

Named the group of islands in Samar and Leyte as Las Phelipinas or Las Felipinas in honor of then Prince Philipp II of Spain

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Villalobos King Philipp II

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Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)

Led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Reached Cebu in February 1565

Fr. Andres de Urdaneta was Legazpi’s chief pilot

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Milestones: Blood compact between Legazpi and Si

Katunaw of Cebu and Si Gala of BoholSet up the first Spanish town in Cebu (Villa de

San Miguel, later changed to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus)

Discovery of the “Urdaneta Passage” by Legazpi’s chief pilot, which would later be used in the galleon trade

Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)

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The Making of the Spanish “Indio”After establishing a town in Cebu, Legazpi

moved northward to Luzon and conquered the prosperous Muslim town of Manila (Raja Sulaiman)

After Manila, expeditions were sent to other parts of Luzon

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was granted by King Philip II the title “Adelantado de Filipinas”

Bloodless conquest of the Philippines - Sword + Cross

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Political Institutions - AdministrationViceroyalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico) –

administered Philippines, which was then a captaincy general

Real y Supreme Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) – goverend all Spanish colonies; paramount lawmaker and administrator next to the King

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Political Institutions - BureaucracyCentral/NationalProvincialCityMunicipalBarrio

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Political Institutions - BureaucracyCentral/National (Manila, Intramuros):

Gobernador y capitan-general, who functioned as : Commander-in-chief (Army/navy)President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme

Court)Vice-Real Patron (Ecclesiastical appointments)Source of Civil Power

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Political Institutions - BureaucracyProvincial:

Alcalde mayor for pacified provinces (alcaldia):

Corregidores for unpacified military zones (corregimientos))

Only SpaniardsFunctions:

(a) Executive powers(b) Judicial powers(c) Commercial / trade – indulto de comercio

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Political Institutions - BureaucracyCity (pueblo) / Municipal (municipio):

GobernadorcilloFilipino or Chinese Mestizo, 25yo, literate in oral &

written Spanish, was a cabeza de barangay for 4 yearsFunctions:

(a) Preparation of tribute list(b) Recruitment of men for draft labor and communal public

work(c) Postal clerk(d) Judge in small civil suits(e) Responsible for peace and order

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Political Institutions - BureaucracyBarrio:

Cabeza de barangay - barrio administrator

Usually the barangay chiefs, literacy in Spanish, good moral character, property-ownership

Functions: (a) Tax and contributions collector for

gobernadorcillo(b) Peace and order

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Political Institutions – Check on Abuse of PowersResidencia (1501 – 1799)

Judicial review of residenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of term by a juez de residencia

Residenciado may be found guilty of public misconduct and penalized accordingly

Visita (1499 – 18th century)Clandestinely, at any time within official’s term

by a visitador generalWrongdoers are also penalized accordingly

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No Separation of Church and StateSpanish clergy exercised political and economic

powersPress censorshipVast networks of

parishes, especially regulars (those who belonged to Spanish order)

Landowners (e.g. Dominicans, Augustinians and the Recollects)

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Friarocracy and the Philippine revolution

Criticized by Filipino laborantes (reformers) and revolucionarios

March 1, 1888: First anti-friar demonstration1898 Malolos Constitution: Separation of

Church and StatePhilippine revolution centered in the areas

where there were vast haciendas (friar estates)

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From pre-colonial barangays to pueblosLineal or nucleated barangay settlementsReduccion (resettlement) bajo el son de

la campana (under the sound of the bell) or bajo el toque de la campana (under the peal of the bell)

Pueblos – established by the Franciscan missionary where the church and convent would be constructed; houses to be built around church

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Reduccion as deviceChristian indoctrinationCivilizing device to make the Filipinos law

abiding citizens (“little brown Spaniards”)Used Christian festivals to attract the unwilling

unbaptized indios (e.g., Flores de mayo, Santacruzan, Sinakulo, Moro-moro)

Led to changes in the pre-colonial barangaysExternal: architecture, roofs of tiles or iron

sheets, azotea, aljibesInternal: integration of Spanish customs +

Christianity

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Economic InstitutionsTaxation without representation Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion PersonalEncomiendas: Royal and PrivateManila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)Royal Economic Society of Friends of the

Country (1780-1895)Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814)Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public

Utility Development

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Economic Institutions: Taxation without representationDirect (tribute and income tax)Indirect (customs duties and bandala)Monopolies of special cropsBuwis (tribute) – cash or kind, part or wholeSamboangan or donativo de Zamboanga (special

tax) – to crush moro raidsBandala – forced sale or requisitioning of foods,

esp. Rice or coconut oilCedula personal

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Economic Institutions: Taxation without representationTax exemptions –

descendants of Filipino chiefly class; laborers of arsenal and artillery; mediquillos (not doctors but w/ medical experiences); vaccinators, and some college /university students

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Economic Institutions: Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion PersonalWhat: Polo – corruption of Tagalog pulong

(meeting of persons and things or community labor)

Who: Polistas – Filipino or Chinese male mestizos from 16-60 years old

How long: 40 days (15 days since 1884)Exemption: payment of falta (absence)

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Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and PrivateEncomienda - Grant from the Spanish crown

to a meritorious Spaniar (Encomendero) to exercise control (not land grant) over a specific place including its inhabitants

2 Kinds:Royal or crown – reserved for the crown;

included principal towns and portsPrivate – granted to individuals who were the

King’s proteges, or men who served with merit during conquest and pacification campaigns

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Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and PrivateDuties of Encomendero:

defend encomienda from external incursionspeace and orderassist missionaries

Privileges of Encomendero: right to impose tribute

Encomenderos later became abusivehoarded staple itemsforced Filipinos to buy back the items at a very

low price or left almost nothing for the Filipinos

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Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – 250 years2 vessels (1 outgoing, 1 incoming)Between Manila and AcapulcoAmeresian worlds linked: spices and silk for

Americans and the Mexican and Peruvian dos mundos (pillar dollars) for the Asians

Benefited privileged SpaniardsChinese immigrants in

Filipinos converged in Binondo in 1637 to join the trade

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Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – 250 yearsNegative:

Population growth of the trade - Filipinos forced to work more in constructing galleons

Neglect of agriculture – galleon construction conflicted with planting and harvesting schedules

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Positive:To Mexico: mango, tamarind, rice, carabao,

cockfighting, Chinese tea and textiles, fireworksTo Philippines: avocado, guava, papaya,

pineapples, horses and cattle, etc.

Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – 250 years

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Economic Institutions: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)Jose de Basco – true example of Spain’s

despotismo ilustrado (enlightend despot); revamped Philippine economy.

Achievements:Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais –

composed of leading business, industry and the professions

Plan General Economico – income-generating monopolies of tobacco, areca nut, spiritual liquors and explosives

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Economic Institutions: Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814)

To unite American and Asian commerce

Exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, not only Philippine but also Chinese and Indian goods, and shipping them directly to Spain

Opposed by Dutch and English – attack on their trade in Asian goods

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Economic Institutions: Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility DevelopmentRailway line – Ferrocarril de ManilaStreet car service lines – Compania de los

Tranvias de FilipinasHorse-drawn vehiclesFirst suspension bridge – now Quezon BridgeRegular shippign – Manila-Hongkong weeklyTelephone – started in 1890Public lighting system in Manila

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Social transformationsAdoption of Hispanic NamesDecreed by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in

1849Catalogo alfabetico de apellidosBased on compiled names of saints,

indegenous and chinese patronymics, flora and fauna, geographical names and the arts.

Contained derogatory names such as Utut, Unggoy and Casillas

For the purposes of census, tax collection, performance of the polo and control of populationmovement

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Social TransformationsFilipino cuisines influenced by the Spanish

and ChineseAdobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, and

mechado were of Spanish influencePansit, siopao, mami, siomai, are Chinese

Change in Mode of DressingBarong Tagalog, camisa chino

and the use of trousersHats and the use of shoesBaro’t saya for women

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Social TransformationsCelebration of FiestasEnticed the indios from the barangays to

come into the town properIndoctrinate the indios about the performance

of religious ritualsFeast days for the Holy Week, and for patron

saintsPerformance of religious dramas

such as the sinakulo and the

komedya or moro-moro

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Social TransformationsPractice of the CompadrazgoRitual co-parenthood or Kumpare systemApplied both in baptism and marriages

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Cultural TransformationPrecolonial baybayin supplanted by the Latin

alphabet by the mid 18th centuryEverything pagan was destroyed by the

Spanish missionaries and replaced by the theocentric religion of Catholicism

The Spanish crown wanted the indios to learn the Spanish language the friars, however, were uncooperative

Precolonial literature was replaced by theocentric literature (comedias, sinakulo and the zarzuela)

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Cultural TransformationIntroduction of European visual arts such as

images, santoses, jewelry and painting.Famous Filipino painters of European style

were Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

Western musical instruments such as the organ, harp, guitar and piano.

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Filipinos not HispanizedBecause we never learned the Spanish

language we never lost that Malayan foundation

The Filipinos were “partially hispanized”Cultural patterns of the Muslims and other

minorities have remained unchangedThe transformation of the Philippine colony

created a blending of the native and Spanish cultures which became the bases of Filipino nationalism today

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