Increasing Formality and Productivity of Bolivian Firms

8/14/2019 Increasing Formality and Productivity of Bolivian Firms

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Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty`lf Wrhfuktbvbty hcJhmbvb`l Cbris

@ ^ H Z M F J @ L O K H U L V Z R [ V U F R





@ ^ H Z M F J @ L O K H U L V Z R [ V U F R

Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty`lf Wrhfuktbvbty hcJhmbvb`l Cbris



Khpyrbndt © :772Vde Blterl`tbhl`m J`lo chr Zekhlstruktbhl `lf Fevemhpielt / Vde ^hrmf J`lo0404 D [treet, L.^.^`sdblnthl, F.K. :76;;, U.[.@.@mm rbndts reservefI`luc`kturef bl tde Ulbtef [t`tes hc @ierbk`Cbrst Wrbltbln1 Aule :772

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^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufbes `re ìhln tde i`ly rephrts hrbnbl`mmy prep`ref chr blterl`muse `s p`rt hc tde khltblubln `l`mysbs jy tde J`lo hc tde ekhlhibk `lf rem`tef khlfbtbhls hcbts fevemhpbln ieijer khultrbes `lf th c`kbmbt`te bts fb`mhns wbtd tde nhverlielts. [hie hc

tde rephrts `re pujmbsdef bl tdbs serbes wbtd tde me`st phssbjme fem`y chr tde use hcnhverlielts, `lf tde `k`feibk, jusbless, cbl`lkb`m, `lf fevemhpielt khiiulbtbes. Vdei`luskrbpt hc tdbs p`per tderechre d`s lht jeel prep`ref bl `kkhrf`lke wbtd tde prhkefures`pprhprb`te th chri`mmy-efbtef texts. [hie shurkes kbtef bl tdbs p`per i`y je blchri`mfhkuielts td`t `re lht re`fbmy `v`bm`jme.

Vde cblfblns, blterpret`tbhls, `lf khlkmusbhls expressef derebl `re tdhse hc tdeùtdhr(s) `lf fh lht lekess`rbmy recmekt tde vbews hc tde Blterl`tbhl`m J`lo chrZekhlstruktbhl `lf Fevemhpielt/Vde ^hrmf J`lo `lf bts `ccbmb`tef hrn`lbz`tbhls, hr tdhsehc tde Exekutbve Fbrekthrs hc Vde ^hrmf J`lo hr tde nhverlielts tdey represelt.

Vde ^hrmf J`lo fhes lht nu`r`ltee tde `kkur`ky hc tde f`t` blkmufef bl tdbs whro. Vde jhulf`rbes, khmhrs, felhibl`tbhls, `lf htder blchri`tbhl sdhwl hl `ly i`p bl tdbs whrofh lht bipmy `ly aufnielt hl tde p`rt hc Vde ^hrmf J`lo hc tde men`m st`tus hc `lyterrbthry hr tde elfhrseielt hr `kkept`lke hc sukd jhulf`rbes.

Vde i`terb`m bl tdbs pujmbk`tbhl bs khpyrbndtef. Khpybln `lf/hr tr`lsibttbln phrtbhlshr `mm hc tdbs whro wbtdhut peribssbhl i`y je ` vbhm`tbhl hc `ppmbk`jme m`w. VdeBlterl`tbhl`m J`lo chr Zekhlstruktbhl `lf Fevemhpielt/Vde ^hrmf J`lo elkhur`nesfbsseibl`tbhl hc bts whro `lf wbmm lhri`mmy nr`lt peribssbhl prhiptmy th reprhfukephrtbhls hc tde whro.

Chr peribssbhl th pdhthkhpy hr reprblt `ly p`rt hc tdbs whro, pme`se self ` requestwbtd khipmete blchri`tbhl th tde Khpyrbndt Kme`r`lke Kelter, Blk., ::: Zhsewhhf Frbve,F`lvers, I@ 702:;, U[@, Vem1 2>4->57-4677, C`x1 2>4->57-66>7, www.khpyrbndt.khi.

@mm htder querbes hl rbndts `lf mbkelses, blkmufbln sujsbfb`ry rbndts, sdhumf je`ffressef th tde Hccbke hc tde Wujmbsder, Vde ^hrmf J`lo, 0404 D [treet L^, ^`sdblnthl,FK :76;;, U[@, C`x1 :7:-5::-:6::, ei`bm1 pujrbndtsGwhrmfj lo.hrn.

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Mbjr`ry hc Khlnress K`t`mhnbln-bl-Wujmbk`tbhl F`t` d`s jeel requestef.



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Khltelts

Wrec`ke ......................................................................................................................................vbb

@jstr`kt ................................................................................................................................... vbbb

@kolhwmefnielts ................................................................................................................... bx

@jjrevb`tbhls lf @krhlyis ................................................................................................. x

Exekutbve [uii`ry................................................................................................................. xbb

Hvervbew hc Blchri`mbty ..................................................................................................xbb Wrhfuktbvbty lf Wrhcbt`jbmbty hc Blchri`m Cbris ........................................................xbbb

Whmbky Zekhiielf`tbhls.................................................................................................xv Bltrhfuktbhl1 Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris......................... 0

^d`t Mbes Jedblf Jhmbvb`‒s M`rne Blchri`m [ekthr8.......................................................0

Dhw Fhes tdbs [tufy @ffress tde Wrhjmei8..................................................................:

Lhtes.....................................................................................................................................6

0. Vde Blchri`m [ekthr bl Jhmbvb` Vhf`y .............................................................................. 5

Dhw Jbn Bs tde Blchri`m [ekthr bl Jhmbvb`8.....................................................................5

^dh Bs bl Vde Blchri`m [ekthr8.......................................................................................07

^dy Bs tde Blchri`m [ekthr sh Jbn8.................................................................................02 ^dy [dhumf ê K`re `jhut tde Blchri`m [ekthr8........................................................;;

Khlkmusbhls ......................................................................................................................;5

@llex 0.0. Vde khipmexbty hc fecblbln blchri`mbty .....................................................;3

@llex 0.:. [hkbhfeihnr`pdbk kd`r`kterbstbks hc chri`m `lf blchri`m whroersulfer tde prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl, :775 ....................................................................60

@llex 0.;. [hkbhfeihnr`pdbk kd`r`kterbstbks hc chri`m `lf blchri`m whroersulfer tde men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl, :775........................................................................6:

Lhtes...................................................................................................................................6:

@llex 0.6. Fet`bmef blchri`tbhl hl m`jhr renum`tbhl bl M`tbl @ierbk`lkhultrbes .....................................................................................................................6;

:. Vde Wrhfuktbvbty hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris .................................................................. 65

^dy Fhes Wrhfuktbvbty I`tter chr Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8 ......................................65

^d`t Bs Khlstr`blbln tde Wrhfuktbvbty hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8...........................62

Dhw Bs tde Hper`tbhl`m, Zenum`thry, `lf Blstbtutbhl`m ElvbrhlieltKhlstr`blbln Wrhfuktbvbty8......................................................................................3:

Khlkmusbhls ......................................................................................................................35

Lhtes...................................................................................................................................33

@llex :.0. Blterest r`tes chr ibkrhkrefbt blstbtutbhls bl Jhmbvb` `lf htder M`tbl@ierbk`l khultrbes (`t elf Aule :775)...................................................................34



bv Khltelts

;. Blchri mbty `lf Wrhcbt`jbmbty bl Ibkrh lf [i mm Cbris............................................. 32

^d`t Bs tde Mevem hc Blchri`mbty ìhln tde [urveyef Cbris8...................................>7 ^dbkd Cbris Kdhhse th Jekhie Chri`m8......................................................................>6

Dhw Fhes Blchri`mbty @ccekt Wrhcbt`jbmbty8...............................................................>2 ^d`t @re [hie hc tde Kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd Chri`mbty Blkre`ses Wrhcbts8 ........45

Khlkmusbhls ......................................................................................................................44

@llex ;.0. ^d`t bs tde skhpe hc tde lew survey8.........................................................42

@llex ;.:. Wershl`m, nehnr`pdbk, `lf blfustry kd`r`kterbstbks hceltrepreleurs dhmfbln iulbkbp`m mbkelses `lf t`x luijers ..............................20

@llex ;.;. Wershl`m, nehnr`pdbk, `lf blfustry kd`r`kterbstbks hceltrepreleurs wdh dhmf iulbkbp`m mbkelses `lf d`ve renbsteref wbtdCulfEipres` hr hjt`blef t`x luijers.................................................................2:

@llex ;.6. Estbi`tbhl ietdhfs ......................................................................................2; @llex ;.5. Bip`kt hc t`x luijer hl mhn prhcbts ........................................................25

V`jme ;[email protected]. Bip`kt hc ` t`x luijer hl `kkess th krefbt `lf use hc cbl`lkb`mservbkes........................................................................................................................23

Lhtes...................................................................................................................................2>

6. Whmbky Zekhiielf`tbhls................................................................................................... 24

^d`t K`l Je Fhle th Blkre`se tde Chri`mbz`tbhl hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8.........22

^d`t K`l Je Fhle th Blkre`se Wrhfuktbvbty hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8................076

^d`t Bs Jhmbvb` Fhbln Lhw th Blkre`se Chri`mbz`tbhl `lf Wrhfuktbvbty8.............074

Zecerelkes............................................................................................................................... 00:

V`jmes

V`jme 0.0. Fbstrbjutbhl hc urj`l eipmhyielt ìhln chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs, jy prhfuktbve `lf men`mbstbk fecblbtbhls hc blchri`mbty, :775 (perkelt`ne hctht`m eipmhyef phpum`tbhl)..............................................................................................>

V`jme 0.:. [d`re hc whroers khveref jy m`jhr khltr`kts `lf pelsbhl culfs, jy cbrisbze, :775 (perkelt`ne hc s`m`rbef eipmhyielt)..........................................................02

V`jme 0.;. Khsts `lf jelecbts hc jebln chri`m......................................................................:0 V`jme 0.6. Khsts `lf prhkefures th set up ` jusbless bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes.......:6

V`jme 0.5. Fet`bm hc khsts `lf prhkefures th chri`mmy set up ` jusbless bl Jhmbvb` ........:5

V`jme 0.3. V`x renum`tbhl jurfel bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes.........................................:>

V`jme 0.>. M`jhr renum`tbhl jurfel bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes.....................................:2

V`jme :.0. Werkelt`ne hc chri`m cbris rephrtbln tde chmmhwbln c`kthrs `s iàhrkhlstr`blts th tdebr culktbhlbln, jy sbze........................................................................5:

V`jme :.:. Blterl`m r`tes hc returl chr ` fhujmbln hc k`pbt`m, jy sekthr `lf nelfer.........37

V`jme :.;. Khlstr`blts hl cbris‒ prhfuktbvbty phsef jy tde hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry,`lf blstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt, jy cbri sbze.................................................................3:

V`jme ;.0. Werkelt`ne hc cbris renbsterbln chr t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijers `lfiulbkbp`m mbkelses, jy tde `ne hc tde cbri `t renbstr`tbhl...........................................>:

V`jme ;.:. Werkelt`ne hc chri`m cbris, jy fbielsbhls hc chri`mbty `lf jy blfustry.....>;



Khltelts v

V`jme ;.;. Zenbsteref cbris‒ perkeptbhls hc tde i`bl jelecbt hc d`vbln ` t`xluijer `lf iulbkbp`m mbkelse.......................................................................................>5

V`jme ;.6. Werkelt`ne blkre`se bl prhcbts `sshkb`tef wbtd fbccerelt fbielsbhls hcchri`mbty, jy cbri sbze.....................................................................................................40

V`jme ;.5. Werkelt`ne hc cbris usbln fbccerelt types hc cbl`lkb`m blstruielts, jycbri sbze.............................................................................................................................43

V`jme ;.@.;.0. [urvey sìpme jy sbze, sekthr, `lf kbty........................................................27

V`jme 6.0. Jhmbvb`‒s kurrelt str`teny th blkre`se chri`mbty lf prhfuktbvbty ................007 V`jme 6.0 (khltbluef).............................................................................................................000

Cbnures

Cbnure 0.0. [d`re hc tde blchri`m sekthr bl NFW bl M`tbl @ierbk` `lf htder renbhls......3

Cbnure 0.:. @llu`m kd`lne bl blchri`m eipmhyielt bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes..........4

Cbnure 0.;. [d`re hc blchri`m whroers bl tde eipmhyef phpum`tbhl bl Jhmbvb`lurj`l `re`s, 0242‛:775......................................................................................................2

Cbnure 0.6. Fbstrbjutbhl hc dhurmy e`rlblns chr s`m`rbef whroers bl tde chri`m `lfblchri`m sekthrs `lf semc-eipmhyef whroers, :775.....................................................07

Cbnure 0.5. Fbstrbjutbhl hc whroers jy sekthr `lf m`jhr blkhie qubltbme, :775 ..............00

Cbnure 0.3. [d`re hc blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt bl eipmhyielt, jy nelfer `lfi`rbt`m st`tus, :775 ..........................................................................................................0;

Cbnure 0.>. [d`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt bl `mm eipmhyielt, jy efuk`tbhl `lfetdlbkbty, :775...................................................................................................................0;

Cbnure 0.4. Eipmhyielt bl tde chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs, jy whroers‒ `ne, :775.....06

Cbnure 0.2. [d`re hc blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt bl `mm eipmhyielt, jy `ne `lfnelfer, :775......................................................................................................................05

Cbnure 0.07. @ver`ne luijer hc ye`rs spelt bl eipmhyielt, jy sekthr..........................03

Cbnure 0.00. [d`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt bl `mm eipmhyielt, jy ekhlhibk sekthr`lf nelfer, :775..............................................................................................................04

Cbnure 0.0:. [d`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt bl `mm eipmhyielt, jy sbze hc cbri,:775....................................................................................................................................02

Cbnure 0.0;. [d`re hc chri`m `lf blchri`m whroers wdh fesbre jebln blfepelfelthr s`m`rbef, jy sekthr, :775..............................................................................................:7

Cbnure 0.06. Cbris‒ r`lobln hc re`shls th chri`mbze `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem‖BCKskhrek`rfs..........................................................................................................................::

Cbnure 0.05. [uii`ry hc tde renum`thry jurfel bl Jhmbvb` ...............................................:;

Cbnure 0.03. Nhverl`lke blfbk`thrs chr Jhmbvb` `lf `ver`nes chr M`tbl @ierbk`,0223‛:776 ..........................................................................................................................;7

Cbnure 0.0>. Ihst prhjmei`tbk c`kthrs chr fhbln jusbless, `kkhrfbln th chri`meltrepreleurs hper`tbln bl Jhmbvb`................................................................................;0

Cbnure 0.04. [uii`ry hl khrruptbhl `lf brrenum`r p`yielts blfbk`thr.........................;:

Cbnure [email protected]. [emektef blfbk`thrs hc blchri`mbty bl M`tbl @ierbk`.................................;4

Cbnure [email protected].:. Ietdhfs th ie`sure tde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr.................................;2

Cbnure :.0. Khlstr`blts hl dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh cbris, jy chri`mbty................57

Cbnure :.:. Khlstr`blts hl dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr si`mm cbris, jy chri`mbty.................50

Cbnure :.;. Khlstr`blts hl renbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsbln `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem ..................36



vb Khltelts

Cbnure ;.0. [d`re hc cbris `t fbccerelt fenrees hc chri`mbty...............................................>0 Cbnure ;.:. Kd`r`kterbstbks hc chri`mbty, jy cbri sbze..........................................................>6 Cbnure ;.;. Werkelt`ne fbccerelke bl prhcbt`jbmbty hc chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris `cter

khltrhmmbln chr fbccerelt hjserv`jme kd`r`kterbstbks.....................................................47

Jhxes

Jhx 0. @re blchri`m cbris mess prhcbt`jme, hr `re mess prhcbt`jme cbris aust ihremboemy th rei`bl blchri`m8................................................................................................;

Jhx 0.0. Ihst biphrt`lt t`x renbies bl Jhmbvb`...................................................................:4

Jhx :.0. Vde chkus nrhup ietdhfhmhny................................................................................63

Jhx :.:. Blkeltbves chr chri`mbty crhi tde chkus nrhups ....................................................62

Jhx :.;. [uppmy hc krefbt th ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris.............................................................5;

Jhx :.6. Khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr cei`me eltrepreleurs.............................37

Jhx ;.0. Vde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess bl Jhmbvb`......................................................................>0 Jhx ;.:. Nettbln ` LBV p`ys hcc chr si`mm cbris, jut lht chr tde ibkrh hr iefbui-

sbze cbris bl hur sìpme..................................................................................................4:

Jhx ;.;. Nelfer fbccerelkes bl chri`mbty `lf prhcbt`jbmbty ................................................46

Jhx 6.0. Whmbky `lf pr`ktbke rekhiielf`tbhls chr refukbln renum`thry `lf`fiblbstr`tbve j`rrbers th chri`mbz`tbhl.......................................................................22

Jhx 6.: Vde rhme hc tr`blbln `lf jusbless `sshkb`tbhls bl r`bsbln tde semc-eccbk`ky hcblchri`m eltrepreleurs .................................................................................................07:

Jhx 6.;. Nh`ms wdel refukbln j`rrbers th chri`mbz`tbhl..................................................07; Jhx 6.6. Kdbmfk`re bl Nu`tei`m` kbty..................................................................................07> Jhx 6.5. Nhverlielt `lf prbv`te `ktbhls hl prhfuktbvbty `lf chri`mbty.....................074



vbb

Wrec`ke

hmbvb`‒s blchri`m sekthr bs tde m`rnest bl M`tbl @ierbk`, jy i`ly fecblbtbhls `lfie`sures. Jhmbvb`‒s dbnd blchri`mbty r`te d`s jeel jmìef hl i`ly c`kthrs

blkmufbln tde jurfel hc renum`tbhl, tde weòless hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls, `lf tde m`ko hcperkebvef jelecbts th jebln chri`m. Vde dbnd mevem hc blchri`mbty d`s ` luijer hclen`tbve bipmbk`tbhls chr mhw prhfuktbvbty, mhw nrhwtd, `lf mhw qu`mbty hc ahjs.

Vdbs stufy preselts tde resumts hc ` stufy khlfuktef `t tde request hc tde Jhmbvb`lùtdhrbtbes hl blchri`mbty. Vde stufy ulfertòes cresd qu`mbt`tbve `lf qu`ltbt`tbve`l`myses th jetter ulferst`lf tde re`shls wdy cbris `re blchri`m `lf tde bip`kt hcchri`mbz`tbhl hl tdebr prhcbt`jbmbty, bl hrfer th blchri phmbky `ktbhls `pprhprb`te th tdere`mbty hc Jhmbvb`.Vde resumts hc tde `l`mysbs blfbk`te td`t chri`mbty chmmhws ` khltbluui, st`rtblnwbtd iulbkbp`m mbkelses, tdel nettbln ` t`x luijer, `lf cbl`mmy sbnlbln up wbtd tdel`tbhl`m cbri renbstry. M`ko hc blchri`tbhl hl chri`mbty bs ` iàhr feteribl`lt hccbris‒ fekbsbhl th rei`bl blchri`m. M`ko hc perkebvef jelecbts hc chri`mbty bs tde htderihst biphrt`lt re`shl.

Vde krukb`m cblfbln hc tde `l`mysbs bs td`t tde bip`kt hc t`x renbstr`tbhl hlprhcbt`jbmbty fepelfs hl cbri sbze `lf tde `jbmbty th bssue t`x rekebpts. Vde si`mmest `lftde m`rnest cbris bl tde sìpme d`ve mhwer prhcbts `s ` resumt hc t`x renbstr`tbhl jekùsetdebr khst hc chri`mbzbln exkeefs jelecbts. Cbris bl tde ibffme r`lne (twh th cbveeipmhyees) jelecbt crhi t`x renbstr`tbhl bl m`rne p`rt fue th blkre`sbln tde kusthier j`se jy bssubln t`x rekebpts. Vde `l`mysbs `msh sdhws td`t fekbsbhls `jhut chri`mbtyfepelf hl tde eltrepreleur‒s semc-eccbk`ky‖ie`surbln dbs `jbmbty `lf khlcbfelke thrul ` jusbless‖tde eltrepreleur‒s re`shl chr elterbln blth jusbless, `lf tde mevem hcelchrkeielt.

J`sef hl tde qu`ltbt`tbve `lf qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs, tde jhho preselts ` set hcprbhrbtbzef phmbky bipmbk`tbhls. Bl tde sdhrt teri, tde prbhrbty sdhumf je th blkre`se tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl tdrhund tr`blbln, `kkess th krefbt `lf i`roets, `lf htderchris hc jusbless supphrt. Vde sekhlf prbhrbty bl tde sdhrt teri wbtd mhw khst `lfdbnd phteltb`m bip`kt bs th blkre`se blchri`tbhl hl dhw th chri`mbze `lf bts jelecbts. Bltde iefbui teri, tde prbhrbty bs th sbipmbcy chri`mbz`tbhl, renum`thry `lf t`x`tbhlprhkefures, `lf refuke tdebr khsts. Blkre`sbln evel-d`lfef elchrkeielt hc t`x`tbhl`lf renum`tbhl bs `msh biphrt`lt th prhihte chri`mbty, `mtdhund bt sdhumf lht je tdeprbhrbty chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Ie`sures th jhhst tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris bl neler`m wbmm demp hver`mm ekhlhibk nrhwtd, eipmhyielt, `lfchri`mbz`tbhl.

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@jstr`kt

hmbvb`‒s blchri`m sekthr bs tde m`rnest bl M`tbl @ierbk`, jy i`ly fecblbtbhls `lfie`sures. Jhmbvb`‒s dbnd blchri`mbty r`te d`s jeel jmìef hl i`ly c`kthrs blkmufbln

tde jurfel hc renum`tbhl, tde weòless hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls, `lf tde m`ko hc perkebvef jelecbts th jebln chri`m. Vde dbnd mevem hc blchri`mbty d`s ` luijer hc len`tbvebipmbk`tbhls rem`tef th chr mhw prhfuktbvbty, mhw nrhwtd, `lf mhw qu`mbty hc ahjs.

Vdbs stufy preselts cresd qu`mbt`tbve `lf qu`ltbt`tbve `l`myses th jetterulferst`lf tde re`shls wdy cbris `re blchri`m `lf tde bip`kt hc chri`mbz`tbhl hltdebr prhcbt`jbmbty, bl hrfer th blchri phmbky `ktbhls `pprhprb`te th tde re`mbty hc Jhmbvb`

Vde krukb`m cblfbln hc tde `l`mysbs bs td`t tde bip`kt hc t`x renbstr`tbhl hlprhcbt`jbmbty fepelfs hl cbri sbze `lf tde `jbmbty th bssue t`x rekebpts. Vde si`mmest `lftde m`rnest cbris bl tde sìpme d`ve mhwer prhcbts `s ` resumt hc t`x renbstr`tbhl jekùsetdebr khst hc chri`mbzbln exkeefs jelecbts. Cbris bl tde ibffme r`lne (twh th cbveeipmhyees) jelecbt crhi t`x renbstr`tbhl bl m`rne p`rt fue th blkre`sbln tde kusthier j`se jy bssubln t`x rekebpts.

Vde stufy preselts ` set hc prbhrbtbzef phmbky bipmbk`tbhls chr phmbky iòers. Bl tdesdhrt teri, tde cbrst prbhrbty sdhumf je th blkre`se tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl tdrhundtr`blbln, `kkess th krefbt `lf i`roets, `lf jusbless supphrt. Vde sekhlf prbhrbty bs thblkre`se blchri`tbhl hl dhw th chri`mbze `lf bts jelecbts. Bl tde iefbui teri, tdeprbhrbty bs th sbipmbcy chri`mbz`tbhl, renum`thry, `lf t`x`tbhl prhkefures `lf th refuketdebr khsts. Blkre`sbln evel-d`lfef elchrkeielt hc t`x`tbhl `lf renum`tbhl bs `mshbiphrt`lt jut lht ` prbhrbty chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Ie`sures th jhhst tdeprhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl neler`m wbmm demp hver`mm ekhlhibk nrhwtd,eipmhyielt, `lf chri`mbz`tbhl.

J



bx

@kolhwmefnielts

dbs rephrt w`s prep`ref jy ` teì mef jy R`ye [eyl`jhu [òdh (MK[WE) `lfkhiprbsbln F`vbf IkOelzbe (FEKZN), Aumbh Mh`yz` (MKKJH), `lf Aumbh Sem`skh

(MKKJH). Vde peer revbewers chr tdbs rephrt `re Jbmm I`mhley (Me`f EkhlhibstMKZKE), Sblkelt W`mi`fe (Me`f Ekhlhibst CB@[-BCK), `lf ^bmshl Abielez (ULFW-Jhmbvb`).

Vde rephrt w`s prep`ref ulfer tde nubf`lke `lf supervbsbhl hc IùrbkbhK`rrbzhs` ([ekthr I`l`ner MK[WE) `lf Sbkelte Cretes Kbjbms (Me`f Ekhlhibst `lfWZEI [ekthr Me`fer MK[WE). I`rkemh Nbun`me (Khultry Fbrekthr, MKK3@) mbloef tdeteì th tde J`lo‒s hver`mm str`teny `lf steeref tdei bl td`t fbrektbhl.

Vde rephrt jelecbtef crhi exkemmelt khltrbjutbhls crhi Cerl`lfh M`lf` `lf AhseZìbrez (UF@WE), W`jmh Càlzymjer (MK[CW), Kdrbs Duipdrey (MKK3@), IbkdèmNemmer (MK[WE), Ae`l Kmevy (MK[WE), `lf K`rhm Zhsel. Vde nelfer khiphleltstdrhundhut tdbs rephrt were j`sef hl khltrbjutbhls crhi I`rb` Fhmhres @rrbj` J`lhs(MKK3@), Vrble Mulfe (MK[WW), Myooe @lfersel (BLE[@F, Jhmbvb`), Je`trbz Iurbem(BLE[@F, Jhmbvb`), `lf Zutd Mm`lhs (MK[[H). Cbl`lkb`m supphrt prhvbfef jy tdeNelfer @ktbhl Wm`l (N@W) chr tde prep`r`tbhl hc tde nelfer khltrbjutbhl th tde rephrtbs nr`tecummy `kolhwmefnef.

Vdbs rephrt w`s eld`lkef jy sujst`ltbve khiielts crhi ` v`rbety hc pehpmefurbln v`rbhus st`nes hc tdbs prhaekt. Khiielts were rekebvef crhi1 Fel` Zblnhmf(MK[DF), B`l ^`moer (MK[D[), Kdrbs Duipdrey (MKK3@), Vhi Oelyhl (CB@[-BCK),Cerl`lfh M`lf` (UF@WE, Jhmbvb`), K`rmhs Ihmmblefh `lf A`bie Hrten` (BCK Jhmbvb`),Iboe Nhmfjern (MKCWF), êlfy Kullblndì (M[KD[), I`rkhs Oukd`rsoy (SbkeIblbster hc Wm`llbln `lf Khhrfbl`tbhl, Jhmbvb`), `lf [yef I`dihhf ([@[CW).

Vde rephrt w`s prep`ref j`sef hl twh ibssbhls bl Jhmbvb` td`t thho pm`ke blHkthjer :773 `lf Cejru`ry :77>. Vde teì whumf mboe th td`lo tde Jhmbvb`l ùtdhrbtbes,blkmufbln UF@WE, BLE, Iblbstry hc Wm`llbln tdrhund SBWCE, `lf tde Sbke Iblbstry hcWm`llbln `lf Khhrfbl`tbhl chr tdebr khhper`tbhl bl femble`tbln tde skhpe hc tde stufy`lf c`kbmbt`tbln `kkess th `mm tde blchri`tbhl lekess`ry chr tde stufy. Bl p`rtbkum`r, Lhem@nubrre (Sbke Iblbstry hc Wm`llbln `lf Khhrfbl`tbhl), wdh khhrfbl`tef `l blter-iblbsterb`m whrobln nrhup th prhvbfe blput chr tde stufyElkuest`s & Estufbhs, bs`kolhwmefnef chr khmmektbln tde qu`mbt`tbve `lf qu`ltbt`tbve f`t`.

Vde teì nr`tecummy `kolhwmefnes `mm tde supphrt rekebvef.

V



x

@jjrevb`tbhls `lf @krhlyis

@CW @fiblbstr`fhr`s fe Chlfhs fe Welsbhles ( Welsbhl Culfs @fiblbstr`thrs)@[HCBL @shkb`kbûl fe Eltbf`fes Cbl`lkber`s Espekb`mbz`f`s el Ibkrh Cbl`lz`s fe

Jhmbvb` (@sshkb`tbhl hc Jhmbvb`l Cbl`lkb`m Eltbtbes [pekb`mbzbln bl Ibkrh-Cbl`lke)

JKJ J`lkh Keltr`m fe Jhmbvb (Keltr`m J`lo hc Jhmbvb`)KEWZHJHM Keltrh fe Wrhihkbûl Jhmbvb KEWJ Khlcefer`kbûl fe Eipres`rbhs Wrbv`fhs fe Jhmbvb (Khlcefer`tbhl hc

Jhmbvb`l Wrbv`te Jusblessiel)KN Khlsumt`tbve NrhupFCBF Fep`rtielt chr Blterl`tbhl`m Fevemhpielt (UO)CHLFE[BC Chlfh fe Fes`rrhmmh fem [bstei` Cbl`lkberh y fe @phyh `m [ekthr Wrhfuktbvh

(Culf chr tde Fevemhpielt hc tde Cbl`lkb`m [ekthr `lf chr [upphrt thtde Wrhfuktbve [ekthr)

NFW Nrhss fhiestbk prhfuktBF@ Blterl`tbhl m Fevemhpielt @sshkb`tbhlBFJ Blter-@ierbk`l Fevemhpielt J`loBMH Blterl`tbhl`m M`jhr Hrn`lbz`tbhlBIC Blterl`tbhl m Ihlet`ry CulfBLE Blstbtuth L`kbhl`m fe Est`féstbk`s (L`tbhl`m [t`tbstbks Blstbtute)BLE[@F Blstbtute chr @fv`lkef Fevemhpielt [tufbesI@[ Ihvbibelth `m [hkb`mbsih (Ihveielt th [hkb`mbsi)IFNs Ibmmellbui Fevemhpielt Nh`msIFZB Iumtbm`ter`m Fejt Zembec Blbtb`tbveIEKHSB Elkuest` fe Ieahrìbelth fe Khlfbkbhles fe Sbf` ( [urvey hl

Biprhveielt bl Mbvbln Khlfbtbhls)IECs Ibkrhcbl`lke EltbtbesL@CBJH L`kbhl`m Cbl`lkber` Jhmbvb`l (Jhmbvb`l L`tbhl`m Cbl`lkb`m Culf)LNH Lhlnhverlielt`m hrn`lbz`tbhlLBV V`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijerHEKF Hrn`lbz`tbhl chr Ekhlhibk Khhper`tbhl lf FevemhpieltWCCs Wrbv`te Cbl`lkb`m CulfsWZ[W Whverty Zefuktbhl [tr`teny W`per[JEC [uperbltelfelkb` fe J`lkhs y Eltbf`fes Cbl`lkber`s ([uperbltelfelky hc

J`los `lf Cbl`lkb`m Eltbtbes hc Jhmbvb`)



@krhlyis `lf @jjrevb`tbhls xb

Zepujmbk hc Jhmbvb` Cbsk`m Re`r A`lu`ry 0 th Fekeijer ;0

Kurrelky Equbv`melts(`s hc [epteijer :4, :773)Kurrelky Ulbt 9 Jhmbvb`lhs

0 U[ Fhmm`r 9 Js. 4.77

êbndts `lf Ie`suresIetrbk [ystei

Sbke Wresbfelt, MKZ1 Wìem` KhxFbrekthr, MKK3K1 I`rkemh Nbun`meFbrekthr, MK[WZ1 Erlesth I`y[ekthr I`l`ner, MK[WE1 Iùrbkbh K`rrbzhs`[ekthr Me`fer, MK[WE1 Sbkelte Cretes KbjbmsV`so Veì Me`fer1 R`ye [eyl`jhu [òdh



xbb

Exekutbve [uii`ry

Hvervbew hc Blchri`mbty

hmbvb`‒s blchri`m sekthr bs tde m`rnest bl M`tbl @ierbk`, jy i`ly fecblbtbhls `lfie`sures. Le`rmy 47 perkelt hc urj`l `lf rur`m eipmhyielt bl Jhmbvb` bs blchri`m,

wdbkd bs tde dbndest mevem bl M`tbl @ierbk`. Vde `ver`ne sd`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt`krhss tde renbhl bs jemhw 37 perkelt. Jhmbvb` me`fs tde whrmf bl v`mue-`ffef neler`tef jy tde blchri`m sekthr `s ` sd`re hc nrhss fhiestbk prhfukt, estbi`tef `t 34 perkelt.Blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` bs `msh tde dbndest bl tde renbhl ulfer ` men`mbstbk fecblbtbh j`sef hl tde rbndt th ` retbreielt pelsbhl mbloef th eipmhyielt. @jhut >7 perkelt hcwhroers `re lht renbsteref bl tde pelsbhl systei‖tde dbndest bl tde renbhl, `mhln wbtdW`r`nu`y.

Jhmbvb`‒s dbnd blchri`mbty r`te d`s jeel jmìef hl i`ly c`kthrs blkmufbln tde jurfel hc renum`tbhl, tde weòless hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls, `lf tde m`ko hc perkebvef jelecbts th jebln chri`m. Vde renum`thry khipmexbty `ccektbln chri`m cbris d`s jeel jmìef `s hle hc tde i`bl kùses hc blchri`mbty. Chr exìpme, renbstry requbreielts thkre`te ` cbri `re very expelsbve‖up th 067 perkelt hc tde `ver`ne `llu`m blkhie. Bl`ffbtbhl, tde renum`thry renbie bs sh restrbktbve td`t Jhmbvb` r`los 00; hut hc 0>5khultrbes blkmufef bl tdeFhbln Jusbless :77> rephrt, `jhve hlmy D`btb `lf Zepñjmbk`Jhmbv`rb`l` fe Selezuem` bl M`tbl @ierbk`. Dhwever, tde iukd dbnder r`te hcblchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` khip`ref th htder khultrbes bl tde renbhl wbtd sbibm`r renum`thry jurfels sunnests td`t htder bssues `re `msh blvhmvef, blkmufbln tdhse rem`tef th qu`mbtyhc pujmbk blstbtutbhls. êò pujmbk blstbtutbhls i`nlbcy tde jurfel hc renum`tbhl.Delke, tde nhverlielt‒s k`p`kbty th `ppmy tde m`w bs mhweref, refukbln tde rbso hcpel`mtbes chr blchri`m cbris, `s wemm `s tde k`p`kbty hc pujmbk `nelkbes th sbipmbcyrenum`tbhl wbtdhut kre`tbln men`m mhhpdhmes. Khipmex renum`tbhls el`ktef jynhverlielts td`t m`ko tde k`p`jbmbty th elchrke khipmb`lke elkhur`ne blchri`mbty.Vdese prhjmeis `re khiphulfef jy tde m`ko `lf dbnd khst hc blchri`tbhl hl wd`t ` jusbless leefs th fh th jekhie `lf rei`bl chri`m. Cbl`mmy, tdere bs ` wbfe perkeptbhltd`t tde jelecbts hc jekhibln chri`m `re m`rnemy hccset jy tde khsts `sshkb`tef ìhln

htders wbtd tde renum`thry jurfel.Vdbs dbnd mevem hc blchri`mbty d`s ` luijer hc len`tbve bipmbk`tbhls chr Jhmbvb`rem`tef th ekhlhibk nrhwtd, tde cbl`lkbln hc pujmbk nhhfs, `lf tde bltenrbty hc pujmbk`lf prbv`te blstbtutbhls. Blchri`m cbris telf th d`ve mhw prhfuktbvbty jekùse tdeyd`ve mbibtef `kkess th pdysbk`m, cbl`lkb`m, `lf dui`l k`pbt`m th prhfuke ihreeccbkbeltmy `lf nrhw. [hie blchri`m cbris i`blt`bl ` mhw sk`me hc hper`tbhls th `vhbf jebln vbsbjme th elchrkeielt. Vde si`mm sk`me hc blchri`m hper`tbhls tr`ps m`jhr `lfreshurkes bl mhw-prhfuktbvbty `ktbvbtbes, wdbkd mbibts tde ekhlhibes hver`mm phteltb`mchr ekhlhibk nrhwtd. Vdere `re `msh len`tbve cbsk`m bipmbk`tbhls crhi dbnd blchri`mbty1`mtdhund blchri`m cbris neler`te nhverlielt revelue tdrhund shie ul`vhbf`jme

t`xes sukd `s v`mue-`ffef t`xes, tdey fh lht p`y blkhie `lf htder t`xes hr cees chrshie nhverlielt servbkes, `lf `s ` resumt `re ”cree rbfers’ hl pujmbk servbkes td`t `reprhvbfef wbtd cbsk`m reshurkes. @lf hl ` jrh`fer mevem, tde c`kt td`t sh iukd hc tde

J



Exekutbve [uii`ry xbbb

ekhlhiy bs tekdlbk`mmy bmmen`m ulferibles respekt chr tde rume hc m`w `lf pujmbkblstbtutbhls, elkhur`nes khrruptbhl, `lf weòels tde elchrke`jbmbty hc khltr`kts, `mm hcwdbkd mbibt Jhmbvb`‒s `jbmbty th fevemhp ekhlhibk`mmy, phmbtbk`mmy, `lf shkb`mmblchri`mbty bs ` r`tbhl`m fekbsbhl `lf hle khumf `rnue td`t tde i`roet sdhumf reshmvetde bssue jy btsemc, tde i`ly biphrt`lt len`tbve shkb`m exterl`mbtbes td`t resumt `rnue chrpujmbk phmbky th biprhve tdbs sbtu`tbhl.

Wrhfuktbvbty `lf Wrhcbt`jbmbty hc Blchri`m Cbris

Vdbs stufy ulferthho cresd qu`mbt`tbve `lf qu`ltbt`tbve `l`myses th n`bl ` jetterulferst`lfbln hc tde re`shls cbris kdhse th je blchri`m hr lht, `lf tde bip`kt hcchri`mbz`tbhl hl tde prhfuktbvbty `lf prhcbt`jbmbty hc blchri`m cbris, th blchri phmbkyrekhiielf`tbhls `pprhprb`te th tde re`mbty hc Jhmbvb`‒s blchri`m sekthr. Vde stufyfr`ws uphl ` tdhrhund qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs j`sef hl chkus nrhup bltervbews wbtd

chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris bl M` W`z, Em @mth, Khkd`jìj`, `lf [`lt` Kruz, `s wemm `s `lew qu`ltbt`tbve survey hc cbris bl sbx blfustrbes. Vde qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs `mmhws tdebfeltbcbk`tbhl hc tde i`bl sekthr-spekbcbk `lf neler`m khlstr`blts th chri`mbz`tbhl `lfth dbnder prhfuktbvbty. Vde qu`ltbt`tbve ibkrh stufy, j`sef hl ` spekb`mbzef survey hcihre td`l 377 ibkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui elterprbses, jhtd chri`m `lf blchri`m,prhvbfes krefbjme eipbrbk`m evbfelke hl tde feteribl`lts hc chri`mbty `t tde cbri mevem`lf tde eccekts hc blchri`mbty hl tde prhcbt`jbmbty hc ` v`rbety hc cbris. Vdese cblfblnssdef lew mbndt hl tde feteribl`lts hc ` cbri‒s fekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m, tdekhlsequelkes hc tdbs fekbsbhl chr prhcbts fepelfbln hl tde sbze hc tde cbri, `lf shie hctde phteltb`m kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd prhcbts `re `ccektef. ^dbme i`ly hc tde resumts

ren`rfbln prhfuktbvbty `lf prhcbt`jbmbty `re `ppmbk`jme th cbris bl fbccerelt pm`kes hltde khltbluui hc chri`mbty, tde extreiemy dbnd fenree hc blchri`mbty ìhln `mm ibkrh`lf si`mm cbris ie`ls td`t khlkmusbhls `re dbndmy remev`lt th `ffressbln tde sbtu`tbhlhc blchri`m cbris bl Jhmbvb`.

[urvey resumts blfbk`te td`t chri`mbty chmmhws ` khltbluui, st`rtbln wbtd iulbkbp`mmbkelses, tdel nettbln ` t`x luijer, `lf cbl`mmy sbnlbln up wbtd tde l`tbhl`m cbrirenbstry. Hc tde 3;7 cbris surveyef‖wdbkd `re kelsus represelt`tbve `t tde urj`lmevem‖aust ulfer d`mc were khipmetemy blchri`m, :4 perkelt hlmy d`f ` iulbkbp`mmbkelse, :0 perkelt d`f ` t`x luijer `lf ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, `lf hlmy 6 perkelt d`f `mbkelse, t`x luijer, `lf were bl tde l`tbhl`m cbri renbstry. Chri`mbz`tbhl bsp`rtbkum`rmy mhw bl rur`m `re`s, wbtd 07 perkelt hc rur`m khip`lbes d`vbln ` t`x luijer`lf lhle bl tde l`tbhl`m cbri renbstry, sunnestbln jhtd tde bip`kt hc dbnder tr`vem tbieth chri`mbze `lf `msh weòer elchrkeielt bl rur`m `re`s.

M`ko hc blchri`tbhl hl chri`mbty bs ` iàhr feteribl`lt hc cbris‒ fekbsbhl threi`bl blchri`m. I`ly blchri`m cbris fh lht olhw dhw, wdere, `lf wdy th jekhiechri`m. Cew cbris d`ve olhwmefne hc tde steps th renbster ` jusbless, hjt`bl ` t`xluijer `lf cbme renum`r t`x fekm`r`tbhls, hr khlchri th khipmex m`jhr renum`tbhls.Vdere bs `msh ` m`ko hc olhwmefne `jhut tde rhme `lf culktbhls hc tde l`tbhl`m renbstryCulfEipres`. Hver 67 perkelt hc cbris renbsteref tdere fh lht olhw bts rhme hr wd`t jelecbts bt prhvbfes. Ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bnlhre dhw p`ybln t`xes bs usef chr tdeprhvbsbhl hc pujmbk servbkes td`t wbmm jelecbt tdei.

M`ko hc perkebvef jelecbts hc chri`mbty bs tde htder ihst biphrt`lt re`shl chribkrh `lf si`mm cbris th rei`bl blchri`m. Chr blchri`m ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris tde



xbv Exekutbve [uii`ry

perkebvef jelecbts crhi chri`mbzbln were c`r hutwebndef jy tde dbnd khsts bl teris hct`x `lf m`jhr p`yielts `lf hc fe`mbln wbtd ` khipmex `lf bleccbkbelt jureùkr`ky.I`ly cbris rephrt td`t tde khsts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `re lht hccset jy `ly jelecbts nbvblntdei cew blkeltbves th khipmy wbtd tde prhkefures th jekhie chri`m, exkept bl tdek`se hc exphrtbln cbris. Chr chri`m cbris tde i`bl jelecbts hc chri`mbzbln were th hjeytde m`w `lf `vhbf cbles.

@ihln eltrepreleurs bl ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, fekbsbhls `jhut chri`mbty fepelfhl tde eltrepreleur‒s semc-eccbk`ky (tde `jbmbty `lf khlcbfelke th rul ` jusbless), tdeeltrepreleur‒s re`shls chr elterbln blth jusbless, `lf tde mevem hc elchrkeielt. @ihlnibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl tde qu`ltbt`tbve survey, tde ihre `jme eltrepreleurs `rechri`m. Eltrepreleurs wdh welt blth jusbless th iòe prhcbts `lf exp`lf tdebr cbri`msh telf th c`vhr chri`mbty, wdbme tdhse wdh st`rtef blchri`m jusblesses th d`ve ihrecmexbjbmbty th tòe k`re hc cìbmy resphlsbjbmbtbes usu`mmy oeep tdebr cbris blchriM`rner blchri`m cbris telf th je hper`tef jy ihre `jme eltrepreleurs, wdh see mbttme jelecbt bl chri`mbzbln.

Vde survey blfbk`tes td`t tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl prhcbt`jbmbty fepelfs hl tdesbze hc tde cbri `lf bts `jbmbty th bssue chri`m rekebpts. Jhtd ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse `lf `t`x luijer `re `sshkb`tef wbtd blkre`sef prhcbts chr tde `ver`ne cbri chri`mbzbln.Dhwever, tde si`mmest `lf tde m`rnest cbris bl tde sìpme see mhwer prhcbts `s ` resumthc jekhibln chri`m, jekùse tdebr khst hc renum`tbhl exkeefs jelecbts. Vde blkre`se blprhcbts crhi d`vbln ` t`x luijer `ppe`rs bl m`rne p`rt fue th blkre`sbln tde kusthier j`se rem`tef th tde bssubln hc rekebpts. Bt fhes lht khie crhi dbnder i`ro-ups, mhwerblput prbkes, hr jetter `kkess th krefbt. Cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `msh vbew khrruptbhl `s

mess hc `l hjst`kme, sunnestbln ` refuktbhl bl jrbjes. Dhwever, tdey p`y ihre t`xes `lf`re ihre mboemy th vbew m`jhr m`ws `s khlstr`blts th curtder jusbless nrhwtd.Cei`me eltrepreleurs d`ve dbnder mevem hc blchri`mbty `lf e`rl mhwer prhcbts td`l

i`me eltrepreleurs. Dhwever, tdese fbccerelkes k`l je expm`blef jy tde re`shls wdytdey fekbfe th elter blth semc-eipmhyielt (chr exìpme, th tòe k`re hc cìbmy), tdebrmhwer efuk`tbhl `lf semc `jbmbty, tde sekthrs tdey kdhhse th whro, `lf cbl`mmy tdesi`mmer sk`me hc tdebr hper`tbhl khip`ref th i`me eltrepreleurs.

Vde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl tde culktbhlbln hc cbris `ssessef crhi tde qu`mbt`tbve`l`mysbs j`sef hl chkus nrhups bltervbews sunnests td`t si`mm cbris re`p ihre jelecbtscrhi hper`tbln chri`mmy td`l ibkrh cbris. Blchri`mbty sdbemfs blchri`m ibkrh cbris

crhi tde khsts hc fhbln jusbless rem`tef th chri`mbty sukd `s khstmy kusthis, m`jhr, `lftr`fe renum`tbhl, `lf t`xes. Bl khltr`st, chri`mbty fhes lht prhvbfe `ly sbnlbcbk`lt jelecbts th ibkrh cbris. Dhwever, `s cbri sbze blkre`ses crhi ibkrh th si`mm, chri`mbtybs `sshkb`tef wbtd ihre jelecbts blkmufbln e`sber `kkess th krefbt `lf equbpielt `lfmess exphsure th khrruptbhl.

Vde qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs j`sef hl chkus nrhups reve`ms td`t `kkess th k`pbt`m seeisth je tde i`bl khlstr`blt th prhfuktbvbty chr `mm ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Dhwever, tdesurvey blfbk`tes td`t wdbme renbsterbln `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem biprhves cbris‒ `kkess thcbl`lke, nettbln ` t`x luijer fhes lht. Ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris d`ve `kkess th `l`rrhwer set hc cbl`lkbln iekd`lbsis `lf `t ` dbnder khst. Blchri`mbty smbndtmyex`kerj`tes tde `kkess th krefbt bssue td`t ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris c`ke. Vdbs refukef`kkess chrkes ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris th remy ihre de`vbmy hl s`vblns `lf reshurkes melt jy cìbmy `lf crbelfs. @s ` resumt, ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris d`ve nre`ter fbccbkumty



Exekutbve [uii`ry xv

hjt`blbln jetter equbpielt, tekdlhmhny, dbnder-qu`mbty blputs, `lf htder c`kthrsleefef th exp`lf tdebr jusbless.. Dhwever, tde qu`ltbt`tbve `l`mysbs sunnests td`t jekhibln chri`m hlmy blkre`ses `kkess th cbl`lke chr cbris renbsteref `t tde iulbkbp`mmevem, bl khltr`st nettbln ` t`x luijer fhes lht.

Hver`mm, culktbhlbln `lf prhcbt`jbmbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `re `ccektef jyi`ly v`rb`jmes bl `ffbtbhl th wdetder cbris hper`te chri`mmy hr blchri`mmy. Jhtd chkusnrhups `lf survey resumts blfbk`te td`t oey ibkrh khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbty blkmufembibtef `kkess th cbl`lkb`m servbkes `lf sobmmef m`jhr, qu`mbty blputs, `lf tekdlhmhny.Hl tde i`krh sbfe, sbnlbcbk`lt hper`tbhl`m khlstr`blts th blkre`sef prhfuktbvbty blkmufei`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty, bl`fequ`te pujmbk blcr`strukture, khrruptbhl,`lf krbie.

Whmbky Zekhiielf`tbhls

Bl tde sdhrt teri, tde prbhrbty sdhumf je ecchrts th blkre`se tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhltdrhund tr`blbln, `kkess th krefbt `lf i`roets, `lf htder chris hc jusbless supphrt.Chri`mbty khumf je i`fe ihre `ttr`ktbve jy biprhvbln tde prhvbsbhl hc jusblessfevemhpielt `lf tr`blbln servbkes `v`bm`jme th chri`m cbris, `lf jy c`kbmbt`tbln `kkessth prhfukt i`roets tdrhund pujmbk prhkureielt hpphrtulbtbes, fevemhpbln tdefhiestbk i`roet wbtd prhfukts hc jetter qu`mbty `lf prbke, exphrt prhihtbhlprhnrìs, `lf suppmber fevemhpielt prhnrìs `bief `t blkre`sbln mblo`nes wbtdm`rner prbv`te cbris. Htder w`ys hc iòbln chri`mbty ihre `ttr`ktbve blkmufe mbloblnchri`mbz`tbhl wbtd `kkess th krefbt `lf biprhvbln tde qu`mbty hc men`m servbkes `v`bm`jmeth si`mm jusblesses, sh td`t tdey i`y cblf bt mess rbsoy th exp`lf jeyhlf mhk`m i`roets.

Vde sekhlf prbhrbty bl tde sdhrt teri wbtd mhw khst `lf dbnd phteltb`m bip`kt hlchri`mbz`tbhl bs th blkre`se blchri`tbhl hl dhw th chri`mbze `lf bts jelecbts. Jhtd tdechkus nrhups `lf tde survey kme`rmy sdhw td`t i`ly blchri`m jusblesses sbipmy m`kotde lekess`ry blchri`tbhl hl dhw th jekhie `lf rei`bl chri`m `lf fh lht perkebvetd`t tdere `re `ly jelecbts th chri`mbzbln. Wujmbk `ktbhls th biprhve blchri`tbhl `jhuttde fbccerelt steps th chri`mbz`tbhl, prhihtbln wd`t cbris k`l n`bl jy jekhiblnchri`m `lf wd`t tdey rbso jy st`ybln blchri`m, d`ve tde phteltb`m th blkre`se`w`reless `lf jubmf tde cbrst step thw`rf chri`mbz`tbhl. Vde fbsseibl`tbhl hc tdeblchri`tbhl khumf je fhle tdrhund blchri`tbhl kelters `lf `fvbshry servbkes, r`fbh jrh`fk`sts, `lf lewsmetters `jhut mhk`tbhls th hjt`bl blchri`tbhl hl chri`mbz`tbhl.[bipmbcybln renbstr`tbhl `lf t`x prhkefures (fbskussef jemhw) wbmm `msh nh ` mhln w`yth refukbln tde khst hc nettbln tde lekess`ry blchri`tbhl hl chri`mbty.

Bl tde iefbui teri, tde prbhrbty bs th sbipmbcy chri`mbz`tbhl, renum`thry `lft`x`tbhl prhkefures `lf refuke tdebr khsts. [bipmbcbk`tbhl ie`sures d`ve d`f shiembibtef phsbtbve bip`kt hl blkre`sbln renbstr`tbhl hc ibkrh cbris bl Jr`zbm `lf Iexbkh,`lf `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem bl Jhmbvb`. Dhwever, tde bip`kt hc `fiblbstr`tbvesbipmbcbk`tbhl prhnrìs i`y je m`rner wdel `kkhip`lbef jy htder khipmeielt`ryie`sures `bief, cbrst, `t blkre`sbln tde phteltb`m jelecbts hc ahblbln tde chri`m sekthr‖e.n., c`kbmbt`tbln `kkess th krefbt hr nhverlielt prhvbfef tekdlbk`m `ssbst`lke‖hr,sekhlf, `t refukbln htder khsts hc renum`thry khipmb`lke, jeyhlf tde c`kbmbt`tbhl hccbri renbstr`tbhl. Vde kd`mmelne bs th fbstblnubsd remev`lt crhi `l`kdrhlbstbkrenum`tbhls `lf j`m`lke prbv`te khsts crhi menbtbi`te pujmbk blterests, sukd `s tdeprhtektbhl hc pujmbk s`cety hr tde elvbrhlielt. Biprhvbln tde sbipmbcbef t`x renbie chr



xvb Exekutbve [uii`ry

ibkrh `lf si`mm elterprbses bs `msh `l esseltb`m khiphlelt th prhvbfe blkeltbves chrchri`mbz`tbhl‖khlsbferbln td`t sh cew ibkrh `lf si`mm khip`lbes lhw p`y `ly jusbless t`xes. Vde survey resumts curtder sunnest td`t d`vbln ` t`x luijer blkre`sesprhcbt`jbmbty tdrhund tde `jbmbty hc bssubln t`x-fefuktbjme rekebpts th kusthiers. Delke,iòbln tde t`x renbie `ttr`ktbve th si`mm cbris whumf prhve th je ` let n`bl chr jhtdtde cbsk`m `kkhults `lf chr chri`mbz`tbhl.

Blkre`sbln evel-d`lfef elchrkeielt hc t`x`tbhl `lf renum`tbhls bs `msh biphrt`ltth prhihte chri`mbty, `mtdhund bt sdhumf lht je tde thp prbhrbty `t tdbs tbie chr ibkrh`lf si`mm cbris. Vde stufy prhvbfes evbfelke bl supphrt hc tde tdesbs td`t elchrkeieltkhsts `re strhln feteribl`lts hc tde fekbsbhl th net ` t`x luijer. Cbris bl blfustrbes`lf kbtbes wbtd dbnd blspektbhl r`tes `re ihre mboemy th renbster, wdbme tdhse wdhhper`te tdebr jusbless curtder `w`y crhi tde t`x hccbkes `re mess mboemy. Elchrkeieltsdhumf delke je blkre`sef curtder crhi tde urj`l `re`s `lf tde mhk`tbhl c`r crhi t`xhccbkes. Dhwever, phmbkbes th refuke blchri`mbty tdrhund strhlner elchrkeielt sdhumf je khlsbferef sekhlf`ry th ihre phsbtbve blkeltbves `t tdbs phblt, `lf sdhumf jebipmeieltef nr`fu`mmy `lf wbtd sbnlbcbk`lt prevbhus pujmbkbty. Vde hjaektbve bs lht thk`pture jusblesspehpme fbshjeybln tde m`w, jut th elkhur`ne jusblesspehpme th hjeytde m`w.

Ie`sures th jhhst tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl neler`m wbmm jhtddemp hver`mm ekhlhibk nrhwtd, eipmhyielt, `lf, blfbrektmy, chri`mbz`tbhl. Biprhvbln`sset renbstr`tbhl, streìmblbln khmm`ter`m prhkefures, blkre`sbln tde khver`ne hc krefbt jureùs, `lf dempbln si`mm cbris biprhve tdebr cbl`lkb`m st`teielts `lf supphrtblncbl`lkb`m rekhrfs k`l demp wbtd tde krbtbk`m prhfuktbvbty khlstr`blt hc fbccbkumt `kkess

krefbt jy ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Jrh`fer ie`sures th c`kbmbt`te tekdlhmhny `fhptbhl jyfhiestbk khip`lbes, biprhvbln pujmbk efuk`tbhl th fevemhp ` jetter-prep`refwhrochrke, i`blt`blbln i`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m st`jbmbty, `lf refukbln khrruptbhlwbmm `mm `msh demp strelntdel tde prhfuktbvbty hc cbris, wdbkd bl turl wbmm telf thw`nre`ter chri`mbz`tbhl.



0

BLVZHFUKVBHL

Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lfWrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris

hmbvb` d`s experbelkef persbsteltmy dbnd r`te hc blchri`mbty `lf mhw `ver`neekhlhibk nrhwtd bl tde m`st fek`fes. Le`rmy 47 perkelt hc tde `ktbve phpum`tbhl, blrur`m `lf urj`l `re`s, bs eipmhyef bl tde blchri`m sekthr `s ` ibx hc whroers,

blkmufbln lew eltr`lts, tde fbs`fv`lt`nef `lf uleipmhyef, `lf sukkesscumeltrepreleurs. Vdey d`ve `mm shundt `mterl`tbves th tde strbktures hc chri`meipmhyielt. Bl tde 0227s, Jhmbvb` bipmeieltef ìjbtbhus ekhlhibk rechris,blkmufbln prbv`tbz`tbhls, mbjer`mbz`tbhl hc tde exkd`lne `lf tr`fe systeis, `lf revbsbhlhc tde pelsbhl systeis. Vdhse ecchrts d`ve ybemfef ` ihre resbmbelt phmbky `lf cbl`lkb`melvbrhlielt, `s wemm `s ihre c`vhr`jme shkb`m blfbk`thrs. Lhletdemess, ekhlhibknrhwtd, wdbkd d`s jeel frbvel ihstmy jy extr`ktbve blfustrbes, d`s lht jeel sust`blef,`ver`nbln hlmy 7.; perkelt hver 02>7‛:775. @s ` khlsequelke, 30 perkelt hc tdephpum`tbhl rei`bls bl phverty, `lf blkhie blequ`mbty bs stbmm very dbnd, wbtd ` Nblbkheccbkbelt hc `rhulf 7.3 bl :775.

^d`t Mbes Jedblf Jhmbvb`‒s M`rne Blchri`m [ekthr8

Vde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr d`s jeel jmìef hl i`ly c`kthrs. Vde de`vy renum`tbhlhc chri`m cbris `lf tde weò kmbi`te chr blvestielt `re re`shls crequeltmy nbvel chrtde dbnd r`te hc blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb`. Jhmbvb`‒s jusbless elvbrhlielt r`los 00; hut hc0>5 khultrbes blkmufef bl tdeFhbln Jusbless :77> rephrt (^hrmf J`lo `lf BCK :773),hlmy `jhve D`btb `lf Zepñjmbk` Jhmbv`rb`l` fe Selezuem` bl M`tbl @ierbk`.

Blchri`mbty bs `msh seel `s `lhtder syipthi hc pujmbk c`bmure th prhvbfe j`sbk pujmbkservbkes, prhtektbhl, `lf hpphrtulbtbes, pusdbln pehpme th whro bl ` st`te-creeelvbrhlielt (^hrmf J`lo :77>). @ rem`tef dyphtdesbs sunnests td`t tde sbze hc tdeblchri`m sekthr bl Jhmbvb` bs fue th tde dbnd khsts hc jekhibln chri`m versus tde si`mm jelecbts.

Vde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr bl tde Jhmbvb`l ekhlhiy d`s len`tbve bipmbk`tbhlschr ekhlhibk nrhwtd `lf tde prhvbsbhl hc pujmbk servbkes. Hle whumf expekt td`tblchri`mbty whumf je blversemy rem`tef th tde mevem hc fevemhpielt hc ` khultry.Dhwever, tdere bs mbibtef eipbrbk`m evbfelke mblobln tde r`te hc semc-eipmhyielt `lfnrhwtd0. Ret, n`bls bl prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui cbris d`ve tde

phteltb`m th neler`te ihre hutput `lf th rbppme tdrhund tde ekhlhiy `s blkhies `lfNFW nrhw. Dbnder nrhwtd whumf `msh bipmy mess phverty, ihre ahjs, `lf jetterhpphrtulbtbes th biprhve efuk`tbhl `lf de`mtd.

J



: Bltrhfuktbhl

Vde blchri`m sekthr bs kd`r`kterbzef jy mhw prhfuktbvbty wbtd len`tbvebipmbk`tbhls chr tht`m c`kthr prhfuktbvbty nrhwtd. Blchri`m ibkrh elterprbses rephrtefmyneler`te 4; perkelt hc tde tht`m eipmhyielt, jut hlmy :5 perkelt hc NFW (UF@WE:77;). Bl tde i`luc`kturbln sekthr, >: perkelt hc eipmhyielt bs blchri`m, jut tdhsewhroers prhfuke hlmy :7 perkelt hc tde `nnren`tef v`mue hc tde i`luc`kturbln sekthr(M`rr`z`j`m 022>). Vde tepbf nrhwtd hc tht`m c`kthr prhfuktbvbty, `t 7.: perkelt hver02>7‛:777, bs hle hc tde mhwest bl tde whrmf (Mh`yz` :776).

Vde prhfuktbhl hc si`mm `lf blchri`m cbris bs khlstr`blef jy mhw `kkess th krefbt,fespbte tde evbfelke td`t returls th k`pbt`m `re dbndest chr tde si`mmest cbris. [i`mmcbris `lf blchri`m cbris d`ve ihre fbccbkumty `kkessbln prhfuktbve blputs td`l m`rnercbris, `s bt bs very khstmy `lf rbsoy th prhvbfe krefbt th si`mm cbris `s khip`ref thm`rner cbris. @s ` khlsequelke, i`ly si`mm cbris `re hper`tbln jemhw tdebr eccbkbeltsk`me hc prhfuktbhl.

Dbnder prhfuktbvbty bs `sshkb`tef wbtd dbnder chri`mbty. @ m`rne blchri`m sekthr‖wdbkd fr`ws cbris wbtd mess k`pbt`m `lf whroers wbtd mess efuk`tbhl td`l bl tde chri`msekthr‖k`l resumt bl ` mhw mevem hc prhfuktbvbty chr tde ekhlhiy `s ` wdhme. Blchri`mcbris k`l tr`p m`jhr `lf htderwbse prhfuktbve reshurkes blth mhw-prhfuktbvbty`ktbvbtbes jy i`blt`blbln ` si`mm sk`me hc hper`tbhl. Bl khltr`st, chri`m cbris, hctelhper`tbln hl ` m`rner sk`me `lf elahybln jetter `kkess th krefbt `lf th i`roets, `re `jmeth use k`pbt`m, m`jhr, `lf pdysbk`m blputs ihre prhfuktbvemy `lf r`bse ekhlhibkprhfuktbvbty hver`mm.

Vde kurrelt L`tbhl`m Fevemhpielt Wm`l‖Wm`l L`kbhl`m fe Fes`rrhmmh (WLF)‖bschkusef hl tde prhfuktbve fevemhpielt hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `lf hl tde prhvbsbhl

hc blkeltbves chr cbris th chri`mbze. Vde WLF `ffresses tde bssue tdrhund ` tdree-prhlnef `pprh`kd. Cbrst, tde WLF prhphses tde kre`tbhl hc ` sekhlf tber FevemhpieltJ`lo td`t whumf biprhve `kkess th cbl`lke th rur`m prhfukers `lf urj`l ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris th blkre`se tdebr k`p`kbty `lf prhfuktbvbty. [ekhlf, tde WLF fevemhps `phmbky hc prhfuktbve blkmusbhl wdbkd prhvbfes blkeltbves th tde re-hrn`lbz`tbhl hcprhfuktbhl tdrhund vertbk`m `lf dhrbzhlt`m bltenr`tbhl hc prhfuktbve kmusters(Khipmeahs Wrhfuktbvhs). Cbl`mmy, tde WLF `rnues chr tde prhvbsbhl hc sujsbfbes thchri`mbze elterprbses `lf th prhihte qu`mbty kertbcbk`tbhl `lf i`roets prhihtbhl.

Dhw Fhes tdbs [tufy @ffress tde Wrhjmei8

@n`blst tde j`konrhulf hc tde WLF, tde stufy prhvbfes phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls thblkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `lf th prhvbfe blkeltbves chr cbristh chri`mbze j`sef hl ` cresd ulferst`lfbln hc cbris‒ jed`vbhr ren`rfbln chri`mbty,prhfuktbvbty, `lf prhcbt`jbmbty. Vde stufy blvestbn`tes tde feteribl`lts hc cbris‒fekbsbhl th chri`mbze crhi sekthr`m, qu`mbt`tbve, `lf qu`ltbt`tbve perspektbves. Btqu`ltbcbes tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl tde prhcbt`jbmbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Bt `mshblvestbn`tes tde kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd chri`mbty `ccekts cbris‒ prhcbt`jbmbty. J`sef hltdese `l`myses, tde stufy chrium`tes phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls, kusthibzef th subt tdesbze `lf htder kd`r`kterbstbks hc blchri`m ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl Jhmbvb` thf`y. Vdhserekhiielf`tbhls k`l blkre`se chri`mbz`tbhl, r`bse prhfuktbvbty, `lf neler`te blkhie`lf nrhwtd.

Vde stufy fr`ws uphl ` cresd qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs j`sef hl chkus nrhup bltervbews`lf ` lew qu`ltbt`tbve survey hc cbris bl sbx blfustrbes. Vde qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs `mmhws



Bltrhfuktbhl ;

us th bfeltbcy tde i`bl sekthr-spekbcbk `lf neler`m khlstr`blts th chri`mbz`tbhl `lf thdbnder prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Vde qu`ltbt`tbve ibkrh stufy, j`sef hl` spekb`mbzef survey hc ihre td`l 377 ibkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui elterprbses, prhvbfeseipbrbk`m evbfelke hl tde feteribl`lts hc chri`mbty `t tde cbri mevem `lf tde eccekts hcchri`mbty hl tde prhcbt`jbmbty hc ` v`rbety hc cbris. Hur cblfblns sdef mbndt hl tdefeteribl`lts hc ` cbri‒s fekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m, tde khlsequelkes hc tdbs fekbsbhlchr prhcbts, `lf shie hc tde phteltb`m kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd prhcbts `re `ccektef. Blp`rtbkum`r, tde stufy bfeltbcbes tde eccekts hc pdysbk`m, cbl`lkb`m, `lf dui`l k`pbt`m `lfhc tde hper`tbhl`m, blstbtutbhl`m, `lf renum`thry elvbrhlielt hl prhcbt`jbmbty. Jhx 0preselts tde stufy‒s ietdhfhmhny `lf i`bl cblfbln rem`tef th tde kùs`mbty jetweelblchri`mbty `lf cbri prhcbt`jbmbty `lf evbfelke hl tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl cbri‒sprhcbt`jbmbty `s ` culktbhl hc cbri sbze.

Jhx 0. @re blchri`m cbris mess prhcbt`jme, hr `re mess prhcbt`jme cbris aust ihre mboemyth rei`bl blchri`m8

^dbme tdere `re tdehretbk`m re`shls th tdblo td`t blchri`mbty i`y kùse mess nrhwtd chr tde khultry`s ` wdhme, tdere bs mbttme eipbrbk`m evbfelke th supphrt bt. Ekhlhibk tdehry whumf `msh sunnesttd`t ` r`tbhl`m cbri whumf hlmy kdhhse th st`y blchri`m bc fhbln sh bs ihre prhcbt`jme td`ljekhibln chri`m. @s ` resumt, mess prhfuktbve, si`mmer cbris, wdh st`lf th n`bl mess crhi tdejelecbts hc chri`mbty, wbmm rei`bl blchri`m‖sh td`t mhw prhfuktbvbty kùses blchri`mbty r`tder td`lvbke vers`. Vdbs phssbjme reverse kùs`mbty d`s ie`lt td`t prevbhus rese`rkd d`s lht jeel `jmeth khlkmusbvemy sdhw td`t blchri`mbty kùses mhwer prhcbt`jbmbty.

Vdbs stufy (kd`pter ;) prhvbfes lew evbfelke wdbkd sdhws ` fbrekt `lf kùs`m mblo crhiblchri`mbty th mhwer prhcbtschr shie cbris ‖chr htder cbris we cblf jekhibln chri`m `ktu`mmy mhwersprhcbts. Hur lew survey f`t` `lf qu`mbt`tbve rese`rkd sdhw td`t i`ly cbris `re sbipmy ul`w`rehc tde prhkefures chr jekhibln chri`m. @s ` resumt, tdere `re cbris chr wdbkd bt whumf je prhcbt`jmeth jekhie chri`m, wdh fh lht fh sh fue th m`ko hc blchri`tbhl. Hur blstruielt`m v`rb`jmesestbi`tbhl uses tde NW[-ie`suref fbst`lke crhi ` cbri th tde hccbke wdere renbstr`tbhl chr ` t`xbfeltbcbk`tbhl luijer hkkurs `s `l blstruielt`m v`rb`jme chr chri`mbty. ê `rnue td`t, khlfbtbhl`mhl fbst`lke th tde kbty kelter, dhw kmhse ` cbri bs th tde t`x hccbke sdhumf `ccekt bts olhwmefne `lfkhst hc nettbln ` t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijer, jut sdhumf lht blfepelfeltmy `ccekt bts prhcbt`jbmbty. Vdbs`mmhws us th khipute tde eccekt hc jekhibln chri`m chr cbris chr wdbkd m`ko hc blchri`tbhl bs tdeprbie re`shl chr st`ybln blchri`m. Chr sukd cbris, we cblf td`t nettbln ` t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijerme`fs th m`rne blkre`ses bl prhcbts, prbi`rbmy jy `mmhwbln tdei th exp`lf tdebr kusthier j`se.

ê `msh use ` tekdlbque k`mmef prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln th khip`re cbris wdbkd `re sbibm`r bl`mm hjserv`jme kd`r`kterbstbks `p`rt crhi tdebr renbstr`tbhl st`tus. Fhbln tdbs reve`ms td`t ibkrh`lf iefbui cbris d`ve mhwer prhcbts `cter jekhibln chri`m, wdere`s si`mm (twh th cbve whroers)cbris see blkre`ses bl prhcbts crhi hjt`blbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse hr t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijer.

Hver`mm tdbs `l`mysbs supphrts tde vbew td`t i`ly cbris `re iòbln r`tbhl`m kdhbkes `jhutwdetder hr lht th jekhie chri`m ulfer tde kurrelt systei, jut bt `msh sdhws td`t ` m`ko hcblchri`tbhl `jhut renbstr`tbhl `lf ` m`ko hc jelecbts rem`tef th chri`mbz`tbhl prevelt i`ly hc tdeicrhi kdhhsbln th jekhie chri`m.



6 Bltrhfuktbhl

Vde stufy bs hrn`lbzef `s chmmhws1

▧ Vde cbrst kd`pter hc tde rephrt exìbles tde fbccerelt `spekts hc blchri`mbty blJhmbvb` thf`y. Bl p`rtbkum`r, bt fbskusses tde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr j`sefhl fbccerelt fecblbtbhls `lf ie`sures. Vde kd`pter tdel feskrbjes wdh bs bl tdeblchri`m sekthr `lf wdy bs tde blchri`m sekthr sh jbn bl Jhmbvb` j`sef hl tdeBLE Dhusedhmfs [urvey :775. Cbl`mmy, tde kd`pter `ssesses tde bipmbk`tbhl hc ` jbn blchri`m sekthr hl ekhlhibk nrhwtd `lf tde prhvbsbhl hc pujmbk nhhfs. Bltdbs kd`pter, tde khlkept hc blchri`mbty usef blkmufes whroers `s wemm `s cbrishper`tbln bl tde blchri`m sekthr.

▧ Vde sekhlf kd`pter bs j`sef hl tde qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbs hc chkus nrhupbltervbews hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Bt blvestbn`tes ` r`lne hc khlstr`blts td`tkurreltmy mbibt tdebr prhfuktbvbty chkusbln hl blputs (cbl`lkb`m, pdysbk`m, `lf

dui`l k`pbt`m) `lf prhfuktbhl (tekdlhmhny `lf khipetbtbhl). Vde chkusnrhup `l`mysbs `msh bfeltbcbes khlstr`blts phsef jy tde hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry,`lf blstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt, `s tdey `ccekt blcr`strukture, m`jhr, tr`fe `lfkusthis renum`tbhls, `kkess th khurts, `lf khrruptbhl j`sef hl tde BK@ :773f`t` chr Jhmbvb`.

▧ Vde tdbrf kd`pter rephrts tde resumts hc ` lew ibkrh survey hc si`mm cbrisk`rrbef hut chr tde stufy. Vde qu`ltbt`tbve `l`mysbs blvestbn`tes tdefeteribl`lts hc blchri`mbty, tde eccekts hc blchri`mbty hl tde prhcbt`jbmbty chribkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui cbris, `lf tde kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd chri`mbty`ccekts prhcbt`jbmbty.

▧ Vde churtd kd`pter fevemhps tde phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls hc tde stufy hlchri`mbz`tbhl `lf prhfuktbvbty j`sef hl tde cresd ulferst`lfbln hc cbris‒ jed`vbhr ren`rfbln chri`mbty, prhfuktbvbty, `lf prhcbt`jbmbty crhi kd`pters :`lf ;. Vde kd`pter st`rts wbtd ` set hc phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls ihstprhibsbln th blkre`se tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `lf tdeliòes phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls th blkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris bl Jhmbvb`. Vde kurrelt str`teny `lf `ktbhls ulfertòel jy tdenhverlielt `re preseltef wbtdbl tde crìewhro hc tde WLF.

Lhtes 0 [ee M@K Cm`nsdbp rephrt hl blchri`mbty, :77>.



5

KD@WVEZ 0

Vde Blchri`m [ekthrbl Jhmbvb` Vhf`y

lferst`lfbln blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` thf`y bs ` oey th biprhvbln blkhiehpphrtulbtbes chr tde phhr. Vde blchri`m sekthr bs `l biphrt`lt prhvbfer hc ahjhpphrtulbtbes bl Jhmbvb`, p`rtbkum`rmy chr tde ihst vumler`jme nrhups. Vdus,

ulferst`lfbln tde deterhnelebty, kùses, `lf eccekts hc blchri`mbty bs ` cbrst krbtbk`m stepbl fesbnlbln phmbkbes th biprhve blkhie hpphrtulbtbes chr Jhmbvb`‒s phhr pehpmeseeobln ahjs hr whrobln bl blchri`m ibkrh `lf si`mm elterprbses. Vde kd`pter blkmufescbve sektbhls. Vde cbrst hle fbskusses tde biphrt`lke hc blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` ulferfbccerelt fecblbtbhls `lf ie`sures. Vde sekhlf sektbhl feskrbjes tde shkbhfeihnr`pdbkkd`r`kterbstbks hc blchri`m eipmhyees, trybln th expm`bl wdy shie feihnr`pdbk nrhups`lf jusbless `re hverrepreseltef bl tdbs sekthr. Vde tdbrf sektbhl mhhos `t c`kthrs td`texpm`bl wdy blchri`mbty bs sh jbn bl Jhmbvb`. Vde churtd sektbhl `ssesses tde remev`lke hcblchri`mbty hl ekhlhibk nrhwtd, nhverl`lke, `lf prhvbsbhl hc pujmbk nhhfs. Vde m`stsektbhl suii`rbzes tde i`bl khlkmusbhls.

Dhw Jbn Bs tde Blchri`m [ekthr bl Jhmbvb`8

Jhmbvb`‒s blchri`m sekthr bs hle tde m`rnest bl tde renbhl.

@kkhrfbln th ` prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl j`sef hl whroer kd`r`kterbstbks `lf cbri sbze, >>perkelt hc eipmhyielt bl Jhmbvb` bs blchri`m, tòbln blth `kkhult whroers bl jhtdurj`l `lf rur`m `re`s (@llex 0.0 chr ` fbskussbhl hl fecblbtbhls `lf ie`sures hcblchri`mbty, blkmufbln tdhse usef bl tdbs kd`pter). Vdbs bs tde dbndest mevem bl tde renbhl

wdere tde `ver`ne sd`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt bs jemhw 37 perkelt. Lhls`m`rbefwhroers iòe up `jhut ;7 perkelt hc `mm Jhmbvb`l eipmhyielt, trbpme tde renbhl`m`ver`ne. Dhwever, lhls`m`rbef whro bs evel ihre fhibl`lt bl Jhmbvb`‒s rur`m `re`s,wdere tdere bs ` dbnd prhpelsbty th hrn`lbze dhusedhmf prhfuktbve ulbts? bl urj`l`re`s hlmy 00 perkelt hc tde eipmhyef `re lhls`m`rbef whroers. [emc-eipmhyielt blJhmbvb` (`t ;5 perkelt) bs `msh `jhve tde renbhl`m `ver`ne (:2 perkelt), wdbme tdeprhphrtbhl hc s`m`rbef eipmhyees whrobln bl si`mm cbris bs ìhln tde mhwest bl tderenbhl.

Blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` bs `msh ìhln tde dbndest bl tde renbhl ulfer ` men`mbstbkfecblbtbhl j`sef hl tde rbndt th ` retbreielt pelsbhl mbloef th eipmhyielt. Hlmy ;7perkelt hc whroers `re renbsteref bl tde blsur`lke-j`sef pelsbhl systei0‖tde mhwestbl tde renbhl `mhln wbtd W`r`nu`y‖evel tdhund tde sd`re hc s`m`rbef whroers d`vbln` sbnlef m`jhr khltr`kt bs lht ulusu`mmy mhw (67 perkelt). Vde refukef khver`ne hc

U



3 ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

pelsbhl systeis bs rem`tef th tde dbnd blkbfelke hc ulsobmmef semc-eipmhyielt `lflhls`m`rbef whro, jhtd hc wdbkd `re usu`mmy exkmufef crhi pelsbhl systeis bl `mmkhultrbes bl tde renbhl. Curtderihre, bl spbte hc jebln vhmult`ry, tde pelsbhl systeid`s lht jeel `jme th `ttr`kt whroers td`t khumf e`sbmy kdhhse th p`rtbkbp`te, sukd `sprhcessbhl`m `lf s`m`rbef eipmhyees bl m`rne cbris? hlmy ` qu`rter hc s`m`rbef whroersbl m`rne cbris `re khveref.

Ihrehver, Jhmbvb` me`fs tde whrmf bl v`mue-`ffef neler`tef jy tde blchri`m sekthr`s ` sd`re hc nrhss fhiestbk prhfukt. Vde prhfuktbhl hc tde blchri`m sekthr bl Jhmbvb` bstde m`rnest ìhln tde 065 khultrbes ev`mu`tef jy [kdlebfer (:776), re`kdbln 34 perkelthc NFW (Cbnure 0.0). Vdbs estbi`te, hjt`blef usbln tde FRIBIBK `lf KurrelkyFei`lf Ietdhfs, `mmhws usecum khip`rbshls, jut i`y hverestbi`te tde blkbfelke hcblchri`mbty, `ssbnlbln th bt tde eccekt hc htder ulolhwl v`rb`jmes (^hrmf J`lo :77>?@llex 0.0).

[hurke1 [kdlebfer :776.

Cbnure 0.0. [d`re hc tde blchri`m sekthr bl NFW bl M`tbl @ierbk` `lf htder renbhls

7% :7% 67% 37% 47%

KdbmeKhst` Zbk`

@rneltbl`Wuerth Zbkh

W`r`nu`yIexbkh

Fhiblbk` l Z.Eku`fh r

SelezuemÀì`bk`

Jr`zbmKhmhijb`

Lbk` r`nuÈm [`mv`f hr

Dhlfur`sUrunu`y

Nu`tei`m`D`btbWeru

W`lì`Jhmbvb`

HEKFKhiiulbst

@sb`[hutd W`kbcbk

Vr`lsbtbhl@crbk`

M` tbl @ierbk`^hrmf

% hc hcc bkb m NFW



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris >

V`jme 0.0. Fbstrbjutbhl hc urj`l eipmhyielt ìhln chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs, jyprhfuktbve lf men`mbstbk fecblbtbhls hc blchri`mbty, :775 (perkelt`ne hc tht`meipmhyef phpum`tbhl)

Wrhfuktbve fecblbtbhl

Chri`m Blchri`m lf fhiestbkWrbv`te Blchri`m

Men`mbstbkfecblbtbhl Wujmbk [`m`rbef

Lhl-s`m`rbef [`m`rbef

Lhl-s`m`rbef Fhiestbk Vht`m

[`m`rbef >.4 4.; 7.6 7.0 03.3Chri`m Lhl-

s`m`rbef7.4 0.2 :.>

[`m`rbef :.7 03.6 0:.: ;.> ;6.;Blchri`m Lhl-

s`m`rbef0.> 66.> 63.6

Vht`m 2.4 :6.> :.5 0:.3 63.3 ;.4 077

[hurke1 BLE, EFD :775.

Bl tde urj`l blchri`m sekthr, lhls`m`rbef eipmhyielt prev`bms, wdbme s`m`rbefeipmhyielt fhibl`tes bl tde chri`m sekthr. Usbln tde prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl, tdeblchri`m sekthr blkhrphr`tes `jhut 37 perkelt hc tde eipmhyef m`jhr chrke bl urj`l`re`s, hc wdbkd tdree-qu`rters `re lhls`m`rbef (V`jme 0.0). Chri`m whroers `re dbndmykhlkeltr`tef bl s`m`rbef eipmhyielt‖tde pujmbk sekthr `lf prbv`te s`m`rbefeipmhyielt neler`te `jhut ` qu`rter `lf twh tdbrfs hc chri`m eipmhyielt,respektbvemy.

Vde khver`ne hc tde pelsbhl systei bs khlkeltr`tef bl tde pujmbk sekthr `lf shieiefbui `lf m`rne prbv`te cbris. Khlsbferbln tde men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl j`sef hl pelsbhlsystei khver`ne, blchri`mbty re`kdes 47 perkelt hc urj`l eipmhyef m`jhr chrke. Vdeprbv`te chri`m sekthr neler`tes `jhut ;7 perkelt hc tht`m eipmhyielt ulfer tdeprhfuktbve fecblbtbhl `lf `jhut 07 perkelt bl tde men`mbstbk hle. Vdbs fbccerelke sdhwstd`t ` luijer hc iefbui `lf m`rne elterprbses td`t `re fecblef `s chri`m ulfer tdeprhfuktbve fecblbtbhl oeep tdebr eipmhyees hut hc tde pelsbhl systei. Ihre td`l tdreequ`rters hc pujmbk eipmhyees `re `ccbmb`tef wbtd pelsbhl culfs, jut hlmy ` tdbrf hcwhroers bl tde chri`m sekthr d`ve pelsbhl rbndts rem`tef th eipmhyielt. Ihrehver,`mihst `mm whroers fecblef `s blchri`m ulfer tde prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl `re lht bl tdepelsbhl systei.

Vde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr d`s jeel st`jme bl rekelt ye`rs

Dbnd blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` bs lht ` rekelt pdelhielhl. [truktur`m kd`lnes bltrhfukefbl tde 0257s spurref ` c`st urj`lbz`tbhl prhkess strelntdelbln tde blchri`m sekthr bltde `jselke hc ` fylìbk prbv`te chri`m sekthr (M`y :77;). Blchri`mbty bl tde ibf-02>7sneler`tef 5> perkelt hc eipmhyielt bl k`pbt`m kbtbes, ulfer ` prhfuktbvbty fecblbtbhl(jechre 0222 dhusedhmf surveys were k`rrbef hut hlmy bl k`pbt`m kbtbes). Blchri`mbtyre`kdef 3: perkelt hc tde eipmhyef phpum`tbhl bl tde m`te 0247s, i`blmy jekùse hc tderefuktbhl hc pujmbk sekthr eipmhyielt rem`tef th tde st`jbmbz`tbhl prhkess st`rtef bl tdeibf 0247s, wdbkd w`s lht khipmeieltef wbtd phmbkbes th elkhur`ne tde prbv`te sekthrfevemhpielt. Aeibh (0222) sdhws td`t pujmbk eipmhyielt fekre`sef crhi :3 perkeltbl k`pbt`m kbtbes bl 0245 th 04 perkelt bl 0242.




[blke 0227 blchri`mbty d`s cmuktu`tef wbtdhut ` fecblbte trelf. Jetweel 022> `lf:77:, tde `llu`m nrhwtd hc blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` w`s le`r 7.5 perkelt `lf jemhw ihstkhultrbes bl tde renbhl‖extelfbln tdbs resumt th :775, tde telfelky jekìe smbndtmylen`tbve (Cbnure 0.:). Ihrehver, bl tde cbrst d`mc hc tde 0227s, blchri`mbty bl k`pbt`mkbtbes st`jbmbzef le`r 54 perkelt hc eipmhyef phpum`tbhl, cmuktu`tbln `rhulf tdbs mevem`cterw`rfs (Cbnure 0.;). Vdbs khlkmusbhl k`l je extelfef th `mm urj`l `re`s bl tde p`sttel ye`rs usbln tde estbi`tbhls hc urj`l blchri`mbty bl R`ðez `lf M`lf` (:77>).Dhwever, tde vhm`tbmbty hc blchri`mbty fhes lht seei th je `sshkb`tef wbtd tdeekhlhibk kykme1 Mh`yz` `lf Zbnhmblb (:773) sdhwef td`t blchri`mbty bs rem`tbvemy`kykmbk`m bl Jhmbvb`, `s bl htder khultrbes wbtd dune blchri`m sekthrs, sukd `s Weru. Bltdbs khltext, blchri`mbty cmuktu`tbhls k`l je expm`blef jy survey errhrs `lfietdhfhmhnbk`m kd`lnes, wdbkd restrbkt tde khip`r`jbmbty hc surveys hver tbie. Vderekelt refuktbhl hc urj`l blchri`mbty crhi 3; perkelt bl :77;‛76 th 52 perkelt bl :775iust je tòel wbtd kùtbhl.

Cbnure 0.:. @llu`m kd`lne bl blchri`m eipmhyielt bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes

-7.5% 7.7% 7.5% 0.7% 0.5%

Kdbme(0227-:77;)Jr`zbm(022:-:77;)

Lbk`r`nu` (022;-:770)Khst` Zbk`(022:-:77;)

Eku`fhr(0226-:77;)Em [`mv`fhr(0220-:77;)

@rneltbl`(0225-:775)Jhmbvb`(022>-:77:)

Fhiblbk`l Z.(0223-:776)Iexbkh(0223-:77:)

W`r`nu`y(022>-:77;)Aì`bk`(0223-:77:)

Urunu`y(022:-:776)Khmhijb`(0223-:776)Dhlfur`s(022:-:77;)

W`lì`(0225-:77;)Weru(022>-:77;)

Selezuem`(0242-:77;)

% @ver ne `llu` m kd`lne

[hurke1 N`sp`rblb `lf Vhrl`rhmmb :77>.



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris 2

Cbnure 0.;. [d`re hc blchri`m whroers bl tde eipmhyef phpum`tbhl bl Jhmbvb`lurj`l re`s, 0242‛:775

67%

65%

57%

55%

37%

35%

>7%

0 2 4 2

0 2 2 7

0 2 2 0

0 2 2 :

0 2 2 ;

0 2 2 6

0 2 2 5

0 2 2 3

0 2 2 >

0 2 2 2

: 7 7 7

: 7 7 0

: 7 7 :

: 7 7 ;

: 7 7 5

% h

c e i p

m h y e f p h p u

m ` t b h

K`pbt`m kbtbes lf Em @mth Urj`l `re`s

[hurke1 R`ðez `lf M`lf` :77>? UF@WE :773? `lf BLE-EFD :775.Lhte1Bt fhes lht blkmufe fhiestbk whroers.

Fespbte tde struktur`m trelfs elkhur`nbln blchri`mbty, tde prbv`te chri`m sekthrw`s `jme th kre`te elhund eipmhyielt th `vhbf curtder nrhwtd hc tde blchri`m sekthr.Vdhse struktur`m kd`lnes blkmufe tde ibnr`tbhl prhkess, wdbkd khltrbjutef th tde rbsebl urj`lbz`tbhl crhi 54 perkelt hc tde phpum`tbhl bl 022: th 3: perkelt bl :770. Bl`ffbtbhl, pujmbk eipmhyielt bl k`pbt`m kbtbes w`s nr`fu`mmy refukef crhi 04 perkelt hctde eipmhyef phpum`tbhl bl 0227 th mess td`l 07 perkelt bl :775? lhletdemess, tde`jshmute luijer hc pujmbk eipmhyees d`s blkre`sef jy 02 perkelt jetweel 0225 `lf:77>. Eipmhyielt neler`tef jy prevbhusmy exbstbln cbris d`s st`nl`tef sblke 0225,`kkhrfbln th tde prbv`te eipmhyielt blfex estbi`tef jy tde L`tbhl`m [t`tbstbks Hccbke(BLE) usbln tde hutf`tef `fiblbstr`tbve renbstrbes hc tde Iblbstry hc M`jhr. Vdeblkre`se bl prbv`te m`jhr bs mbloef th tde kre`tbhl hc lew chri`m prbv`te cbris‖tdhsewbtd ihre td`l chur whroers‖wdbkd d`s khipels`tef tdese struktur`m kd`lnes,`vhbfbln ` sust`blef nrhwtd hc blchri`mbty.




^dh Bs bl Vde Blchri`m [ekthr8

Blchri`m whroers `re deterhnelehus

Vde blchri`m sekthr `ttr`kts `mm oblfs hc whroers, blkmufbln sukkesscum eltrepreleurs `s

wemm `s tdhse fbs`fv`lt`nef bl tde chri`m sekthr. Usbln tde prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl,blchri`mbty re`kdes `jhut 65 perkelt hc lhlblfbnelhus i`mes jetweel ;7 `lf 67 ye`rshmf wdh d`ve cblbsdef `t me`st sekhlf`ry efuk`tbhl, ` sekthr lht hjvbhusmy rem`tef thblchri`mbty. Dhwever, shie sekthrs `re sbnlbcbk`ltmy hverrepreseltef bl tde blchri`msekthr, i`blmy jekùse blchri`mbty hccers cmexbjme ahj hpphrtulbtbes th pehpme wdh i`ycblf restrbktbhls bl tde chri`m m`jhr i`roet. Hverrepreseltef sekthrs blkmufe pehpmewbtd ihfest efuk`tbhl, whiel, blfbnelhus pehpme, tde yhuln, `lf tde emfermy, usu`mmypreseltbln dbnd phverty prev`melke (Ihlterrey :77;). Bl `ffbtbhl tde blchri`m sekthrhccers `l hpphrtulbty th je blfepelfelt‖`jhut 35 perkelt hc whroers express ` fesbreth je blfepelfelt.

Vde dbnd fbspersbhl hc m`jhr blkhie, espekb`mmy ìhln lhls`m`rbef whroers, `mshrecmekts tde deterhnelebty hc tde blchri`m sekthr. Usbln ` men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl, M`lf` et`m. (:77>) sdhwef td`t tde `ver`ne blkhie hc tde semc-eipmhyef, wdbkd `re ihstmy blchri`m,`lf td`t hc blchri`m s`m`rbef whroers `re kmhse, jut tde blkhie fbstrbjutbhl hc tde semc-eipmhyef bs ihre fbspersef, khlsbstelt wbtd blterl`tbhl`m evbfelke (Cbnure 0.6).

Cbnure 0.6. Fbstrbjutbhl hc dhurmy e`rlblns chr s`m`rbef whroers bl tde chri`m `lfblchri`m sekthrs lf semc-eipmhyef whroers, :775

[hurke1 M`lf` et `m. :77>.




Cbnure 0.5. Fbstrbjutbhl hc whroers jy sekthr `lf m`jhr blkhie qubltbme, :775

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c w h r o e r s

b l e ` k d n r h u p

Publtbme 0 : ; 6 Publtbme 5

[hurke1 BLE-EFD :775.

Vdbs bipmbes td`t blchri`m lhls`m`rbef eipmhyielt khvers ` fbversbty hc pehpme,blkmufbln tdhse sukkesscum semc-eipmhyef wdh `kkuium`tef elhund experbelke `lfk`pbt`m th re`kd dbnd m`jhr blkhies, `s wemm `s tdhse ulsukkesscum semc-eipmhyef wbtdcew hptbhls th biprhve tdebr e`rlblns. Vde m`st k`se bs ihre khiihl1 ;5 perkelt hcblchri`m lhls`m`rbef whroers `re bl tde mhwest m`jhr blkhie qubltbme, wdbme tde rest `re

ulbchrimy fbstrbjutef ìhln tde htder qubltbmes (Cbnure 0.5).[`m`rbef whroers seei th je ihre dhihnelehus td`l lhls`m`rbef whroers,espekb`mmy bl tde blchri`m sekthr. Chri`m s`m`rbef eipmhyees d`ve `l e`rlblns`fv`lt`ne hver blchri`m s`m`rbef eipmhyees, jut tde fbstrbjutbhl hc tdebr blkhies bsihre fbspersef (Cbnure 0.6). Vdbs bs `t me`st p`rtb`mmy expm`blef jy tde dbnder e`rlblnshc pujmbk eipmhyees khip`ref th htder chri`m prbv`te eipmhyees. Ihst pujmbkeipmhyees `re khlkeltr`tef bl tde dbndest qubltbmes, blkre`sbln tde blternrhupblequ`mbty `s wemm `s tde blequ`mbty ìhln `mm chri`m s`m`rbef eipmhyees. Dhwever,tdese blkhie fbccerelkes ihstmy recmekt eipmhyees‒ `ttrbjute fbccerelkes, bl p`rtbkum`refuk`tbhl1 chr exìpme, pujmbk eipmhyees d`ve, hl `ver`ne, chur ihre ye`rs hcefuk`tbhl td`l tdhse whrobln bl tde prbv`te chri`m sekthr `lf sbx ihre ye`rs hcefuk`tbhl td`l blchri`m eipmhyees.



0: ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

Kert`bl nrhups telf ihre th je blchri`m

^dbme tdree-qu`rters hc tde phpum`tbhl wbtdhut efuk`tbhl bs blchri`m, hlmy hle-tdbrf hctde phpum`tbhl wbtd dbnder efuk`tbhl bs. ^dbme chri`m eipmhyees d`ve `l `ver`ne hc0: ye`rs hc skdhhmbln (00 bc pujmbk sekthr eipmhyees `re lht blkmufef), eipmhyees bl tdeblchri`m sekthr d`ve d`rfmy cblbsdef prbi`ry skdhhm‖4.6 ye`rs hc efuk`tbhl hl`ver`ne (@llexes 0.: `lf 0.;). @ dbnd mevem hc efuk`tbhl refukes tde mboembdhhf hc jebln blchri`m, `lf tertb`ry efuk`tbhl bs p`rtbkum`rmy biphrt`lt. Ihrehver, tde chri`msekthr bs ihre biphrt`lt chr pehpme jetweel :7 `lf ;7 ye`rs hmf, jekùse tde chri`msekthr telfs th dbre pehpme wbtd dbnder efuk`tbhl, bl p`rtbkum`r prhcessbhl`ms.Levertdemess, blchri`m eipmhyielt bl tdbs `ne r`lne bs lht refukef, jekùse tdeblkre`se bl chri`m eipmhyielt bs ihstmy mbloef th pehpme wdh were prevbhusmystufybln `lf hut hc tde m`jhr i`roet. Vdbs bs fue th tde precerelke hc tde chri`meipmhyers chr jetter-efuk`tef pehpme `lf tde precerelke hc jetter-efuk`tef whroers

chr s`m`rbef ahjs? twh tdbrfs hc whroers wbtdhut efuk`tbhl precer `l blfepelfelt ahj,wdbme hlmy d`mc hc efuk`tef pehpme fesbre tdbs oblf hc ahj. @ffbtbhl`mmy, efuk`tbhl jetter expm`bls e`rlblns chr chri`m whroers td`l chr semc-eipmhyef blchri`m whroers,wdere bt d`s pr`ktbk`mmy lh rhme (V`llurb-Wb`lth `lf Wb`lth :77;).

^hiel `re strhlnmy represeltef bl tde blchri`m sekthr. Hlmy hle tdbrf hc tdechri`m whroers `re whiel, `lf tdbs prhphrtbhl fekre`ses th hle qu`rter bc tde pujmbksekthr, ihre nelfer j`m`lkef, bs exkmufef. ^hiel‒s messer chri`m eipmhyielt bsp`rtb`mmy fue th tdebr mhwer efuk`tbhl`m `kdbeveielt `lf ` fbs`fv`lt`nbln m`jhrrenum`tbhl. Dhwever, tdbs c`kthr fhes lht cummy expm`bl tde dbnd blchri`mbty hc whiel,bl p`rtbkum`r tdebr fbsprhphrtbhl`te prhpelsbty th je semc-eipmhyef‖47 perkelt hc

whiel whrobln blchri`mmy `re lhls`m`rbef. Vdbs trelf i`y je tde resumt hc whiel‒spersbstelt cìbmy resphlsbjbmbtbes, wdbkd hctel bltercere wbtd chri`m whro skdefumes(V`llurb-Wb`lth `lf Wb`lth :77;). Vde cmexbjbmbty hc semc-eipmhyielt `mmhws whiel th j`m`lke tdebr leef th khipmeielt cìbmy blkhie `lf tòe k`re hc tdebr kdbmfrel `lfhtder cìbmy ieijers (^hrmf J`lo :775j). Cbnure 0.3 sdhws td`t whiel‒s blchri`msemc-eipmhyielt bs ihre selsbtbve th i`rbt`m st`tus td`l iel‒s. Bl `ffbtbhl, whiel `reihre mboemy th je blchri`m bc tde sphuse bs ` chri`m eipmhyee. Bl ` rem`tef w`y, tdeem`stbkbty hc whiel‒s whrobln dhurs bs len`tbvemy rem`tef th tdebr sphuse‒s w`nev`rb`tbhls (Ierk`fh `lf Zbhs :775).

Blfbnelhus pehpme `re `msh hverrepreseltef bl tde blchri`m sekthr. Blfbnelhus

pehpme `re wemm represeltef bl tde blchri`m sekthr, wdetder blfbnelhus st`tus bsie`suref jy semc-bfeltbcbk`tbhl hr l`tbve thlnue. Vwh tdbrfs hc semc-bfeltbcbefblfbnelhus pehpme `re blchri`m, khip`ref wbtd d`mc hc `mm tde lhlblfbnelhus (@llexes0.: `lf 0.;). Dhwever, tdbs hverrepreselt`tbhl bs `msh mbloef wbtd ` mhw mevem hcefuk`tbhl ìhln blfbnelhus pehpme. @t dbnd mevems hc efuk`tbhl (khipmetef sekhlf`ry`lf tertb`ry skdhhmbln), jhtd blfbnelhus `lf lhlblfbnelhus nrhups d`ve sbibm`r mevemshc blchri`mbty (Cbnure 0.>). Ihrehver, ulfer tde men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl tdere bs lhevbfelke hc ` rem`tbhl jetweel etdlbkbty `lf blchri`mbty, hlke htder c`kthrs, blkmufblnefuk`tbhl, `re khltrhmmef chr (^hrmf J`lo :77>). Bl tde dbndm`lfs, etdlbkfbskrbibl`tbhl fhes lht expm`bl blkhie n`ps bl urj`l whroers, `mtdhund bl tdemhwm`lfs tdbs c`kthr k`llht je rumef hut (Sbmmen`s `lf Luðez :775).



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris 0;

Cbnure 0.3. [d`re hc blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt bl eipmhyielt, jy nelfer `lf i`rbt`mst`tus, :775

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Cbnure 0.>. [d`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt bl `mm eipmhyielt, jy efuk`tbhl `lfetdlbkbty, :775

7 :7 67 37 47 077

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Lhlblfbnelhus Blfbnelhus

[hurke1 BLE, EFD :775.Lhte 1 Blfbnelhus jy l`tbve thlnue.




Rhuln pehpme hctel elter tde m`jhr i`roet tdrhund tde blchri`m sekthr. @jhut twhtdbrfs hc whroers jetweel 05 `lf 02 ye`rs hc `ne `re blchri`m jekùse yhuln pehpmetelf th d`ve mhwer efuk`tbhl `lf th whro wbtd tdebr cìbmbes (Cbnures 0.4 `lf 0.2).@ffbtbhl`mmy, tde cmexbjbmbty hc blchri`m eipmhyielt `mmhws yhuln pehpme th stufy `lfev`mu`te htder m`jhr `mterl`tbves. [emc-eipmhyielt bs very biphrt`lt ìhln yhulnpehpme bl Jhmbvb`, neler`tbln hle tdbrf hc tdebr eipmhyielt. Bl htder fevemhpblnkhultrbes, sukd `s @rneltbl`, Jr`zbm, Iexbkh, `lf tde Fhiblbk`l Zepujmbk, yhulnpehpme usu`mmy elter tde m`jhr i`roet `s s`m`rbef whroers, chri`m hr blchri`m, wdbmetdey jubmf up elhund cbl`lkb`m hr dui`l k`pbt`m th st`rt tdebr hwl elterprbse (^hrmfJ`lo :77>). Vdbs sunnests td`t bl Jhmbvb` `l biphrt`lt p`rt hc semc-eipmhyielt bsrem`tef wbtd `ktbvbtbes td`t requbre si`mm pdysbk`m hr dui`l k`pbt`m `lf tderechrepreselt mhwer j`rrbers th eltry `lf dbnder exbt r`tes. Chr whroers jetweel :7 `lf ;7ye`rs hmf, tdere bs `l blkre`se bl tde chri`m sekthr eipmhyielt, `s shie wdh st`yef blskdhhm e`rmber d`ve khipmetef tdebr efuk`tbhl `lf `re elterbln tde m`jhr i`roet bldbnder-sobmmef ahjs, `s ieltbhlef jechre.

Cbnure 0.4. Eipmhyielt bl tde chri`m lf blchri`m sekthrs, jy whroers‒ ne, :775

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V d h u s ` l f p e h p m e

Chri`m Blchri`m s`m`rbef Blchri`m lh s`m`rbef





Cbnure 0.2. [d`re hc blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt bl mm eipmhyielt, jy `ne lf nelfer,:775

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Hmfer whroers hctel turl th blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt. @t tde `ne hc ;7 ye`rs,s`m`rbef eipmhyielt, espekb`mmy blchri`m s`m`rbef eipmhyielt, qubkomy c`mms bl c`vhr hcsemc-eipmhyielt. Vdbs pdelhielhl bs mbloef th tde i`ssbve ibnr`tbhl hc whiel

jetweel ;7 `lf 67 ye`rs hmf th semc-eipmhyielt jekùse hc tdebr nrhwbln cìbmyresphlsbjbmbtbes. I`me semc-eipmhyielt chmmhws ` smhwer nrhwbln trelf ultbm tde chri`m`ne hc retbreielt, jetweel 37 `lf 35. Hmfer iel telf th turl th semc-eipmhyielt jekùse tdey d`ve `kkuium`tef tde requbref cbl`lkb`m `lf dui`l k`pbt`m th st`rt tdebrhwl elterprbse hr jekùse tdey d`ve jeel fbspm`kef jy yhulner `lf jetter-efuk`tefwhroers. Cbl`mmy, retbreielt trbnners `lhtder biphrt`lt kd`lne bl c`vhr hc semc-eipmhyielt, jekùse tdhse retbref crhi chri`m `lf blchri`m `ktbvbtbes ibnr`te thblchri`m semc-eipmhyielt th khltblue neler`tbln blkhies chr tdebr cìbmbes bl ` ihrecmexbjme sekthr.




Cbnure 0.07. @ver`ne luijer hc ye`rs spelt bl eipmhyielt, jy sekthr

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^hroers c`ke ` smhw tr`lsbtbhl jetweel tde chri`m `lf tde blchri`m sekthr.^hroers ihve smhwmy jetweel tde chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs, evel `cter mhln perbhfshc tbie (M`lf` et `m. :77>). Vdey `msh telf th rei`bl bl tde sìe whro k`tenhry(eipmhyef hr semc-eipmhyef) blsbfe e`kd sekthr. Dhwever, tdere bs lh strhln evbfelke

hc m`jhr i`roet senielt`tbhl jetweel tde chri`m `lf tde blchri`m sekthr. Cbnure 0.07sdhws td`t tde tbie whroef bl tde sìe cbri bs sbibm`r chr s`m`rbef `lf semc-eipmhyefwhroers bl e`kd sekthr. Bl `ffbtbhl, blchri`m eipmhyees d`ve ihre m`jhr st`jbmbty1wdbme twh tdbrfs hc blchri`m whroers rei`bl bl tde sìe hkkup`tbhl ihre td`l twhye`rs, hlmy d`mc hc chri`m hles fh M`lf` `lf R`ðez (:77>): . Vdese cblfblns fh lhtsupphrt tde khiihl vbsbhl hc ` vhm`tbme blchri`m ahj `lf k`l je expm`blef jy tdeulusu`mmy dbnd mevem hc blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt bl Jhmbvb`. Vde mevem hc efuk`tbhtde chri`m sekthr `lf tde experbelke `kkuium`tef bl tde blchri`m sekthr blkre`se tdeihjbmbty blsbfe e`kd sekthr, jut fh lht blkre`se ihjbmbty jetweel sekthrs (Abielez `lf Abielez :777).



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris 0>

Blchri`mbty bs khlkeltr`tef bl shie sekthrs `lf types hc cbris

Wujmbk `fiblbstr`tbhl, efuk`tbhl, de`mtd, `lf extr`ktbve blfustrbes `re tde ihst chri`msekthrs, jut tdey neler`te hlmy ` si`mm p`rt hc tht`m eipmhyielt. Vde pujmbk sekthr bs

dbndmy blvhmvef bl tdese blfustrbes, ebtder fbrektmy hr tdrhund m`rne-sk`me prbv`teblbtb`tbves bl efuk`tbhl `lf extr`ktbve blfustrbes, wdbkd `re e`sbmy bfeltbcbef jy tdeùtdhrbtbes (Cbnure 0.00). Curtderihre, users hc prbv`te efuk`tbhl requbre chri`mbz`tbhlhc efuk`tbhl blstbtutbhls. Bl tde de`mtd sekthr, wdere chri`mbty bs `msh dbnd, iel `reihre mboemy td`l whiel th je blchri`m whroers‖` reverse hc tde usu`m trelf.Blchri`mbty hc i`me de`mtd whroers bs `jhut 67 perkelt, wdbme blchri`mbty ìhlnwhiel bs kmhse th ;7 perkelt. ^hiel telf th whro bl supphrt `ktbvbtbes bl chri`mblstbtutbhls wdbme iel, wdh `re ihst hctel fhkthrs, d`ve ihre cmexbjbmbty th prhvbfeservbkes blfepelfeltmy. Dhwever, `mm tdese sekthrs neler`tef hlmy 06 perkelt hc tht`meipmhyielt bl urj`l `re`s, ihstmy chr tdhse wbtd ` rem`tbvemy dbnd mevem hc efuk`tbhl.

Vde ihst blchri`m sekthrs `re khiierke `lf tr`lsphrt, wdbkd neler`te `lbiphrt`lt phrtbhl hc tht`m eipmhyielt. Khiierke eipmhys hle-tdbrf hc whiel `lf03 perkelt hc iel, wbtd blchri`mbty r`tes hc 25 perkelt `lf >5 perkelt, respektbvemy.@mihst `mm tr`lsphrt sekthr whroers `re iel wbtd `l blchri`mbty r`te kmhse th >5perkelt. Vdese sekthrs `re kd`r`kterbzef jy mhw eltry j`rrbers `lf delke k`l prhvbfeblkhie hpphrtulbtbes chr whroers bl tr`lsbtbhl th tde chri`m ekhlhiy. Ihst whroers bltdese sekthrs eln`ne bl si`mm-sk`me `ktbvbtbes `lf semc-eipmhyielt, iòblnchri`mbz`tbhl `lf elchrkeielt very fbccbkumt. Kurreltmy, hlmy iulbkbp`mbtbes d`ve `mbibtef elchrkeielt phwer hl si`mm-sk`me khiierke, wdbme tr`lsphrt `ktbvbtbes k`l jek`rrbef hut `mihst wbtdhut restrbktbhls. Vde spekb`m t`x renbies `ppmbef th tdesesekthrs‖` sbipmbcbef renbie `lf ulbcbef renbie, respektbvemy‖d`ve `mmhwef tdei th`vhbf t`x p`yielts. Khiierke `lf restùr`lts seei th je ihre `ttr`ktbve chr whiel jekùse hc tbie cmexbjbmbty `lf mhwer efuk`tbhl`m requbreielts.

Blchri`mbty re`kdes d`mc hc `mm pehpme whrobln bl i`luc`kturbln `lf khlstruktbhl.Jhtd sekthrs sdhw wbfe fbsp`rbtbes bl nelfer. Bl i`luc`kturbln, tde sd`re hc iel `lfwhiel dhmfbln ahjs bs sbibm`r (:7 perkelt hc iel `lf 0; perkelt hc whiel), jutblchri`mbty r`tes fbccer i`roefmy (d`mc hc iel `lf tdree qu`rters perkelt hc whiel). Blkhlstruktbhl, whiel `re lht khiihlmy eipmhyef? 05 perkelt hc iel whro blkhlstruktbhl, wbtd `l blchri`mbty r`te kmhse th 57 perkelt. Vde rem`tbve chri`mbty hctdese sekthrs bs lht rem`tef th efuk`tbhl mevems, jekùse tde `ver`ne ye`rs hc skdhhmblnleefef th elter ebtder sekthr `re kmhse th tdhse hjservef bl tr`lsphrt `lf khiierke.Ihrehver, tde chri`mbty hc tdese sekthrs seeis th je rem`tef th tde m`rne sk`me leefef thk`rry hut ihst i`luc`kturbln `lf khlstruktbhl `ktbvbtbes prhcbt`jmy.

Vde si`mmer tde cbri, tde ihre mboemy bt bs th je blchri`m. Cbnure 0.0: sdhws `len`tbve rem`tbhlsdbp jetweel tde luijer hc whroers bl ` cbri `lf bts chri`mbty,ie`suref jy tdebr renbstr`tbhl bl tde V`x [ervbkes. ^dbme 47 perkelt hc pehpme whroblnbl cbris wbtd chur hr cewer whroers s`y td`t tdese est`jmbsdielts fh lht d`ve ` t`xbfeltbcbk`tbhl luijer (LBV), ihre td`l 27 perkelt hc tdhse whrobln bl cbris wbtd ihretd`l 57 pehpme fekm`re td`t tdese est`jmbsdielts d`ve ` LBV. Vdbs bs jekùse chri`mbty

i`y je khlsbferef ` lhri`m nhhf bl prhfuktbve prhkesses (I`mhley :773). M`rne cbrisk`l tòe `fv`lt`ne hc shie hc tde jelecbts hc chri`mbty `lf c`ke bts khst ihre e`sbmytd`l si`mm cbris, `lf m`rne cbris `re e`sber chr ùtdhrbtbes th bfeltbcy `lf khltrhm.




Cbnure 0.00. [d`re hc blchri`m eipmhyielt bl `mm eipmhyielt, jy ekhlhibk sekthr`lf nelfer, :775

Iel

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47

077

0:7

7 5 07 05 :7

Re`rs hc efuk`tbhl

B l c h r i `

m b t y ( %

h c e i p

m h y e

f p h p u

m ` t b h l

)

^hiel

@nrbkumture

Iblbln

I`luc`kturbln

Khlstruktbhl

Khiierke

Zestùr`lt

Vr`lsphrtZe`m est`te

Wujmbk`fiblbstr`tbhl

Efuk`tbhl

De`mtd

Wershl`m servbkes

Htders

‛:7

7

:7

67

37

47

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0:7

7 5 07 05 :7

Re`rs hc efuk`tbhl

B l c h r i `

m b t y ( %

h c e i p

m h y e

f p h p u

m ` t b h l

)




Curtderihre, m`rne cbris `re ihreprhle th d`ve chri`m m`jhrrem`tbhlsdbps wbtd tdebr eipmhyees.V`jme 0.: sdhws td`t `mihst `mmeipmhyees whrobln bl cbris wbtd hle thchur pehpme `re lht `ccbmb`tef th `lypelsbhl culf `lf fh lht d`ve chri`mkhltr`kts, wdbme d`mc hc pehpme whroblnbl cbris wbtd ihre td`l 57 whroersd`ve ` chri`m khltr`kt `lf `re `ccbmb`tefwbtd pelsbhl culfs.

^dy Bs tde Blchri`m [ekthr sh Jbn8

Blchri`mbty bs ` r`tbhl`m kdhbkeBlchri`mbty bs `ttr`ktbve th i`ly `s bt`mmhws ihre cmexbjbmbty `lfblfepelfelke. C`kthrs sukd `s tde phhrqu`mbty hc servbkes prhvbfef th tdechri`m sekthr `lf tde cmexbjbmbty,

blfepelfelke, `lf hpphrtulbty `v`bm`jme bl tde blchri`m sekthr iòe blchri`mbty`ttr`ktbve chr shie sekthrs hc tde phpum`tbhl. Cbnure 0.0; sdhws td`t blfepelfelt ahjs`re precerref bl `mm m`jhr k`tenhrbes exkept fhiestbk whroers `lf pujmbk eipmhyees.Ihrehver, tde fesbre th je blfepelfelt bs dbnder ìhln `mre`fy blfepelfelt whroerstd`l ìhln s`m`rbef hles, bl p`rtbkum`r tdhse eipmhyef bl tde chri`m sekthr. @swhiel `re c`r ihre khlkeltr`tef bl tde blchri`m semc-eipmhyielt hptbhl `lf tdebrprecerelke bs `msh th je blfepelfelt, tdey `ppe`r th je le`rer tdebr fesbref st`te td`liel. Dhwever, tdese cblfblns fh lht `mmhw fbsk`rfbln tde dyphtdesbs td`t shiesenielts hc tde phpum`tbhl elter tde blchri`m sekthr blvhmult`rbmy `lf rei`bl c`r crhitdebr hptbi`m precerelkes (Ierk`fh `lf Zbhs, :775). @ qu`rter hc blfepelfelt whroersfesbre th je s`m`rbef whroers `lf twh tdbrfs hc blchri`m s`m`rbes eipmhyees rephrt td`ttdey kdhse tdebr hkkup`tbhl jekùse tdey khumf lht cblf `lhtder ahj. Hlmy hle tdbrf hcchri`m s`m`rbef whroers kdhse tdebr ahj (^hrmf J`lo, :77>).

V`jme 0.:. [d`re hc whroers khveref jy m`jhr khltr`kts `lf pelsbhl culfs, jy cbrisbze, :775 (perkelt`ne hc s`m`rbef eipmhyielt)

Khver`ne hc jmue-khmm`r `lf wdbte-khmm`r eipmhyeesLuijer hc whroersbl tde cbri Lhle Hlmy pelsbhl culf Hlmy khltr`kt Jhtd Vht`m

0-6 whroers ;7.6 :.5 7.3 7.; ;;.4

6-07 whroers 04.5 :.; 7.2 :.6 :6.:

00-:7 whroers >.; ;.7 7.3 :.2 0;.4

:0-57 whroers 5.5 0.5 7.2 6.7 0:.7

57-… whroers 6.5 0.4 0.: 4.> 03.;

Vht`m 33.; 00.0 6.; 04.; 077.7[hurke1 BLE, EFD :775.

Cbnure 0.0:. [d`re hc blchri`m eipmhyieltbl `mm eipmhyielt, jy sbze hc cbri, :775

7

07:7

;7

6757

37

>74727

0‛6 5‛07 00‛:7 :0‛57 57‛…

[bze hc cbri (pehpme)

% h

c p e h p

m e w h r o b l n

b l

e s t `

j m b s d i e l

t s w

b t d l h

L B V




:7 ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

Cbnure 0.0;. [d`re hc chri`m `lf blchri`m whroers wdh fesbre jebln blfepelfelt hrs`m`rbef, jy sekthr, :775

7% :7% 67% 37% 47%

Wujmbkeipmhyees

Wrbv`te chri`ms`m`rbef

Chri`mlhls`m`rbef

Blchri`m s`m`rbef

Blchri`mlhls`m`rbef

Fhiestbk

Fesbre jebln s`m`rbef Fesbre jebln blfepelfelt


@l `l`mysbs hc tde i`bl khsts `lf jelecbts hc jebln chri`m sunnests td`t jhtdspekbcbk `lf ihre neler`m c`kthrs leef th je khlsbferef. Vde sekhlf sektbhl hc V`jme 0.;suii`rbzes tde i`bl khsts `lf jelecbts hc jebln chri`m bl Jhmbvb`. Zenum`tbhl khsts, blp`rtbkum`r tdhse rem`tef th m`jhr `lf t`x khmmektbhl, `re ihre biphrt`lt td`l t`x r`tes bl

khlstr`blbln p`rtbkbp`tbhl bl tde chri`m sekthr. Ihrehver, tde jelecbts hc jebln bl tdechri`m sekthr `re khlstr`blef jy tde weò k`p`kbty hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls th `ppmyrenum`tbhls `lf th prhvbfe i`roet supphrt servbkes. Chr blst`lke, jetter `kkess thchrebnl i`roets `lf nhverlielt prhkureielt bs `l biphrt`lt jelecbt hc jebln chri`m, jut hlmy chr ` d`lfcum hc i`roets‖tde lhltr`f`jme sekthrs lht mbloef wbtd pujmbkpurkd`ses fh lht sd`re tdbs jelecbt. Jetter `kkess th cbl`lke bs `lhtder biphrt`lt jelecbthc jebln chri`m, fespbte tde nrhwbln `kkess th ibkrhcbl`lke chr shie blchri`m ibkrh`lf si`mm elterprbses.



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris :0

V`jme 0.;. Khsts lf jelecbts hc jebln chri`mKhst Jelecbt

C`kthrs `ccektbln spekbcbk nrhups

Cmexbjbmbty mhsses^hro blcmexbjbmbty bl tde chri`m sekthr bipmbes `restrbktbhl chr shie nrhups hc pehpme, bl p`rtbkum`rwhiel `lf yhuln pehpme. ^hro bl tde blchri`m sekthrbs c`r ihre cmexbjme.Ihst blc`lt cbris `re blchri`m bl hrfer th d`ve ihrecmexbjbmbty th ihve tdebr c`kthrs th htder sekthrs, wdbmechri`m eltrepreleurs c`ke biphrt`lt restrbktbhls thre`mmhk`te c`kthrs ìhln sekthrs.

Jetter prhtektbhl chr whroersLevertdemess, tdbs jelecbt bs rem`tbve jekùse pujmbkblstbtutbhls bl Jhmbvb` d`ve jeel ul`jme th elsure `leccektbve set hc iblbiui prhtektbhls th ihst whroers.Bl `ffbtbhl, tde qu`mbty hc tde servbkes prhvbfef thchri`m whroers bs phhr.

Ekhlhibes hc sk`meChri`mbty bs ` lhri`m nhhf bl tde prhfuktbhl prhkess,wdbkd bs `kqubref wdel tde cbri nrhws.

C`kthr `ccektbln `mm Jhmbvb`ls

J`rrbers th renbsterblnChri`mbz`tbhl ref t`pe bs stbmm expelsbve `lf tbiekhlsuibln, exkmufbln si`mm elterprbses crhi tde

chri`m sekthr.Htder renum`tbhls mbloef wbtd cbri‒s i`l`neieltIhst renum`tbhls `re expelsbve `lf khipmex, blp`rtbkum`r tdhse rem`tef th m`jhr renum`tbhl `lf t`xkhmmektbhls.

V`xesBl Jhmbvb`, tde v`mue `ffef `lf khrphr`te blkhie t`xr`tes `re lht ulusu`mmy dbnd jut tr`ls`ktbhl t`xesblkre`ses tde t`x jurfel wemm `jhve renbhl`m`ver`ne.

@vhbfbln pel`mtbes hc jebln blchri`mêò pujmbk blstbtutbhls d`ve jeel ul`jme th elsurerenum`tbhl `kkhipmbsdielt.

@kkess th i`roet supphrt servbkesWujmbk blstbtutbhls fh lht prhvbfe `fequ`te i`roetsupphrt servbkes. Aufbkb`m prhkefures `re khipmex,`lf tdey fh lht prhvbfe elhund prhperty rbndtsprhtektbhl.

@kkess th chrebnl i`roets `lf nhverlielt prhkureieltHlmy shie sekthrs k`l tòe `fv`lt`ne hc tdesejelecbts.

@kkess th cbl`lkeChri`m cbris d`ve jetter `kkess th cbl`lke, jutibkrhcbl`lke bs biprhvbln blchri`m sekthr `kkess. `

Lhte 1 `. @lf `msh d`s ` sbz`jme phsbtbve eccekt bl phverty, wdbkd d`s ihre prev`melke bl tde blchri`msekthr (Ihsmey 0222).

I`ly cbris perkebve td`t tde khsts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `re lht hccset jy tde jelecbts,nbvbln cbris cew blkeltbves th khipmy wbtd tde prhkefures. Wrhkefure-khipmybln khsts`lf jelecbts i`y v`ry `kkhrfbln chr exìpme th tde type hc cbri hr hl tde pujmbk`nelky elchrkbln tde prhkefure. Chr blst`lke, `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem, wdereelchrkeielt bs strhlner td`l `t tde keltr`m mevem, cbris renbster bl tdebr iulbkbp`mnhverlielt th `vhbf pel`mtbes hc jebln blchri`m `lf th khipmy wbtd tde m`w (Cbnure

0.06). [bibm`rmy, m`rner cbris i`y je ihre sujaekt th blspektbhl td`l si`mmer cbris?tdhse bssues `re expmhref bl ihre fet`bm bl tde lext twh kd`pters. Delke, jy blkre`sblntde prhfuktbve jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `lf blkre`sbln tde elchrkeielt chr lhtchri`mbzbln, ùtdhrbtbes i`y je `jme th nbve spekbcbk blkeltbves chr blchri`m ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris th jekhie chri`m.

Vde jurfel hc renum`tbhl refukes tde `ppe`m hc chri`mbty

Vde de`vy renum`tbhl hc chri`m cbris khltrbjutes th tde dbnd blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb`. Vderenum`thry khipmexbty `ccektbln chri`m cbris d`s jeel jmìef `s hle hc tde i`blkùses hc blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` (^hrmf J`lo :770 `lf :775`). Ihrehver, bl ` krhss-khultry stufy blkmufbln Jhmbvb`, Mh`yz` et `m. (:775) sdhw td`t blkre`sef jurfel hcm`jhr `lf prhfukt i`roet renum`tbhl‖eltry, tr`fe, cbl`lkb`m, j`loruptky `lf khltr`ktelchrkeielt renum`tbhl‖me`fs th `l exp`lsbhl hc blchri`mbty.



:: ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

Cbnure 0.06. Cbris‒ r`lobln hc re`shls th chri`mbze `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem‖BCKskhrek`rfs

`jbmbty t h tòefbsputes th khurt

blkr e`se sk`me hc

hper`t bhls

biprhv ef kkess t h

krefbt

t h vhbf p ybln

jrbjes

khipmy wbt d tde M`w

t h vhbf p ybln

c bles

t h n bl lew kmbelts

SeryBiph rt`lt

Lh tBiphrt`lt

@ mbtt meBiph rt`lt

Biphrt`lt

[hurke1 BCK Iulbkbp`m [khrek`rfs Zephrt chr Jhmbvb` :77>.Lhte1 Zesphlfbln cbris `re renbsteref cbris `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem.

Kurreltmy, Jhmbvb`‒s dbndmy restrbktbve renum`tbhl bs hlmy thppef jy ZepñjmbkJhmbv`rb`l` fe Selezuem` `lf D`btb bl tde renbhl‖Jhmbvb` bs r`loef 00; hut hc 0>5

khultrbes blkmufef bl tdeFhbln Jusbless rephrt (^hrmf J`lo `lf BCK :773), wdbme D`btb`lf Zepñjmbk` Jhmbv`rb`l` fe Selezuem` `re r`loef 0;2 `lf 035, respektbvemy.Dhwever, Jhmbvb`‒s resumts bl tdeFhbln Jusbless :77> rephrt `re lht ulbchri (Cbnure0.06).

Hl shie bssues, sukd `s m`jhr renum`tbhl `lf t`x khmmektbhl, Jhmbvb` bs r`loefìhln tde mhwest bl tde whrmf, wdbme bl htder `re`s, sukd `s nettbln krefbt, fe`mblnwbtd mbkelses, `lf kmhsbln ` jusbless, Jhmbvb` r`los jetter td`l ihst khultrbes bl tderenbhl. Chr exìpme1 Jhmbvb`‒s tbie th kmhse ` jusbless bs 0.4 ye`rs hl `ver`ne, kmhse thHEKF khultrbes? tde khsts hc kmhsbln ` jusbless bs 05 perkelt hc blkhie per k`pbt`, `mbttme jemhw tde renbhl`m `ver`ne hc 03 perkelt, `mtdhund fhujmbln tde HEKF `ver`ne?

`lf tde rekhvery r`te, wdbkd bmmustr`tes dhw i`ly kelts hl tde fhmm`r km`bi`lts rekhvercrhi tde blshmvelt cbri, bs ;2 perkelt, `jhve tde renbhl`m `ver`ne (:3 perkelt) `lf`jhut d`mc hc tde HEKF `ver`ne.



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris :;

Cbnure 0.05. [uii`ry hc tde renum`thry jurfel bl Jhmbvb`

Zenum`tbhl

Blchri`mbty

7 :7 67 37 47 077 0:7 067 037

Fhbln Jusbless `lf Blchri`mbty Z`lobln

Jhmbvb` M`tbl @ierbk` lf K`rbjje`l ^hrmf

+ ‛

Hver`mm Blfex

[t`rtbln ` Jusbless

Fe`mbln wbtd mbkelses

Dbrbln `lf Cbrbln ^hroers

Wrhtektbhl blvesthrs

Nettbln krefbt

W`ybln t`xes

Zenbsterbln prhpertbes

Kmhsbln ` jusbless

Elchrkbln khltr`ktsVr`fbln krhss jhrfer

[hurke1 ^hrmf j`lo `lf BCK :773? [kdlebfer :776.Lhte 1 Fhes lht blkmufe khultrbes wbtd ibssbln f`t`.

Wrhkefur`m khlstr`blts th chri`mbz`tbhlChri`mbz`tbhl bs severemy khlstr`blef jy khsts `lf prhkefures `sshkb`tef wbtd settblnup ` jusbless bl Jhmbvb`. Vh `mmhw ` v`mbf blterl`tbhl`m khip`rbshl, Fhbln Jusbless:77> `ssess tde khsts `lf prhkefures th st`rt up ` mbibtef mb`jbmbty khip`ly bl ` sekthrwbtd lh spekb`m t`x tre`tielts `lf lh blkeltbves th blvesthrs wbtd ` k`pbt`m equbv`meltth 07 tbies tde per k`pbt` NLB‖`jhut U[$07 tdhus`lf bl tde k`se hc Jhmbvb`. Bl tdbskhltext, `kkhrfbln th tde rephrt, tde iblbiui k`pbt`m requbreielt‖U[$;: hr ;.4

perkelt hc per k`pbt` NLB‖bs lht `l biphrt`lt khlstr`blt th chri`mbz`tbhl bl Jhmbvb`, jebln wemm jemmhw tde renbhl`m `ver`ne td`t bs kmhse th 04 perkelt (V`jme 0.6). Dhweverenbstry khsts `lf prhkefures `re `l biphrt`lt khlstr`blt1 `t me`st 57 f`ys `re leefefth khipmete 05 prhkefures wbtd ` tht`m khst kmhse th 067 perkelt hc NLB (Js 07,277) td`tbs wemm `jhve tde renbhl`m `ver`ne hc 64 perkelt hc NLB. Ihrehver, tdese khsts k`l jedbnder fue th htder renum`tbhls `ppmbef th spekbcbk sekthrs, sukd `s elvbrhlielt`mk`rfs, mbquhr mbkelses, `lf s`lbt`ry renbstry (Iblbstry hc M`jhr :773). Vdbs durfme hctelfbskhur`nes eltrepreleurs‒ wbmmblnless th chri`mbze `lf th phhm wbtd htders th sk`me upprhfuktbhl hr ulfertòe jbnner prhaekts (Vde chmmhwbln kd`pters em`jhr`te hl tdekhlsequelkes hc tdese restrbktbhls hver prhfuktbvbty).




V`jme 0.6. Khsts `lf prhkefures th set up ` jusbless bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes

Wrhkefuresluijer

Fur`tbhlf`ys

Khst% NLB per k`pbt`

Ibl. K`pbt`m% NLB per k`pbt`

@rneltbl` 05 ;: 0:.0 5.3Jhmbvb` 05 57 067.3 ;.4

Jr`zbm 0> 05: 2.2 7

Kdbme 2 :> 2.4 7

Khmhijb` 0; 66 02.4 7

Khst` Zbk` 00 >> :;.5 7

Eku`fhr 06 35 ;0.4 >.>

Em [`mv`fhr 07 :3 >5.3 002.>

Iexbkh 4 :> 06.: 0:.5

Lbk`r`nu` 3 ;2 0;0.3 7

W`lì` > 02 :;.2 7

W`r`nu`y 0> >6 0;3.4 7

Weru 07 >: ;:.5 7

Urunu`y 07 6; 66.: 04;.;

Selezuem`, Z. J. fe 03 060 :5.6 7

M@K 07.: >;.; 64.0 04.0

HEKF 3.: 03.3 5.; ;3.0

[hurke1 ^hrmf J`lo `lf BCK :773.

Ihst hc tde renbstry khsts `re `sshkb`tef wbtd tde prep`r`tbhl hc tde `rtbkme hcblkhrphr`tbhl, tde jym`ws, tde khlstbtutbhl`m `kt `lf tde hpelbln j`m`lke sdeet. Evel bctde prhkefures wbtd `mm pujmbk `nelkbes, CulfEipres` `lf tde @CWs were khst-cree,hpelbln up ` chri`m cbri bl Jhmbvb` whumf stbmm je dbndmy expelsbve‖0;7 perkelt hcNLB‖i`blmy fue th tde dbnd m`wyer `lf `kkhult`lt khsts requbref th prep`re tde`rtbkme hc blkhrphr`tbhl, tde jym`ws, `lf tde khlstbtutbhl`m `kt (V`jme 0.5). Jhmbvb`l m`wstbpum`tes td`t tdese fhkuielts‖`s every htder men`m fhkuielt‖iust je prep`ref jy`l `tthrley, blfepelfeltmy hc tde elterprbse kd`r`kterbstbk, `lf `ppmybln tde c`resskdefume hc tde m`wyers `sshkb`tbhl. Vde khst hc tdbs sblnme prhkefure bs equbv`melt thtde `llu`m blkhie hc `l `ver`ne Jhmbvb`l. @ffbtbhl`mmy, tdbs khltr`kt iust je v`mbf`tef jy ` pujmbk lht`ry, wdh kd`rnes `l `ver`ne hc 0; perkelt hc tde NLB per k`pbt`. @kd`rne iust `msh je p`bf wdel prep`rbln tde hpelbln cbl`lkb`m j`m`lke. Bl Eku`fhr`lf Weru sbibm`r prhkefures `re requestef, jut `t ` sbnlbcbk`ltmy mhwer khst1 02 perkelt(U[$577) `lf 4 perkelt (U[$:77) hc NLB, respektbvemy. Hl tde htder d`lf, bl @rneltbl`,Kdbme, Iexbkh, `lf Khmhijb` bt bs hlmy requbref th v`mbf`te tde khltr`kt sbnl`tures jy `pujmbk lht`ry p`rtb`mmy expm`blbln wdy tde khst th set up ` lew jusbless bl tdesekhultrbes bs jemhw :7 perkelt hc tdebr NLB per k`pbt`. Dhwever, bl Jhmbvb`, bt bs crequeltlht th `ppmy tde c`res est`jmbsdef jy tde m`wyers `sshkb`tbhl, `mmhwbln shie si`mmeltrepreleurs th hjt`bl tde requbref fhkuielt `t ` mhwer khst.




V`jme 0.5. Fet`bm hc khsts `lf prhkefures th chri`mmy set up ` jusbless bl Jhmbvb`

F`ys

Khst

Js

Khst

U[$

Khst% hc

NLB0. Kdeko ulbqueless hc lìe 0 7 7 7

:. Fr`w `rtbkme hc blkhrphr`tbhl 0 >,477 2>5 070

;. Lht`rbze tde `rtbkme hc blkhrphr`tbhl 0 0,777 0:5 0;

6. Wujmbsd khip`ly feef bl ` l`tbhl`m lewsp`per : 57 3 0

5. Wrep`r`tbhl hc hpelbln j`m`lke sdeet 0 0,777 0:5 0;

3. [e`m hc hpelbln j`m`lke sdeet 0 57 3 0

>. Zenbster `t L`tbhl`m V`x [ervbke 0 7 7 7

4. Hjt`bl tde iulbkbp`m jusbless mbkelse (M` W`z) 0 7 7 7

2. Iulbkbp`m nhverlielt blspektbhl (M` W`z) > 7 7 7

07. Hjt`bl evbfelke hc j`lo fephsbt 7 7 7 7

00. Zenbster khip`ly `t tde renbstry hc khiierke 2 546 >; 4

0:. Zenbster `t `pprhprb`te kdìjer hc khiierke hc blfustry 0 ;:7 67 6

0;. Zenbster chr l`tbhl`m de`mtd blsur`lke :7 65 3 0

06. Zenbster `t Iblbster hc M`jhr 0 57 3 0

05. Zenbster eipmhyees wbtd Welsbhl Culf I`l`neielt ; 7 7 7

VHV@M 57 07,422 0,;3: 060


[ettbln up ` jusbless bl Jhmbvb` blvhmves sever`m `nelkbes `lf kuijershieprhkefures. Vde M`jhr Iblbstry, tde L`tbhl`m De`mtd Blstbtutbhl, tde V`x [ervbke, `lfiulbkbp`m nhverlielts, `s wemm `s tde @CWs `lf CulfEipres`‖tde prbv`te hper`thrsbl kd`rne hc pelsbhl systei `lf renbstry hc khiierke bl Jhmbvb`‖`mm `ppmyblfepelfelt prhkefures `lf tdere bs lh blchri`tbhl exkd`lne hr khhrfbl`tbhl ìhlntdei (BMF :77>). Dhwever, tde renbstrbes `t tde L`tbhl`m De`mtd Blstbtutbhl `lf `tCulfEipres` `re tde ihst jurfelshie prhkefures khlsuibln 2 `lf :7 f`ysrespektbvemy, fespbte tde c`kt td`t tdey fh lht blkmufe bl sbtu blspektbhls, mboe shieprhkefures fei`lfef jy iulbkbp`mbtbes‖hlmy > f`ys `re requbref th hjt`bl ìulbkbp`m jusbless mbkelse bl M` W`z. Vdus, tde tbie leefef th hpel ` jusbless blJhmbvb` khumf je sujst`ltb`mmy refukef khlshmbf`tbln shie prhkefures `lf biprhvblnhtders, bl p`rtbkum`r de`mtd blsur`lke renbstry prhkefure. Bl `ffbtbhl, tdese servbkes `redbndmy khlkeltr`tef bl k`pbt`m kbtbes, blkre`sbln tde khst hc settbln up ` lew jusbless blhtder `re`s. Vde Iblbstry hc M`jhr hlmy d`s `l hccbke bl M` W`z? tde t`x servbke `lf tdeL`tbhl`m De`mtd Blstbtutbhl d`ve hccbkes bl k`pbt`m kbtbes? tde CulfEipres` d`s hccbkesbl k`pbt`m kbtbes, Em @mth, `lf Ihlterh? `lf @CWs d`ve hccbkes bl k`pbt`m kbtbes `lZbjer`mt`. Dhwever, bc tdese prhkefures `re lht sbipmbcbef jechre, tde ecchrt th blkre`setdebr khver`ne th blteriefb`te kbtbes khumf jy fbccbkumt `lf expelsbve.

Bl rekelt ye`rs, bl tde khltext hc `l hccbkb`m ref t`pe sbipmbcbk`tbhl prhnrì, tderenbstry hc khiierke `lf tde iulbkbp`m jusbless mbkelse were sbnlbcbk`ltmy biprhvef.Ulfer tde :770 blbtb`tbve felhibl`tef [bstei` Jhmbvb`lh fe Wrhfuktbvbf`f y




Khipetbtbvbf`f ([JWK) exekutef jy tde Wrhfuktbvbty `lf Khipetbtbveless Ulbt (UWK) `sbts hper`tbve jr`lkd, ` luijer hc prhkefures were revbsef `lf eld`lkef. Bl :770, tderenbstry hc khiierke w`s nr`ltef bl ` khlkessbhl th ` prbv`te hper`thr lìefCulfEipres` ( Culf`kbûl p`r` em Fes`rrhmmh Eipres`rb`m). Vdbs blstbtutbhl d`s fhujmef tdeluijer hc renbstrbes `t tde renbstry hc khiierke jetweel :77: `lf :775 jyfekeltr`mbzbln tde prhkefure, wdbkd w`s prevbhusmy `ppmbef hlmy bl M` W`z, `lfrefukbln sbnlbcbk`ltmy tde tbie requbref th kdeko tde lìe `lf renbstry crhi ihre td`l57 f`ys th hlmy 07 f`ys (FEKI@ :773). Dhwever, i`ly cbris stbmm bnlhre tde exbstelkehc tde blstbtutbhl hr bts rhme. @t tde iulbkbp`m mevem, tde Eltrepreleurb`m K`rf(V`raetÈipres`rb`m), wdbkd `mmhws mhk`m cbris th whro wbtd tdebr iulbkbp`mbtbes tdrhund `sbipme renbstr`tbhl prhkess, w`s kre`tef. Htder blbtb`tbves blkmufef tdeNué` L`kbhl`m feVràibtes, `kkessbjme tdrhund tde Blterlet `lf keltr`mbzbln tde exbstbln `fiblbstr`tbveprhkefures `t tde keltr`m, precektur`m, `lf iulbkbp`m mevems. Khltblubln tdese ecchrts,`lhtder biphrt`lt sbipmbcbk`tbhl bipmeieltef `cterw`rf w`s tde refuktbhl hc tbie thhjt`bl tde iulbkbp`m jusbless mbkelse bl shie iulbkbp`mbtbes supphrtef jy tde BCK. Bltde iulbkbp`m nhverlielts wdere tdbs ie`sure w`s `ppmbef, tde luijer hc mbkelsesbssuef blkre`sef? chr blst`lke, jetweel :776 `lf :775, M` W`z, V`rba`, Ihlterh, `lfVrblbf`f renbsteref `l blkre`se bl tde luijer hc mbkelses nr`ltef hc 4 perkelt, 5:perkelt, :0 perkelt, `lf 35 perkelt respektbvemy. Dhwever, tdbs tbie d`s v`rbef wbfemy jekùse hlmy ` d`lfcum hc iulbkbp`mbtbes bipmeieltef tde prhnrì. Hjt`blbln ` jusbless mbkelse requbres cbve ihltds bl Hrurh, jut mess td`l cbve f`ys bl M` W`z, [ukre,`lf Em @mth (BCK :77>).

V`x renum`tbhl bs stbmm jurfelshieFespbte rekelt biprhveielts bl t`x `fiblbstr`tbhl, t`x renum`tbhl bs stbmm jurfelshie.Bl rekelt ye`rs tde t`x servbke d`s i`fe ecchrts th biprhve bts khmmektbhl `lf th sbipmbcyshie prhkefures. @s ` resumt hc tdese rechris, Jhmbvb` bs rem`tbvemy wemm r`loef bl tdeperkeptbhl hc sbipmbkbty `lf tr`lsp`relky hc tde t`x systei (60 hc 00> khultrbes bl:775) `lf bl bts bip`kt hl tde blkeltbves th whro `lf blvest (55 hc 0:5 khultrbes bl:773) (ÊC :775 `lf :773). Dhwever, t`x renum`tbhl bs stbmm kuijershie. V`xp`yielts ìhult th 47 perkelt hc nrhss prhcbts wdbme tde renbhl`m `ver`ne re`kdes 57perkelt (V`jme 0.3). Vbie requbref th p`y t`xes re`kdef 0,747 dhurs per ye`r bl Jhmbvb`khip`ref th tde renbhl`m `ver`ne hc 6;7 dhurs.

Fue th tde tr`ls`ktbhl t`x, tde t`x jurfel bs dbnd tdhund tde v`mue `ffef `lf tdekhrphr`te blkhie t`x r`tes `re lht. Vde t`x systei w`s ihferlbzef ulfer tdeekhlhibk rechris blbtb`tef bl tde ibf-0247s, `mtdhund ` pershl`m blkhie t`x w`s lhtbltrhfukef `lf tde systei rembes hl blfbrekt t`xes. S`mue `ffef (S@V) `lf khrphr`teblkhie t`x r`tes fh lht `ppe`r exkessbve khip`ref th htder khultrbes1 tde khrphr`teblkhie t`x r`te (:5 perkelt) bs ihfest bl rem`tbhl th htder khultrbes `lf tde S@V (06.2perkelt) bs kmhse th tde renbhl`m `ver`ne (^hrmf J`lo :775). Dhwever, tde t`x jurfel bswemm `jhve tde renbhl`m st`lf`rf fue th tde tr`ls`ktbhl t`x td`t ìhults th 3; perkelthc nrhss prhcbts `lf 65 perkelt exkmufbln khrphr`te blkhie t`x `kkrefbt`tbhl‖tdeìhult p`bf ulfer tde khrphr`te blkhie t`x i`y je khlsbferef `s p`yielt hc tde

tr`ls`ktbhl t`x (Fhbln Jusbless :77>).



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris :>

V`jme 0.3. V`x renum`tbhl jurfel bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes

W`yielts luijer Vbie dhurs V`x p`y`jme % nrhss prhcbt

@rneltbl` ;6 305 003.4

Jhmbvb` 60 0747 47.;

Jr`zbm :; :377 >0.>

Kdbme 07 6;: :3.;

Khmhijb` 34 653 4:.4

Khst` Zbk` 60 67: 4;.7

Eku`fhr 4 377 ;6.2

Em [`mv`fhr 33 ::6 :>.6

Iexbkh 62 55: ;>.0

Lbk`r`nu` 36 :67 33.6

W`lì` 52 537 5:.6

W`r`nu`y ;; ;:4 6;.:Weru 5; 6:6 67.4

Urunu`y 60 ;77 :>.3

Selezuem`, Z. J. fe 34 436 50.2

M@K 60.; 6;7.5 62.0

HEKF 05.; :7:.2 6>.4


Vdere bs lh `l equbv`melt th tde tr`ls`ktbhl t`x bl Kdbme, Weru, Eku`fhr, `lf Em[`mv`fhr, `lf ihst hc tde khultrbes td`t d`ve `l equbv`melt t`x `ppmy mhwer r`tes td`lJhmbvb` (; perkelt)1 Khst` Zbk` (7.;), Lbk`r`nu` (0), Zepñjmbk` Jhmbv`rb`l` fe Selezuem`(7.4), Khmhijb` (7.2>), `lf @rneltbl` (;). Ihrehver, tde tr`ls`ktbhl t`x dìperskhiierkb`m rem`tbhls jetweel cbris `lf blkeltbves biphrts jekùse bt bs ` k`sk`fe t`x`ppmbef hlmy th mhk`m tr`ls`ktbhls (Khemdh et `m. :776). Cbsk`m khlstr`blts, bl p`rtbkumtre`sury cr`nbmbty, d`ve i`fe fbccbkumt bl tde iefbui teri th frhp tde tr`ls`ktbhl t`xhr refuke bts r`te. Vde S@V d`s jeel chulf th prhp`n`te blchri`mbty `mhln tdeprhfuktbve kd`bl bl Jr`zbm (Wùm` `lf [kdebloi`l :773).

Chri`m cbris spelf thh iukd tbie prep`rbln t`x p`yielts. @ iefbui-sbze

khip`ly requbres ihre tbie th p`y t`xes bl Jhmbvb` (0,747 dhurs ` ye`r) td`l bl ihst hctde khultrbes bl tde renbhl jekùse tde luijer hc p`yielts bs dbnd khip`ref wbtd jest pr`ktbkes bl tde renbhl `lf e`kd p`yielt requbres thh iukd tbie. ^dbme bl Jhmbvb`shkb`m sekurbty khltrbjutbhls `lf S@V `re p`bf ihltdmy, bl @rneltbl`, Jr`zbm, Kdbme,`lf Eku`fhr tdey `re p`bf hlmy hlke ` ye`r. Bl `ffbtbhl, tde tbie requbref jy e`kdS@V p`yielt bl tde khultrbes wbtd ihltdmy p`yielts bs jemhw tde requbref tbie blJhmbvb` (67 dhurs)1 Weru (03), Khst` Zbk` (03), Em [`mv`fhr (4), Iexbkh (03), Lbk`r`nu`(3.>), `lf Urunu`y (0.:). Vderechre, tdere bs shie sp`ke th refuke tde requbref tbie thp`y t`xes, refuke tde luijer hc t`xes, hr iòe p`yielt ihre user-crbelfmy.

Bl tdbs khltext, si`mm cbris kdhhse th rei`bl blchri`m hr renbster tdeisemves bl tde

sbipmbcbef t`x renbie fespbte tde fbs`fv`lt`ne blvhmvef bl `kkessbln i`roets. Vde c`st`lf kde`p sbipmbcbef t`x renbie w`s fesbnlef th khver si`mm cbris wbtd lh `kkhultbln jhhos (Jhx 0.0). Dhwever, `s bs tde k`se hc cummy blchri`m cbris, elterprbses renbsteref




bl tde sbipmbcbef t`x renbie `re fbs`fv`lt`nef jy tde S@V, jekùse tdey k`llht iòeuse hc tde cbsk`m krefbt neler`tef jy tde blputs tdey `kqubre crhi chri`m prhvbfers, lhrk`l tdey neler`te cbsk`m krefbt th tdebr chri`m kmbelts, mbibtbln tde blterrem`tbhl jetweelchri`m `lf blchri`m cbris (FEKI@ :773). Vderechre, refukbln t`x renum`tbhl hrbiprhvbln tde fesbnl hc tde sbipmbcbef t`x renbie khumf persu`fe eltrepreleurs blc`vhr th chri`mbty.

M`jhr renum`tbhl restrbkt jhtd cbri `lf m`jhr chri`mbtyVde cmexbjbmbty hc m`jhr i`roets bs khlstr`blef jy tde de`vy renum`tbhl hl tde dbrbln`lf cbrbln hc whroers fespbte ` mhw iblbiui w`ne. Jhmbvb` d`s hvermy prhtektbve m`jhrrenum`tbhls f`tbln crhi 02;2 `lf tde nhverlielt d`s rekeltmy blkre`sef tderestrbktbhls hl m`jhr fbsibss`m bl `l ecchrt th eld`lke m`jhr st`jbmbty (V`jme 0.3). Vdbsmen`m crìewhro restrbkts cbris' `jbmbtbes th `faust th ekhlhibk khlfbtbhls `lf iòeseltrepreleurs ihre rbso `verse th dbre lew whroers. Ihrehver, tdbs renum`tbhl iòesbt fbccbkumt th blkre`sem`jhr chri`mbz`tbhl, evel bc tde cbri d`s ` kert`bl fenree hcchri`mbz`tbhl? shie cbris, bl p`rtbkum`r tde si`mm hles, khumf renbster th hper`te `lfrephrt t`xes, jut fh lht khipmy wbtd m`jhr m`ws. Bl khltr`st, Jhmbvb` c`res wemm blren`rf th iblbiui w`ne renum`tbhls jekùse bt bs rem`tbvemy mhw khip`ref th `ver`new`nes `lf delke bt d`s ` rem`tbvemy dbnd mevem hc khipmb`lke (^hrmf J`lo :775j).

Jy renbhl`m st`lf`rfs, bl Jhmbvb`, fbsibss`ms `re severemy khlstr`blef, cbrbln khsts`re dbnd, `lf v`k`tbhls `re mhln1

Jhx 0.0. Ihst biphrt`lt t`x renbies bl Jhmbvb`

Vde neler`m renbie bs requbref chr `mm elterprbses wbtd tht`m k`pbt`m `jhve U[$;,7>> (hr Js.04,477) `lf bs hpelef th htder cbris td`t fh lht w`lt th renbster ulfer tde sbipmbcbef renbie.Ulfer tde neler`m renbie, cbris hr eltrepreleurs c`ke dbnder renbstr`tbhl `lf rekurrelt khststd`l ulfer tde sbipmbcbef renbie. Vde tht`m khsts `re estbi`tef `t `rhulf U[$3;. Vde i`bl khst(`rhulf U[$37) khies crhi tde requbreielt ulfer tde neler`m renbie td`t tde cbris‒ j`m`lkesdeet je prep`ref jy ` kertbcbef `kkhult`lt `lf preseltef wbtdbl ;7 f`ys hc renbstr`tbhl. Bc tdecbri d`s jeel blkhrphr`tef `s ` shkbety ( [hkbef`f @lûlbi` hr [hkbef`f fe Zesphls`jbmbf`fMbibt`f` ), tdel ` khpy hc tde fhkuielt hc blkhrphr`tbhl `lf ` phwer hc `tthrley th tde cbri‒s men`mrepreselt`tbve i`y frbve tde khst th U[$:07. Vde rekurrelt khsts blkmufe p`ybln tde servbkes hc`l `kkhult`lt th estbi`te tde ihltdmy v`mue-`ffef t`x (S@V) (0; perkelt), tde tr`ls`ktbhl t`x (;perkelt), `lf tde blkhie t`x p`yielts td`t tde cbri leefs th p`y. Vde `llu`m khst hc `kkhultblnk`l je estbi`tef t rhulf U[$657.

Vde sbipmbcbef renbie bs chr very si`mm elterprbses hr cbris wbtd mess k`pbt`m. Vde tht`m khst hcrenbsterbln ulfer tde sbipmbcbef renbie k`l je estbi`tef `t `rhulf U[$; `lf tòes mess td`l `f`y th khipmete. Vde i`bl fbccerelke crhi tde neler`m renbie bs td`t tde sbipmbcbef renbiebiphses lh rekurrelt `kkhultbln khsts. Dhwever, ulfer tde neler`m renbie, tde cbri hreltrepreleur nets ` S@V reculf chr tde t`xes p`bf `t tde tbie hc purkd`sbln i`terb`m blputs. Vdet`x reculf bs lht `v`bm`jme ulfer tde sbipmbcbef renbie. Delke, cbris ulfer tde sbipmbcbef renbiep`y t`xes `lf k`l bssue rekebpts, jut tdey k`llht prhvbfe t`x returls th tdebr kusthiers(eibssbhl fe c`ktur`s sbl ferekdhs cbsk`mes) .




▧ Vde fbccbkumty hc cbrbln blfex bs `t 077, tde dbndest phssbjme r`lobln, khip`refwbtd :3.5 chr M@K jekùse teribl`tbhl hc whroers fue th refulf`lky bs lhtùtdhrbzef wdbme ihst hc tde khultrbes bl tde renbhl d`ve men`mmy ùtdhrbzef bt(@llex 0.6). [hie khultrbes, blkmufbln Jr`zbm, Khst` Zbk`, `lf Em [`mv`fhr, fhlht d`ve restrbktbhls, wdbme Kdbme hlmy requbres ` lhtbcbk`tbhl th ùtdhrbtbes.

▧ Vde fbccbkumty hc dbrbln blfex bs wemm `jhve tde renbhl`m `ver`ne jekùse blJhmbvb` teri khltr`kts k`l je usef hlmy chr teri t`sos wdbme bl htder khultrbesblkmufbln Kdbme, Khmhijb`, Eku`fhr, `lf Lbk`r`nu` tdbs restrbktbhl fhes lhtexbst. Ihrehver, wdbme teri khltr`kts `re mbibtef th tdree ye`rs bl Jhmbvb`,htder khultrbes sukd `s Khmhijb`, Khst Zbk`, Em [`mv`fhr, `lf Iexbkh tdere `relh tbie mbibts.

▧ Bl Jhmbvb` ` chri`m eipmhyer iust p`y tde equbv`melt hc 077 weeos hc s`m`ry thfbsibss ` whroer‖hle hc tde dbndest cbrbln khsts bl tde renbhl. Ihrehver, `l

eipmhyer bl Jhmbvb` bs requbref th nbve ` 27-f`y lhtbke jechre ` refulf`lkyteribl`tbhl, `lf tde pel`mty chr ` refulf`lky fbsibss`m chr whroers wbtd :7ye`rs hc servbke equ`ms :0 ihltds hc w`nes.

▧ Vde rbnbfbty hc dhurs blfex bs dbnd i`blmy jekùse v`k`tbhls `re mhln blkhip`rbshl wbtd renbhl`m st`lf`rfs1 `l eipmhyee wbtd :7 ye`rs hc servbke d`s;7 f`ys hc p`bf v`k`tbhl bl Jhmbvb`, :7 bl Iexbkh, 04 bl Kdbme, 05 bl Khmhijb`,0: bl Khst` Zbk`, `lf 00 bl Em [`mv`fhr.

V`jme 0.>. M`jhr renum`tbhl jurfel bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes

Fbccbkumtyhc

DbrblnBlfex

Zbnbfbtyhc

DhursBlfex

Fbccbkumtyhc

CbrblnBlfex

Zbnbfbtyhc

EipmhyieltBlfex*

Lhlw`nem`jhr khst

% hc s`m`ry

Cbrblnkhsts

weeos hcw`nes

@rneltbl` 66 37 :7 60 :; 0;4.>

Jhmbvb` 30 37 077 >6 0;.> 22.5

Jr`zbm 3> 37 7 6: ;>.; ;3.4

Kdbme ;; :7 :7 :6 ;.6 5:

Khmhijb` :: 67 :7 :> :>.3 54.3

Khst` Zbk` 53 67 7 ;: :3 ;5.;

Eku`fhr 66 37 57 50 0:.: 0;5.6

Em [`mv`fhr ;; 67 7 :6 4.2 45.>

Iexbkh ;; 67 67 ;4 :;.2 >6.;

Lbk`r`nu` 00 37 7 :6 0> :;.4

W`lì` >4 :7 >7 53 02.6 66

W`r`nu`y 53 37 37 52 03.5 00:.2

Weru 66 37 47 30 2.4 5:

Urunu`y ;; 37 7 ;0 3.: ;0.:

Selezuem`, Z. J. fe 3> 37 077 >3 05.> 6>.;

M@K ;6 ;6.4 :3.5 ;0.> 0:.5 52

HEKF :> 65.: :>.6 ;;.; :0.6 ;0.;

[hurke1 ^hrmf J`lo `lf BCK :773.Lhte 1 Vde rbnbfbty hc eipmhyielt blfex bs tde `ver`ne hc fbccbkumty hc dbrbln, rbnbfbty hc dhurs, `lffbccbkumty hc cbrbln blfexes.



;7 ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

Vde lhlw`ne m`jhr khst bs lht tde ihst biphrt`lt m`jhr khlstr`blt. Bl Jhmbvb` tdelhlw`ne m`jhr khst ìhults th 0;.> perkelt hc tde whroer‒s w`nes `lf blkmufes 07perkelt chr sbkoless, i`terlbty, `lf teiphr`ry fbs`jbmbty jelecbts? 0.> perkelt chrperi`lelt fbs`jbmbty `lf survbvhr jelecbts? `lf : perkelt chr dhusbln (^hrmf J`lo `lfBCK :773). Vdbs khst bs kmhse th renbhl`m `ver`ne (0:.5) `mtdhund shie khultrbes,blkmufbln Kdbme (;.6), Em [`mv`fhr (4.2), Weru (2.4), `lf Urunu`y (3.:), d`ve mhwerlhlw`ne khsts.

Dhwever, renum`tbhl bs lht bfeltbcbef `s ` i`yhr khlstr`blt jy eltrepreleurs jekùse bt i`y je eccektbvemy kbrkuiveltef. Vde ihst rekelt ÊC survey rephrtsrem`tbve cmexbjbmbty bl w`ne feteribl`tbhl chr Jhmbvb` (66 hc 0:5 khultrbes) `lf bl tdee`se hc dbrbln `lf cbrbln pr`ktbke (6; hc 0:5 khultrbes). Ihrehver, evbfelke crhi tdeBK@ :773 sunnests td`t m`jhr renum`tbhls `re lht ` iàhr khlstr`blt th tde culktbhlblnhc cbris, `lf `mm cbris ren`rfmess hc tdebr sbze sd`re td`t hpblbhl (kd`pter : khvers tdebip`kt hc renum`tbhl hl cbri‒s prhfuktbvbty). Vdese resumts sunnest td`t tde M`jhr M`wi`y eccektbvemy je kbrkuiveltef jy jusblesses fue th blsuccbkbelt elchrkeielt rem`tefth m`jhr iblbstry weòless. Elchrkeielt `lf m`jhr khlcmbkts reshmutbhl `re thhkeltr`mbzef bl tdbs ulferculfef `lf stretkdef iblbstry. Bl tdbs khltext, `ly ecchrt thbiprhve m`jhr renum`tbhl elchrkeielt wbtdhut ` prevbhus refuktbhl hc tde renum`tbhl jurfel khumf blkre`se blchri`mbty, p`rtbkum rmy m`jhr blchri`mbty.

êò blstbtutbhls iòe blchri`mbty evel ihre `ttr`ktbve

êò pujmbk blstbtutbhls `lf mhw efuk`tbhl mevems i`nlbcy tde jurfel hc renum`tbhl.Jhmbvb` r`los jemhw tde M`tbl @ierbk`l `ver`ne bl `mm tde blstbtutbhl`m blfbk`thrsk`mkum`tef jy Oùci`ll (Cbnure 0.03), `mtdhund shie prhnress d`ve jeel `tt`blef bl `d`lfcum hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls, sukd `s tde Kusthis `lf tde V`x [ervbke.

Cbnure 0.03. Nhverl`lke blfbk`thrs chr Jhmbvb` `lf `ver`nes chr M`tbl @ierbk`, 0223‛:776

7 07 :7 ;7 67 57 37

Shbke lf @kkhult`jbmbty

Zenum`thry Pu`mbty

Zume hc M`w

Nhverlielt Eccektbveless

Khltrhm hc Khrruptbhl

Whmbtbk`m [t`jbmbty/Lh Sbhmelke

Khultry's Werkeltbme Z`lo (7‛077)

Jhmbvb` M`tbl @ierbk` @ver`ne [hurke1 Oùci`ll, Or``y, `lf I`struzzb :773.



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris ;0

Vdese weòlesses telf th refuke tde nhverlielt‒s k`p`kbty th `ppmy tde m`w,refukbln tde pel`mty rbso chr blchri`m cbris `s wemm `s tde k`p`kbty hc pujmbk `nelkbes thsbipmbcy renum`tbhl wbtdhut kre`tbln men`m mhhpdhmes. Khipmex renum`tbhls el`ktef jynhverlielts td`t ”m`ko tde k`p`jbmbty th elchrke khipmb`lke’ elkhur`ne blchri`mbty(Mh`yz` 0223). @ffbtbhl`mmy, tde phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty neler`tef jy blstbtutbhl`mweòless iòes blchri`mbty ihre `ttr`ktbve, jekùse blchri`m c`kthr ihjbmbty‖ihvbln th `lhtder i`roet hr exbtbln tde i`roet‖bs e`sber jekùse hc tde `jselke hcrenum`tbhl `lf khltrhm. Ihrehver, mhw efuk`tbhl mevems `re prhj`jmy restr`blbln tdekre`tbhl hc chri`m jusblesses jekùse phhrmy efuk`tef whroers `re mess `jme th fe`mwbtd tde khipmexbty hc tde renum`tbhl (Elkuest`s y Estufbhs :77>). Fespbte tde sbnlbcbk`lt`kdbeveielts bl `kkess th prbi`ry `lf sekhlf`ry efuk`tbhl, efuk`tbhl`m qu`mbty bs stbmmvery phhr. Hlmy ;0 perkelt hc stufelts `t tde sbxtd ye`r hc prbi`ry skdhhm `tt`bl tdeme`rlbln nh`ms bl m`lnu`ne, `lf hlmy 66 perkelt ieet tde nh`ms bl i`tdei`tbks.

Blstbtutbhl`m weòlesses refuke tde `fv`lt`ne hc chri`mbty. @kkhrfbln th tde^hrmf Ekhlhibk Chrui (:773) survey hc chri`m elterprbses, phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty,khrruptbhl, nhverlielt blst`jbmbty, `lf jureùkr`tbk bleccbkbelky `re ìhln tde ihstbiphrt`lt prhjmeis chr fhbln jusbless bl Jhmbvb` (Cbnure 0.0>).

Cbnure 0.0>. Ihst prhjmei`tbk c`kthrs chr fhbln jusbless, `kkhrfbln th chri`meltrepreleurs hper`tbln bl Jhmbvb`

7 : 6 3 4 07 0: 06 03 04 :7

Blcm`tbhl

Chrebnl Kurrelky renum`tbhls

Krbie `lf tdect

M`jhr renum`tbhl

V x r`te

Whhr whro etdbk bl l`tbhl`m m`jhr chrke

V`x renum`tbhls

Bl`fequ`te efuk`tef whrochrke

Bl`fequ`te suppmy hc blcr`strukture

Nhverlielt blst`jbmbty

Bleccbkbelt jureùkr`ky

Khrruptbhl

Whmbky blst`jbmbty @kkess th cbl`lkbln

Werkelt hc resphlses [hurke1 ^hrmf Ekhlhibk Chrui :773.Lhte 1 Crhi ` mbst hc 06 c`kthrs, resphlfelts were `soef th semekt tde cbve ihst prhjmei`tbk chr fhbln

jusbless bl tde khultry `lf th r`lo tdei jetweel 0 (ihst prhjmei`tbk) lf 5. Vde j`rs bl tde cbnuresdhw tde resphlses webndtef `kkhrfbln th tdebr r`loblns.



;: ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

Vdhse c`kthrs rem`tef wbtd blstbtutbhl`m weòless `re `t me`st `s biphrt`lt `s `kkessth cbl`lke `lf ihre biphrt`lt td`l mhw efuk`tbhl mevems, blcr`strukture restrbktbhls,`lf m`jhr renum`tbhls. Blstbtutbhl`m weòless restr`bls tde nhverlielt crhi suppmyblnqu`mbty servbkes bl krbtbk`m `re`s rem`tef th tde prhihtbhl hc khiierkb`m `lf prhfuktbve`ktbvbtbes, sukd `s tde prhtektbhl hc prbv`te prhperty `lf tde prhvbsbhl hc `l `fequ`tecrìewhro chr khiierkb`m tr`ls`ktbhls, e`sy `lf expefbtbhus `kkess th khurts `lf austbke, `lf prhtektbhl `n`blst khrrupt pr`ktbkes ([kdlebfer `lf Elste :777).Blstbtutbhl`m weòless restr`bls chri`mbty jekùse eltrepreleurs perkebve td`tchri`mbz`tbhl fhes lht nu`r`ltee `kkess th dbnd-qu`mbty pujmbk servbkes.

Khrruptbhl bs perkebvef `s `l biphrt`lt khlstr`blt jy cbris, bl p`rtbkum`r tdesi`mmer hles. Ihst eltrepreleurs perkebvef td`t phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty `lf khipetbtbhlcrhi tde blchri`m sekthr `re tde i`yhr khlstr`blts th tdebr jusbless (BK@ :773).(Kd`pter : fbskusses tde perkebvef khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbty usbln tde BK@ f`t`).Dhwever, khrruptbhl bs `lhtder biphrt`lt khlstr`blt `ccektbln ihstmy si`mmelterprbses‖twh tdbrfs hc si`mm cbris khlsbfer khrruptbhl bs `l biphrt`lt hr iàhrhjst`kme th tdebr culktbhlbln, khip`ref th 55 perkelt hc m`rne cbris. Jhmbvb` bs r`loef44td ìhln 0:5 khultrbes hl jusbless khst hc khrruptbhl p`rtb`mmy jekùse bt bs r`loef00>td `lf 23td hl brrenum`r p`yielts bl aufbkb`m fekbsbhls (see Cbnure 0.04). Brrenum`rp`yielts bl htder blstbtutbhls seei mess khiihl‖Jhmbvb` bs r`loef >>td, 32td `lf>3td hl brrenum`r p`yielts bl blterl`tbhl`m tr`fe, pujmbk utbmbtbes, `lf t`x khmmektbhlrespektbvemy. Dhwever, p`r`fhxbk`mmy, cew cbris fekm`re td`t tde culktbhlbln hc khurtsrepreselts ` sbnlbcbk`lt hjst`kme th tdel, bl p`rtbkum`r si`mm cbris, fespbte tde c`kt td`t27 perkelt hc m`rne cbris `lf 36 perkelt hc si`mm cbris use tde khurt systei th reshmve

tdebr p`yielt fbsputes.

Cbnure 0.04. [uii`ry hl khrruptbhl `lf brrenum`r p`yielts blfbk`thr

Eccbkbelky hc men`m crìewhro

Brr. p`yielts bl t`x khmmektbhl

Brr. p`yielts bl aufbkb`m fekbtbhls

Brr. p`yielts bl pujmbk khltr`kts

Brr. p`yielts bl pujmbk utbmbtbes

Brrenum`r p`yielts bl tr`fe

Jusbless khst hc khrruptbhl

7 :7 67 37 47 077 0:7

[emektef NKZ blfbk`thrs

Jhmbvb` M`tbl @ierbk` lf K`rbjje`l ^hrmf+ ‛

[hurke1 ÊC :773.



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris ;;

Vde mhw qu`mbty hc pujmbk servbkes hcceref th chri`m eipmhyees elkhur`nes m`jhr thturl th blchri`mbty. @ whroer i`y precer ` chri`m ahj, `t ` nbvel w`ne, bc tde rem`teflhlpekulb`ry jelecbts‖sukd `s `fequ`te de`mtd blsur`lke, m`jhr prhtektbhl, `lfpelsbhl skdeies‖were dbnd elhund. Jut chri`m blstbtutbhl`m weòlesses refuke tdequ`mbty hc tdese jelecbts, restr`blbln tde `ppe`m hc chri`m eipmhyielt. Chr exìpme, btbs khiihl bl Jhmbvb` td`t chri`m whroers wdh jelecbt crhi ` de`mtd blsur`lke servbkehpt chr ` dbnder-qu`mbty servbke wbtd ` prbv`te iefbk`m suppmber. Curtderihre, ihretd`l ;7 perkelt hc whroers lht renbsteref bl `ly pelsbhl culf fh lht trust tde mhln-teri shkb`m sekurbty systei i`l`nef jy tde @CWs `lf 67 perkelt fh lht evel olhw`jhut tdese culfs, `kkhrfbln th tde :775 Dhusedhmf [urvey. Cbl`mmy, eccektbve whroerprhtektbhl `n`blst eipmhyer ibstre`tielt bs phhr, fespbte tde dbndmy prhtektbve m`jhrm`w (^hrmf J`lo :775`). Vde nhverlielt d`s i`fe nre`t ecchrts th prhtekt whroers, jut bts mbibtef bipmeielt`tbhl k`p`kbty mhwers tde qu`mbty hc bts servbkes.

^dy [dhumf ê K`re `jhut tde Blchri`m [ekthr8

Blchri`mbty khumf je khlstr`blbln prhfuktbvbty nrhwtd

Blchri`m cbris telf th d`ve mess hutput per whroer. Vde fbccerelke bl m`jhrprhfuktbvbty jetweel cbris td`t st`rtef up blchri`mmy `lf cbris td`t d`ve `mw`yshper`tef chri`mmy bs kmhse th ;7 perkelt bl Jhmbvb`, `cter khltrhmmbln chr cbris sbze, tbiebl tde jusbless, sekthr, `lf renbhl. Vdbs bs sbibm`r th Iexbkh `lf W`lì` jut dbndertd`l @rneltbl`, wdere tde prhfuktbvbty n`p ìhults th mess td`l :7 perkelt `lfUrunu`y `lf Khmhijb`, wdere tdere bs lh n`p (^hrmf J`lo :77>). Dhwever, tdbskhlkmusbhl fhes lht fbsk`rf td`t shie blchri`m cbris khumf je ihre fylìbk td`lchri`ms hles. Ihrehver, tde mbter`ture ulfermbles td`t blchri`mbty i`y d`ve len`tbveeccekts hl cbri prhfuktbvbty, jy fbccerelt kd`llems1

▧ Blchri`m cbris `re `t ` fbs`fv`lt`ne bl hjt`blbln krefbt. Evel bc ibkrhcbl`lkbln bs `l biphrt`lt hptbhl chr blchri`m cbris, kmhsemy chmmhwbln tdebrspekbcbk kd`r`kterbstbks `lf requbreielts, tdere bs stbmm ` len`tbve khst spre`fkhip`ref wbtd tr`fbtbhl`m culfbln.

▧ Blchri`m cbris d`ve mbibtef `kkess th exphrts, jekùse hc tde sbz`jme vhmuiesblvhmvef `lf tde `ffbtbhl`m `fiblbstr`tbve prhkefures requbref td`t usu`mmyfei`lf prbhr chri`mbz`tbhl (^hrmf J`lo `lf BCK :773? Iblbstry hc M`jhr:773). Bl tdbs khltext, mess td`l : perkelt hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `kkess `lblterl`tbhl`m i`roet, evel wdel tdebr prhfukts fh lht sdhw qu`mbtyrestrbktbhls (Jhrf` `lf Zìbrez :773). Nbvel tde mbibtef blterrem`tbhls jetweel chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris, rem`tef th tde t`x bssues feskrbjef `jhve,tdbs restrbktbhl bs very fbccbkumt th hverkhie.

▧ Bl tdebr ecchrt th je ulfetekt`jme th hccbkb`m khltrhm, blchri`m cbris `re usu`mmyvery si`mm. Vdbs sbtu`tbhl dìpers tdebr `jbmbty th hjt`bl ekhlhibes hc sk`me, `tme`st bl shie sekthrs. Vdbs restrbktbhl i`y je mess biphrt`lt bl tde servbkessekthr, wdere tdere i`y je mess rhhi chr ekhlhibes hc sk`me (Mewbs :776) `lf

wdere tdere bs ` i`ssbve p`rtbkbp`tbhl hc blchri`m m`jhr. @s ` resumt hc tdebrsi`mm sk`me, blchri`m cbris k`l je mess ihtbv`tef th use tekdlhmhnbk`mbllhv`tbhls `lf blkre`se tdebr jr`lf-kre`tbln ecchrts.




▧ Cbris td`t `re blsuccbkbeltmy khipetbtbve `lf bl htder kbrkuist`lkes whumf jechrkef th wbtdfr`w crhi tde i`roet k`l rei`bl `ktbve bl tde blchri`m sekthr.Vdbs hutkhie, `mtdhund bt jed`ves `s `l `mterl`tbve th ` shkb`m prhtektbhlletwhro, smhws fhwl tde cmhw hc dui`l `lf k`pbt`m reshurkes th ihrefylìbk `lf prhfuktbve sekthrs, trbnnerbln ` mhw prhfuktbvbty tr`p (B@FJ:77;).

▧ Bl tde `jselke hc chri`m m`jhr khltr`kts, blchri`m cbris usu`mmy i`blt`bl cr`bmrem`tbhls wbtd tdebr eipmhyees, restr`blbln iutu`m blkeltbves th blkre`sedui`l k`pbt`m `lf delke prhfuktbvbty.

Dhwever, tdere bs lh kme`r eipbrbk`m evbfelke td`t blchri`mbty len`tbvemy `ccekts`nnren`te nrhwtd. Mh`yz` et `m. (:775) cblf ` len`tbve, `mtdhund weò, khrrem`tbhl jetweel tde mevem hc blchri`mbty `lf nrhwtd. Vdbs rem`tbhl fhes lht bipmy `ly kùs`mbty

rem`tbhl `lf mhhses sbnlbcbk`lke wdel st`lf`rf nrhwtd feteribl`lts `re khltrhmmef.Dhwever, tdbs khumf je fue th tde c`kt td`t nrhwtd feteribl`lts k`l `msh `ccektblchri`mbty `lf bt bs lht phssbjme th fbstblnubsd ìhln tdebr fbrekt eccekt hl nrhwtd `lftdhse td`t hper`te tdrhund blchri`mbty. Bl `ly k`se, tde rem`tbhl ìhln prhfuktbvbty hctde chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthr bs lht jebln refukef.

Blchri`mbty erhfes chri`m shkb`m prhtektbhl letwhros `lf pujmbk servbkes

Blchri`mbty dblfers chri`m shkb`m prhtektbhl khver`ne. @mtdhund tde blchri`m sekthrkre`tes sbnlbcbk`lt eipmhyielt hpphrtulbtbes, bt me`ves blchri`m eipmhyees jeyhlf`ly m`jhr prhtektbhl, chri`m shkb`m sekurbty, `lf de`mtd servbkes. Ihrehver, blchri`meipmhyees `re curtder `t rbso jekùse blchri`m `ktbvbtbes `re hctel khlfuktef bl uls`cewhropm`kes (Kdel :775j). Bt bs whrtd lhtbln, dhwever, td`t blchri`m shkb`m letwhrosi`y ibtbn`te, `t me`st p`rtb`mmy, tde m`ko hc chri`m servbkes, evel bc wbtd l`rrhwerkhver`ne `lf servbkes. Vde mhw qu`mbty `sshkb`tef wbtd chri`m suppmbers iòes tde`mterl`tbve blchri`m letwhros ihre `ttr`ktbve (I`mhley :77;).

Blchri`mbty usu`mmy refukes cbsk`m revelues, trbiibln fhwl tde suppmy hc pujmbkservbkes `lf erhfbln men`m khipmb`lke. Blchri`m cbris fh lht p`y t`xes, jut creemy useshie hc tde pujmbk servbkes supphrtef jy t`x`tbhl. Vdbs cree-rbfbln bipmbes td`tt`xp`yers umtbi`temy wbmm d`ve th p`y ihre th preserve tde suppmy hc pujmbk servbkes.Vde sdeer sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr `msh fbmutes tde nhverlielt‒s `jbmbty th elchrke

khipmb`lke wbtd renum`tbhl, jekùse blchri`m cbris hr whroers fh lht perkebve `lypulbtbve hr mbibt`tbve `ktbhl th tdebr `ktbvbtbes. Vdbs prhjmei bs ex`kerj`tef jy tdebleccbkbelky `lf khrruptbhl hc shie pujmbk blstbtutbhls (Delmey et `m. :773).

Blchri`mbty curtder erhfes pujmbk blstbtutbhls jy kbrkuiveltbln chri`miekd`lbsis. Hl hle d`lf, tde bleccbkbelky hc chri`m blstbtutbhls dìpers jusbless`sshkb`tbhl `rr`lneielts, espekb`mmy bl ren`rf th htder p`rtlers‒ ibskhlfukt. @s `resumt, eltrepreleurs kdhhse lht th `sshkb`te (^hrmf J`lo :770). Hl tde htder d`lf,shie blchri`m cbris i`y oeep tdebr `ktbvbty `t ` pershl`m hr cìbmy mevem, wdbkddblfers tdebr k`p`kbty th hjt`bl ekhlhibes hc sk`me. Vde hpphrtulbty th chri`mbze bs `mshweòelef jekùse chri`mbty khsts `re blfepelfelt hc tde cbri sbze bl e`kd renbstry

st`ne.;

@s ` khlsequelke, 27 perkelt hc jmue- `lf wdbte-khmm`r whroers bl cbris wbtdmess td`l cbve eipmhyees `re lht renbsteref bl ` pelsbhl culf. [emektbln `l blchri`miekd`lbsi th hverkhie tde prhjmeis td`t chri`m blstbtutbhls fh lht shmve i`y




elkhip`ss tde jusbless i`l`neielt prhkesses, blkmufbln tde semektbhl hc suppmbers,eipmhyees `lf cbl`lkbln shurkes. [ukd `mterl`tbve iekd`lbsis `re hctel kd`r`kterbzef jy tdebr dbnd exkmusbvbty `lf fbsthrtbhl.

Khlkmusbhls

Jhmbvb`‒s r`te hc blchri`mbty bs ìhln tde dbndest bl M`tbl @ierbk` `lf tde trelf d`s jeel khlst`lt bl rekelt ye`rs. @kkhrfbln th ` fecblbtbhl j`sef hl whroer kd`r`kterbstbks`lf cbri sbze, >> perkelt hc eipmhyielt bl Jhmbvb` bs blchri`m, wdbkd bs tde dbndestmevem bl tde renbhl. [blke 0227 blchri`mbty d`s cmuktu`tef wbtdhut ` fecblbte trelf.Jetweel 022> `lf :77:, tde `llu`m nrhwtd hc blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb` w`s le`r 7.5perkelt `lf jemhw ihst khultrbes bl tde renbhl.

Vde blchri`m sekthr bs kd`r`kterbzef jy bts deterhnelebty `ttr`ktbln jhtd sukkesscumeltrepreleurs `s wemm `s tdhse fbs`fv`lt`nef bl tde chri`m sekthr. ^dbme tdree qu`rters

hc tde phpum`tbhl wbtdhut efuk`tbhl bs blchri`m, hlmy hle tdbrf hc tde phpum`tbhl wbtddbnder efuk`tbhl bs. ^hiel `re strhlnmy represeltef bl tde blchri`m sekthr, 27 perkelthc tdei `re semc-eipmhyef. Blfbnelhus pehpme `re `msh strhlnmy represeltef, wbtd twhtdbrfs hc semc-bfeltbcbef blfbnelhus pehpme wdh `re blchri`m, khip`ref wbtd d`mc hc `mmtde lhlblfbnelhus.

Vde jbn sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr k`l je jmìef hl tde de`vy jurfel hcrenum`tbhl, weò blstbtutbhls, `lf tde m`ko hc kme`r jelecbts th chri`mbz`tbhl. Vderenum`thry jurfel bs ìhln tde i`bl kùses hc blchri`mbty bl Jhmbvb`, jekùse btblkre`ses chri`mbty khsts. Dhwever, tde weòless hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls telfs th refuketde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `lf ihfer`tes tde khsts rem`tef wbtd blchri`mbty1 weò

pujmbk blstbtutbhls `re lht `jme th suppmy dbnd-qu`mbty pujmbk servbkes requbref jychri`m cbris hr eccektbvemy elchrke tde m`w. Bl tdbs khltext, cbris perkebve td`t tde khstshc chri`mbz`tbhl rem`tef ìhln htders th tde renum`thry jurfel `re lht hccset jy kme`r jelecbts.

Vde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr d`s len`tbve bipmbk`tbhls chr nrhwtd `lf tdeprhvbsbhl hc pujmbk nhhfs. Blchri`mbty d`s len`tbve eccekts hl cbri prhfuktbvbty, `lf`msh len`tbve exterl`mbtbes hl shkb`m prhtektbhl khver`ne, cbsk`m revelues khmmektbhl, `ltde suppmy hc pujmbk servbkes.




@llex 0.0. Vde khipmexbty hc fecblbln blchri`mbty

Vdere bs lh ulbvers`m fecblbtbhl hc blchri`mbty, `lf tde `v`bm`jbmbty hc blchri`tbhlfbkt`tes hper`tbhl`m fecblbtbhls `mmhwbln ie`sureielt `lf `l`mysbs. Blchri`mbty bs

usu`mmy ulfersthhf ulfer tde fu`mbst, tde struktur`mbst, hr tde men`mbst `pprh`kdes.Fu`mbsi khlsbfers td`t tde blchri`m ekhlhiy `kts `s ` s`cety let chr tde phhr jekùsesmhw ekhlhibk nrhwtd bl tde chri`m sekthr k`llht `jshrj lew eltr`lts th tde m`jhri`roet. [truktur`mbsi khlsbfers td`t blchri`mbty bs sujhrfbl`tef th tde chri`m sekthr threfuke khsts, wbtd tde eccekt hc tr`lscerrbln tde blchri`m cbris‒ surpmus th tde chri`msekthr, fue th fembjer`te `ktbhls tòel jy chri`m k`pbt`mbsts (Whvef` :77;). Men`mbsisees tde blchri`m sekthr `s `l eltrepreleurb`m esk`pbsi crhi exkessbve jureùkr`ky`lf ref t`pe (Kdel :775`). Khlsbferbln tdbs fbversbty hc `pprh`kdes, bt bs lhtsurprbsbln td`t tdere bs lh ulbvers`mmy `kkeptef fecblbtbhl hc blchri`mbty. Evel tde usehc tde teri bs lht ul`lbihus. Expressbhls mboe sd`fhw, ulfernrhulf, j`z``r, p`r`mmem,

nr`y ekhlhiy, `lf evel iuroy `re `ppmbef. [hie `l`mysts jembeve td`t tde se`rkd chr ùlbvers`m fecblbtbhl hc blchri`mbty bs phbltmess (M`y :77;). Blchri`tbhl restrbktbhlskhipem tde use hc hper`tbhl`m fecblbtbhls td`t peribt `l`mysbs. Vdese hper`tbhl`mfecblbtbhls `re j`sef hl kd`r`kterbstbks hc pehpme hr prhfuktbve ulbts bl tde sekthr.

Vde fecblbtbhls hc blchri`mbty rem`tef th tde luijer hc eipmhyees, tde jusblessrenbstry, hr tde cumcbmmielt hc exbstbln lhris bl jusbless i`l`neielt `re crequeltmy`ppmbef bl eipbrbk`m blvestbn`tbhls. Vde cbrst hper`tbhl`m fecblbtbhl w`s j`sef hl tdeluijer hc eipmhyees bl tde prhfuktbve ulbts. Vdbs eipbrbk`m `pprh`kd bs austbcbef jytde strhln mblo jetweel ibkrh elterprbses `lf wd`t bs neler`mmy ulfersthhf `sblchri`mbty. @lhtder hptbhl th fecble blchri`mbty, j`sef hl tde kd`r`kterbstbks hc tdeprhfuktbve ulbt `lf phpum`rbzef jy Fe [hth (0242), bs bts chri`m renbstry. [bibm`rmy,blchri`mbty k`l je ev`mu`tef jy tde mevem hc ulrephrtef s`mes chr t`x purphses, tdeexbstelke hc ` chri`m m`jhr rem`tbhl (M`y :77;) `lf bc tdbs rem`tbhl blkmufes shie oblf hcshkb`m sekurbty, `s iefbk`m khver`ne hr p`rtbkbp`tbhl bl ` chri`m retbreielt skdeie.Dhwever, tdese fecblbtbhls `re lht cree crhi ìjbnubtbes. Vde luijer hc eipmhyees bshlmy `l `pprhxbi`tbhl chr blchri`mbty1 shie chri`m `ktbvbtbes, sukd `s prhcessbhl`m semc-eipmhyielt, k`l je fecblef `s blchri`m, `lf blchri`mmy i`l`nef iefbui elterprbsesk`l je fecblef `s chri`m. Bl `ffbtbhl, tde renbstry hc ` cbri d`s fbccerelt st`nesresumtbln bl sever`m fenrees hc chri`mbty. Luierhus hper`tbhl`m fecblbtbhls k`l je`ppmbef th ev`mu`te fbccerelt blchri`mbty fbielsbhls. Ihrehver, tdese fecblbtbhls `relht cummy khderelt ìhln tdeisemves (Delmey et `m. :773).

Vdese hper`tbhl`m fecblbtbhls k`l je km`ssbcbef bl fbccerelt w`ys. @kkhrfbln thN`sp`rblb `lf Vhrl`rhmmb (:77>), m`jhr blchri`mbty fecblbtbhls k`l je nrhupef blth twhk`tenhrbes1 tde ”prhfuktbve’ fecblbtbhls khlsbfer td`t blchri`m ahjs `re mess prhfuktbve,`lf tde ”men`mbst’ fecblbtbhls chkus hl tde `jselke hc chri`m shkb`m prhtektbhl. Vdbskm`ssbcbk`tbhl bs lht exdùstbve jekùse cbris‒ blchri`mbty bs lht khlsbferef.@ffbtbhl`mmy, hper`tbve blchri`mbty fecblbtbhls k`l nrhup blchri`mbty jy tde st`tus hcblfbvbfu`ms hr jy tde kd`r`kterbstbks hc tde eipmhyer (Delmey et `m. :773). Blchri`mbtyfecblbtbhls j`sef hl blfbvbfu`m st`tus blkmufe whroers wdh `re semc-eipmhyef, wdh `refhiestbk eipmhyees, wdh `re wbtdhut ` chri`m m`jhr rem`tbhl wbtd tdebr eipmhyer, hrwdh fh lht jelecbt crhi ` shkb`m sekurbty prhnrì. Blchri`mbty fecblbtbhls rem`tef th



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris ;>

tde kd`r`kterbstbks hc tde eipmhyer blkmufe cbris td`t `re si`mm, td`t `re lht renbsteref,hr td`t d`ve ulfekm`ref s`mes.

Vdbs fhkuielt uses ` set hc blchri`mbty fecblbtbhls th try th k`pture tde v`rbhusfbielsbhls hc tdbs pdelhielhl, khlsbferbln tde `v`bm`jme blchri`tbhl. Chr exìpme,th ev`mu`te tde shkbhfeihnr`pdbk kd`r`kterbstbks hc blchri`m whroers, fecblbtbhls j`sefhl tde sbze hc tde prhfuktbve ulbt, tde extelt hc shkb`m sekurbty systei khver`ne, `lf tdetype hc eipmhyielt wbmm je usef th tòe `fv`lt`ne hc tde blchri`tbhl prhvbfef jydhusedhmf surveys. Cbnure [email protected] sdhws ` renbhl`m khip`rbshl hl blchri`mbty ulferfbccerelt fecblbtbhls, estbi`tef usbln dhusedhmf surveys. @ffbtbhl`mmy, sujsequeltkd`pters wbmm use blchri`tbhl hjt`blef crhi tde survey prep`ref chr tdbs fhkuielt thbfeltbcy blchri`m cbris `kkhrfbln th tdebr mevem hc hccbkb`m renbstr`tbhl `lf ev`mu`te tdebrprhfuktbvbty khlstr`blts. Bl Jhmbvb`, hccbkb`m renbstr`tbhl `s ` chri`m jusbless k`l je`kkhipmbsdef tdrhund sbx fbccerelt steps1 (b) nettbln ` t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijer (LBV)crhi tde t`x servbke? (bb) renbsterbln wbtd CulfEipres`? (bbb) hjt`blbln ` iulbkbp`mmbkelse? (bv) renbsterbln wbtd tde l`tbhl`m de`mtd blsur`lke? (v) renbsterbln wbtd pelsbhlculfs (`msh olhwl `s @CWs‖ @fiblbstr`fhr`s fe Chlfhs fe Welsbhles )? `lf (vb)renbsterbln wbtd tde M`jhr Iblbstry (Iblbstry hc M`jhr :773).

Vde kd`pter uses ihstmy twh fecblbtbhls hc blchri`mbty1 tde prhfuktbve `lf tdemen`mbstbk fecblbtbhls. Vdbs kd`pter uses tde Dhusedhmf [urvey :775, tòbln `fv`lt`nehc tde blchri`mbty ihfume blkmufef bl tdbs survey. Bt bs chkusef hl urj`l `re`s jekùserur`m `re`s `re m`rnemy fhibl`tef jy tde `nr`rb`l ekhlhiy wbtd mbttme chri`m m`jhrrem`tbhls (M`lf` et `m. :77>)? tde Dhusedhmf [urvey :775 blchri`mbty ihfume w`s lht`ppmbef bl rur`m `re`s. Bts `l`mysbs bs mbibtef th tde eipmhyef phpum`tbhl wdh bs `t me`st

07 ye`rs hmf, chmmhwbln l`tbhl`m pr`ktbkes. J`sef hl tdbs blchri`tbhl twh blchri`mbtyfecblbtbhls `re usef bl tdbs kd`pter1

▧ @ prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl j`sef hl m`jhr k`tenhrbes `lf sbze hc cbris. Ulfer tdbsfecblbtbhl, `l blfbvbfu`m wdh jemhlns th tde chmmhwbln k`tenhrbes bs khlsbferefblchri`m1 (b) blchri`m s`m`rbef, blkmufbln jmue- `lf wdbte-khmm`r whroers `lfreiuler`tef eipmhyers whrobln bl prbv`te est`jmbsdielts wbtd mess td`l cbvep`rtlers? `lf (bb) blchri`m lhls`m`rbef blkmufbln ulreiuler`tef eipmhyees`lf khhper`tbve whroers bl est`jmbsdielts wbtd mess td`l cbve pehpme, `s wemm`s tde semc-eipmhyef `lf cìbmy whroers. Chmmhwbln l`tbhl`m pr`ktbkes,

fhiestbk eipmhyees `re khlsbferef `s ` sep`r`tef k`tenhry bl tde m`jhri`roet. Vde chri`m sekthr khlsbfers tde chmmhwbln k`tenhrbes1 (b) `mm pujmbkeipmhyees, bl `l ecchrt th bshm`te tde eccekt hc pujmbk eipmhyielt hl prbv`tem`jhr i`roets? (bb) chri`m s`m`rbef, blkmufbln jmue- `lf wdbte-khmm`r whroers, `swemm `s reiuler`tef eipmhyees bl prbv`te est`jmbsdielts wbtd ihre td`l churp`rtlers? `lf (bbb) chri`m lhls`m`rbef, blkmufbln ulreiuler`tef eipmhyees`lf khhper`tbve whroers bl est`jmbsdielts wbtd ihre td`l cbve pehpme.

▧ @ men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl. Ulfer tdbs fecblbtbhl ` whroer lht `ccbmb`tef th ` pelsbhlpm`l bs blchri`m. Jhtd chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs were fbvbfef blth s`m`rbef`lf lhls`m`rbef whroers1 (b) s`m`rbef blkmufbln jmue- `lf wdbte-khmm`rwhroers, reiuler`tef eipmhyers `lf fhiestbk eipmhyees? (bb) lhls`m`rbefblkmufbln ulreiuler`tef eipmhyees, khhper`tbves `lf cìbmy whroers.




Cbnure [email protected]. [emektef blfbk`thrs hc blchri`mbty bl M`tbl @ierbk`

7% :7% 67% 37% 47% 077%

[urblìeKdbme

Khst` ZbkÙrunu`y

@rneltbl`W`lì`

Fhiblbk`l Z .Selezuem`

IexbkhJr`zbm

@ver`neEm [`mv`fhr

Aì`bk`Khmhijb`Dhlfur`s

Lbk` r`nu Èku`fhr

Nu`tei`m`Weru

W`r`nu`yJhmbvb`

% hc eipmhyef phpum`tbhl (Wrhfuktbve fecblbtbhl)

7% :7% 67% 37% 47% 077%

[urblìeKdbme

Khst` ZbkÙrunu`y

@rneltbl`W`lì`

Fhiblbk`l Z.Iexbkh

Selezuem`Jr`zbm

@ver`neEm [`mv`fhr

Aì`bk`Khmhijb`Dhlfur`s

Lbk`r`nuÈku`fhr

WeruNu`tei`m`

W`r`nu`yJhmbvb`

% hc eipmhyef phpum tbhl

[`m`rbef bl si` mmcbrisUlsobmmef semc-eipmhyef

7% :7% 67% 37% 47%

Kdbme

Urunu`y

Jr`zbm

Selezuem`

@rneltbl`

Em [`mv`fhr

@ver`ne

Khmhijb`

Nu`tei`m`

Iexbkh

Eku`fhr

Lbk`r`nu`

Weru

Jhmbvb`

W`r`nu`y

% hc eipmhyef phpum` tbhl (Men`mbstbk fec blbtbhl )

7% :7% 67% 37% 47%

[urblìe

Kdbme

W`lì`

Iexbkh

@ver`ne

Fhiblbk`l Z.

Jhmbvb`

Nu`tei`m`

Eku`fhr

Em [`mv`fhr

Lbk`r`nu`

% hc s`m`rbef whroers lht d`vbln sbnlef khltr`kts

7% :7% 67% 37% 47% 077%

Urunu`y

Jr`zbm

Kdbme

Khmhijb`@ver`ne

Jhmbvb`

Em [`mv`fhr

Weru

Lbk`r` nu`

W`r`nu`y

Nu`tei`m`

% hc whroers bl e` kd k`tenhry

Ulsobmmef semc-eipmhyef Wrhcessbhl`m [emc-eipmhyef

7% :7% 67% 37% 47% 077%

Kdbme

Jr`zbm

Urunu`y

@rneltbl`

Selezuem`

Em [`mv`fhr

Nu`tei`m`

@ver`ne

Iexbkh

Lbk`r`nu`

Eku`fhr

Weru

W`r`nu`y

Jhmbvb`

% hc whroers bl e`kd k`tenhry

[`m`rbef whroers bl si`mm prbv`te cbris [`m`rbef whroers bl m`rne prbv`te cbris

[hurke1 N`sp`rblb `lf Vhrl`rhmmb :77>.Lhte1Vde prhfuktbve fecblbtbhl blkmufes ulsobmmef semc-eipmhyef, p`bf eipmhyees whrobln bl ibkrh cbris `lflhls`m`rbef whroers, jut bt fhes lht blkmufe eipmhyers. Ulfer tde men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl, ` s`m`rbef whroer bskhlsbferef blchri`m bc de fhes lht d`ve tde rbndt th ` pelsbhl, mbloef th dbs eipmhyielt, wdel retbref. VdeIEKHSB :77: w`s usef chr Jhmbvb`.




Cbnure [email protected].:. Ietdhfs th ie`sure tde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr

[hurke1 [kdlebfer :77:? [kdlebfer y Elste :777.

Vdhse fecblbtbhls `re jrh`fmy usef bl tde kd`pter th ev`mu`te tde kd`r`kterbstbks hcblchri`m whroers. Dhwever, `mterl`tbve fecblbtbhls `re `msh usef th tòe `fv`lt`ne hcprevbhus whros hl blchri`mbty `lf tde blchri`tbhl hc htder surveys `lf f`t`j`ses.

@ffbtbhl`mmy, tdere `re sever`m ietdhfs th estbi`te tde v`mue-`ffef hc blchri`msekthr. Vde hper`tbhl`m fecblbtbhls k`llht ie`sure tde v`mue-`ffef neler`tef bl tdeblchri`m sekthr. Lhr k`l tdbs blchri`tbhl je hjt`blef crhi tde l`tbhl`m `kkhults,

wdere tde blchri`m sekthr bs lht cummy `lf expmbkbtmy bfeltbcbef. Vh hverkhie tdeserestrbktbhls, tdere `re ` v`rbety hc ietdhfs th ie`sure blchri`m prhfuktbhl (@llexCbnure 0.@.:), khlsbferbln f`t` `v`bm`jbmbty. Vdese ietdhfs `re nrhupef `s fbrekt,blfbrekt, `lf ihfem `pprh`kdes.

▧ Fbrekt `pprh`kdes use blchri`tbhl hjt`blef jy vhmult`ry surveys hr jy cbsk`mùfbtbln prhnrìs, sukd `s t`x ùfbt. Bl vhmult`ry surveys, fet`bmefblchri`tbhl k`l je hjt`blef jut tde biphrt`lke hc blchri`mbty bl ihlet`ryteris fepelfs hl tde wbmmblnless hc resphlfelts th fbskmhse tdbs blchri`tbhl.V`x ùfbtbln ie`sures ulfekm`ref blkhie, dempbln th k`mkum`te tde sbze hcblchri`mbty, jut tde sìpme i`y je jb`sef (t`x sìpmes `re usu`mmy lhtr`lfhi) `lf blkhipmete (cummy blchri`m sekthrs i`y lht je khlsbferef).




▧ Blfbrekt hr blfbk`thr `pprh`kdes use ekhlhibk blfbk`thrs `s prhxbes chr tdeevhmutbhl hc blchri`mbty hver tbie, khip`rbln tdese blfbk`thrs wbtd htderhjserv`jme v`rb`jmes khlkerlbln tde chri`m sekthr. Chr exìpme, tht`m m`jhrf`t` crhi surveys hr kelsus i`y je khip`ref wbtd chri`m m`jhr f`t` crhihtder shurkes, `mmhwbln tde estbi`tbhl hc blchri`m m`jhr `s ` resbfu`m. Vdesìe prblkbpme k`l je `ppmbef th k`mkum`te tde v`mue `ffef jy tde blchri`msekthr.

▧ Vde ihfem `pprh`kd khlsbfers iumtbpme kùses th `lf iumtbpme blfbk`thrs hcblchri`mbty `lf bts evhmutbhl hver tbie. Usbln tde st`tbstbk`m tdehry hculhjservef v`rb`jmes‖bl tdbs k`se, blchri`mbty‖`lf ` set hc struktur`mequ`tbhls td`t mblo kùses `lf blfbk`thrs wbtd tde ulhjservef v`rb`jme, bt bsphssbjme th estbi`te tde sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr.






@llex 0.;. [hkbhfeihnr`pdbk kd`r`kterbstbks hc chri`m `lf blchri`m whroersulfer tde men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl, :775

[hurke1 EFD :775.Lhte1 Vde men`mbstbk fecblbtbhl hc blchri`mbty blkmufes tdhse wbtd lh `ccbmb`tbhl th ` pelsbhl systei.

Lhtes

0 Vdbs fhes lht blkmufe tde Jhlhshm jelecbt, wdbkd bs `l `llu`m tr`lscer th `mm pehpme hver 35 ye`rs.: Bl ` sbibm`r w`y, K`l`vbre `lf M`lf` (:773) cblf td`t efuk`tef whroers, mess rem`tef wbtdblchri`mbty, d`ve nre`ter uleipmhyielt fur`tbhl, prhj`jmy fue th tdebr dbnder reserve w`ne.; Vdbs khst bs `ccektef jy tde men`m st`tus td`t tde cbri bs `ppmybln th (mbibtef mb`jbmbty khip`lbeshle-pershl khip`lbes, `lf khrphr`tbhls, chr exìpme), jut hlke tde cbri‒s men`m st`tus bs kdhsel,tde khst th chri`mbze bs blfepelfelt hc bts sk`me (M`jhr Iblbstry :773).

Vht`m [`m`rbef Lhls`m`rbef Vht`m [`m`rbef Lhls`m`rbef

Fbstrbjutbhl 077.7 02.6 03.3 :.> 47.3 ;6.; 63.6I`me 077.7 :0.; 0>.5 ;.> >4.> 67.; ;4.5Cei`me 077.7 03.2 05.5 0.6 4;.0 :3.5 53.3

[exI`me 53.; 30.4 52.; >3.2 55.7 33.: 63.>Cei`me 6;.> ;4.: 67.> :;.0 65.7 ;;.4 5;.;

@ne nrhup05-:6 :0.2 07.> 00.6 3.6 :6.3 ;;.; 04.0:5-;6 :3.6 ;7.: ;0.4 :7.: :5.6 ;0.3 :7.2;5-66 ::.> :;.0 :6.7 0>.; ::.3 04.2 :5.665-56 03.2 ::.2 :;.3 04.4 05.6 07.> 04.255-36 4.> 07.7 >.> :;.> 4.6 6.; 00.535 `lf ihre ;.6 ;.0 0.6 0;.> ;.5 0.0 5.;@ver`ne `ne ;3.> ;2.> ;4.3 6>.7 ;5.2 ;0.5 ;2.:

Efuk`tbhl Lhle 6.7 0.3 7.3 4.: 6.3 ;.0 5.>Blkhipmete prbi`ry ;7.; 2.: 3.6 :3.5 ;5.; :2.0 ;2.2Khipmetef prbi`ry 5.> ;.7 0.2 2.2 3.6 3.0 3.3Blkhipmete sekhlf`ry 06.4 >.: 3.; 0:.3 03.3 04.> 05.0Khipmetef sekhlf`ry 02.; 06.4 05.6 00.; :7.6 :;.: 04.6Vertb`ry :5.6 3;.5 34.> ;0.5 03.: 02.: 06.7Htder 7.5 7.3 7.> 7.7 7.5 7.> 7.;Re`rs hc efuk`tbhl 2.3 0;.3 06.: 2.> 4.> 2.6 4.:

Blfbnelhus Lh blfbn elhus ( semc-bfeltb cbk`tbhl) 50.; 52.4 3;.3 ;3.6 62.; 53.3 6;.4Blfbnelhus (semc-bfeltbcbk`tbhl) 64.> 67.: ;3.6 3;.3 57.> 6;.6 53.: Lh blfbn elhus ( m`lnu` ne) >5.> 43.5 42.3 3>.4 >;.0 >2.4 34.:Blfbnelhus (m`lnu`ne) :6.; 0;.5 07.6 ;:.: :3.2 :7.: ;0.4

Ekhlhibk sekthrWrbi`ry 4.5 >.3 ;.6 ;:.> 4.> 5.: 00.;[ekhlf`ry :3.6 04.4 :7.: 07.7 :4.: ;5.: :;.0Vertb`ry 35.0 >;.> >3.6 5>.; 3;.7 52.3 35.3

Ibnr`tbhl Lh ibnr `lt 2:.3 2;.; 2:.2 25.> 2:.6 20.3 2;.7Ibnr`lt 3.3 3.: 3.3 6.; 3.3 >.: 3.:Ibnr`lt 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.7 0.7 0.: 7.4

Cìbmy blchri`tbhl

[blnme :>.5 ::.; :5.6 ;.4 :4.4 ;4.4 :0.;I`rrbef 36.0 34.; 35.2 4:.4 3;.0 56.3 32.5Fbvhrkef 4.; 2.6 4.4 0;.; 4.0 3.3 2.: Luijer hc kdbmf 0.3 0.3 0.5 :.7 0.3 0.6 0.4

Cbri sbfe0-6 5>.0 0:.> ;.6 32.3 3>.4 ;5.2 20.65-02 04.0 02.; :0.> 6.; 0>.2 ;:.: >.::7-62 4.6 :;.4 :>.> 7.7 6.> 07.3 7.657-22 6.0 00.0 0:.2 7.7 :.6 5.: 7.6077 `lf ihre 0:.: ;;.0 ;6.; :3.0 >.: 03.0 7.>@ver`ne cbri sbfe 072.6 635.7 577.4 :6>.4 :7.5 ;2.5 4.7

Ieih bteisDhurs hc whro per f`y 64.: 66.3 6;.6 5:.5 62.0 57.> 6>.2@ver`ne m`jhr blkhie 0:>:.6 :350.0 :470.0 0>;0.> 260.6 2::.6 255.6Nblb (M`jhr blkhie) 0:>:;2.0 :35075.> :47075.; 0>;0>7.4 260;3.: 2::;>.0 25567.0Whverty 6:.6 0>.: 05.> :3.6 64.5 64.7 64.2

Vht`m Chri`m Blchri`m



@llex 0.6. Fet`bmef blchri`tbhl hl m`jhr renum`tbhl bl M`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes

@ r n e l

t b l `

J h

m b v b `

J r ` z

b m

K d b m e

K h

m h i

j b `

K h s

t ` Z b k `

E k u `

f h r

E m [ `

m v ` f h r

I e x

b k h

L b k ` r ` n u `

K`l teri khltr`kts je usef hlmy chrteri t`sos8

Res Res Res Lh Lh Res Lh Res Res Lh R

^d`t bs tde i`xbiui fur`tbhl hcteri khltr`kts8 (bl ihltds)

37 ;3 :6 :6 LhMbibt

LhMbibt

:6 LhMbibt

LhMbibt

LhMbibt

F b c c b k u

m t y h

c D b r b l n

` l e w w h r o e r

^d`t bs tde r`tbh hc i`lf`tefiblbiui w`ne th tde ver`ne v`mue

`ffef per whroer8

7.;3 7.;4 7.:6 7.:0 7.5: 7.54 7.;6 7.03 7.0 7.6> 7.65

K`l tde whroweeo extelf th 57dhurs (blkmufbln hvertbie) chr :

ihltds per ye`r8

Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Re

^d`t bs tde i`xbiui luijer hcwhrobln f`ys per weeo8

3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3

@re tdere restrbktbhls hl lbndt whro8 Res Res Res Lh Res Res Res Res Res Res Lh

@re tdere restrbktbhls hl "weeomydhmbf`y" whro8

Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res L

Z b n b f b t y h l w h r o b l n

d h

u r s

^d`t bs tde p`bf `llu`m v`k`tbhl (blwhrobln f`ys) chr l eipmhyee wbtd

:7 ye`rs hc servbke8

:6 ;7 ;7 04 05 0: 05 00 :7 ;7 ::

Bs tde teribl`tbhl hc whroers fue threfulf`lky men`mmy utdhrbzef8

Res Lh Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Re

Iust tde eipmhyer lhtbcy tdbrfp`rty jechre teribl`tbln hle

refulf`lt whroer8

Res ‖ Lh Res Lh Lh Lh Lh Lh Lh Re

Fhes tde eipmhyer leef tde`pprhv`m hc ` tdbrf p`rty th teribl`tehle refulf`lt whroer8

Lh ‖ Lh Lh Lh Lh Lh Lh Lh Lh R

Iust tde eipmhyer lhtbcy tdbrfp`rty jechre teribl`tbln nrhup hc

refulf`lt whroers8

Res ‖ Lh Res Res Lh Res Lh Res Lh Re

F b c c b k u

m t y t h f b s i

b s s

` r e

f u l

f ` l

t

w h r o e r

Fhes tde eipmhyer leef tde`pprhv`m hc ` tdbrf p`rty th teribl`te

` nrhup hc refulf`lt whroers8

Lh ‖ Lh Lh Res Lh Res Lh Res Lh Re

6 ;



@ r n e l

t b l `

J h

m b v b `

J r ` z

b m

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K h

m h i

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t ` Z b k `

E k u `

f h r

E m [ `

m v `

f h r

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b k h

L b k ` r ` n u `

Iust tde eipmhyer khlsbferre`ssbnlielt hr retr`blbln hptbhls

jechre refulf`lky teribl`tbhl8

Lh ‖ Lh Lh Lh Lh Res Lh Lh Lh L

@re tdere prbhrbty rumes `ppmybln threfulf`lkbes8

Lh ‖ Lh Lh Lh Lh Res Lh Res Lh Re

@re tdere prbhrbty rumes `ppmybln thre-eipmhyielt8

Lh ‖ Lh Lh Lh Lh Res Lh Res Lh Re

^d`t bs tde lhtbke perbhf chrrefulf`lky fbsibss`m cter :7 ye`rshc khltbluhus eipmhyielt8 (weeos

hc s`m`ry)

4.> 0:.2 6.; 6.; 7 6.; 6.; 7 7 :.0

^d`t bs sever`lke p`y chrrefulf`lky fbsibss`m cter :7 ye`rs

hc eipmhyielt8 (ihltds hc s`m`ry)

;7 7 3 00 0;.5 >.: ;7.; 02.4 0>.: 5 07.:

^d`t bs men`mmy i`lf`tef pel`mtychr refulf`lky fbsibss`m8 (weeos

hc s`m`ry)

7 43.3 3.5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

C b r b l n k h s

t s ( w e e

o s h

c

w ` n e s )

Cbrbln khsts (weeos hc w`nes) 0;4.> 22.5 ;3.4 5: 54.3 ;5.; 0;5.6 45.> >6.; :;.4 66 0


6 6



65

KD@WVEZ :

Vde Wrhfuktbvbty hcIbkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris

de cbrst kd`pter est`jmbsdef td`t tde jbn sbze hc tde blchri`m sekthr khumf je jmìefhl tde de`vy jurfel hc renum`tbhl, weò blstbtutbhls, `lf tde m`ko hc kme`r jelecbtsth chri`mbz`tbhl. Vdhse c`kthrs were `msh chulf th mbibt tde prhfuktbvbty hc cbris `s

wemm `s prhfuktbvbty nrhwtd. Vdbs kd`pter sdbcts tde chkus th tde cbri `s ` ulbt hc`l`mysbs `lf blvestbn`tes tde khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh `lf si`mmcbris.

Ihst ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl Jhmbvb` `re blchri`m, delke r`bsbln tdebrprhfuktbvbty `lf tde chri`mbz`tbhl bs krbtbk`m chr prhihtbln ekhlhibk nrhwtd. Vdbskd`pter blvestbn`tes ` r`lne hc khlstr`blts td`t kurreltmy mbibt tde prhfuktbvbty hcJhmbvb`‒s ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, chkusbln cbrst hl blputs (cbl`lkb`m, pdysbk`m, `lfdui`l k`pbt`m) `lf prhfuktbhl (tekdlhmhny `lf khipetbtbhl) `lf tdel hl tdehper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt (blcr`strukture, m`jhr, tr`fe `lfkusthis renum`tbhls, `kkess th khurts, `lf khrruptbhl). Vde qu`mbt`tbve `l`mysbspreseltef dere bs j`sef hl ` fhzel chkus nrhup bltervbews wbtd ibkrh `lf si`mm cbrissemektef crhi sbx sekthrs `lf chur nehnr`pdbk `re`s th jrh`fmy represelt tde `ktbvephpum`tbhl eipmhyef bl tde blchri`m sekthr (Jhx :.0). Vdese fbskussbhls `rekhipmeieltef wbtd `l `l`mysbs hc tde hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`mcrìewhro chr si`mm cbris j`sef hl tde :773 Blvestielt Kmbi`te @ssessielt (BK@)survey chr Jhmbvb`, `lf f`t` crhi tde ^hrmf J`lo ibkrh cbri survey khlfuktef chr tdbsstufy.

^dy Fhes Wrhfuktbvbty I`tter chr Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8

Vde prhfuktbhl mevem hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, ihst hc wdbkd `re blchri`m, bskhlstr`blef jy mhw `kkess th prhfuktbve blputs, evel tdhund returls th k`pbt`m `redbndest chr tde si`mmest cbris. [i`mm cbris `lf blchri`m cbris `re ihre khlstr`blef bl`kkessbln prhfuktbve blputs td`l m`rner cbris. Vdere bs evbfelke td`t i`ly si`mm cbris`re hper`tbln jemhw tdebr eccbkbelt sk`me hc prhfuktbhl. Blfeef, j`sef hl f`t` crhi tdeIexbk`l L`tbhl`m [urvey hc Ibkrh Elterprbses (EL@IBL), IkOelzbe `lf ^hhfrucc(:773) sdhw td`t returls th k`pbt`m chr tde si`mmest cbris (k`pbt`m sthkos mess td`lU[$:77) were 05 perkelt per ihltd khip`ref wbtd ; perkelt per ihltd chr tde jbnnest

cbris (k`pbt`m sthko `jhve U[$0,777). Vdbs sunnests fekre`sbln returls th k`pbt`m `sk`pbt`m sthko blkre`ses.

V




Jhx :.0. Vde chkus nrhup ietdhfhmhny

Vh bfeltbcy tde khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty lf chri`mbz`tbhl perkebvef jy eltrepreleurs lfwhroers bl Jhmbvb`‒s m`rne blchri`m sekthr, tdbs stufy khlfuktef 0: chkus nrhup bltervbews bl Em

@mth, M` W`z, Khkd`jìj`, `lf [`lt` Kruz wbtd represelt`tbves crhi cbris bl sbx sekthrs1nrhkery sthres, restùr`lts `lf chhf s`mes, kmhtdbln i`luc`kturbln crhi whhm `lf kmhtd, kmhtdblni`luc`kturbln crhi mmì` `lf `mp`k` (kìembf) whhm, p`sselner `lf k`rnh tr`lsphrt, `lf whhfcurlbture i`luc`kturbln. Bl e`kd hc tde sbx sekthrs, twh dhihnelehus nrhups hc sbx th ebndtblchri`m cbris were bltervbewef. Vde cbris were fbvbfef jy sbze, wbtd ibkrh cbris hc mess td`l 5whroers `lf si`mm cbris hc 5‛:7 whroers e`kd fbskussbln tdebr perkeptbhls sep`r`temy.

Vde semektbhl prhkess

Vde semektbhl hc tde sbx sekthrs w`s i`fe th j`m`lke represelt`tbveless hc tde `ktbve phpum`tbhleipmhyef bl tde blchri`m sekthr. Cbris were kdhsel th elsure p`rtbkbp`tbhl crhi ` fbversbty hcblfustrbes, crhi jhtd chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs, `lf crhi urj`l `lf rur`m `re`s. Vde semektbhl

tderechre blkmufes chur hc tde thp cbve blfustrbes chr urj`l blchri`mbty. Vwh hc tde `ffbtbhl`m sekthrssurveyef were whhf `lf kìembfs jekùse1 (b) tdey `re mbloef th tde `nrbkumture sekthr(represeltbln ihst hc rur`m blchri`mbty), (bb) tdey `mmhw chr surveys bl jhtd urj`l `lf rur`m `re`s,`lf (bbb) tdey eln`ne bl shie exphrt `ktbvbty. Bl `ffbtbhl, (bv) tdey `re ìhln tde prbhrbty sekthrschr str`tenbk pujmbk blvestielt ( khipmeahs prhfuktbvhs ). `

Vde ierbts `lf mbibt`tbhls hc `l`myzbln cbris‒ perkeptbhls

Bl `ffbtbhl th tde chkus nrhup bltervbews, we use f`t` crhi tde :773 Blvestielt Kmbi`te @ssessielt (BK@) chr Jhmbvb`, `s wemm `s hur hwl :77> ibkrh-elterprbse surveys hc chri`m `lfblchri`m cbris. ê kdhse th `l`myze qu`mbt`tbve f`t` crhi tde tdree shurkes th net ` jrh`f vbew hcwdy cbris elteref tdebr mble hc jusbless, wd`t type hc khlstr`blts tdey c`ke, `lf wd`t k`l je fhleth `mmevb`te tde khlstr`blts. Vde sìpme bltervbewef bs lht st`tbstbk`mmy represelt`tbve bl tde chkusnrhups, jut bs represelt`tbve chr tde BK@ `lf tde cbris‒ survey. Dhwever, tde chkus nrhupietdhfhmhny ulkhvers lew evbfelke `jhut perkeptbhls `lf demps th reve`m tde re`shls jedblfcbris‒ jed`vbhr.

Vde i`bl mbibt`tbhls hc usbln f`t` j`sef hl cbris‒ perkeptbhl hc tde khlstr`blts tdey c`ke (`s bltde BK@ hr tde ibkrh survey) `re rem`tef cbrst th bssues rem`tef th e`kd blfbvbfu`m cbri‒s rem`tbvehptbibsi hr pessbibsi ren`rfbln bts elvbrhlielt. [ekhlf, e`kd cbri i`y ulferst`lf e`kdquestbhl fbccereltmy `lf tdel tre`t bt fbccereltmy, blfukbln ` phteltb`m exkessbve deterhnelebty blresphlse. Vdbrf, tdere bs ` reverse kùs`mbty jetweel tde cbris‒ hwl kd`r`kterbstbks wbtd ren`rf thprhfuktbvbty `lf chri`mbty `lf wd`t cbris perkebve `s khlstr`blts‖ie`lbln, chr exìpme, td`tihre prhfuktbve cbris telf th perkebve cewer khlstr`blts. Cbl`mmy, tde f`t` fh lht `mw`ys recmekttde expektef strhln khrrem`tbhl jetweel khlstr`blts `lf tde khlsequelkes hc tdhse khlstr`bltschr cbris. Chr blst`lke, tdere sdhumf je ` dbnd khrrem`tbhl jetweel cbris td`t khipm`bl `jhutkhrruptbhl `lf dhw iukd hr dhw hctel tdey d`ve th p`y jrbjes. @mm tdese mbibt`tbhls k`l je sbipmy

kdekoef chr bl tde f`t` `lf `ffressef.Vde i`bl `fv`lt`ne hc perkeptbhl f`t` bs td`t pehpme iòe fekbsbhls j`sef hl tdebr perkeptbhlhc tde hpphrtulbtbes `lf khlstr`blts c`kef. Curtderihre, tde f`t` `mmhw us th olhw dhw e`kdkhlstr`blt `ccekts e`kd cbri tdrhund tde bip`kt hl bts prhfuktbvbty. Delke, tde perkeptbhl hc tdekhlstr`blt bs fbrektmy mbloef th ` pr`ktbk`m bipmbk`tbhl chr prhfuktbvbty r`tder td`l ` v`nuest`teielt. Bl tde mbndt hc tdese ierbts `lf mbibt`tbhls, khip`r`tbve `l`mysbs hc tde khlstr`bltsc`kef jy blchri`m versus chri`m cbris, si`mm versus ibkrh cbris, hr cbris bl hle sekthr versustdhse bl `lhtder, chr exìpme, sdhumf ybemf jetter ulferst`lfbln hc prhfuktbvbty `lf chri`mbz`tbhlbssues.

Lhte 1 `. Vde khlsumtbln cbri Elkuest`s y Estufbhs khlfuktef tde chkus nrhup bltervbews bl Cejru`ry :77>.Vde cbri fbrektmy extelfef blvbt`tbhls th ` sìpme hc cbris td`t iet tde spekbcbk`tbhls requbref. [ee Elkuest`sy Estufbhs (:77>). Vde sekthrs khver`ne bs tde sìe `s chr tde ibkrh stufy bl Kd`pter ;? ihre hl tde kdhbke

hc tde sekthr k`l je chulf bl td`t kd`pter.




Vde dbnd returls th k`pbt`m `t very mhw mevems hc k`pbt`m sthko chr very si`mm cbrsunnest td`t blkeltbves th blkre`se tdebr `kkess th krefbt k`l demp tdei expmhbt tdhsereturls hc sk`me. Vdere bs lh iblbiui blvestielt tdresdhmf jemhw wdbkd returls thk`pbt`m `re sh mhw td`t semc-eipmhyielt bs fbskhur`nef. Delke, tdere `re lh k`pbt`m-rem`tef j`rrbers th elterbln semc-eipmhyielt, prhvbfef td`t cbris net `kkess th krefbt.Curtderihre, r`lfhibzef experbielts d`ve sdhwl td`t cbris wdbkd rephrt td`t `kkessth cbl`lke bs ` serbhus khlstr`blt th tdebr prhfuktbvbty `msh telf th d`ve dbnder returl thk`pbt`m (IkOelzbe ^hhfrucc :77>).

Vde mhw prhfuktbvbty hc tde blchri`m sekthr bl Jhmbvb` d`s len`tbve bipmbk`tbhls chrnrhwtd, eipmhyielt, `lf tde cbl`lkbln hc pujmbk nhhfs. @mtdhund bt culktbhls hutsbfetde chri`m ekhlhiy `lf cree-rbfes hl tde fbrekt prhvbsbhl hc pujmbk nhhfs, Jhmbvb`‒sm`rne blchri`m sekthr neler`tes ` sbnlbcbk`lt ìhult hc ekhlhibk `ktbvbty `lfnhverlielt revelue tdrhund khlsuiptbhl hc nhhfs `lf p`yielt hc v`mue-`ffeft`xes (jetweel 0; th 03 perkelt hc tde prbke hc tde nhhf). Hjservers prefbkt td`t tdeblchri`m sekthr sdhumf sdrblo `s tde rest hc tde ekhlhiy jekhies ihre prhfuktbve `lffr`ws ihre whroers bl, `s d`s hkkurref bl tde fevemhpielt prhkess hc fevemhpefkhultrbes (I`mhley :776? I`mhley `lf Mevelshl 0224).

Vdere bs ` reverse kùs`mbty jetweel mhw prhfuktbvbty `lf dbnd blchri`mbty, wdbkdi`y tr`p blchri`m cbris bl mess prhfuktbve `ktbvbtbes. Blchri`m cbris telf th d`ve mhwprhfuktbvbty jekùse tdey `re lht jebln `jme th `kkess prhfuktbhl c`kthrs (cbl`lkb`m `lfdui`l k`pbt`m) th prhfuke ihre `lf ihre eccbkbeltmy. Bl `ffbtbhl, shie cbris i`blt`bl` mhw sk`me hc hper`tbhls th `vhbf jebln vbsbjme th elchrkeielt. Vde si`mm sk`me hcblchri`m hper`tbhls tr`ps m`jhr `lf htderwbse prhfuktbve reshurkes bl mhw-

prhfuktbvbty `ktbvbtbes. @ m`rne blchri`m sekthr tdus bipmbes ` mhw mevem hc prhfuktbvchr tde ekhlhiy `s ` wdhme, `lf mhw prhfuktbvbty wbmm pusd cbris thw`rf tde blchri`msekthr.

Vde mhw eipmhyielt nrhwtd r`te hjservef ìhln ibkrh cbris sunnests td`t ihsthc tdei wbmm re`kd ` very si`mm sbze `t tdebr ste`fy st`te. Vde dbnd prev`melke hc si`mmblchri`m cbris fhes lht ie`l td`t tdere `re dbnd exterl`m j`rrbers th nrhwtd, jekùsetde sbze fbstrbjutbhl hc cbris i`y je feteriblef jy tde ulfermybln fbstrbjutbhl hceltrepreleurb`m `jbmbty `lf tde khsts hc hper`tbhl `t fbccerelt sbzes (Muk`s 02>4? ^hrmfJ`lo :77>, kd`pter 5). Evbfelke crhi tde ^hrmf J`lo :77> (kd`pter 3) sunnests td`tblchri`mbty bs fue th ` m`rne extelt th ` prev`melke hc very si`mm ulprhfuktbve cbris.

Chr blchri`mbty th fekre`se, tde neler`m mevems hc prhfuktbvbty whumf leef th rbse.@ sbibm`r `rnuielt sunnests td`t tdere `re i`ly ulprhfuktbve si`mm cbris jekùse chri`m prhfuktbvbty bs mhw, sh tde hpphrtulbty khsts hc hpelbln hle‒s hwl jusbless `re mhw. Vdere bs evbfelke hc very mhw prhfuktbvbty nrhwtd bl Jhmbvb` (7.:perkelt crhi 022; th :777) (Mh`yz` :776? ^hrmf J`lo :775j). Vde mhw prhfuktbvbty hctde chri`m sekthr iòes bt d`rfer chr tde chri`m sekthr th exp`lf `lf tòe hver ihst hctde blchri`m sekthr‒s m`jhr. Vde mhw mevem hc prhfuktbvbty bl tde chri`m ekhlhiy bs fueth i`ly c`kthrs, blkmufbln tde kurrelt blvestielt kmbi`te, wdbkd bs lht khlfukbve thdbnder prhfuktbvbty. @s ` khlsequelke, shie cbris kdhhse th whro bl tde blchri`msekthr jekùse bt bs ihre `ttr`ktbve chr tde cmexbjbmbty bt `mmhws `lf/hr chr tdebr mevemprhfuktbhl. Dhwever, `s cbris jekhie ihre prhfuktbve, chri`mbty nr`fu`mmy jekhiesihre `ttr`ktbve. Blkre`sbln tde sbze `lf prhfuktbvbty hc tde chri`m sekthr i`y je `




nhhf hptbhl th fekre`se tde `ttr`ktbveless hc tde blchri`m sekthr chr whroers bl tde mhlnrul.

Vde blchri`m sekthr bipefes ahj re`mmhk`tbhl, wdbkd `kkhults chr `l biphrt`lt p`rthc prhfuktbvbty n`bls. Wrhfuktbvbty n`bls `rbse crhi tde tekdlhmhnbk`m `lf i`l`nerb`mbiprhveielts `t tde cbri mevem, tde exbt hc mess prhfuktbve cbris, `lf tde ihveielt hceipmhyielt crhi mess prhfuktbve cbris th ihre prhfuktbve cbris. Vde ahj re`mmhk`tbhlprhkess khltrbjutes th 05 perkelt th 57 perkelt hc `nnren`te prhfuktbvbty nrhwtd blM`tbl @ierbk` (BFJ :77;, kbtef bl Jhmbvb` Whverty @ssessielt ^hrmf J`lo :775`).Dhwever, wdel tdere bs `l blchri`m sekthr, chri`m cbris i`y emekt th jekhie blchri`mblste`f hc exbtbln. Hlke tdey `re bl tde blchri`m sekthr, whroers hctel d`ve ` d`rf tbieme`vbln, jekùse blchri`m cbris telf th rei`bl si`mm `lf d`ve ` dbnd r`te hc ihrt`mbty.F`t` crhi Iexbkh sdhw ` dbnd r`te hc exbt ìhln si`mm cbris bl tdebr cbrst cew ye`rs(I`mhley `lf Mevelshl 0224).

Vde dbnd mevem hc blchri`mbty `sshkb`tef wbtd mhwer prhfuktbvbty d`s strhlnphverty bipmbk`tbhls. Blchri`m m`jhr rephrts dbnder blkbfelke hc phverty td`l chri`mm`jhr. @ rephrtef 35 perkelt hc tde `ktbve urj`l phpum`tbhl whros bl tde blchri`msekthr, hc wdbkd 57 perkelt `re phhr? ìhln chri`m eipmhyees, hlmy ;6 perkelt `rephhr (”Em [ekthr blchri`m el mhs W`éses @lfblhs,’ :77:, kbtef bl Jhmbvb` Whverty@ssessielt ^hrmf J`lo :775`). Vde phverty r`te fbccereltb`m jetweel chri`m `lfblchri`m whroer bs p`rtb`mmy fue th e`rlblns `lf efuk`tbhl fbccereltb`ms1 dhurmye`rlblns `re rephrtefmy >7 th 27 perkelt dbnder bl tde chri`m sekthr td`l chr semc-eipmhyef hr s`m`rbef whroers bl tde blchri`m sekthr. Dhwever, e`rlblns fbccereltb`msfh lht k`pture tde i`ly perqubsbtes td`t tde blchri`m sekthr hccers, sukd `s jebln yhur

hwl jhss, whrobln crhi dhie, `lf jebln `jme th k`re chr kdbmfrel `lf emfers.Vde e`se hc eltry `lf exbt bl tde blchri`m sekthr iòes bt ` l`tur`m s`cety let chrwhroers. Vde blchri`m sekthr `mmhws whroers wdh d`ve mhst tdebr ahjs th e`rl shieblkhie? bt `mmhws jusbless hwlers ihre cmexbjbmbty th ihfum`te tdebr `ktbvbty fepelfblnhl tde leefs hc tdebr dhusedhmfs (Kullblndì `lf Zìhs :77:). @s sukd, btkhlstbtutes `l biphrt`lt s`cety let chr whroers bl tde chri`m sekthr.

Vde `l`mysbs hc tde chkus nrhup bltervbews sunnests td`t ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris fhlht `mw`ys ulferst`lf tde ie`lbln hc blchri`mbty lhr tde khsts `lf jelecbts rem`tef thblchri`mbty. Chr tde iàhrbty hc tde ieijers hc hur chkus nrhups, chri`mbty ie`lsf`r c`ktur`s hr prhvbfbln chri`m rekebpts. Vdbs bs rem`tef th p`ybln t`xes, `s cbris leef th je

renbsteref wbtd tde t`x ùtdhrbtbes th bssue tdhse rekebpts (Jhx :.:). Chr htders, chri`mbtyie`ls jebln renbsteref `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem `lf p`ybln ` p`telte 0 hr ` seltàe, : hrnettbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse th hper`te. Vde ihst extreie fecblbtbhl hc chri`mbz`tbhlkhies crhi tde tr`lsphrt sekthr, wdere bt ìhults th jebln `ccbmb`tef wbtd ` ulbhl hr ` jusbless `sshkb`tbhl. Chr tdhse cbris `lf htder ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, chri`mbty fheslht ie`l d`vbln ` LBV, p`ybln t`xes, jebln renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres` (wdbkdi`ly d`f lever evel de`rf hc), hr jebln renbsteref wbtd tde M`jhr Iblbstry, [hkb`m[ekurbty, hr tdeKà` fe [`muf `s requbref jy tde m`w (Elkuest`s y Estufbhs :77>).




Jhx :.:. Blkeltbves chr chri`mbty crhi tde chkus nrhups

Ihst ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `re blchri`m jy `mm krbterb`. Vde cew cbris td`t d`ve shie fenree hcchri`mbty (i`blmy d`vbln ` t`x luijer) `re chulf bl exphrtbln sekthrs1 kìembf-ferbvef prhfukts`lf whhf i`luc`kturbln. @s wbtd htder sekthrs, sbze i`tters, `s `mihst `mm tde jbnner ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris d`f ` t`x luijer, were renbsteref `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem `lf wbtd CulfEipres`, `lfshie `msh jemhlnef th ` Kdìjer hc Khiierke hr `l exphrtbln `sshkb`tbhl. Vdhse cbrisrephrtef td`t tde i`bl jelecbt hc chri`mbty w`s th el`jme tdei th exphrt, `s tdey khumf net tdelekess`ry fhkuielts. Jekùse tde jelecbts hc exphrtbln were nre`ter td`l tde khsts hckhipmybln wbtd tde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess, tdhse cbris fbf chri`mbze. Cbris td`t d`ve ` t`x luijerrephrtef td`t bssubln rekebpts `msh el`jmef tdei th exp`lf tdebr kmbelt j`se. Dhwever, tdeykhipm`blef td`t bssubln rekebpts `ttr`ktef tde `tteltbhl hc t`x blspekthrs. Hlmy tde jbnnest cbris hctde sìpme whumf hccer th prhvbfe rekebpts th tdebr kmbelts, wdbkd sunnests td`t tde jelecbts hcchri`mbty blkre`sef wbtd tde sbze hc tde cbri `lf bts mevem hc prhfuktbhl.

Bl htder sekthrs, chri`mbz`tbhl bs perkebvef `s `l `ffbtbhl`m khst hc fhbln jusbless `lf `refuktbhl bl e`rlblns. Vde k`se hc tr`lsphrt bs blterestbln bl td`t cbris tdhundt hc chri`mbty `sjebln `ccbmb`tef wbtd ` ulbhl hr ` jusbless `sshkb`tbhl. ` Vde jelecbts hc ”chri`mbz`tbhl’ `s tdeyfecble bt elkhip`ss nettbln ` ihlhphmy hl kert`bl rhutes, nettbln prhtektbhl crhi krbie `lfvbhmelke (espekb`mmy bl kbtbes sukd `s [`lt` Kruz), nettbln `kkess th krefbt tdrhund tde ulbhl hrjusbless `sshkb`tbhl, nettbln tbiemy `lf kde`per `kkess th vedbkmes p`rts tdrhund tde ulbhl, `lf`vhbfbln p`ybln cbles `lf t`xes usbln tde ”blcmuelke’ hc tde ulbhl. ”Blchri`m’ cbris bl td`t sekthr,tdhse lht `ccbmb`tef th `ly ulbhl hr `sshkb`tbhl, khlsbfer td`t tde ekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m khsts hc`ccbmb`tbhl `re nre`ter td`t tde kbtef jelecbts. Vdbs k`se bmmustr`tes wemm tde c`kt td`t ibkrh `lf si`mmcbris jed`ve mboe `mm htder r`tbhl`m cbris hr td`t chri`mbz`tbhl bs ` lhri`m nhhf bl cbris‒ prhfuktbhlprhkess (I`mhley :776, :773). Vdey ”vbew’ chri`mbz`tbhl `s ` tr`fehcc jetweel jelecbts `lfkhsts. Dhwever, tde khsts seei hverwdemiblnmy nre`ter td`l tde jelecbts.

Lhte 1 `. Ihre td`l ` fek`fe `nh, chri`mbz`tbhl bl tr`lsphrt blkmufef `ccbmb`tbhl wbtd ` ulbhl. Vdbs d`s lht jeeltde k`se chr i`ly ye`rs, jut tde cbris bl tde sekthr stbmm khlsbfer `ccbmb`tbhl tde i`bl chri`mbz`tbhl kd`llem.

Vde m`ko hc blchri`tbhl hl blchri`mbty i`y d`ve sever`m expm`l`tbhls.Elchrkeielt crhi t`x ùtdhrbtbes chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris seeis th je pretty m`x `lfkhlkeltr`tef `rhulf dbnd-`ktbvbty perbhfs mboe dhmbf`ys `lf urj`l mhk`tbhls kmhse thtde t`x hccbke. Dhwever, tde iulbkbp`mbtbes `re very eccbkbelt `t elchrkbln renbstr`tbhl,wdbkd `msh spre`fs blchri`tbhl. Vde renbstry hc cbris CulfEipres` d`s lht re`kdefhut th ihst ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris evel bl tde urj`l `re`s hc tde keltr`m `xbs (M` W`z, Em@mth, Khkd`jìj`, `lf [`lt` Kruz). Fbccerelt renbstrbes `re lht whrobln thnetder thsd`re tde sìe blchri`tbhl. Chr blst`lke, tde iulbkbp`m renbstry i`y lht requbre ` t`xluijer hr ` renbstr`tbhl th CulfEipres`.

^d`t Bs Khlstr`blbln tde Wrhfuktbvbty hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8

Wrhfuktbvbty n`bls k`l je fecblef `s tde blkre`se bl prhfuktbhl td`t exkeefs tdeblkre`se bl prhfuktbhl c`kthrs (m`jhr-dhurs whroef hr k`pbt`m-ulbts hc k`pbt`m). Vdbssektbhl exìbles `l `rr`y hc c`kthrs td`t `re khlstr`blbln prhfuktbvbty n`bls bl Jhmbvb`.Vde `l`mysbs ev`mu`tes tde eccekt hc tde sk`me hc hper`tbhl hl tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh

`lf si`mm cbris bl tde chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs. ê fr`w uphl f`t` crhi tde ^hrmfJ`lo ibkrh-elterprbse survey (:77>) khmmektef chr tdbs stufy `lf tde BlvestieltKmbi`te @ssessielt (BK@) f`t` (:773) th khltr`st tde khlstr`blts bfeltbcbef jy ibkrh




`lf si`mm cbris wbtd tdhse `ccektbln iefbui `lf m`rne cbris. ê tdel use tde chkusnrhup i`terb`ms th fbskuss tde khlstr`blts phsef jy mbibtef `kkess th blputs (cbl`lkb`mk`pbt`m, pdysbk`m k`pbt`m, m`jhr `lf dui`l k`pbt`m, `s wemm `s `kkess th r`w i`terb`ms`lf ` suppmy kd`bl hc khiphlelt p`rts). Vde `l`mysbs `msh `ffresses spekbcbk hjst`kmesbl tde prhfuktbhl culktbhl rem`tef th tekdlhmhny, qu`mbty, `lf khipetbtbhl. [ektbhl ;tdel exìbles tde bip`kt hc tde blstbtutbhl`m `lf renum`thry elvbrhlielt hlprhfuktbvbty.

[k`me hc hper`tbhl

Chr ibkrh cbris, blchri`mbty phses cewer khlstr`blts hl prhfuktbvbty td`l chri`mbty.Blchri`m ibkrh cbris‒ thp cbve khlstr`blts th nrhwtd `re krbie, khrruptbhl, i`krhblst`jbmbty, khst hc krefbt, `lf phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty. Chri`m ibkrh cbris‒ thp cbvekhlstr`blts `re krbie, kusthis renum`tbhls, khrruptbhl, blchri`m khipetbtbhl, `lfi`krh blst`jbmbty. Blchri`mbty sdbemfs tde blchri`m ibkrh cbris crhi khsts rem`tef thchri`mbty, sukd `s khstmy kusthis `lf tr`fe renum`tbhl, t`xes, `lf m`jhr renum`tbhls.Lhletdemess, `kkess th equbpielt `lf krefbt bs si`mmer chr blchri`m ibkrh cbris, `lftdey `re ihre exphsef th khrruptbhl. Jhtd types hc cbris rephrt tde sìe khlstr`blts thprhfuktbvbty crhi krbie `lf blchri`m khipetbtbhl (Cbnure :.0).

Cbnure :.0. Khlstr`blts hl dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh cbris, jy chri`mbty

Khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh cbris-ibkrh survey

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[hurke1^hrmf J`lo ibkrh-elterprbse survey.

Dhwever, `s cbri sbze nrhws, tdere `re ihre prhfuktbve jelecbts th chri`mbty.Blchri`m si`mm cbris rephrt ihre khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbty td`l chri`m si`mm cbris.

Vdebr thp cbve khlstr`blts `re rem`tef th khrruptbhl? exphsure th krbie, i`krhblst`jbmbty, khst hc krefbt, `lf phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty. Chri`m si`mm cbris‒ thp cbkhlstr`blts `re i`krhekhlhibk blst`jbmbty, khrruptbhl, blchri`m khipetbtbhl, krbie,




`lf phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty. Exkept chr tde khst hc krefbt, wdbkd seeis th `ccekt ihreblchri`m cbris, jhtd types hc cbris sd`re sbibm`r khlstr`blts, tdhund tdey r`te tdeifbccereltmy. Blchri`m cbris rephrt, hl `ver`ne, ihre khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbty.Dhwever, hl spekbcbk bssues rem`tef th t`xes hr blchri`m khipetbtbhl, chri`m cbrisrephrt ihre hjst`kmes th prhfuktbvbty td`l blchri`m cbris (Cbnure :.:).

@s cbris jekhie evel m`rner, tde extelt `lf type hc khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbtyc`kef bs evel ihre prhlhulkef, sunnestbln td`t eccekt hc chri`mbty hl prhfuktbvbtyv`rbes wbtd tde sbze hc tde cbri. Vde si`mm chri`m cbris bl tde ibkrh survey resphlfefvery sbibm`rmy th si`mm chri`m cbris bl tde BK@, delke we use tde BK@ f`t` hl iefbui`lf m`rne cbris th blvestbn`te dhw prhfuktbvbty khlstr`blts evhmve wbtd sbze. Bt `ppe`rstd`t iefbui `lf m`rne cbris c`ke very sbibm`r khlstr`blts th culktbhlbln, wdbkd `requbte fbccerelt crhi tde hles c`kef jy si`mm cbris. V`jme :.0 sdhws td`t tde i`blkhlstr`blt th tde culktbhlbln hc si`mm chri`m cbris bs khipetbtbhl crhi tde blchri`msekthr (;: perkelt), chmmhwef jy phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty (:> perkelt) `lf `kkess th cbl`lke(00 perkelt). Chr iefbui `lf m`rne cbris, tde i`bl hjst`kme bs phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty (;7`lf 67 perkelt respektbvemy), chmmhwef jy khipetbtbhl crhi tde blchri`m sekthr (:> `lf:0 perkelt respektbvemy), `lf tdel `kkess th cbl`lke chr iefbui cbris (4 perkelt) `lfi`krhekhlhibk blst`jbmbty chr m`rne cbris (0: perkelt).

@kkess th cbl`lkb`m k`pbt`m

Blchri`m ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris d`ve `kkess th ` l`rrhwer set hc chri`m cbl`lkblniekd`lbsis `lf `t dbnder khsts td`l chri`m cbris. Blchri`m cbris `re mess mboemy thprhvbfe th ` j`lo prhper fhkuielt`tbhl, sukd `s ùfbtef cbl`lkb`m st`teielts,nhverlielt renbstr`tbhl, `lf mbkelsbln. Blchri`m cbris i`y lht renbster `mm `ssets `s jemhlnbln th tde khip`ly, sh `s th ev`fe t`xes hr jekùse tdey fh lht cblf bt lekess`ryth fh sh? delke tdebr `jbmbty th use tdei `s khmm`ter`m chr ` mh`l i`y je mbibtef.

Cbnure :.:. Khlstr`blts hl dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr si`mm cbris, jy chri`mbty

Khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr si`mm cbris-ibkrh survey

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[hurke1^hrmf J`lo ibkrh-elterprbse survey.




V`jme :.0. Werkelt`ne hc chri`m cbris rephrtbln tde chmmhwbln c`kthrs s iàhrkhlstr`blts th tdebr culktbhlbln, jy sbze

[i`mm Iefbui M`rne

Khipetbtbhl crhi blchri`m cbris ;: :> :0

Whmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty :> ;7 67

@kkess th cbl`lke 00 4 >I`krh blst`jbmbty 3 > 0:Khrruptbhl 5 > 6

V`xes 5 > :Krbie `lf tdect ; : :M`jhr m`w ; 0 :

tr`lsphrt : 6 :M`jhr chrke : 0 7

Hjt`blbln mbkelses `lf peribts 0 6 :Kusthis renum`tbhl 0 0 :Culktbhlbln hc khurts 7 0 0

@kkess th m`lf 7 7 0

[hurke1 J`sef hl tde BK@ (:773) chr Jhmbvb`.Lhte1 Vde t`jme preselts tde ihst serbhus khlstr`blt th tde culktbhlbln hc chri`m cbris jy sbze. Vdeluijers `re expressef bl perkelt`ne hc tde sìpme.

[bibm`rmy, blchri`m cbris i`y try th ev`fe t`xes jy dbfbln ` cr`ktbhl hc tdebrrevelues hr ulferrephrtbln s`mes, sh tdebr cbl`lkb`m st`teielts i`y ulfer represelttde true prhcbt`jbmbty, cbl`lkb`m shulfless, `lf ekhlhibk prhspekts hc tdebr cbris. @s `khlsequelke blchri`m cbris i`y d`ve mess `jbmbty th net j`lo mh`ls th cbl`lke whroblnk`pbt`m `lf lew blvestielt hr equbty k`pbt`m crhi prhspektbve blvesthrs (^hrmf J`lo:77>, kd`pter 3).

@kkess th cbl`lke `ccekts tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, ihre td`lm`rner cbris. Vde `v`bm`jbmbty `lf khst hc cbl`lkbln rei`bls ` serbhus khlstr`blt chr tdebrculktbhlbln, `s khip`ref wbtd htder khlstr`blts, espekb`mmy wdel tdey `re blchri`m.[ee Cbnures :.0 `lf :.: chr tde khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbty chr blchri`m versus chri`mcbris, wdbkd sdhws td`t chr jhtd ibkrh `lf si`mm blchri`m cbris `kkess th krefbt (krefbtrequbsbtes `lf khst hc krefbt) bs ihre fbccbkumt td`l chr chri`m cbris.

Ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `re ihre mboemy th culf tdebr hper`tbln leefs tdrhundibkrhcbl`lke blstbtutbhls. Vde cbl`lkb`m sekthr suppmybln krefbt th ibkrh `lf si`mmcbris khiprbses twh j`los (J`lkh [hmbf`rbh `lf J`lkh fe Mhs @lfes Wrhkrefbt),prbv`te cbl`lkb`m culfs (WCC), s`vblns `lf mh`l khhper`tbves ([&MK), `s wemm `s iutu`ms`vblns `lf mh`l eltbtbes (I[&M). Vdese eltbtbes hccer ` wbfe r`lne hc krefbtblstruielts, bl teris hc ìhult `lf purphse hc mh`ls, j`sef hl nu`r`ltees `lfestbi`tef k`p`kbty chr rep`yielt. Vdhund Jhmbvb`‒s ICBs `re ìhln tde me`stexpelsbve bl M`tbl @ierbk`, tde m`ko hc prhper fhkuielt`tbhl `lf ulferrephrtbln hc`ssets `lf prhcbt`jbmbty bs stbmm recmektef bl tde prbkes prev`bmbln bl tde ibkrhkrefb




i`roet (:0 perkelt lhibl`m ye`rmy blterest r`te chr :775, khip`ref wbtd 00 perkelt chrtr`fbtbhl`m j`lobln). Dhwever, tdbs fbccerelke bl blterest r`tes bs rem`tbvemy si`mm,khlsbferbln td`t bt bs khstmber `lf rbsober th melf th ` ibkrh hr si`mm cbri hr `l blchri`mcbri td`l th ` m`rner cbri. [ee @llex :.0 khip`rbln Jhmbvb`l th renbhl`m ibkrhcbl`lker`tes.

Biprhvef `sset renbstr`tbhl, tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc hper`tbhls, `lf ` jrh`ferkhver`ne hc krefbt jureùs `re oeys th refukbln krefbt khsts `lf jrh`felbln `kkess thkrefbt. Biprhvbln tde qu`mbty hc cbl`lkb`m st`teielts (hr refukbln tde khsts hc nettblncbl`lkb`m st`teielts) whumf refuke tde khst hc krefbt `lf demp blkre`se tde suppmy hckrefbt. [ukd blbtb`tbves k`l `msh blkre`se `kkess th krefbt jy jrh`felbln tde fei`lf hckrefbt, jy biprhvbln tde qu`mbty hc tde `ppmbk`tbhls chr krefbt. Jhx :.; preselts sukdblbtb`tbves bl Jhmbvb`.;

Jhx :.;. [uppmy hc krefbt th ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris

Vde suppmy hc krefbt bs kd`r`kterbzef jy tde wbfe r`lne hc cbl`lkb`m blstruielts hcceref jyibkrhcbl`lke blstbtutbhls, khiierkb`m j`los, prbv`te cbl`lkb`m culfs, lf khhper`tbves hper`tbln blservbkes `lf prhfuktbhl sekthrs. Vde ìhult `v`bm`jme th ` ibkrh elterprbse v`rbes crhi U[$077up th U[$;7,777, hr ` kert`bl perkelt`ne hc kmbelts‒ let equbty (up th ; perkelt bl shie k`ses).Melfbln th si`mm elterprbses bipmbes sujst`ltb`mmy m`rner ìhults, up th U[$57,777, `lf tdejhrrhwers `re usu`mmy requbref th preselt cbl`lkb`m st`teielts `lf prhperty blsur`lke. Blkhltr`st, ibkrh cbris leef th sujibt hlmy hper`tbln tbie requbreielts (`t me`st hle ye`r, bl shiek`ses sbx ihltds) hr resbfeltb`m w`ter hr elerny jbmms.

Vde teri hc tde mh`ls v`rbes `kkhrfbln th tde purphse hc tde krefbt. [dhrt-teri krefbt bs ihstkhiihl, wbtd teris jetweel hle `lf sevel ihltds, jut bl shie k`ses up th twh ye`rs chr

hper`tbln k`pbt`m hr tdree ye`rs chr blvestielt k`pbt`m. J`lkh[hm `lf CBE [.@. extelf teris up thcbve ye`rs chr k`pbt`m blvestielts. Khltr`ry th tr`fbtbhl`m j`lobln krefbt, ibkrh krefbt ìhrtbz`tbhls`re very cmexbjme, tòbln blth `kkhult tde l`ture hc tde kmbelt‒s hper`tbhls `lf bts rep`yieltk`p`kbty. Vde skhpe hc nu`r`ltees bs wbfe `s wemm. Chr blst`lke, tde ihst crequelt `re pershl`mnu`r`ltees, pmefnef khmm`ter`m wbtd hr wbtdhut fbsphssessbhl, kertbcbk`te hc fephsbts, hrihrtn`nes. [hietbies tde mh`l k`l je km`ssbcbef `s `l ulsekuref fejt. Bl tde k`se hc lewkmbelts wbtdhut krefbt dbsthry, ihst hc tde ibkrhcbl`lke blstbtutbhls hccer nrhup nu`r`ltees `lfhtder type hc krefbt crhi U$077 up th U[$;,777 jy ieijer. [hie blstbtutbhls i`y requbre`ffbtbhl`m krbterb` ren`rfbln tde fbspersbhl jetweel tde mhwer `lf dbnder ìhult melt wbtdbl `nrhup. Chrier kmbelts i`y jelecbt crhi spekb`m cbl`lkb`m blstruielts. Wrh Iuaer `mmhws bts jestcei`me eltrepreleur kmbelts (j`sef hl krefbt dbsthry) th jhrrhw blfbvbfu`mmy up th U[$05,777 `tteris jetweel 3 `lf 64 ihltds. @t CBE, chrier kmbelts wbtd nhhf krefbt dbsthry `re `mmhwef th usembles hc revhmvbln krefbt chr ;3 ihltds bl hrfer th cbl`lke blvestielts bl k`pbt`m `lf hper`tblnk`pbt`m.Furbln tde p`st ye`r, tde J`lo `lf Blsur`lke [uperbltelfelky ([JEC) d`s strelntdelef tderenum`thry crìewhro chr ICBs, WCCs, `lf [MKs th demp tdei jetter resphlf th tde fylìbks hci`roet‒s kd`r`kterbstbks. Vde [JEC d`s `msh prhihtef tde kre`tbhl hc Krefbt Blchri`tbhl Jureùs(JBK) (EL[EZJBK bl [`lt` Kruz `lf BLCHKZEF bl M` W`z), wdbkd est`jmbsd ` krefbt blchri`tbhlletwhro `krhss renum`tef eltbtbes hr `krhss ulrenum`tef hles. JBKs d`ve blkre`sef ibkrhkrefbttr`lsp`relky `lf fekre`sef tde blchri`tbhl `syiietry `lf delke tde khsts hc prhvbfbln krefbtth ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris.

Mhw `kkess th krefbt crhi cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls chrkes blchri`m cbris (evel ihre shtd`l chri`m cbris) th remy hl tdebr hwl s`vblns, chmmhwef jy mh`ls crhi cìbmy `lfcrbelfs `lf tdel jy sekthr suppmber krefbt. Crhi tde chkus nrhups, bt `ppe`rs td`tsuppmber krefbt k`l blkmufe nrhkery sthres hrtbelf`s fe j`rrbhs nettbln blputs crhi Khk`




Khm` hr tde jeer khip`ly Pubmies Blkes` (p`rtbkum`rmy `rhulf dhmbf`ys), `lf `fv`lkescrhi kmbelts (chr tde i`luc`kturbln hc whhfel curlbture `lf d`lfbkr`cts). Bltervbewefcbris `lf tdhse surveyef bl tde :773 BK@ chulf tde cbl`lkb`m systei thh smhw th re`kt`lf lht el`jmbln cbris th sebze jusbless hpphrtulbtbes. Vdey `msh cemt td`t tde j`loblnsystei m`koef cmexbjbmbty bl fe`mbln wbtd ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl teris hc tderep`yielt skdefumes, tde ìhult `lf i`turbty hc mh`ls, `lf tde prhkefures th net `mh`l.

Cbris bltervbewef khipm`blef `jhut tde dbnd khst hc krefbt, khip`rbln nettbln `krefbt th mbcetbie jhlf`ne. Khiielts blkmufef ”Vòbln hut ` mh`l bs th net bl fejt chrmbce’ `lf ”Bc B tòe hut ` mh`l, B whro hlmy th p`y tde j`lo `lf lht th mbve.’Bltervbewees lhtef ` tr`fehcc jetweel fe`mbln wbtd tde jureùkr`ky `lf prhkefures hc` khiierkb`m j`lo, `lf nettbln ` jetter blterest r`te, versus p`ybln iukd dbnderblterest r`tes th ICBs, jut wbtd sbipmer prhkefures. Delke, tde dbnder khsts hc ICBs `rehccset shiewd`t jy tdebr nre`ter ulferst`lfbln hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, messkuijershie requbreielts, `lf ihre cmexbjme rep`yielt prhkefures. Dhwever, tde`ver`ne blterest r`te hc ibkrh mh`ls bl Jhmbvb` bs tde mhwest hc tde renbhl, `lf sh cbris‒khipm`blts `jhut tde dbnd khst hc k`pbt`m i`y recmekt ` m`ko hc prhfuktbve prhaekts `lfulre`mbstbk expekt`tbhls `jhut wd`t tde khst hc jhrrhwbln sdhumf je.

@kkess th krefbt m`rnemy fepelfs hl tde sbze hc tde cbri, bts kmbelt j`se, bts `kkess thexphrt i`roets, `lf khmm`ter`m nu`r`ltees. Bl `mm sekthrs, jbnner cbris (sukd `s tde upperqu`rtbme hc si`mm cbris) khumf net ` krefbt mble crhi ` j`lo? ` iefbui-sbze si`mm cbrikhumf net krefbt crhi `l ICB. Bl khltr`st, tde mhwer qu`rtbmes hc si`mm cbris `lf ihstibkrh cbris whumf remy hl tdebr hwl s`vblns, reblvestef prhcbts, mh`ls crhi crbelfs `lf

cìbmy, `fv`lkes crhi kmbelts, hr iekd`lbsis hc khmmektbve s`vblns `s tde i`bl shurkehc cbl`lkbln hc whrobln k`pbt`m `lf lew blvestielt. Vdbs bs p`rtbkum`rmy true chr whhfcurlbture, kìembf kmhtdbln, `lf tr`lsphrt cbris. Cbris td`t d`f ` jbnner fei`lf chrtdebr prhfukts, `s ` resumt hc ebtder dbnder turlhver crhi tde fhiestbk fei`lf (mboe bltbelf`s fe j`rrbhs wbtd nhhf mhk`tbhl) hr nre`ter `kkess th exphrtbln i`roets, d`f ` jetter `kkess th krefbt crhi ICBs, j`los, `lf tdebr suppmbers. Chr cbris wbtdbl tde sìeblfustry, `kkess `msh fepelfs hl wdetder tde cbri exphrts hr jemhlns th `l `sshkb`tbhlhr ulbhl (mboe bl tr`lsphrt). Chhf s`mes elterprbses eipmhybln mess td`l cbve pershlsrephrt tde me`st `kkess th krefbt crhi cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls. Dhwever, tdey use ` type hcrht`tbln s`vbln systei k`mmef p`s`lòu th s`ve.6

Nu`r`ltees feterible tde ìhult hc krefbt hjt`blef, jut `msh tde teris hc krefbt.Chr blst`lke, bc tde nu`r`ltee bs biphrt`lt rem`tbve th tde sbze hc tde mh`l, tde j`lo wbmm`mmhw ` krefbt mble `lf ` mhlner i`turbty th rep`y tde mh`l. Bc tde nu`r`ltee bs messsbz`jme, tde ìhult hc tde mh`l bs refukef `lf tde i`turbty sdhrtelef. @s `khlsequelke, hlke ` cbri d`s ` nu`r`ltee, bt wbmm use tde krefbt chr tde blvestieltpurphses td`t subt tde cbri jest, ren`rfmess hc wd`t w`s st`tef `s tde blbtb`m purphse hctde mh`l. Nu`r`ltees `re jhtd pershl`m `lf pdysbk`m. Bl tde tr`lsphrt sekthr, cbris usetde ieijersdbp bl ` ulbhl hr `l `sshkb`tbhl `s nu`r`ltee th net ahblt j`lo krefbt.Ieijersdbp `msh serves `s ` cbfukb`ry nu`r`ltee `lf `s ` nu`r`ltee th je ` ihlhphmyservbke prhvbfer bl kert`bl rhutes.

Vh khipmeielt ibkrh cbl`lke melfbln, tde fevemhpielt hc lew cbl`lkb`mblstruielts sdhumf prhvbfe feeper `kkess th krefbt bl tde mhln teri. Bl tde iefbuiteri, tde fevemhpielt hc cbl`lkb`m blstruielts, sukd `s me`ses, w`rr`lts, c`kthrbln, `lf




rekbprhk`m nu`r`ltees, khumf demp wbfel `kkess th cbl`lke chr cbris. Ihst ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris bltervbewef s`bf td`t tdey were w`btbln chr tde nhverlielt-prhphsef mhwblterest r`tes mh`ls th cbl`lke ibkrh, si`mm cbris, `lf si`mm prhfukers.

@kkess th pdysbk`m k`pbt`mVde `kqubsbtbhl `lf i`bltel`lke hc equbpielt `lf pdysbk`m k`pbt`m bs strhlnmybipefef jy mhw `kkess th cbl`lkbln iekd`lbsis. Cbris crhi tde chkus nrhup rephrttde m`ko hc cbl`lkbln th purkd`se tde equbpielt `s `l biphrt`lt khlstr`blt hl tdebrculktbhlbln `lf prhfuktbvbty. @lf wdel tdey `re `jme th juy tde equbpielt, tdeprhfuktbve v`mue hc tde equbpielt umtbi`temy fepelfs hl tdebr `jbmbty th netrepm`keielt p`rts.

Vdere bs ` tr`fehcc jetweel prbke `lf qu`mbty chr repm`keielt p`rts. W`rts crhiKdbl` telf th je ihre `cchrf`jme jut fh lht m`st mhln, wdere`s sekhlfd`lf p`rts crhitde hrbnbl`m iòer `re ihre expelsbve jut m`st mhlner. Bl p`rtbkum`r, bl tr`lsphrt hcp`sselners `lf prhfukts, sekhlfd`lf k`rs biphrtef crhi A`p`l vb` Kdbme `lf Jr`zbm`lf kd`t`rr`s (k`rs festblef chr auloy`rfs) d`ve prhvef ` nhhf shurke chr p`rts, `t tdeexpelse hc rh`f s`cety `lf `br qu`mbty.

Vdere bs evbfelke td`t blchri`m cbris `re ihre mboemy th use blchri`m suppmbers,espekb`mmy ulfer S@V renbies. Blchri`mbty bs prhp`n`tef `mhln tde suppmy kd`bls, `lfeltbre blchri`m suppmy kd`bls `re kre`tef. Vdhse kd`bls `re d`rfer th chri`mbze `lfkhlstbtute severe j`rrbers th khipetbtbhl `lf th eltry chr `ly chri`m cbris bl tde kd`bl([kdebloi`l `lf fe Wùm` :773).

@thibz`tbhl `lf spekb`mbz`tbhl prevelt cbris crhi phhmbln th juy equbpielt.Bltervbews bl tde whhf sekthr bmmustr`te tde `thibz`tbhl hc blchri`m ibkrh `lf si`mmcbris `lf tde m`ko hc cbl`lkb`m blstruielts th cbl`lke lew blvestielt. [i`mm cbris `reul`jme th net thnetder th juy hvels th fry tde whhf, jekùse hvels `re k`mbjr`tef hltde type hc whhf expmhbtef, `lf tde cbris `mm expmhbt fbccerelt types hc whhf. Delke, jbn prhfukers khltrhm jhtd tde qu`mbty `lf prbke hc whhf, senieltbln tdeisemves crhisi`mm prhfukers bl tde qu`mbty hc tde hutput. Bl si`mm restùr`lts, cbris k`llht phhm th juy creezers `lf htder equbpielt rephrtefmy jekùse ”tde leefs hc equbpielt chr `cbsd restùr`lt `re fbccerelt crhi ` ie`t restùr`lt.’ Vrust hr m`ko tderehc bs `msh kbtef`s ` re`shl chr lht `sshkb`tbln th juy equbpielt. Dhwever, ` jetter men`m elvbrhlieltth elchrke aufbkb`m khltr`kts `lf expefbte rekhvery hc `ssets tdrhund mbtbn`tbhl sdhumfdemp `mmevb`te trust bssues.

Nbvel tde sk`me hc prhfuktbhl `lf tde sbze hc fei`lf, me`sbln khumf je ` usecumblstruielt th blkre`se `kkess th krefbt. [hie bltervbewef cbris khipm`bl td`t tde m`kohc blfustrb`m i`kdbles prevelts tdei crhi resphlfbln th `l blkre`se bl fei`lf wdelhpphrtulbty olhkos `t tde fhhr. Dhwever, tde `ver`ne f`y-th-f`y fei`lf bs qubtesi`mm, austbcybln `l equ`mmy si`mm prhfuktbhl resphlse, sblke si`mm cbris fh lht w`lt thk`rry sbnlbcbk`lt blvelthrbes. Bt bs d`rf th austbcy tde blvestielt bl blfustrb`m i`kdblesth step up prhfuktbhl wdel fei`lf bs lht ste`fy. Bl sukd `l elvbrhlielt, me`sblnkhumf je usecum, bl khijbl`tbhl wbtd nrhup nu`r`ltees th blkre`se `v`bm`jme equbpieltchr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris th sk`me up prhfuktbhl bl tbies hc blkre`sef fei`lf. @ lew

me`sbln m`w bs kurreltmy ulfer khlsbfer`tbhl jy Khlnress? bts p`ss`ne whumf i`ro ìàhr step bl `mmevb`tbln `kkess th pdysbk`m k`pbt`m chr cbris.




@kkess th m`lf bs `ccektef jy sk`rke cbl`lkbln iekd`lbsis. Sery cew cbris `re `jmeth juy tde mhk`me wdere tdey hper`te. Bl ret`bm nrhkery sthres `lf chhf s`mes, mhk`tbhl bsesseltb`m, `lf cbris d`ve expressef tdebr dhpe th je `jme th hwl tdebr mhk`me, jut hlmy `d`lfcum hc tde jbnner `lf ihre sukkesscum `ktu`mmy fh. Ihst htders st`rt bl tde street,tdel relt ` si`mm mhk`me, `lf tdel try th juy bt hr exp`lf th htder mhk`tbhls. Vdefbccbkumt `kkess th cbl`lke chr whrobln k`pbt`m `lf lew blvestielt curtder bipefes tdeprhkess hc `kqubrbln tdebr cbrst mhk`me `lf tdel usbln bt `s khmm`ter`m chr cuture krefbts.

@kkess th m`jhr `lf dui`l k`pbt`m

Vde m`jhr prhfuktbvbty hc blchri`m cbris bs hctel very mhw. Wrhfuktbvbty `t tde cbrimevem k`l je fecblef `s tde hutput (pdysbk`m hr v`mue `ffef `faustef chr servbke/qu`mbtyfbccerelkes) hver m`jhr blput (dhurs whroef, ulbts hc pdysbk`m k`pbt`m). Blchri`m cbris`re rem`tbvemy m`jhr bltelsbve jekùse tde rem`tbve khst hc m`jhr tdey c`ke bs mhwer td`lchr chri`m cbris. Delke, m`jhr prhfuktbvbty represelts ihst hc tde prhfuktbvbty hcblchri`m cbris. @kkhrfbln th IkOblsey Nmhj`m Blstbtute (:77:), m`jhr blputs blfevemhpbln khultrbes represelt ihre td`l 35 perkelt hc tht`m blputs, wbtd k`pbt`m`kkhultbln chr tde rei`blfer. Bl shie sekthrs, sukd `s utbmbtbes (temekhiiulbk`tbhls,phwer) k`pbt`m `kkhults chr ihre td`l 47 perkelt hc tht`m blput.

Dbnder m`jhr prhfuktbvbty bs `sshkb`tef wbtd mess blchri`mbty. Vdere bs renbhl`mevbfelke td`t cbris wbtd dbnder mevems hc m`jhr prhfuktbvbty exdbjbt mhwer r`tes hc t`x`lf shkb`m sekurbty ev`sbhl, chr ` nbvel cbri sbze `lf tbie bl jusbless (^hrmf J`lo:77>). Vde eccekts `re sbnlbcbk`lt chr whroers ulferrephrtbln bl Jhmbvb`. Chr `mm htderkhultrbes bl tde renbhl, fhujmbln hc tde cbri‒s m`jhr prhfuktbvbty bs `sshkb`tef wbtdulferrephrtbln r`tes td`t `re hl `ver`ne : perkelt`ne phblts mhwer (^hrmf J`lo :77>).Cbl`mmy, iefbui cbris `re ihre `ccektef jy tde bl`fequ`temy efuk`tef whrochrke (;0perkelt rephrt bt `s `l biphrt`lt hr iàhr khlstr`blt), khip`ref wbtd :6 perkelt chrsi`mm hr m`rne cbris.5

M`jhr prhfuktbvbty hc whroers fepelfs hl cbri sbze `lf `kkess th cbl`lke.Evbfelke crhi tde chkus nrhup sunnests td`t tde jbnner tde cbri, tde ihre bt k`l `cchrfth culktbhl bl ` ihre prhcessbhl`m i`ller, blkmufbln dbrbln hc qu`mbcbef whroers `lfhutshurkbln hc ` qu`mbcbef `kkhult`lt chr jhhooeepbln. ICBs `msh prhvbfe tr`blbln thtdebr kusthiers bl `kkhultbln, jusbless i`l`neielt, `lf i`roetbln, wdbkd dempstdei ihferlbze jusbless hper`tbhls `lf jekhie ihre prhfuktbve. [i`mmer `lf ibkrhcbris `re mess mboemy th `ttr`kt qu`mbcbef whroers, jekùse tdey k`llht hccer tdei nhhfk`reer prhspekts hr khipetbtbve s`m`rbes. Vh khipels`te chr tdese sdhrtkhiblns,si`mmer cbris d`ve `fhptef ` systei hc hl-tde-ahj tr`blbln chr tdebr whroers. Dhwever,hlke tde `ppreltbkes d`ve `kqubref sobmms, tdey telf th ihve th jetter ahjs. Vde bssue hcm`jhr reteltbhl p`rtbkum`rmy `ccekts chhf st`lfs `lf iblb restùr`lts.

Exphrtbln cbris d`ve dbnder m`jhr prhfuktbvbty. Cbris wbtd `kkess th exphrti`roets, sukd `s whhfel curlbture `lf kìembf kmhtdbln iòers, rephrt ihre sobmmefwhroers `lf seei th i`l`ne tdebr jusbless bl ` ihre prhcessbhl`m w`y, hctelhutshurkbln `kkhult`lts chr tdebr jhhooeepbln. Vdhse cbris `re `msh jbnner td`l tde`ver`ne cbri bl tdebr sekthr `lf hctel d`ve `kkess th cbl`lke. Vdbs sunnests td`t m`jhr

prhfuktbvbty seeis th blkre`se wbtd tde fei`lf td`t tde cbri c`kes, ihre prhfuktbvecbris `ttr`ktbln ihre prhfuktbve whroers. [i`mm chhf velfhrs, bl khltr`st, d`ve lh`kkess th khipmbielt`ry tr`blbln, `lf tdey k`llht `cchrf th p`y chr tde tr`blbln. Bl




`ffbtbhl, cbris td`t fh lht d`ve `kkess th ICBs k`llht jelecbt crhi tde tr`blbln hccerefth kmbelts.

Vde blchri`m sekthr `kts `s `l esk`pe v`mve chr ` mhw-prhfuktbvbty chri`m sekthr blshie sekthrs, `kkhrfbln th tde chkus nrhup resumts. Vde tr`lsphrt `lf nrhkery sthressekthrs seei th khlstbtute `l esk`pe v`mve chr tde hver`mm ekhlhiy, `ttr`ktbln `mm tdhsewdh khumf lht cblf ` ahj bl tde chri`m sekthr. Bltervbewees i`fe khiielts sukd `s”@mm tde uleipmhyef tdblo `jhut frbvbln ` t`xb hr semmbln nhhfs.’ Vdbs bs fue th tdemhw j`rrbers hc eltry bl tdhse sekthrs. Chr blst`lke, bl tr`lsphrt, tde mhw khst hckduths (biphrtef sekhlfd`lf k`rs) `mmhws `l e`sber eltry th tde blchri`m tr`lsphrt sekthr.Dhwever, tde tr`lscer hc olhwmefne crhi tde prevbhus ahj th tde lew hle bs lhtnu`r`lteef, `s tde prevbhus ahj hctel d`s mbttme th fh wbtd k`rs, tr`lsphrt, hr iekd`lbks.Bl khltr`st, bl nrhkery sthres, efuk`tef lewkhiers `re ihre mboemy th use tdebrprevbhus efuk`tbhl hr tr`blbln th biprhve tdebr prhfuktbvbty bl tde lew ahj. @s `khlsequelke, whroers bl tde tr`lsphrt sekthr hctel see tde ahj `s ` teiphr`ry stepthw`rf ` jetter `lf ihre st`jme hle, wdere`s whroers bl tbelf`s fe j`rrbhs see tdebr lew ahj `s ihre peri`lelt. Delke, bl tr`lsphrt, whroers fh lht d`ve i`ly blkeltbves thblvest bl biprhvbln prhfuktbvbty, `lf cbri hwlers fh lht d`ve blkeltbves th tr`bltdei.

M`jhr prhfuktbvbty fepelfs mess hl chri`m efuk`tbhl td`l hl tde ye`rs hcexperbelke whrobln bl tde sekthr `lf tde re`shl chr nettbln blth tde jusbless. Bl i`lysekthrs, bltervbewef pehpme rephrtef elterbln tde prhfuktbve chrke wdel tdey wereyhuln jy whrobln wbtd rem`tbves bl ` cìbmy jusbless hr bl `lhtder senielt hc tdesìe prhfuktbve kd`bl. Vdbs bs hctel tde k`se wbtd kìembf kmhtdbln `lf whhf curlbture

i`luc`kturers, tbelf`s fe j`rrbh, `lf si`mm e`terbes. Jy khltr`st, eltry th tde textbmei`luc`kturbln sekthr bs usu`mmy lht tdrhund tde cìbmy, jut bs `l blfbvbfu`m `lfhpphrtulbstbk fekbsbhl. Vdbs sekthr bs `msh p`rtbkum`r bl td`t whroers d`ve ` iblbiui hccbve ye`rs experbelke hr ihre hl `ver`ne. Bl `ffbtbhl, ihst rekebvef tr`blbln crhi tdecbl`lkb`m sekthr `lf `msh crhi textbme cbris bl @rneltbl` tdrhund teiphr`ry ibnr`tbhl.Vde `kqubref olhwmefne iòes bt d`rfer chr ` lewkhier wbtdhut prbhr experbelke bltde sekthr th elter `lf je sukkesscum. @s ` khlsequelke, tdbs sekthr r`los `kkess thk`pbt`m, r`tder td`l m`jhr prhfuktbvbty, hl thp hc tdebr mbst hc khlstr`blts th blkre`se tdebrprhfuktbvbty.

@kkess th r`w i`terb`m `lf tde suppmy kd`bl

Wrhfuktbvbty, kmbelteme, `lf exphrtbln phssbjbmbtbes dblne hl tde qu`mbty hc blputs chulfbl tde mhk`m i`roet. Vde chkus nrhups sunnest td`t `kkess th nhhf-qu`mbty blputs bs `lbssue chr `mm cbris, jut bs ihre `kute chr blchri`m cbris jekùse hc tdebr `thibz`tbhl,wdbkd ie`ls tdey k`llht phhm `lf fbrektmy lenhtb`te wbtd prhvbfers. Blchri`m cbris`re prbke `lf qu`ltbty tòers hc wd`tever tdey `re suppmbef. Bl ` sekthr mboe whhfelcurlbture, tde i`bl blput (whhf) bs mhk`mmy prhfukef. Dhwever, tdere bs senielt`tbhl jetweel tde fhiestbk i`roet `lf tde exphrtbln i`roet. Vde fhiestbk i`roet nets tdemecthvers hc tde exphrt i`roet? bt bs suppmbef wbtd lhlkertbcbef `lf lhlst`lf`rfbzefwhhf. Vdbs senielt`tbhl hc blputs `ccekts tde qu`mbty hc tde elf prhfukt `lf delke bts

ret`bm v`mue `lf phteltb`m chr exphrt. Bl sekthrs sukd `s textbmes `lf kìembfs, tdefhiestbk prhfuktbhl hc tdre`f d`s lht re`kdef tde qu`mbty st`lf`rfs `lf v`rbetyexpektef crhi tde i`roet, `s wemm `s ` khipetbtbve prbke mevem. Delke cbris turl th






jusbless hwlers th repmbk`te prhfukts chr fbccerelt spekbcbk`tbhl, `s bs fhle bl Weru,khumf blkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty hc tde cbris.

Khipetbtbhl crhi chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris bs extreiemy strhln. Vdere `re lhchri`m j`rrbers th eltry hr chri`m renum`tbhls chr i`ly sekthrs, ie`lbln `mihst`lyjhfy k`l set up sdhp `lf khipete. Bl `ffbtbhl, tde m`ko hc prhperty rbndts `mmhwstde khipetbtbhl th khpy prhfukts `t lh rbso. Delke, khipetbtbhl bs hl prbke, qu`mbty,bllhv`tbhl, mhk`tbhl, `lf servbkes. @s ` khlsequelke, prhcbts `re frbvel th ` iblbiui,`lf tdhse wdh k`llht khipete qubkomy nh hut hc jusbless. Vdbs, khupmef wbtd tdeihlhphmy phsbtbhl hc blput prhvbfers, iòes bt ` thund nìe chr `ly cbri th jesukkesscum. Bl shie k`ses, khipetbtbhl crhi htder blchri`m cbris bs `kkhip`lbef jykhipetbtbhl crhi chri`m iefbui hr evel m`rne cbris. Chr blst`lke,tbelf`s fe j`rrbhs khipete wbtd e`kd htder (hl mhk`tbhl), wbtd iblb i`roets (hl v`rbety), `lf wbtdsuperi`roets (hl prbke `lf qu`mbty).

@mm cbris, ren`rfmess hc sbze, `re `ccektef jy ”blchri`m khipetbtbhl,’ jut si`mmcbris seei th ceem bt tde ihst. J`sef hl tde BK@ f`t`, si`mm cbris rephrt td`tkhipetbtbhl crhi tde blchri`m sekthr bs tde ihst biphrt`lt hjst`kme th tdebrculktbhlbln (;: perkelt hc tde sìpme). Jy khip`rbshl, iefbui `lf m`rne cbris rephrttd`t bt bs tde sekhlf-ihst biphrt`lt hjst`kme th tdebr culktbhlbln (:> perkelt hciefbui cbris `lf :0 perkelt hc m`rne cbris). [hie hc tde rephrtef khipetbtbhl crhitde blchri`m sekthr, dhwever, i`y aust je khipetbtbhl bl neler`m.

Bl shie sekthrs, khipetbtbhl extelfs th exphrtbln cbris. Bl whhf `lf kìembfkmhtdbln i`luc`kturbln, tde i`bl khipetbthrs `re htder fhiestbk exphrtbln cbris `lfchrebnl cbris exphrtbln sbibm`r prhfukts. Bl whhf, m`rner exphrtbln cbris net tde jest

kut whhf blput. [i`mmer mhk`m prhfukers wbtd `kkess th sekhlf-r`te whhf k`llhtkhipete `lf `re sdut hut hc tde exphrt i`roet. Bl kìembf kmhtdbln, Weruvb`l cbris `retde i`bl khipetbthrs bl tde exphrt i`roet. Zephrtefmy, tde qu`mbty hc tde Weruvb`lcbjer d`s treielfhusmy biprhvef, td`los th `l `nnressbve l`tbhl`m phmbky th fevemhp`lf blfustrb`mbze tde sekthr `lf th biprhve tde qu`mbty `lf v`rbety hc tde cbjer.Curtderihre, Weru i`roets bts prhfukts blterl`tbhl`mmy tdrhund relhwlef fesbnlers`lf jy p`rtbkbp`tbln bl blterl`tbhl`m chruis. @s ` resumt, tdey d`ve jeel `jme th`kdbeve jetter `kkess th ihst exphrtbln i`roets. Vde mhk`m kmhtdbln sekthr d`s jeelblulf`tef jy usef kmhtdbln crhi tde Ulbtef [t`tes, wdbkd d`s `mihst er`fbk`teffhiestbk fei`lf chr mhk`mmy i`fe kmhtdbln. @ phmbky th renum`te tde eltry hc usef

kmhtdbln wbmm nre`tmy demp tde cbris bl tdhse sekthrs ren`bl ` sd`re hc fhiestbk fei`lf.Vde nhverlielt bs me`fbln ` prhfuktbve khlversbhl phmbky chr usef kmhtdes semmers,prhibsbln tdei cbl`lkbln tdrhund tde fevemhpielt j`lo, `lf tr`blbln bc tdey khlvertth `lhtder ekhlhibk `ktbvbty. [h c`r, ;57 cbris d`ve khlvertef.

Nelfer `lf prhfuktbvbty

Vde prhfuktbvbty hc cei`me eltrepreleurs bs mhwer td`l tde prhfuktbvbty hc tdebr i`mekhulterp`rt fue th i`ly c`kthrs. Cei`me eltrepreleurs hper`te `t ` mhwer sk`me `lfe`rl mess td`l tdebr i`me khulterp`rt. Vde mhwer sk`me hc hper`tbhl bs fue th tde c`kttd`t tdey fefbk`te mess m`jhr (dhurs whroef) `lf k`pbt`m th tdebr jusbless. Bl shie

k`ses, tde mhwer sk`me bs vhmult`ry sh `s th el`jme tdei th tòe k`re hc htder dhusedhmffutbes. Bl htder k`ses, tde jusbless bs khipmeielt`ry th htder `ktbvbtbes hc tde




dhusedhmf mboe `nrbkumtur`m `ktbvbtbes. Vde mevem hc efuk`tbhl bs `msh mhwer chr eltrepreleurs td`l chr i`me eltrepreleurs .

Zeihvbln khlstr`blts th k`pbt`m chr cei`me eltrepreleurs k`l je very prhcbt`jmefepelfbln hl tde sekthr hc `ktbvbty. Estbi`tbln tde blterl`m r`te hc returl hc fhujmblntde k`pbt`m hc tde cbri bl e`kd hc tde sbx sekthrs, jy nelfer sdhws td`t1 bl chhf s`mes,kmhtdes i`luc`kturbln, `lf kìembf prhfukts, returls `re expektef th je dbnder chrwhiel td`l chr iel. Bl khltr`st, curtder blvestielt bl tde tr`lsphrt sekthr `lf blnrhkery sthres fhes lht `ppe`r th je `ttr`ktbve chr cei`me eltrepreleurs (see V`jme :.:).Jhx :.6 preselts bl ihre fet`bms wdy whiel i`y kdhhse th hper`te `t mhwer sk`me th j`m`lke tdebr leef chr cmexbjbmbty `lf tdebr mhwer `ptbtufe chr rbso. Vde jhx `mshdbndmbndts tde fbccerelke ìhln sekthrs hc tdebr fesbre th nrhw.

V`jme :.:. Blterl`m r`tes hc returl chr ` fhujmbln hc k`pbt`m, jy sekthr `lf nelfer

Kmhtdesi`luc`kturbln Vr`lsphrt`tbhl

Nrhkerysthres

Chhfs`mes

^hhfprhfukts

Kìembfprhfukts

Iel 2% ‛07% 6% ;:% :% 6%

^hiel :>% ‛0;% ‛>% ;>% 6% 04%

[hurke1 @utdhr‒s estbi`tbhl j`sef hl blchri`tbhl bl tde :77> ibkrh `lf si`mm elterprbse survey.

Jhx :.6. Khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty chr cei`me eltrepreleurs

Cei`me eltrepreleurs hper`te hl ` si`mmer sk`me . Hle expm`l`tbhl bs td`t tdey fh lht d`vetde k`pbt`m th exp`lf, jut `lhtder phssbjme expm`l`tbhl bs td`t tdey fh lht w`lt th nrhw, jekùsetde jusbless tdel whumf mhhse shie hc tde ce`tures td`t iòe ` ibkrh-jusbless p`rtbkum`rmy`ttr`ktbve chr whiel (lht th fepelf hl htders, th je `jme th k`re chr kdbmfrel sbiumt`lehusmy,cmexbjme whrobln dhurs). ^del `soef `jhut wd`t tdey khlsbfer tde bfe`m luijer hc eipmhyees chrtdebr jusbless cbve ye`rs blth tde cuture, tde `ver`ne chr whiel bs 3.2 khip`ref th 2.: chr iel.Chr nrhkery sthres bl p`rtbkum`r, whiel d`ve `mre`fy re`kdef wd`t tdey khlsbfer tde bfe`m sbze(:.4 eipmhyees, hl `ver`ne) `lf fh lht w`lt `ffbtbhl`m eipmhyees. Vdbs bs bl khltr`st th iel,wdh whumf mboe jbnner sthres wbtd `jhut 07 eipmhyees. @msh, `kkhrfbln th tde ibkrh elterprbsesurvey resumts, whiel d`ve mess khlcbfelke td`l iel bl tdebr `jbmbty th dbre `lf i`l`neeipmhyees td`t `re lht cìbmy ieijers. @l exkeptbhl bs tde k`se hc whiel bl textbmes wdh d`ve` strhlner fesbre th exp`lf. ^dbme i`me eltrepreleurs bl tdbs sekthr whumf mboe th fhujme tdeluijer hc eipmhyees crhi 5 th 07, cei`me eltrepreleurs whumf mboe th exp`lf crhi `l `ver`ne

hc : th 0; eipmhyees. Bl tdbs sekthr, e`kd `ffbtbhl`m eipmhyee requbres ` k`pbt`m blvestielt hc`pprhxbi`temy Js. 4.477. Vdus, tde `ver`ne cei`me eltrepreleur whumf leef th iòe `l`ffbtbhl`m blvestielt hc kmhse th Js. 077,777 (06 tbies tdebr preselt k`pbt`m) bl hrfer th re`kdtdebr fesbref luijer hc eipmhyees. Crhi ` sbipme renressbhl, we cblf td`t ` 077 perkeltblkre`se bl k`pbt`m whumf telf th blkre`se ihltdmy prhcbts jy `jhut :: perkelt. Nbvel td`t whielbl tdbs sekthr kurreltmy d`ve `ver`ne ihltdmy prhcbts hc `jhut Js. >55 `lf `ver`ne k`pbt`m hc Js.>.:3>, `l `ffbtbhl`m blvestielt hc Js. >.:3> whumf ybemf ` ihltdmy jelecbt hc `jhut Js. 033. Vdbsbipmbes `l blterl`m r`te hc returl hl tde blvestielt hc `jhut :> perkelt, wdbkd ie`ls td`t bt whumfmboemy je whrtd jhrrhwbln ihley chr.

(Jhx khltblues hl lext p`ne)




Jhx :.6 (khltbluef)

Cei`me eltrepreleurs hper`te bl mhw-prhcbt`jbmbty sekthrs . Vde chhf s`mes sekthr bs fhibl`tefjy whiel, `s tdey d`ve ` iukd m`rner experbelke wbtd chhf prep`r`tbhl. Ihrehver, tde sekthrrequbres rem`tbvemy mbttme blvestielt `lf efuk`tbhl, jut ybemfs rem`tbvemy dbnd prhcbts. Nrhkery sthres`re `ttr`ktbve th whiel fespbte tde mhln whrobln dhurs `lf mhw s`m`ry jekùse bt `mmhws tdei lhtth fepelf hl htders (lebtder jhsses lhr eipmhyees), tdey k`l sbiumt`lehusmy k`re chr kdbmfrel,`lf tde jusbless k`l nrhw smhwmy wbtd iblbiui rbso. Vde kìembf prhfukt sekthr p`ys mhwerihltdmy prhcbts td`l tde htder sekthrs, jut whiel `msh fefbk`te iukd mess tbie `lf k`pbt`m th bt,`lf d`ve iukd mhwer mevems hc efuk`tbhl, sh tdbs `ktbvbty bs mboemy khlsbferef khipmeielt`ry thfhiestbk `lf `nrbkumtur`m `ktbvbtbes. Vde kmhtdes i`luc`kturbln sekthr bs `mihst equ`mmy fbvbfefjetweel i`me `lf cei`me eltrepreleurs, jut whiel e`rl iukd mess td`l iel. @n`bl tdbs bs fueth tde iukd si`mmer sk`me hc hper`tbhls. ^hiel, hl `ver`ne, whro 02 dhurs mess td`l iel e`kdweeo, d`ve blvestef mess td`l d`mc tde k`pbt`m, `lf d`ve mess td`l d`mc tde luijer hc eipmhyees,sh bt bs lht str`lne td`t tdebr ihltdmy prhcbts `re `msh mess td`l d`mc tdhse hc iel bl tde sekthr. Vdedhurmy w`ne bs rem`tbvemy dbnd, tdhund1 `t Js. >.5/dhur bt bs dbnder td`l chr whiel bl `ly htdersekthr td`l chhf s`mes.

Cei`me eltrepreleurs `re ihre mboemy th dbre whiel . Bl every sblnme sekthr `l`myzef, cei`meeltrepreleurs telf th dbre ihre whiel td`l tdebr i`me khulterp`rts. Hl `ver`ne, chr i`meeltrepreleurs hlmy 05 perkelt hc eipmhyees `re whiel, wdbme chr cei`me eltrepreleurs 4:perkelt `re whiel. Vdbs ie`ls td`t cei`me eltrepreleurs k`l je `l biphrt`lt shurke hceipmhyielt chr htder whiel. Dhwever, tdese cei`me eipmhyees i`y je mess efuk`tef, wbtdmhwer i`rnbl`m prhfuktbvbty lf mhwer s`m`rbes.

[hurke1 ^hrmf J`lo ibkrh-elterprbses survey (:77>).

Bl sui, `kkess th k`pbt`m seeis th je tde i`bl `lf hver`rkdbln khlstr`blt th dbnderprhfuktbvbty chr `mm ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, `lf evel ihre sh chr blchri`m hles. @kkessth cbl`lke prhvbfes jetter blputs, whrobln k`pbt`m, `lf lew blvestielt culfbln, `lf btsupphrts i`bltel`lke hc equbpielt `lf tr`blbln chr eipmhyers. Dhwever, fespbte tdekhipetbtbve r`tes bl tde ibkrhcbl`lke blfustry, i`ly ibkrh cbris fh lht net `kkess thtdhse mh`ls, hr stbmm cblf tdebr khsts thh jurfelbln. Lext bl biphrt`lke, `kkess th blputsseeis th je ` khlstr`blt `ccektbln ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, `s tdey fh lht d`ve `kkess thnhhf-qu`mbty blputs crhi tde mhk`m i`roets `lf tdey succer crhi ihlhphmbstbkblteriefb`rbes. Vdbrf, `kkess th sobmmef whroers `ccekts tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf

si`mm cbris, delke pujmbk prhvbsbhl hc jusbless i`l`neielt `lf sekthr-spekbcbkprhfuktbvbty ihfumes sdhumf demp th `mmevb`te tdbs khlstr`blt. Cbl`mmy, pujmbk phmbk`l prhihte `lf supphrt blterl`m `lf exterl`m fei`lf, tdrhund exp`lfef pujmbkblvestielt th supphrt tde i`roetbln hc Jhmbvb`l prhfukts `jrh`f. Vde pujmbk sekthr`msh d`s ` rhme th pm`y bl tde fbccusbhl `lf `fhptbhl hc tekdlhmhny th supphrt ibkrh`lf si`mm cbris‒ fevemhpielt bl tdhse sekthrs. Vdere bs skhpe chr pujmbk-prbv`te `lfprbv`te-prbv`te p`rtlersdbp prhnrìs jetweel ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris `lf m`rner cbris.Chr blst`lke, bl @sb` tdere bs evbfelke td`t kmusterbln `lf sujkhltr`ktbln prhihtesi`mm cbris‒ fylìbsi `lf fevemhpielt, jut tde evbfelke dblnes hl tde sekthr hchper`tbhl.3




Dhw Bs tde Hper`tbhl`m, Zenum`thry, `lf Blstbtutbhl`m ElvbrhlieltKhlstr`blbln Wrhfuktbvbty8

Vde hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt seeis th je ihre dhstbme thblchri`m cbris, jekùse hc tdebr si`mm sbze, td`l th chri`m cbris. Hper`tbhl`mkhlstr`blts `re rem`tef th tde khsts hc renbsterbln `lf hper`tbln ` jusbless. Jekùseblchri`m cbris `re hl `ver`ne si`mmer, tde khsts hc prhkefures th renbster ` cbri `rerem`tbvemy ihre biphrt`lt chr tdei, `lf very si`mm cbris i`y lht je `jme th l`vbn`tekhipmex prhkefures. Wetty khrruptbhl `lf ref t`pe bs ` p`rtbkum`rmy biphrt`lthper`tbhl`m khlstr`blt `ccektbln blchri`m cbris. Vdey `re `t tde ierky hc men`m hr bmmen`mcbles, d`r`ssielt, `lf m`ko hc khipmb`lke wbtd prbv`te `nreeielts jy tdebr suppmbers,kmbelts, hr whroers.> Vde blstbtutbhl`m `lf renum`thry crìewhro hrbnbl`mmy `bief `tprhtektbln whroers tdrhund m`jhr m`ws, shkb`m prhtektbhl, jusbless kusthis, `lf tr`fe

renum`tbhl d`s prhvef ulc`vhr`jme th ihst cbris. Bt p`rtbkum`rmy `ccekts blchri`m ibkrh`lf si`mm cbris, `s tdey `re fe c`kth exkmufef crhi prhtektbhl hc m`jhr `lf jusblessm`ws `lf khurts hc austbke.

Vde hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt `ccekts cbris‒culktbhlbln `lf prhfuktbvbty fbccereltmy, fepelfbln hl tdebr sbze. [i`mm, iefbui, `lfm`rne cbris perkebve fbccerelt hjst`kmes th tdebr culktbhlbln crhi tdebr jusblesselvbrhlielt, `mtdhund shie khlstr`blts `ccekt `mm cbris ren`rfmess hc sbze (V`jme :.;).

V`jme :.;. Khlstr`blts hl cbris‒ prhfuktbvbty phsef jy tde hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lfblstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt, jy cbri sbze

Khlstr`blts td`t `ccekt cbris tdesìe w`y ren`rfmess hc sbze Khlstr`blts td`t `ccekt cbris fbccereltmyfepelfbln hl tdebr sbze

Ihre jblfbln chrsi`mm cbris

Ihre jblfbln chrm`rne cbris

Ihre jblfbln chrsi`mm cbris

Ihre jblfbln chrm`rne cbris

Vemekhi/Emektrbkbty Vemekhi/Emektrbkbty V`x r`tes ***

Vr`fe/Kusthisrenum`tbhls

V`x `fiblbstr`tbhl*

M`jhr renum`tbhl,renum`tbhl hl prbkbln `lfi`ro ups

M`jhr renum`tbhl,renum`tbhl hl prbkbln `lfi`ro ups

Zenum`tbhl hl tde dhurshc hper`tbhls*

Khipetbtbhl hc tdeblchri`m sekthr

Khipetbtbhl hc tdeblchri`m sekthr

Jusbless mbkelsbln `lfperibts*

@kkess th m`lf @kkess th m`lf @kkess th cbl`lke ***Khrruptbhl Culktbhlbln hc tde khurts Bl`fequ`temy efuk`tef

whrochrke*

Krbie, tdect, `lffbshrfer

Krbie, tdect, `lffbshrfer

I`krhekhlhibk `lfphmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty

I`krhekhlhibk `lfphmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty

[hurke1 BK@ F`t` :773.Lhte1 Vde t`jme preselts khlstr`blts td`t `ccekt cbris tde sìe w`y ren`rfmess hc tdebr sbze `lfkhlstr`blts td`t `ccekt cbris fbccereltmy, fepelfbln hl tdebr sbze. Vde tests khlfuktef `re kdb squ`rest`tbstbk`m sbnlbcbk`lke test jetweel sbze ( si`mm, iefbui, `lf m`rne) `lf tde nr`fe hc hjst`kme tdekhlstr`blt preselts chr tde culktbhlbln hc tde cbri (lhle, iblhr, ihfer`te, biphrt`lt, iàhr). [t`tbstbk`msbnlbcbk`lke bs represeltef jy * `t 0%, ** `t 5%, `lf *** `t 07% respektbvemy.




Vde tests khlfuktef `re kdb squ`re tests th feterible wdetder tdere bs ` sbnlbcbk`ltst`tbstbk`m rem`tbhl jetweel sbze (si`mm, iefbui, `lf m`rne) `lf tde nr`fe hc hjst`kmetde khlstr`blt preselts chr tde culktbhlbln hc tde cbri (lhle, iblhr, ihfer`te,biphrt`lt, iàhr).

Hper`tbhl`m khlstr`blts

I`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty were tde iàhr khlstr`blt th cbri culktbhlblnbl Jhmbvb` bl :775, `kkhrfbln th tde BK@ f`t` (:773). Bl Jhmbvb`, :775 w`s kd`r`kterbzef jy prhmhlnef phmbtbk`m `lf ekhlhibk blst jbmbty, wbtd jmhko`fes `lf strboes. Delke, bt bslht surprbsbln td`t tde BK@, khlfuktef bl :775‛73, rephrts chr `mm cbris, ren`rfmess hctdebr sbze, td`t phmbtbk`m `lf ekhlhibk blst`jbmbty w`s tde ihst biphrt`lt khlstr`blt thtdebr culktbhlbln.

Jusbless renbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsbln `re perkebvef `s ihre hc `l hjst`kme th si`mm`lf iefbui cbris td`l m`rne cbris. @ shiewd`t nre`ter sd`re hc si`mm `lf iefbuicbris td`l m`rne cbris rephrt renbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsbln `s `l biphrt`lt th iàhrhjst`kme (06 perkelt versus 07 perkelt, `kkhrfbln th f`t` crhi tde BK@ :773). Vde chkusnrhup bltervbews curtder khlcbri tde m`ko hc olhwmefne hc renbstr`tbhl mhk`tbhls `lfprhkefures chr `mihst `mm blchri`m ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bltervbewef (exkept tdhseexphrtbln bl kìembfs `lf tde i`luc`kturbln hc whhf curlbture). Vde Blterl`tbhl`mCbl`lke Khrphr`tbhl (BCK) d`s t`rnetef tde refuktbhl `lf sbipmbcbk`tbhl hc iulbkbp`mprhkefures th renbster cbris `s ` ie`ls hc refukbln blchri`mbty. Vdbs ecchrt bsp`rtbkum`rmy biphrt`lt nbvel td`t ` cbri st`rtbln wbtdhut ` chri`m renbstr`tbhl bs`sshkb`tef wbtd r`tes hc t`x `lf shkb`m sekurbty ev`sbhl td`t `re jetweel 3 `lf :5perkelt dbnder td`l chr cbris td`t renbsteref `t tde tbie hc st`rt up (^hrmf J`lo :77>).

^del ` cbri st`rts blchri`m, kd`lkes `re dbnder td`t bt wbmm rei`bl blchri`m blshie fbielsbhls, perpetu`tbln ` kykme hc blchri`mbty, wdbkd i`y je jrhoel hlmy jyblkre`sbln chri`mbz`tbhl `t tde hlset. Vdus, phmbkbes th sbipmbcy renbstr`tbhl `lfmbkelsbln hc jusbless d`ve tde phteltb`m th refuke blchri`mbty lht hlmy biiefb`temy jut`msh bl tde cuture, `s cewer cbris wbmm je st`rtbln `s blchri`m. @ cbrst step whumf je thchkus hl sbipmbcybln `lf refukbln tde khsts hc relewbln mbkelses `llu`mmy, wdbkd cbrisrephrt `s tde ihre jhtdershie prhkefure rem`tef th jebln chri`m (Cbnure :.;).

Ihst cbris, ren`rfmess hc sbze, `nree td`t blcr`strukture `lf `kkess thtemekhiiulbk`tbhls, emektrbkbty, `lf m`lf `re iblhr hjst`kmes th culktbhlbln. Cbrisbltervbewef bl tde chkus nrhup fbf lht khipm`bl `jhut tdhse bssues. Vde i`bl re`shlibndt je td`t jhtd tde BK@ `lf tde chkus nrhups were khlfuktef bl iàhr urj`l `re`s(Em @mth, M` W`z, Khkd`jìj`, `lf [`lt` Kruz). Delke, tdey ibndt lht jerepreselt`tbve hc tde khlstr`blts c`kef jy cbris bl rur`m `re`s, chr wdbkd tdese bssuesibndt je ihre biphrt`lt.

Krbie `lf fbshrfer represelt iàhr hjst`kme th culktbhlbln chr ibkrh `lf si`mmcbris. Krbie `lf tdect `re mhwer bl Jhmbvb` td`l bl i`ly htder khultrbes hc M`tbl@ierbk`. Vde cbris survey khlfuktef chr tde stufy reve`ms td`t krbie `lf fbshrferr`los thp hl tde mbsts hc khlstr`blts th prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh cbris ren`rfmess hc tdebrchri`mbty st`tus. [ee Cbnures :.0 `lf :.:. Vde chkus nrhup bltervbews chulf td`t tde

prhvbsbhl hc blputs chr restùr`lt `lf chhf s`mes jusblesses bl Em @mth w`s shietbiesfbsruptef jy jmhko`nes `lf strboes. Vdbs type hc fbsruptbhl bs `msh k`pturef jy tdephmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty v`rb`jme (see V`jme :.:). Blchri`m cbris bltervbewef bl tde tr`lsphrt




sekthr chkus nrhup rephrtef td`t tde `ccbmb`tbhl wbtd ` ulbhl w`s `msh `l blsur`lke`n`blst krbie, espekb`mmy bl kbtbes sukd `s [`lt` Kruz.

Blstbtutbhl`m `lf renum`thry khlstr`blts

Vde iàhrbty hc `mm cbris, ren`rfmess hc sbze, khlsbfer khrruptbhl ` iàhr hjst`kme. Vwhtdbrfs hc si`mm cbris khlsbfer khrruptbhl `s `l biphrt`lt hr iàhr hjst`kme th tdebrculktbhlbln, khip`ref wbtd 3: perkelt hc iefbui cbris `lf 55 perkelt hc m`rne cbris(BK@ :773). Dhwever, wdel khip`ref wbtd htder hjst`kmes, sukd `s `kkess th cbl`lke,khipetbtbhl hc tde blchri`m sekthr, hr phmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty, khrruptbhl bs lht `s s`mbeltchr `mm cbris.

Jy khltr`st, tde culktbhlbln hc tde khurts fhes lht represelt `l hjst`kme th tdeculktbhlbln hc cbris. Vdhund tde fbccerelkes `re lht st`tbstbk`mmy sbnlbcbk`lt, m`rne cbrisseei ihre khlkerlef wbtd tde culktbhlbln hc tde khurts td`l si`mm hr iefbui cbris.Blfeef, 03 perkelt hc m`rne cbri perkebvef td`t tde culktbhlbln hc khurts represelt `lbiphrt`lt hjst`kme th tdebr culktbhlbln khip`ref wbtd 4 perkelt hc si`mm cbris `lf 2perkelt hc iefbui cbris. Vdbs i`y je fue th tde c`kt td`t m`rne cbris `re ihre mboemy thnh th khurt, lht hlmy jekùse tdey elter blth chri`m khltr`kts ihre hctel td`l si`mmercbris, jut `msh jekùse tdey `re ihre mboemy th olhw dhw th cbndt ”`jusbve’ cbles td`lsi`mm hr ibkrh cbris (^hrmf J`lo :770).

Vde t`x jurfel `ccekts ihre m`rne cbris td`l ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Vde t`x r`tes`lf tde t`x `fiblbstr`tbhl `ccekt ihre m`rne cbris (;6 perkelt rephrt bt `s `l biphrt`ltth iàhr khlstr`blt) td`l si`mm cbris (wbtd hlmy :3 perkelt rephrtbln bt `s `l biphrt`lt

Cbnure :.;. Khlstr`blts hl renbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsbln `t tde iulbkbp`m mevem

Khipmyb ln wbt d m`jhr m`ws

@kkhultbln

Vde p`yielt hc t`xes

D vbln r enum`r blspektb hl

Zelewbln mb kelse llu mm y

SeryJht dershie

LhtJhtdershie

@ mbt t meJht dershie

Jht dershie

[hurke1 BCK Iulbkbp`m [khrek`rfs rephrt chr Jhmbvb` :77>.




th iàhr khlstr`blt) (BK@ :773). @s chr t`x p`yielts, tde `ver`ne tbie th khipmy wbtdt`x requbreielts chr ` mbibtef mb`jbmbty cbri (m`rne cbri) bs ihre td`l 0,777 dhurs hcm`jhr, khip`ref wbtd ` renbhl`m `ver`ne hc 6;7 dhurs. Vde tht`m t`x r`te represelts 47perkelt hc prhcbts, iukd dbnder td`l tde renbhl`m `ver`ne hc 57 perkelt (^hrmf J`lo:775k). Vde sbipmbcbef renbie chr si`mm cbris, tdhund c`st, kde`p, `lf lht requbrbln`kkhultbln jhhos, fhes lht `mmhw tde fbskhult hl S@V rekebpts chr blput purkd`ses?delke bt c`bms th je `ttr`ktbve th si`mm cbris. I`ly hc tde rekhiielf`tbhls th blkre`sechri`mbz`tbhl bl Jhmbvb` sunnest ` rechri hc tde t`x elvbrhlielt chr ` sbipmer `lfcrbelfmber t`x renbie chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris (FCBF FEKI@ :77>? BK@ :770).

Khstmy p`rtlersdbp blkhrphr`tbhl rei`bls `l hjst`kme chr si`mm cbris th re`kdekhlhibes hc sk`mes jy `sshkb`tbhl. Vde kertbcbk`te hc blkhrphr`tbhl (kertbcbk`fh fe pershleré` auréfbk ) bs lht e`sy th hjt`bl bl Jhmbvb` jekùse hc tde iumtbtufe hcrequbreielts `lf tde melntd hc tde prhkess (4‛07 ihltds). Vdbs durfme hctelfbskhur`nes blfbvbfu`m eltrepreleurs wbmmbln th phhm wbtd htders th sk`me upprhfuktbhl hr ulfertòe jbnner prhaekt (^hrmf J`lo :770).

Vde m`jhr elvbrhlielt bl Jhmbvb` bs hctel qu`mbcbef `s restrbktbve. Vde FhblnJusbless :773 r`lobln hc Jhmbvb` bmmustr`tes tdhse rbnbfbtbes. Vde fbccbkumty hc cbrblfex bs `t 077, tde dbndest phssbjme r`lobln, khip`ref wbtd :3.5 chr M`tbl @ierbk` `s `wdhme? cbrbln khsts `re `msh very dbnd `t `mihst 077 weeos hc s`m`ry, khip`ref wbtd 37chr tde renbhl. Dhwever, evbfelke crhi tde BK@ :773 sunnests td`t m`jhr renum`tbhls`re hver`mm lht ` iàhr khlstr`blt th tde culktbhlbln hc cbris, `lf `mm cbris ren`rfmess hcsbze sd`re td`t hpblbhl.

@s ` khlsequelke hc khstmy tr`fe `lf kusthis renum`tbhls, cew cbris d`ve `kkess th

biphrt`lt exphrt i`roets, wdbkd bs p`rtbkum`rmy biphrt`lt nbvel tde mbibtef sbze hc tdefhiestbk i`roet. Vde khsts `lf tbie th biphrt `lf exphrt bl Jhmbvb` `re dbnder td`ltde renbhl`m `ver`ne, `s `re tde luijers hc fhkuielts requbref.4 Dhwever, `kkhrfblnth tde BK@ :773 f`t` chr Jhmbvb`, ihst cbris, ren`rfmess hc sbze, perkebve td`t bt bs lht `khlstr`blt th tdebr culktbhlbln. Ihst blchri`m cbris `re lht t`rnetbln tde exphrt i`roet,`lf tde iblhrbty wdh `re fbf lht rephrt tr`fe `lf kusthis renum`tbhl `s ` khlstr`bltth tdebr `ktbvbty, `s tdey `re blfbrekt exphrters.

Bl sui, shie hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`m khlstr`blts seei th `ccektibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl Jhmbvb` ihre td`l m`rner cbris. Vde ihst biphrt`ltkhlstr`blts `re rem`tef th tde jusbless mbkelsbln `lf peribts renbstr`tbhl, tde t`x

`fiblbstr`tbhl `lf t`x r`tes, tde bl`fequ`temy efuk`tef whrochrke. Htder khlstr`bltsblbtb`mmy tdhundt `s biphrt`lt were perkebvef jy ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris lht `s `khlstr`blt th tdebr culktbhlbln hr prhfuktbvbty. Vdhse khlstr`blts `re rem`tef th tdem`jhr, tr`fe, `lf kusthis renum`tbhl? krbie, tdect, `lf fbshrfer? `lf `kkess th m`lf,temekhiiulbk`tbhls, `lf emektrbkbty. Hc tdhse khlstr`blts td`t `ccekt `mm cbris, shiesukd `s khrruptbhl `lf tde khipetbtbhl hc tde blchri`m sekthr khlstbtute ` iàhrhjst`kme th tde culktbhlbln hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris.

Khlkmusbhls

Zenbhl`m evbfelke sdhws ` len`tbve khrrem`tbhl jetweel prhfuktbvbty `lf blchri`mbty,wdbkd sunnests td`t tde ihre prhfuktbve ` cbri, tde mess mboemy bt bs th oeep hper`tblnbrrenum`rmy. Dhwever, prhfuktbvbty bs `ccektef jy i`ly v`rb`jmes bl `ffbtbhl thwdetder cbris hper`te chri`mmy hr blchri`mmy‖`kkess th blputs, tde prhfuktbhl




culktbhl, `lf tekdlhmhny strhlnmy blcmuelkes prhfuktbvbty, `s fhes tde hper`tbhl`m,renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`m elvbrhlielt. Chkus nrhup bltervbews hc blchri`m ibkrh`lf si`mm cbris bl sbx sekthrs sdhw tdese khlkmusbhls1

▧ @kkess th k`pbt`m seeis th je tde i`bl `lf hver`rkdbln khlstr`blt th dbnderprhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, `lf tde `kkess `lf khst hc cbl`lke `rebl turl rem`tef th blchri`mbty.

▧ @kkess th blputs khlstr`bls tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, `s tdeyfh lht d`ve `kkess th nhhf-qu`mbty blputs crhi tde mhk`m i`roets, `lf tdeysuccer crhi tde ihlhphmbstbk fbkt`thrsdbp hc blteriefb`rbes. @s ` resumt,blchri`m cbris i`y leef th juy blchri`m blputs bl shie k`ses, prhp`n`tblnblchri`mbty `mhln tde prhfuktbve kd`bl.

▧ @kkess th sobmmef whroers bs `msh ` khlstr`blt, espekb`mmy chr ibkrh cbris. Wujm

prhvbsbhl hc jusbless i`l`neielt `lf sekthr-spekbcbk prhfuktbvbty ihfumessdhumf demp th `mmevb`te tdbs khlstr`blt.▧ Wujmbk phmbky d`s ` rhme th pm`y bl tde fbccusbhl `lf `fhptbhl hc tekdlhmhny, jy

supphrtbln tde fevemhpielt hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, `s wemm `s tde kre`tbhlhc pujmbk-prbv`te `lf prbv`te-prbv`te p`rtlersdbp prhnrìs. Wujmbk phmbkbessdhumf `msh prhihte `lf supphrt blterl`m `lf exterl`m fei`lf, tdrhundexp`lfef pujmbk blvestielt th supphrt tde i`roetbln hc Jhmbvb`l prhfukts`jrh`f. Vde k`se hc Weru bl tde fevemhpielt hc tde kìembf cbjer `lf tdei`roetbln hc kìembf prhfukts k`l je ` usecum exìpme chr Jhmbvb`

▧ [hie hper`tbhl`m, renum`thry, `lf blstbtutbhl`m khlstr`blts seei th `ccekt

ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris ihre td`l htder cbris. Vdese hjst`kmes bl tde jusblesselvbrhlielt `re rem`tef th tde khipmexbty hc jusbless mbkelsbln `lf peribtsrenbstr`tbhl, tde m`x elchrkeielt hc t`x `fiblbstr`tbhl `lf t`x r`tes, `lf tdebl`fequ`temy efuk`tef whrochrke.

▧ Khrruptbhl `lf tde khipetbtbhl hc tde blchri`m sekthr `re `msh iàhrkhlstr`blts bl tde culktbhlbln `lf prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris.Delke, phmbkbes th blkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty `lf tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris sdhumf tòe blth `kkhult tde fbsthrtbln eccekt td`t tdey ibndt d`vehl tde khipetbtbhl wbtd chri`m cbris.

Lhtes0 Bt bs `l `llu`m cee th je p`bf jy e`kd est`jmbsdielt perchribln `ly oblf hc khiierkb`m `ktbvbtyth tde iulbkbp`mbty. Vdbs cee bl `ffbtbhl th tde mbkelse cee p`bf wdel renbsterbln bl tdeiulbkbp`mbty (W`frhl iulbkbp`m fe Khltrbjuyeltes ). Vde mbkelse hc hper`tbhl iust je relewef everytdree ye`rs.: F`bmy t`x p`bf jy street semmers wdh use pujmbk prhperty th tde iulbkbp`mbty.; Vde suppmy hc krefbt sektbhl bs j`sef hl blput crhi Ae`l Kmevy (Keltr`m J`lo hc Lbk`r`nu` `lf^hrmf J`lo).6 Bl tde p`s`lòu systei, every f`y ieijers nbve tde khmmektbln `nelt 07 Jhmbvb`lhs (U[$0.:7),`lf p`y dbi 37 kelt`vhs, `lf every 57 f`ys tdey `re rep`bf Js. 577. Delke ieijers p`y Js. ;7per 57 f`ys th d`ve shiehle emse s`ve chr tdei.5 [ee f`t` Jhmbvb` BK@ (:773).




3 [ee Bqj`m `lf Ur`t` :77:. Kmusterbln, wdbkd recers th tde nehnr`pdbk khlkeltr`tbhl hcblterkhllektbln khip`lbes bl p`rtbkum`r jusbless cbemfs, d`s prhvef p`rtbkum`rmy sukkesscum blblkre`sbln tde prhfuktbvbty hc si`mm cbris bl Blfhlesb` `lf A`p`l jy prhvbfbln spekb`mbz`tbhl,e`se hc prhkureielt, fbccusbhl hc tekdlhmhny, `lf pujmbk phmbky supphrt. Bl tdbs k`se, phmbkysupphrt prhvbfef jy renbhl`m mhk`m nhverlielt bl tde chri hc pujmbk testbln, rese`rkd, `lftekdlhmhny fevemhpielt kelters seeis th iòe ` fbccerelke.> Chri`m `lf m`rner cbris `re ihre mboemy th khltest cbles, `lf tde dbnd r`te `t wdbkd tdese cbles`re hverturlef bl tde c`vhr hc cbris sunnests td`t cbles `re hctel ulchulfef. Dhwever, blchri`mcbris wbmm lht f`re th tòe `ktbhl. [ee ^hrmf J`lo (:770).4 [ee Fhbln Jusbless :77>1 tde khst th exphrt (biphrt) bs U[$0,007 per khlt`bler (U[$0,:;7)khip`ref th U[$0,734 chr tde renbhl`m `ver`ne (U[$0,::3). Vde luijer hc fhkuielts requbref blhrfer th exphrt hr biphrt bs 0: khip`ref th >.; th exphrt `lf 2.5 th biphrt `t tde renbhl`m mevem.




@llex :.0. Blterest r`tes chr ibkrhkrefbt blstbtutbhls bl Jhmbvb` `lf htderM`tbl @ierbk`l khultrbes (`t elf Aule :775)



32

KD@WVEZ ;

Blchri`mbty `lf Wrhcbt`jbmbtybl Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris

dbs kd`pter preselts tde resumts hc ` lew survey, k`rrbef hut chr tdbs stufy, hl tdefeteribl`lts hc blchri`mbty, `lf tde eccekts hc chri`mbty hl tde fbielsbhl hcprhfuktbvbty rem`tef th prhcbt`jbmbty. Vde survey khvers ihre td`l 377 ibkrh, si`mm, `lf

iefbui elterprbses bl sbx Jhmbvb`l blfustrbes. ê cblf td`t chri`mbty chmmhws `khltbluui, ihvbln crhi iulbkbp`m mbkelses th t`x luijer `lf very cew si`mm `lfibkrh cbris `re renbsteref th htder mevems. @ cbri‒s fekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m bs kmhsemymbloef th tde re`shl chr nhbln blth semc-eipmhyielt, tde `jbmbty hc tde eltrepreleur thrul bts jusbless, elchrkeielt, `lf blchri`tbhl khsts rem`tef th chri`mbz`tbhl. Cbl`mmy,tde eccekt hc chri`mbz`tbhl hl prhcbt`jbmbty fepelfs hl tde sbze hc tde cbri.

ê chkus hl cbri prhcbt`jbmbty, r`tder td`l cbri prhfuktbvbty, `s hur hutkhie hcblterest bl tde eipbrbk`m `l`mysbs. Vdere `re sever`m re`shls chr tdbs kdhbke. Cbrst,prhcbt`jbmbty bs tde ie`sure hc ihst biphrt`lke th cbri hwlers wdel fekbfbln wdetderth jekhie chri`m, ren`rfmess hc wdetder chri`mbty blkre`ses prhcbts tdrhund nre`terprhfuktbvbty, `kkess th jetter blput prbkes, ekhlhibes hc sk`me, hr htder kd`llems.[ekhlf, sblke ` m`rne sd`re hc jusbless—s prhcbts bs wbtdfr`wl `s blkhie chr tde semc-eipmhyef, prhcbt bs tde ie`sure hc blterest chr khlsbferbln phverty `mmevb`tbhl. Cbl`mmy,tdere bs ` rekelt tekdlbk`m fej`te (see O`t`yì`, Mu, `lf Vyjhut :773) td`t sunnests btk`l je very d`rf th ie`sure tde prhfuktbvbty hc elterprbses, espekb`mmy usbln ` sblnmekrhss-sektbhl hc f`t`.

[bipme khip`rbshls hc chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris reve`m td`t chri`m cbris `reihre prhfuktbve. Càlzymjer, I`mhley, `lf Zha`s (:773`) estbi`te tde bip`kt hc p`yblnt`xes `lf jemhlnbln th jusbless `sshkb`tbhls hl tde perchri`lke hc Iexbk`l ibkrhelterprbses. Vdey cblf rem`tbvemy m`rne bip`kts, wbtd p`ybln t`xes estbi`tef th blkre`se jusbless prhcbts jy `t me`st :7 perkelt, `lf jemhlnbln th jusbless `sshkb`tbhls estbi tefth blkre`se jusbless prhcbts jy `t me`st 07 perkelt. Càlzymjer, I`mhley, `lf Zha`s(:773j), `lf Ihltebrh `lf @ssulîëh (:773) blvestbn`te tde bip`kt hc tde Jr`zbmb`l[BIWME[ prhnrì. Vdey cblf td`t cbris td`t hper`te wbtd ` mbkelse d`ve revelues `tme`st 0; perkelt dbnder td`l blchri`m cbris, wbtd iukd hc tdbs blkre`se khibln crhi `nre`ter wbmmblnless hc cbris th hper`te hut hc cbxef mhk`tbhls. @mtdhund tdey cblf shieevbfelke hc blkre`sef `kkess th krefbt ìhln chri`m cbris, tdbs fhes lht `kkhult chr

iukd hc tde blkre`se bl revelues hjt`blef jy cbris. @ serbes hc sekthr stufbes jy tdeIkOblsey Nmhj`m Blstbtute `rhulf tde whrmf khip`rbln tde hper`tbhl hc chri`m `lfblchri`m cbris khlkmufef td`t blchri`mbty d`s ` very len`tbve bip`kt hl prhfuktbvbty,

V



>7 ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

evel nhbln sh c`r `s th khlkmufe td`t ”bl Whrtun`m `lf Vuroey, chr blst`lke, blchri`mbty`kkhults chr le`rmy 57 perkelt hc tde hver`mm prhfuktbvbty n`p wbtd tde Ulbtef [t`tes’(C`rremm :776).

Htder stufbes fh lht sdhw ` sbnlbcbk`lt bip`kt hc sbipmbcbk`tbhl ecchrts hlrenbstr`tbhl hc ibkrh elterprbses. Vwh rekelt stufbes hl ` jusbless sbipmbcbk`tbhlprhnrì bl Iexbkh nbve re`shl th je kùtbhus `jhut tde mboemy eccekts hc ref t`perefuktbhl hl tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc si`mm cbris. @mtdhund jhtd stufbes cblf tde prhnrìblkre`sef tde luijer hc renbsteref jusblesses, tdey khlkmufe td`t tde lew renbsterefcbris kìe ebtder crhi w`ne whroers elterbln semc-eipmhyielt (Jrudl :773) hrtdrhund tde renbstr`tbhl hc m`rner blchri`m cbris wbtd whroers elterbln tde shkb`msekurbty systei (O`pm`l et `m. :773). Lebtder p`per sdhws ` m`rne sbnlbcbk`lt bip`kt hctde rechri hl renbstr`tbhl ìhln exbstbln ibkrh elterprbses. Vdbs bs khlsbstelt wbtd tdevbew td`t cbris webnd tde khsts `lf jelecbts hc jekhibln chri`m, `lf si`mm cbris seecew jelecbts. Blfeef, IkOelzbe `lf ^hhfrucc (:773`) rephrt td`t >3 perkelt hcblchri`m ibkrh elterprbses bl tdebr survey s`y tde re`shl tdey `re blchri`m bs td`t tdebr jusbless bs thh si`mm, wdere`s hlmy 07 perkelt hc cbris recer th tde khsts hr tbieblvhmvef bl renbsterbln.

Dhwever, sukd estbi`tes bnlhre tde c`kt td`t chri`mbty bs ` kdhbke hc cbris? tdemhwer prhfuktbvbty hc blchri`m cbris i`y tderechre aust recmekt mess prhfuktbve cbriskdhhsbln th rei`bl blchri`m r`tder td`l je tde khlsequelke hc blchri`mbty. Vdebfeltbcbk`tbhl str`teny hc Càlzymjer, I`mhley, `lf Zha`s (:773`) rembes hl `ssuiptbhls`jhut tde chri`mbty st`tus hc cbris jebln feteriblef ebtder hl tde j`sbs hc ` set hchjserv`jme v`rb`jmes hr tdrhund ` spekbcbk culktbhl`m chri bl tde estbi`tbhl equ`tbhl. Bc

cbris semekt blth chri`mbty hl tde j`sbs hc ulhjservef hwler `jbmbty hr cbriprhfuktbvbty, tdese i`y hverestbi`te tde bip`kt hc jekhibln chri`m. Nbvel tdequestbhls td`t stbmm exbst `s th tde i`nlbtufe hc `ly sukd eccekts, bt bs biphrt`lt th stufydhw blchri`mbty bip`kts hl cbris‒ prhfuktbvbty bl tde Jhmbvb`l khltext.

^d`t Bs tde Mevem hc Blchri`mbty ìhln tde [urveyef Cbris8

Vde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess hc ` cbri bl Jhmbvb` k`l je `kkhipmbsdef tdrhund fbccereltsteps td`t khrresphlf th fbccerelt fenrees hc chri`mbty. Jhx ;.0 suii`rbzes tde steps bltde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess. Usbln tdese steps, we `re `jme th suii`rbze tde fenree thwdbkd cbris `re chri`m `kkhrfbln th fbccerelt fbielsbhls hc chri`mbty. Bl teris hc men`mfecblbtbhls hc chri`mbty, hur survey `sos cbris wdetder tdey `re renbsteref wbtdCulfEipres`, d`ve ` LBV, d`ve ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, `lf chr tdhse cbris wbtd whroers,wdetder tdey d`ve tdebr whroers renbsteref wbtd tde KL[ (de`mtd servbke), @CW(pelsbhl culfs), `lf M`jhr Iblbstry (IV).

ê cblf td`t chri`mbty chmmhws ` khltbluui, ihvbln crhi iulbkbp`m mbkelses th t`xluijer `lf cbl`mmy th CulfEipres`. Cbnure ;.0 bmmustr`tes tde extelt hc hverm`p jetweel tde tdree i`bl men`m chris hc jusbless renbstr`tbhl. ê see td`t 66 perkelt hccbris `re khipmetemy blchri`m, :4 perkelt d`vbln aust ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, hlmy :.5perkelt d`vbln aust ` t`x luijer, :0 perkelt d`vbln ` t`x luijer `lf iulbkbp`mmbkelse, `lf 6 perkelt `msh d`vbln CulfEipres`. Mess td`l 7.5 perkelt hc cbris d`veCulfEipres` wbtdhut `msh d`vbln ` t`x luijer `lf iulbkbp`m mbkelse. Vdus,CulfEipres` `ppe`rs th je tde m`st step thw`rf chri`mbz`tbhl chr cbris wbtdhutwhroers. Zenbstr`tbhl hc whroers chr de`mtd jelecbts, pelsbhl culfs, `lf m`jhr



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris >0

prhtektbhls wbtd tde M`jhr Iblbstry `re curtder steps thw`rf cumm chri`mbty chr cbriswbtd p`bf whroers.0 Bl mbndt hc tde si`mm luijer hc cbris renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres``lf wbtd KL[, @CW `lf IV, tde rest hc tde kd`pter wbmm chkus hl tde twh ihstkhiihl steps thw`rf chri`mbty1 renbsterbln chr ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse `lf hjt`blbln ` t`xluijer.

Jhx ;.0. Vde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess bl Jhmbvb`

0. Zenbsterbln wbtd CulfEipres` `lf nettbln ` t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijer (LBV) crhi tde t`xùtdhrbtbes [ervbkbhs fe Bipuesths L`kbhl`m ([BL). Vde twh renbstr`tbhl steps `re lhtsequeltb`m bl pr`ktbke.

:. Hper`tbln wbtd ` mbkelse t tde iulbkbp`m mevem lf `t tde st`te hr sekthr`m mevem.

;. Zenbsterbln yhur eipmhyees th tde de`mtd jelecbts (Kà` L kbhl`m fe [`muf, hr KL[), tdeshkb`m sekurbty (@fiblbstr`fhr`s fe Chlfhs fe Welsbhles, hr- @CWs), `lf th tde Iblbsterbh feVr`jàh (M`jhr Iblbstry, hr IV).

Chri`mbz`tbhl Wrhkess

[hurke1 www.trìbtes.nhv.jh.

Cbnure ;.0. [d`re hc cbris `t fbccerelt fenrees hc chri`mbty

Lh renbstr`tbhl

Iulbkbp`m mbkelkehlmy

LBV hlmy

LBV + iulbkbp`mmbkelke

7%

07%

:7%

;7%

67%

57%

37%

>7%

47%

27%

077%

% h

c C b r i s

LBV +Culfeipres`+Iulbkbp`m

[hurke1 [urvey resumts.



>: ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy

Vde ihst khiihl chri hc men`m chri`mbz`tbhl bs chr ` cbri th d`ve ` iulbkbp`mmbkelse. Bl hur sìpme, 5; perkelt hc cbris d`ve ` mbkelse, :> perkelt d`ve ` t`x luijer,`lf hlmy 5 perkelt `re renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres`. Vde m`rne iàhrbty hc cbris wbtdp`bf whroers (4> perkelt) d`ve lht renbsteref ` sblnme whroer wbtd tde l`tbhl`m de`mtdblsur`lke, ` pelsbhl culf, hr tde M`jhr Iblbstry.

@ffbtbhl`m evbfelke td`t renbsterbln chr ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse bs ` cbrst step thw`rfchri`mbz`tbhl chr shie cbris k`l je seel jy exìblbln wdel cbris renbsteref. Cbriswbtd ` t`x luijer `lf/hr ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse were `soef dhw mhln tdey d`f jeel bl jusbless `t tde tbie hc renbstr`tbhl (V`jme ;.0). Hver twh tdbrfs hc cbris renbster `t tdetbie hc st`rt-up hr wbtdbl tde cbrst ye`r, wbtd hlmy ` 0;‛03 perkelt hc renbsteref cbrisrenbsterbln `cter tdey d`f jeel bl jusbless chr tdree hr ihre ye`rs. Bc we mhho `t tdecbris td`t d`ve jhtd ` t`x luijer `lf ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, 33 perkelt nht tdei jhtdwbtdbl tde sìe ye`r, :> perkelt nht tde iulbkbp`m mbkelse cbrst, `lf > perkelt nht tdebrt`x luijer cbrst.

V`jme ;.0. Werkelt`ne hc cbris renbsterbln chr t`x bfeltbcbk`tbhl luijers `lfiulbkbp`m mbkelses, jy tde `ne hc tde cbri t renbstr`tbhl

@ne hc cbri `t renbstr`tbhl LBV Iulbkbp`m mbkelse7 (renbstr`tbhl wdel cbri jen`l) 53 52Mess td`l 0 ye`r 0: 050 th : ye`rs 03 0;; th 6 ye`rs 5 5

5 hr ihre ye`rs 00 4[hurke1 [urvey resumts.

Htder chris hc chri`mbz`tbhl `re lht wbfemy usef. Htder, mess men`mbstbk fbielsbhlshc chri`mbty blkmufe tde extelt th wdbkd cbris oeep `kkhults, tde type hc preibses td`t jusblesses hper`te hut hc, tde fenree th wdbkd tdey use rekebpts, `lf wdetder hr lhttdey jemhln th blfustry `sshkb`tbhls hrsblfbk`ths. ^dbme twh tdbrfs hc tde cbris oeepshie chri hc jusbless rekhrfs, hlmy :4 perkelt use chri`m `kkhultbln servbkes. Hle-tdbrf hc tde jusblesses hper`te bl ` cbxef mhk`tbhl hutsbfe hc tde dhusedhmf, wbtd tderest ebtder hper`tbln wbtdbl tdebr hwl fwemmbln, hr bl blchri`m mhk`tbhls sukd `siòesdbct i`roets hr fbrektmy semmbln hl tde street. Hlmy 5 perkelt hc cbris s`y tdey`mw`ys nbve ` rekebpt wbtd s`mes, wbtd 0; perkelt hc cbris s`ybln tdey nbve ` rekebpt `tme`st d`mc hc tde tbie. Vdese rekebpts k`l hlmy je bssuef jy cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer.Dhwever, fepelfbln hl tde t`x renbie hc tde bssuer, tde rekebpts i`y hr i`y lht jeembnbjme chr t`x reculfs.

Chri`mbty telfs th je dbndest bl tde tr`lsphrt`tbhl, nrhkerbes, `lf chhf s`messekthrs `lf mhwest bl tde kìembf sekthr. [urvey resumts jy blfustry `re nbvel bl V`jme;.:. Ieijersdbp bl `l `sshkb`tbhl bs strhlnest bl tde tr`lsphrt`tbhl sekthr, wdere cbrihwlers s`y tde jelecbt hc ieijersdbp bs bl prhtektbhl hc tdebr rhute, `lf bl dempblntdei th lenhtb`te wbtd blspekthrs `lf tde nhverlielt.



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris >;

V`jme ;.:. Werkelt`ne hc chri`m cbris, jy fbielsbhls hc chri`mbty `lf jy blfustry

Jy Blfustry

@mmcbris Kmhtdbln Vr`lsphrt Nrhkerbes

Chhfs`mes ^hhf Kìembfs

Zenbsteref wbtdCulfEipres`

5 3 00 6 ; 6 :

D`ve ` LBV :> :3 :2 ;3 ;4 :4 4

D`ve ` iulbkbp`mmbkelke 5; 63 3; >5 30 30 0:

Oeep chri`m`kkhults

07 2 0: 2 0: 0; 5

Oeep shie chri hc`kkhults

33 >; 34 3> >; 34 64

@mw`ys fei`lfrekebpt chr purkd`ses

:4 :> 56 ;0 :7 :2 4

@mw`ys nbve rekebptwbtd s`mes

5 6 > 5 6 > ;

Nbve ` rekebpt wbtds`mes `t me`st 57%

0; 00 0; 03 06 :0 ;

Chri`m mhk`tbhlhutsbfe fwemmbln

;: ;2 6> ;0 ;: 02 :5

Jemhln th ` sblfbk`thhr sshkb`tbhl

:> 06 3; 4 0> :5 ;;

Cbris wbtd p`bfwhroers

^hroer renbsteref

wbtd KL[ (de`mtd)

07 > 07 03 4 0; 6

^hroer renbsterefwbtd @CW (pelsbhls)

3 > 6 5 4 > 6

^hroer renbsterefwbtd IV (m`jhr)

4 07 00 00 4 3 6

[ìpme [bze 3:2 070 00: 07; 07> 077 073

[ìpme sbze wbtdp`bf whroers

;>2 >7 >: ;4 >: 4: 65


Chri`mbty bs p`rtbkum`rmy mhw bl rur`m `re`s. Hur sìpme hc whhf `lf kìembf cbrisbs rhundmy spmbt d`mc `lf d`mc jetweel rur`m `lf urj`l mhk`tbhls. Hlmy 07 perkelt hctdese cbris bl rur`m `re`s d`ve ` t`x luijer, khip`ref wbtd :3 perkelt bl urj`l `re`s,`lf lh rur`m cbris bl hur survey `re renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres`. Dhwever, rur`mcbris `re hlmy smbndtmy mess mboemy th d`ve ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse td`l urj`l cbris bl tdesìe blfustrbes. Cbris bl rur`m `re`s `re c`rtder `w`y crhi tde hccbkes `t wdbkdrenbstr`tbhl tòes pm`ke, iòbln renbstr`tbhl ihre khstmy. Bl `ffbtbhl, tdey rekebvecewer vbsbts crhi t`x blspekthrs td`l urj`l cbris. Hlmy :7 perkelt hc rur`m whhf cbris`lf : perkelt hc rur`m kìembf cbris d`f rekebvef ` vbsbt crhi ` t`x blspekthr bl :773,khip`ref wbtd 60 perkelt hc urj`l whhf cbris `lf 03 perkelt hc urj`l kìembf cbris.

Chri`mbty blkre`ses wbtd cbri sbze, jut evel cbris wbtd 00 hr ihre whroers d`vemhw khipmb`lke bl shie fbielsbhls. Cbnure ;.: sdhws tde perkelt`ne hc cbriskhipmybln wbtd fbccerelt men`m `spekts hc chri`mbty, `kkhrfbln th tde luijer hc




whroers tdey d`ve. Bl hur sìpme, lh cbri wbtdhut whroers bs renbsteref wbtdCulfEipres`, khip`ref wbtd hle-tdbrf hc cbris wbtd 00 hr ihre whroers. Chr e`kdcbri sbze, we see td`t ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse bs tde ihst khiihl chri hc chri`mbty,chmmhwef jy ` t`x luijer. ^hroer renbstr`tbhl bs mhw ìhln cbris wbtd 07 hr cewerwhroers1 mess td`l 07 perkelt hc tdese cbris d`ve ` whroer renbsteref ulfer `ly hc tdetdree types hc whroer renbstr`tbhl. Evel ìhln cbris wbtd 00 hr ihre whroers, hlmyd`mc hc tdei d`ve whroers renbsteref.

Cbnure ;.:. Kd`r`kterbstbks hc chri`mbty, jy cbri sbze

7

07

:7

;7

67

57

37

>7

47

27

7 0 th 6 5 th 07 00 hr ihre

Luijer hc ^hroers

% h

c c b r i s

Zenbsteref wbtd CULFEIWZE[@

D`ve ` LBV

D`ve Iulbkbp`m Mbkelke

^hroer renbsteref wbtd KL[(de`mtd)^hroer renbsteref wbtd @CW(pelsbhls)^hroer renbsteref wbtd IV(m`jhr)

[hurke1 [urvey resumts.Lhte1 Nbvel td`t hur survey hlmy khvers cbris hc sbze up th :5eipmhyees, bl shie blfustrbes tde fbstrbjutbhl hc cbris renbstr`tbhl th CulfEipres`,IV, KL[, i`y lht i`tkd nhverlielt cbnures.

Khipmb`lke bs dbnd wbtd kert`bl blfustry-spekbcbk men`m requbreielts. Bltr`lsphrt`tbhl, 2> perkelt hc cbris s`y td`t `mm tdebr frbvers d`ve frbvers‒ mbkelses, `lf27 perkelt hc tr`lsphrt`tbhl cbris d`ve tdebr vedbkmes renbsteref bl tde ùthihjbme

renbstry. Bl tde whhf blfustry, twh tdbrfs hc cbris s`y td`t `t me`st d`mc tde whhf tdeyuse bs kertbcbef, `mtdhund hlmy :: perkelt s`y td`t 077 perkelt hc tde whhf tdey use bskertbcbef. Hur survey khlt`bls very cew exphrters1 hlmy 4 cbris bl whhf `lf 05 blkìembfs. Dhwever, ìhln tdese, hlmy ` iblhrbty jemhln th tde kdìjer hc exphrters1 :whhf cbris `lf 6 kìembf cbris. Nbvel tdbs si`mm luijer hc exphrters, we k`llhtexìble tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl tde mboembdhhf hc exphrtbln.

^dbkd Cbris Kdhhse th Jekhie Chri`m8

Cbri hwlers wbmm kdhhse th jekhie chri`m bc tde jelecbts crhi fhbln sh hutwebnd tdekhsts. ê jenbl jy exìblbln wd`t cbri hwlers perkebve `s tde jelecbts `lf khsts, `lftdel ekhlhietrbk`mmy ihfem tde fekbsbhl hc ` cbri th chri`mbze.




Khsts `lf jelecbts hc blchri`mbty `lf chri`mbty

Cbris rephrt td`t tde i`bl jelecbt hc d`vbln ` t`x luijer bs th ”hjey tde m`w,’ htder jelecbts blkmufe blkre`sbln tde luijer hc kusthiers `lf `vhbfbln cbles. V`jme ;.;sdhws td`t `mihst d`mc hc tde cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer s`y ”hjeybln tde m`w’ bs tdei`bl jelecbt. Hle qu`rter s`y td`t tde i`bl jelecbt bs blkre`sbln tde kmbelt j`se,tdrhund jebln `jme th k`ter th kmbelts wdh leef t`x rekebpts, ebtder chr km`bis hr chr t`xreculfs. @jhut 04 perkelt s`y tde i`bl jelecbt bs `vhbfbln cbles, `lf >; perkelt hccbris wbtd ` t`x luijer s`y tdey were vbsbtef jy ` t`x blspekthr bl :773, khip`refwbtd hlmy 03 perkelt hc cbris wbtdhut ` t`x luijer. V`x blspektbhls `re ihst khiihlchr cbris bl nrhkerbes `lf chhf s`mes‖wdere 57 perkelt hc cbris rekebvef `lblspektbhl‖`lf ìhln m`rner cbris1 30 perkelt hc cbris wbtd cbve hr ihre whroersrekebvef `l blspektbhl, khip`ref wbtd 0> perkelt hc cbris wbtd lh whroers `lf :7perkelt hc cbris wbtd hle th chur whroers.

V`jme ;.;. Zenbsteref cbris‒ perkeptbhls hc tde i`bl jelecbt hc d`vbln ` t`x luijer`lf iulbkbp`m mbkelse

% hc cbris wbtd LBV % hc cbris wbtd iulbkbp`m mbkelse

Blkre`sbln kmbelt j`se :5 4

@vhbfbln cbles 04 :2

Zefukbln jrbjes : 5

Jetter `kkess th krefbt : :

Hjeybln tde m`w 6> 5:

Lh jelecbt hr fhl't olhw 3 5


Vde i`bl jelecbts hc d`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, `kkhrfbln th renbsteref cbris, `reth ”hjey tde m`w’ `lf th `vhbf cbles. Jetweel 33 `lf >7 perkelt hc nrhkery `lf chhfs`mes cbris rephrt d`vbln jeel vbsbtef jy ` iulbkbp`m blspekthr bl :773, khlcbribln tdevbew td`t iulbkbp`m blspektbhls `re qubte khiihl bl tdese sekthrs. Hlmy : perkelt hccbris s`y td`t jetter `kkess th krefbt bs tde i`bl jelecbt hc jebln chri`m.

Vde cew cbris td`t `re renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres` fhl‒t see iukd jelecbt crhi jebln renbsteref. [hie ;2 perkelt hc cbris s`y tdey fhl‒t olhw hc `ly jelecbt, wdbme 65perkelt s`y tde i`bl jelecbt bs hjeybln tde m`w `lf jebln men`m. Delke, cbris seeCulfEipres` `s `l ullekess`ry step td`t tdey d`ve th khipmy wbtd (chr blst`lke thexphrt hr `kkess nhverlielt khltr`kts) jut td`t fhes lht jelecbt tdei.

Vde iàhrbty hc cbris td`t `re lht renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres` d`ve lever de`rfhc bt `lf fhl‒t olhw wd`t bt fhes. Cbris td`t fbf lht d`ve ` t`x luijer `lf cbris lhtrenbsteref wbtd CulfEipres` were `soef tde re`shls chr lht renbsterbln. Hlmy 00perkelt hc cbris km`bi th olhw wd`t CulfEipres` fhes, wbtd ` curtder 2 perkelt hccbris s`ybln tdey d`ve de`rf hc CulfEipres` jut fhl‒t olhw wd`t bt fhes. @ihlntde cbris td`t km`bi th olhw wd`t CulfEipres` bs, jut d`vel‒t renbsteref, tde i`blre`shls nbvel chr lht renbsterbln `re td`t tdey fhl‒t see `ly jelecbt (;4 perkelt) `lftdey tdblo tdebr jusbless bs thh si`mm (64 perkelt).

I`ly cbris `msh d`ve mbibtef olhwmefne `jhut tde prhkess hc nettbln ` t`xluijer. @mihst d`mc hc `mm cbris wbtdhut ` t`x luijer (6: perkelt) s`y tdey fhl‒tolhw wd`t ` t`x luijer bs, `lf ;5 perkelt s`y tdey fhl‒t olhw dhw th renbster. Hlmy




67 perkelt hc ulrenbsteref cbris s`y tdey olhw wdere tde le`rest hccbke hc tde [ervbkbhfe Bipuesths L`kbhl`mes bs. Htder i`bl re`shls nbvel chr lht d`vbln ` t`x luijer `retd`t tde jusbless bs thh si`mm (35 perkelt), tde prhkess bs thh tbie khlsuibln (;3perkelt), `lf tde khsts hc hper`tbln wdel renbsteref `re thh dbnd (;; perkelt).

Ihfembln tde kdhbke hc cbris th je chri`m

Cbris wbmm webnd tde jelecbts `lf khsts `sshkb`tef wbtd chri`mbty `lf kdhhse wdetderhr lht th renbster. Vde phteltb`m jelecbts hc jekhibln chri`m `re `l blkre`se blprhcbt`jbmbty `s ` resumt hc dbnder prhfuktbvbty `lf jetter `kkess th i`roets `lf thk`pbt`m, creefhi crhi cbles mevbef `n`blst blchri`m cbris, d`r`ssielt, petty khrruptbhl,`lf perd`ps shie ihr`m hr psykdbk jelecbt `sshkb`tef wbtd khipmb`lke wbtd tde m`w.Hle blterpret`tbhl hc cbris resphlfbln td`t tde i`bl jelecbt hc chri`mbzbln bs th hjeytde m`w bs td`t tdbs represelts shie ihr`m hr psykdbk jelecbt, `mtdhund `lhtderblterpret`tbhl bs td`t bt `msh represelts mess khlkerl `jhut blspektbhls `lf cbles jeblnmevbef chr lhlkhipmb`lke.

Khsts hc chri`mbz`tbhl blkmufe tde ihley `lf tbie khsts hc renbsterbln, tde t`xkhsts blvhmvef chr hlnhbln jusbless, `lf tde blchri`tbhl`m khsts `sshkb`tef wbtdme`rlbln `jhut `lf fekbpderbln khipmex renbstr`tbhl prhkefures. V`jme 0.5 bl Kd`pter0 suii`rbzes tde tbie `lf ihley khsts hc renbsterbln, sdhwbln td`t hl `ver`ne bt tòes:; f`ys `lf khsts Js. :,564 th cummy renbster ` ulbpershl`m cbri (`mtdhund hlmy 6 f`ys`lf Js. : th net ` t`x luijer). Iefb`l rephrtef prhcbts chr cbris bl hur sìpme `reJs. 405 per ihltd, sh tdbs represelts tdree ihltds prhcbts. Vde m`ko hc olhwmefne`jhut renbstr`tbhl fbspm`yef jy cbris, sdhws td`t tde blchri`tbhl`m khsts hc renbstr`tbhl`re `msh biphrt`lt. Cbl`mmy, bt bs `msh mboemy th je e`sber chr `l blchri`m cbri th jekhiechri`m td`l chr ` chri`m cbri th try th jekhie blchri`m, sh `lhtder khst hc chri`mbzblnlhw bs tde mhss hc tde hptbhl hc kd`lnbln chri`mbty st`tus bl tde cuture.

[hie khsts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `re tde sìe chr `mm cbris, jut htders fepelf hl tdesbze `lf l`ture hc tde cbri. @mtdhund tde ihlet`ry khsts hc renbsterbln `re lht v`rb`jme,htder khsts wbmm v`ry wbtd tde sbze hc tde cbri (chr exìpme, t`xes `lf tde mboembdhhf hcelchrkeielt), tde `jbmbty hc tde cbri hwler, `lf tde extelt th wdbkd tdey dhpe th nrhwtdebr jusbless bl tde cuture. Vde prhj`jbmbty td`t ` cbri wbmm je chri`m `kkhrfbln th `p`rtbkum`r chri`mbty ie`sure bs tdel ` culktbhl hc tde let jelecbt crhi renbsterbln,wdbkd we ihfem sbipmy `s ` culktbhl hc hwler, cbri, sekthr, `lf mhk`tbhlkd`r`kterbstbks.:

Hwler kd`r`kterbstbks `ccekt tde fekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m lht hlmy tdrhund tdebreccekt hl kurrelt `lf cuture prhcbt`jbmbty, jut `msh tdrhund perkeptbhls hc tde ihr`m hrpsykdbk jelecbts hc chri`mbty. Hwler kd`r`kterbstbks k`l `msh `ccekt tde fenree th wdbkdkrefbt khlstr`blts jblf, wdbkd khumf `msh `ccekt tde fekbsbhl th chri`mbze nbvel tdemuip-sui blbtb`m khsts hc chri`mbzbln. Vde hwler kd`r`kterbstbks we blkmufe `re `khijbl`tbhl hc st`lf`rf v`rb`jmes, sukd `s nelfer, i`rbt`m st`tus, `lf efuk`tbhl?cìbmy j`konrhulf v`rb`jmes, sukd `s wdetder hr lht tde hwler sphoe `l blfbnelhusm`lnu`ne `s ` kdbmf, wdetder tde hwler‒s c`tder hwlef ` jusbless, `lf ` ie`sure hcdhw phhr tde blfbvbfu`m w`s `s ` kdbmf?; `lf `ffbtbhl`m v`rb`jmes bltelfef th ie`sure

tde hwler‒s `jbmbty `lf re`shls chr nhbln blth jusbless. Vdese v`rb`jmes blkmufeeltrepreleurb`m semc-eccbk`ky (` khijbl`tbhl hc `jbmbty `lf semc-khlcbfelke, see fe Iem,IkOelzbe, `lf ^hhfrucc :77>) `lf wdetder `l blfbvbfu`m s`ys ` very biphrt`lt



Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris >>

re`shl chr kdhhsbln semc-eipmhyielt hver w`ne whro w`s th k`re chr cìbmy ieijers`mhln wbtd whro, th d`ve cmexbjme dhurs, `lf chr tde phssbjbmbty hc jusbless nrhwtd. êwhumf expekt ihre `jme blfbvbfu`ms wdh re`mmy w`lt th nrhw tdebr jusbless th je ihremboemy th jekhie chri`m td`l blfbvbfu`ms wdhse i`bl re`shl chr jebln bl semc-eipmhyielt `re lhlpekulb`ry c`kthrs.

Kbty `lf blfustry kd`r`kterbstbks `re `msh khlsbferef bl `l`myzbln tde surveyresumts. Bl `ffbtbhl th tdese hwler kd`r`kterbstbks, we `ff fuiiy v`rb`jmes chr tde kbty`lf blfustry. Elchrkeielt bs ie`suref jy tde prhphrtbhl hc cbris bl tde sìe kbty `lfblfustry td`t rekebvef blspektbhls jy t`x blspekthrs bl :773. ê expekt td`t ` cbri bsihre mboemy th je chri`m (hr ceem tde jurfel hc blchri`mbty) wdel cbris bl bts blfustry`lf kbty `re blspektef renum`rmy. Usbln nehnr`pdbk phsbtbhlbln (NW[) f`t` hl tdemhk`tbhl hc tde cbri, we `msh khltrhm chr tde fbst`lke hc tde cbri crhi tde kelter hc tdekbty tdey `re bl hr kmhsest th. Vdbs bs ` prhxy chr `kkess th i`roets. Cbxef khsts hcrenbstr`tbhl `re k`pturef bl tde khlst`lt teri, wdbme khsts hc chri`mbty td`t v`ry wbtdprhcbt`jbmbty `re khltrhmmef chr tdrhund tde hwler `lf cbri feteribl`lts hcprhcbt`jbmbty.

Cbri sbze bs mboemy th `ccekt jhtd tde khsts `lf jelecbts hc jebln chri`m. Cbri sbzeibndt `msh je `ccektef jy wdetder tde cbri bs chri`m1 hwlers hc blchri`m cbris i`ykdhhse th st`y rem`tbvemy si`mm th refuke tde kd`lkes hc fetektbhl, wdbme m`rner chri`mcbris i`y d`ve nrhwl m`rne tdrhund reblvestbln tde extr` prhcbts `rbsbln crhi jeblnchri`m. @s ` resumt, cbri sbze bs mboemy th je elfhnelhus th tde chri`mbty fekbsbhl. êtderechre ihfem chri`mbty jhtd wbtd `lf wbtdhut khlfbtbhlbln hl cbri sbze, wdere cbrisbze bs ie`suref jy tde mhn hc k`pbt`m sthko, exkmufbln m`lf `lf jubmfblns, `lf jy

fuiiy v`rb`jmes chr hle th chur whroers, cbve th tel whroers, `lf emevel hr ihrewhroers.Vr`vem tbie `lf blchri`tbhl`m khsts `msh `ccekt chri`mbz`tbhl. Cbl`mmy, we prhxy tde

tr`vem tbie `lf blchri`tbhl`m khsts hc renbstr`tbhl wbtd tde fbst`lke hc tde cbri crhitde nhverlielt hccbke wdere renbstr`tbhl tòes pm`ke. Vdbs bs tde @mk`mfb` hccbke chriulbkbp`m mbkelses, tde [ervbkbh fe Bipuesths L`kbhl`mes ([BL) hccbke chr t`x luijers,`lf CulfEipres` hccbke chr CulfEipres` renbstr`tbhl. Fbst`lke bs ie`suref usblnNW[ khhrfbl`tes hc tde cbris `lf tdese hccbkes, `lf bs tde str`bndt-mble fbst`lke. Bl `felse urj`l elvbrhlielt str`bndt-mble fbst`lkes sdhumf prhvbfe ` kmhse `pprhxbi`tbhlth tr`vem fbst`lkes (Nbjshl `lf IkOelzbe :77>). @llexes ;.0 `lf ;.: prhvbfe tde

estbi`tef i`rnbl`m eccekts crhi tdbs estbi`tbhl. ê suii`rbze tde resumts dere.^dh dhmfs iulbkbp`m mbkelses8 Iulbkbp`m mbkelses `re ihre khiihl chr ihre `jmeeltrepreleurs wdh d`ve nrhkery sthres, mbve kmhse th tde kbty kelter, `lf wdhse c`tdershwlef jusblesses. Mbkelses `re mess khiihl chr blfbvbfu`ms nhbln blth semc-eipmhyielt bl hrfer th je `jme th `msh k`re chr kdbmfrel hr p`relts `lf chr cbris blkmhtdbln `lf kìembf blfustrbes. Iulbkbp`m mbkelses `re `msh mess khiihl bl Em @mthtd`l bl htder kbtbes. Cbri sbze `msh bs `l extreiemy strhln prefbkthr hc mbkelsbln1 ` cbriwbtd 00 hr ihre whroers bs ;> perkelt`ne phblts ihre mboemy th d`ve ` mbkelse td`l `cbri wbtd lh whroers, wdbme ` cbri `t tde >5td perkeltbme hc tde k`pbt`m sthkofbstrbjutbhl bs 0: perkelt`ne phblts ihre mboemy th d`ve ` LBV td`l hle `t tde :5tdperkeltbme. Htder m`rne i`nlbtufes `re1




▧ 06 th 03 perkelt`ne phblts mhwer mboembdhhf hc ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse chr tdhse blsemc-eipmhyielt bl hrfer th je `jme th k`re chr cìbmy

▧ 3 th 4 perkelt`ne phblts dbnder mboembdhhf chr shiehle `t tde >5td perkeltbme hctde eltrepreleurb`m semc-eccbk`ky fbstrbjutbhl khip`ref wbtd shiehle `t tde:5td perkeltbme

▧ 4 th 07 perkelt`ne phblts dbnder mboembdhhf chr shiehle wdhse c`tder hwlef ` jusbless

▧ > th 2 perkelt`ne phblts mhwer mboembdhhf chr ` cbri mhk`tef ;.6 obmhieters crhitde kbty kelter (tde iefb`l) khip`ref wbtd ` cbri mhk`tef rbndt `t tde kbtykelter.

^dh d`s ` t`x luijer8 V`x luijers `re ihre khiihl chr hmfer, ihre `jmeeltrepreleurs, wdh welt blth semc-eipmhyielt chr tde prhspekt hc jusbless nrhwtd,

c`ke dbnd t`x blspektbhl r`tes bl tdebr kbty `lf blfustry, `lf mbve kmhse th tde [BL hccbkewdere renbstr`tbhl tòes pm`ke. V`x luijers `re mess khiihl chr blfbvbfu`ms nhblnblth semc-eipmhyielt bl hrfer th je `jme th `msh k`re chr kdbmfrel hr p`relts `lf chrcbris bl Em @mth `lf M` W`z khip`ref wbtd cbris bl [`lt` Kruz `lf Khkd`jìj`.Khltrhmmbln chr tdese v`rb`jmes, tdere bs lh sbnlbcbk`lt fbccerelke `krhss blfustrbes.@n`bl cbri sbze bs `msh `l extreiemy strhln prefbkthr1 ` cbri wbtd 00 hr ihre whroers bs3: perkelt`ne phblts ihre mboemy th d`ve ` t`x luijer td`l ` cbri wbtd lh whroers,`lf ` cbri `t tde >5td perkeltbme hc tde k`pbt`m sthko fbstrbjutbhl bs 0: perkelt`ne phbltsihre mboemy th d`ve ` mbkelse td`l hle `t tde :5td perkeltbme. Htder m`rne i`nlbtufes`re1

▧ > th 07 perkelt`ne phblts mhwer mboembdhhf chr tdhse bl semc-eipmhyielt blhrfer th je `jme th k`re chr cìbmy

▧ 3 th 2 perkelt`ne phblts dbnder mboembdhhf chr shiehle `t tde >5td perkeltbme hctde eltrepreleurb`m semc-eccbk`ky fbstrbjutbhl khip`ref th shiehle `t tde :5tdperkeltbme

▧ :2 th 60 perkelt`ne phblts dbnder mboembdhhf chr ` cbri bl ` kbty `lf blfustrywdere 6; perkelt hc cbris rekebve ` t`x blspektbhl (`s bs tde k`se hc nrhkerbes bl[`lt` Kruz), tde >5td perkeltbme hc tde t`x blspektbhl fbstrbjutbhl, khip`ref th` cbri bl ` kbty `lf blfustry wdere 06 perkelt hc cbris rekebve ` t`x blspektbhl(sukd `s Vr`lsphrt bl Em @mth), tde :5td perkeltbme

▧ 3 th 2 perkelt`ne phblts dbnder chr blfbvbfu`ms wdh welt blth semc-eipmhyielt chr tde prhspekt hc jusbless nrhwtd

▧ 00 th 06 perkelt`ne phblts mhwer mboembdhhf chr ` cbri ;.6 obmhieters crhi tde[BL hccbke (tde iefb`l fbst`lke) khip`ref wbtd ` cbri mhk`tef rbndt lext th tde[BL hccbke.

[bibm`r c`kthrs prefbkt wdetder ` cbri wbtd ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse `msh d`s ` t`xluijer. Hmfer, ihre `jme hwlers, wbtd dbnd t`x blspektbhl r`tes, wdh mbve kmhser th tde[BL hccbke `re ihre mboemy th d`ve ` t`x luijer khlfbtbhl`m hl d`vbln ` iulbkbp`mmbkelse, `s `re m`rner cbris. Kìembf cbris, wdbkd `re mess mboemy td`l cbris bl htdersekthrs th net ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, `re ihre mboemy th net ` t`x luijer bc tdey d`ve ìulbkbp`m mbkelse.




Vde si`mm luijer hc cbris renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres` mbibts tde extelt th wdbkdwe k`l ihfem tdbs renbstr`tbhl fekbsbhl. M`rner cbris `lf ihre `jme hwlers `re ihremboemy th je renbsteref wbtd CulfEipres`, jut wdel we khltrhm chr luierhuskd`r`kterbstbks sbiumt`lehusmy, lh sblnme kd`r`kterbstbk bs sbnlbcbk`lt.

Vde fekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m fhes lht sbnlbcbk`ltmy v`ry jy nelfer, i`rbt`mst`tus, m`lnu`ne `s ` kdbmf, phverty mevem `s ` kdbmf, hr efuk`tbhl mevem, khlfbtbhl`m htdese htder kd`r`kterbstbks. ^hiel d`ve ` mhwer mevem hc chri`mbty td`l iel wdel wefhl‒t khltrhm chr fbccerelkes bl kd`r`kterbstbks1 :: perkelt hc whiel d`ve ` t`x luijer`lf 63 perkelt ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, khip`ref wbtd ;; perkelt hc iel wdh d`ve ` t`xluijer `lf 37 perkelt wdh d`ve ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse. Dhwever, tdese fbccerelkes k`l je expm`blef jy fbccerelkes bl tde ihtbv`tbhls chr nhbln blth semc-eipmhyielt (whiel`re ihre mboemy th v`mue tde `jbmbty th k`re chr cìbmy), fbccerelkes bl semc-eccbk`ky (whiel bl hur sìpme d`ve mhwer eltrepreleurb`m eccbk`ky td`l iel), `lf fbccerelkesbl tde blfustrbes bl wdbkd iel `lf whiel `re ihre khlkeltr`tef. Mboewbse, wdbmeihre efuk`tef blfbvbfu`ms `re ihre mboemy th je chri`m, tde `jbmbty hc tde hwler `lfre`shls chr jebln bl jusbless i`tter ihre td`l efuk`tbhl `mhle chr feteriblbln tdekdhbke th jekhie chri`m.

@ihln jbnner cbris, shie hc tde ihre `jme eltrepreleurs i`y je hptbln hut hcchri`mbty jekùse tdey fhl‒t see `ly jelecbt bl bt. ê khlsbfer cbris wbtd whroers `lfk`pbt`m sthko `jhve tde >5td perkeltbme hc hur sìpme1 td`t bs, wbtd ihre td`l cbvewhroers `lf wbtd k`pbt`m sthko hc Js. ;>,777 hr ihre1 34 perkelt hc tdese cbris d`ve `t`x luijer, `lf 4: perkelt d`ve ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse. ^del we ihfem chri`mbty chrtdese m`rner cbris, we cblf td`t hwlers wbtd dbnder mevems hc semc-eccbk`ky `re mess mbo

th d`ve ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse hr t`x luijer, `lf `ffbtbhl`mmy, eltrepreleurs `ttr`ktef thsemc-eipmhyielt jekùse hc tde kd`lke hc nrhwbln tdebr jusbless `re mess mboemy th d`ve` t`x luijer. @ihln tdese jbnner hwlers wbtdhut ` t`x luijer, 3: perkelt s`y td`thle re`shl chr lht d`vbln hle bs td`t tdey see lh jelecbt bl fhbln sh. Vdbs khltr`stswbtd tde si`mmer cbris, wdere bt bs tde ihre `jme eltrepreleurs wdh `re chri`m.

Dhw Fhes Blchri`mbty @ccekt Wrhcbt`jbmbty8

Blchri`m cbris d`ve mhw prhfuktbvbty `lf mhw prhcbt`jbmbty. Bl hur survey, we see td`ttde iefb`l ihltdmy prhcbts hc cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re Js. 0,577, khip`ref wbtdJs. >77 chr cbris wbtdhut ` t`x luijer. Dhwever, bt bs mess kme`r wdetder tdese mhwerprhcbts `re tde khlsequelke hc blchri`mbty hr hle hc bts kùses. ê tderechre use tde`l`mysbs bl tde prevbhus sektbhl th ihfem tde kdhbke th jekhie chri`m `lf, j`sef hltdbs, estbi`te tde bip`kt hc blchri`mbty hl cbri prhcbts.

ê khlsbfer tdree `pprh`kdes th ie`sure tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl prhcbt`jbmbty.Hur ietdhfs blkmufe (b) `l hrfbl`ry me`st squ`res renressbhl (HM[)? (bb) ` Vre`tieltEccekts renressbhl td`t trbes th tòe `kkhult hc tde phteltb`m elfhnelebty hc chri`mbty?`lf (bbb) `l estbi`te usbln prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln. [ee @llex ;.6 chr tde estbi`tbhlietdhfs `lf tde kdhbke hc blstruielts th khrrekt chr elfhnelebty.

Vde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl prhcbts

Zesumts crhi tde HM[ renressbhl sdhw nre`ter bip`kt crhi hjt`blbln ` iulbkbp`mmbkelse td`l ` t`x luijer. Vde blkre`se bl prhcbts `sshkb`tef wbtd chri`mbty frhps `s wekhltrhm chr ihre `lf ihre kd`r`kterbstbks hc tde hwler `lf cbri (Cbnure ;.; `lf @llex




;.;). ^del we aust khltrhm chr blfustry `lf mhk`tbhl, cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re chulfth d`ve 35 perkelt dbnder prhcbts, `lf cbris wbtd ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse 52 perkelt dbnderprhcbts. Khltrhmmbln chr tde nelfer, `ne, i`rbt`m st`tus, m`lnu`ne, kdbmfdhhf phvertyst`tus, `lf efuk`tbhl hc tde hwler hlmy l`rrhws tdbs n`p smbndtmy‖fhwl th 5> perkeltchr tdhse wbtd t`x luijers `lf 53 perkelt chr tdhse wbtd iulbkbp`m mbkelses. Hursurvey khlt`bls rbkder f`t` hl eltrepreleurb`m `jbmbty td`l ihst surveys hc ibkrhelterprbses. Khltrhmmbln chr tdese `jbmbty `lf ihtbv`tbhl ie`sures mhwers tdekheccbkbelt curtder, bl `kkhrf`lke wbtd tde vbew td`t `jbmbty `lf chri`mbty `rekhipmeielts chr tde sìpme `s ` wdhme. Dhwever, evel khltrhmmbln chr `jbmbty, we cblfprhcbts th je 66‛57 perkelt dbnder chr chri`m cbris. Khltrhmmbln chr tde luijer hcwhroers `lf k`pbt`m sthko mhwers tdbs fbccerelke ihre. @cter khltrhmmbln chr jhtd tdeseie`sures hc cbri sbze, cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer hlmy e`rl > perkelt dbnder prhcbts, `lfwe k`llht reaekt tde phssbjbmbty td`t tdere bs lh fbccerelke bl prhcbt`jbmbty crhi cbriswbtdhut t`x luijers. Dhwever, cbris wbtd ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse stbmm e`rl :5 perkeltihre td`l cbris wbtdhut ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, evel `cter khltrhmmbln chr cbri sbze.Dhwever, bc we khip`re HM[ renressbhls chr tde eccekt hc ` t`x luijer hl prhcbt`jbmbtychr m`rner cbris, khltrhmmbln chr blfustry, kbty, `lf hwler kd`r`kterbstbks, jut lht hwler`jbmbty, we cblf prhcbts `re 3; perkeltmhwerchr tde jbnner cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer td`lchr tde jbnner cbris wbtdhut hle. Vdbs fbccerelke frhps th ;2 perkelt mhwer prhcbts hlkewe khltrhm chr hwler `jbmbty, wbtd tde si`mm sìpme preveltbln us crhi jebln `jme threaekt tde phssbjbmbty td`t tde fbccerelke bs zerh. Vdbs bs bl `kkhrf`lke wbtd tde vbewfbskussef `jhve td`t chri`mbty `lf `jbmbty `resujstbtutes chr m`rner cbris bl hur sìpme.

Cbnure ;.;. Werkelt`ne fbccerelke bl prhcbt`jbmbty hc chri`m lf blchri`m cbris cterkhltrhmmbln chr fbccerelt hjserv`jme kd`r`kterbstbks

7

07

:7

;7

67

57

37

>7

Blfustry, kbty + hwler kd`r`kterbstbks

+ hwler jbmbty + luijer hc whroers

+ k`pbt`m sthko

W e r k e l

t ` n e

d b n d e r

p r h

c b t s b c c h r i `

m

LBV Iulbkbp`m Mbkelke [hurke1Zesumts crhi tde HM[ renressbhls.




Wrhpelsbty-skhre i`tkdbln estbi`tes sdhw m`rner n`bls bl prhcbts crhi chri`mbty,evel `cter i`tkdbln hl cbri sbze. V`jme ;.6 suii`rbzes tde estbi`tef `ver`netre`tielt eccekts chr fbccerelt fbielsbhls hc chri`mbty. D`vbln ` t`x luijer bs`sshkb`tef wbtd 54 perkelt dbnder prhcbts, wdbkd frhps th ;3 perkelt dbnder hlke wei`tkd hl cbri sbze. D`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse bs `sshkb`tef wbtd 57 perkelt dbnderprhcbts, frhppbln th ;> perkelt dbnder hlke we khlfbtbhl hl cbri sbze. Bc we exìbletde eccekt hc d`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse wbtdhut ` t`x luijer, `lf ` t`x luijer wbtd ìulbkbp`m mbkelse, we `msh cblf dbnder prhcbts. Vdbs sunnests td`t jhtd fbielsbhls hcchri`mbty d`ve v`mue chr cbris. Cbl`mmy, we exìble hle phteltb`m kd`llem tdrhundwdbkd d`vbln ` t`x luijer ibndt jhhst prhcbts jy khip`rbln tde tre`tielt eccekt hcd`vbln ` t`x luijer `lf nbvbln t`x rekebpts th td`t hc d`vbln ` t`x luijer `lf lhtnbvbln t`x rekebpts. Vde n`bl bl prhcbts bs iukd dbnder wdel cbris `msh nbve t`x rekebpts.Vdbs bs bl `kkhrf`lke wbtd tde perkeptbhl hc cbris td`t ` i`bl jelecbt hc d`vbln ` t`xluijer bs th `mmhw tdei th blkre`se tde kusthier j`se tdrhund bssubln t`x rekebpts.

ê `msh cblf ` sujst`ltb`m blkre`se bl prhcbts crhi d`vbln ` t`x luijer wdel weuse fbst`lke th tde [BL hccbke `s `l blstruielt chr chri`mbty. Wrhcbts `re estbi`tef th je37 perkelt dbnder chr cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer wdel we fh lht khltrhm chr cbri sbze,`lf >6 perkelt dbnder `cter khltrhmmbln chr cbri sbze.6 Vde resumts wdel we fh lhtkhlfbtbhl hl cbri sbze `re sbibm`r th tde prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln estbi`tes,prhvbfbln us wbtd shie khlcbfelke td`t tde prhpelsbty skhre estbi`tes chr htderfbielsbhls hc chri`mbty `re `msh remb`jme.

Vde ihst mboemy expm`l`tbhl chr tde fbccerelke bl tdese estbi`tes bs td`t tdere bsdeterhnelebty `krhss cbris bl tde eccekt hc chri`mbty. Deterhnelebty whumf me`f e`kd hc

tde fbccerelt estbi`tbhl ietdhfs th pbko up tde tre`tielt eccekt chr ` fbccerelt set hccbris. ^btd deterhnelehus tre`tielt eccekts, tde i`xbiui-mboembdhhf estbi`te bs wd`tbs olhwl `s ` mhk`m `ver`ne tre`tielt eccekt. Bltubtbvemy, bt feskrbjes tde eccekt hchjt`blbln ` t`x luijer chr ` cbri wdhse chri`mbty bs `ccektef jy bts kmhseless th tde [BLhccbke. [ukd cbris `re mboemy th je tdhse td`t whumf jelecbt crhi chri`mbty, jut chrwdbkd tde blchri`tbhl hr tbie khsts hc renbsterbln `re thh dbnd. Delke we whumf expekttdese cbris th d`ve nre`ter jelecbt crhi ` t`x luijer td`l tde `ver`ne cbri.

V`jme ;.6. Werkelt`ne blkre`se bl prhcbts sshkb`tef wbtd fbccerelt fbielsbhls hcchri`mbty, jy cbri sbze

^btdhuti`tkdblnhl cbri sbze

I`tkdblnhl cbri sbze

D`vbln ` LBV 54*** ;3***

D`vbln ` LBV khlfbtbhl`m hl d`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse ;2*** :>*

D`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse 57*** ;>***

D`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse khlfbtbhl`m hl lht d`vbln ` LBV 6:*** ;:***

D`vbln ` LBV `lf nbvbln rekebpts vs lh LBV 24*** 40***

D`vbln ` LBV `lf lht nbvbln rekebpts vs lh LBV 67*** ::

[hurke1 Zesumts crhi tde prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln.

Lhte 1 *, **, `lf *** blfbk`te sbnlbcbk`lke `t tde 07%, 5%, `lf 0% mevems respektbvemy. Estbi`tbhl bskhlfbtbhl`m hl jebln wbtdbl 07 obmhieters hc tde renbstr`tbhl hccbke.




Curtderihre, tde prhpelsbty skhre tre`tielt eccekt bs khip`rbln tde `ver`nefbccerelke bl prhcbts chr very sbibm`r chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris. Vdus bt bs pbkobln uptde eccekt hc chri`mbzbln chr cbris `t tde kusp hc jekhibln chri`m. @n`bl, sukd cbrisi`y d`ve ihre phsbtbve eccekts chr chri`mbty td`l cbris td`t `re c`r crhi jekhiblnchri`m. Chr exìpme, tde c`kt td`t we see ` t`x luijer bl hlmy 07 hut hc tde 0;4 cbriswbtd k`pbt`m sthko jemhw Js. 0,557 (tde :5td perkeltbme), sunnests tdere `re cew jelecbtsth d`vbln ` t`x luijer chr very si`mm cbris.

Curtder prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln `l`mysbs sunnests td`t tde jelecbts hc dhmfbln `t`x luijer `re nre`test chr ibf-sbze cbris. Vh exìble tde eccekt chr cbri sbze curtder,we k`rry hut prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln estbi`tes hc tde eccekt hc ` t`x luijer`kkhrfbln th cbri sbze. Vde resumts (see cbnure bl Jhx ;.:), wdbme lht sdhwbln sbnlbcbk`ltfbccerelkes, hccer sunnestbve evbfelke th supphrt tde vbew td`t tde jelecbts hc ` t`xluijer `re nre`test chr lebtder tde si`mmest lhr tde m`rnest cbris bl hur sìpme.

Jhx ;.:. Nettbln ` LBV p`ys hcc chr si`mm cbris, jut lht chr tde ibkrh hr iefbui-sbzecbris bl hur sìpme

Vde jhx cbnure (jemhw) sdhws td`t d`vbln ` LBV blkre`ses prhcbts chr cbris wbtd twh th cbve whroers`lf k`pbt`m sthko hc Js. 4,777‛;6,777, jut fekre`ses prhcbts chr cbris wdh jekhie chri`m `tsi`mmer sbzes `lf chr blchri`m cbris wdh jekhie chri`m `t m`rner sbzes.

@ver`ne bip`kt hc d`vbln ` t`x luijer hl prhcbt`jbmbty, jy cbri sbze

-0:7

-077

-47

-37

-67

-:7

7

:7

67

37

47

077

% k d ` l n e

b l p r h c b t s

=4777 Js.K`pbt`m=; ^hroers

4777-;6777 Js.K`pbt`m:-5 ^hroers

<;6777 Js.K`pbt`m3+ whroers

Lhte 1 J`rs sdhw phblt estbi`tes crhi prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln. Mbles sdhw 25 perkelt khlcbfelke blterv`ms.





Jhx ;.: (khltbluef)

^d`t expm`bls tde lhlmble`r rem`tbhlsdbp seel bl tde `jhve cbnure8 Cbris hc fbccerelt sbzes c`kefbccerelt khsts lf jelecbts hc jekhibln chri`m1

• Vde si`mmest cbris fhl‒t biiefb`temy jelecbt crhi jekhibln chri`m. Chri`mbzbln biiefb`temyblvhmves ihre khsts, jut tdese cbris `re thh si`mm th jelecbt crhi blkre`sef kusthier j`se hrjetter `kkess th krefbt. Dhwever, bc tdese cbris pm`l hl nrhwbln hver tbie, tdbs kurrelt khst hcchri`mbzbln k`l je austbcbef bl teris hc tde jelecbts `w`btbln tdei `s tdey jekhie smbndtmyjbnner. Chr tdbs re`shl, we cblf td`t cbri hwlers wdh chri`mbze wdel si`mm telf th d`vedbnder eltrepreleurb`m jbmbty lf ihre pm`ls chr jusbless nrhwtd.

• Cbris wdh w`bt `lf chri`mbze wdel tdey re bl tde ibffme sbze nrhup (twh th cbve whroers `lfJs. 4,777‛;6,777) `re lhw jbn elhund th elahy shie biiefb`te jelecbts crhi chri`mbzbln.[ektbhl BS hc tdbs kd`pter sdhws tde i`bl jelecbt hc nettbln ` LBV `ppe`rs th je tde `jbmbty hc` cbri th exp`lf bts kusthier j`se jy bssubln t`x rekebpts.

• Cbris bl hur sìpme wdbkd d`ve i`l nef th net th ` m`rner sbze‖sbx hr ihre whroers `lf`jhve Js. ;6,777 bl k`pbt`m sthko‖c`ke ` c`mm bl prhcbts crhi chri`mbzbln. Vdese m`rner blchri`mcbris telf th d`ve hwlers wbtd mess chri`m efuk`tbhl, jut dbnder eltrepreleurb`m `jbmbty td`lcbris hc tde sìe sbze wbtd ` LBV. Hlmy :4 perkelt hc tdei rephrt rekebvbln ` vbsbt crhi ` t`xblspekthr bl tde m`st ye`r, khip`ref th 40 perkelt hc chri`m cbris tdebr sbze. @mtdhund we cblftdese m`rner blchri`m cbris `re mess mboemy th net tr`fe krefbt td`l chri`m cbris hc tdebr sbze, wecblf td`t tdey `re aust `s mboemy th d`ve rekebvef mh`ls, `lf `re ihre mboemy th d`ve rekebvefwhrobln k`pbt`m, crhi j`los hr htder cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls `s chri`m cbris wbtd tde sìe sbze.Vdus chr ` cbri wdbkd d`s i`l`nef th re`kd tdbs sbze wdbme st`ybln blchri`m, tde i`bl bip`kthc nettbln ` LBV bs aust dbnder t`xes.

Vdese m`rner blchri`m cbris `re lht khipmetemy blchri`m. Bl p`rtbkum`r, >0 perkelt hc tdeid`ve ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, evel tdhund tdey fh lht d`ve ` LBV. Bt bs tdus mboemy td`t tde iulbkbp`mmbkelse bs `mmhwbln tdei th je chri`m bl tde eyes hc tde iulbkbp`m ùtdhrbtbes, `lf phssbjmy wbtdcbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls, evel tdhund tdey `re lht renbsteref wbtd tde t`x ùtdhrbtbes. Vdbs sunneststd`t chr tdese m`rner cbris, bt bs lht td`t tdere `re lh jelecbts hc chri`mbty, jut r`tder td`l tdere `relh `ffbtbhl`m jelecbts crhi ` LBV hlke ` cbri d`s ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse.

[hurke 1 [urvey resumts.

Chr cbris wbtd mess td`l tde iefb`l k`pbt`m sthko `lf luijer hc whroers, tde eccekthc d`vbln ` t`x luijer bs estbi`tef th je ;3 perkelt mhwer prhcbts (wbtd ` st`lf`rferrhr, hr s.e., hc ;5 perkelt)? chr cbris wbtd k`pbt`m sthko `lf luijer hc whroers jetweel tde iefb`l `lf >5td perkeltbme, d`vbln ` t`x luijer bs estbi`tef th blkre`seprhcbts jy :: perkelt (s.e., :3 perkelt)? wdbme chr cbris wbtd `jhve tde >5td perkeltbme chrk`pbt`m sthko `lf whroers, d`vbln ` t`x luijer bs estbi`tef th mhwer prhcbts jy 6>perkelt (s.e., :2 perkelt).

Vdere `re kme`r fbccerelkes bl tde eccekt hc jekhibln chri`m chr fbccerelt types hccbris. Vypbk`mmy cbris bl tde ibffme r`lne hc tde sìpme, see jelecbts crhi chri`mbzbln.Bt bs lht surprbsbln td`t tdere bs ulmboemy th je `ly jelecbt hc chri`mbzbln chr very si`mmcbris, sblke evel bc tdey `re chri`m, tdey i`y je ulmboemy th je nbvel krefbt hr rekebvelew kusthiers, `lf aust c`ke tde khsts hc chri`mbzbln. Bt bs perd`ps ihre surprbsbln td`ttde m`rner cbris bl hur sìpme hc si`mm `lf iefbui elterprbses fhl‒t `ppe`r th d`ve`ly jelecbt crhi chri`mbzbln. @s fbskussef prevbhusmy, blchri`m cbris td`t net th tdbssbze `re typbk`mmy hwlef jy dbnd-`jbmbty blfbvbfu`ms, wdh `re mboemy th d`ve sukkeefe






Vde returl th k`pbt`m

Vde HM[ `lf i`xbiui-mboembdhhf estbi`tes nbve `l estbi`tef ihltdmy returl thk`pbt`m bl tde 0: th 06 perkelt r`lne (see Khmuils 5 `lf > hc @ppelfbx ;.;). Dhwever,

tde returl th k`pbt`m bs mboemy th fekmble wbtd tde mevem hc k`pbt`m sthko1 IkOelzbe^hhfrucc (:773j) cblf ` returl hc `pprhxbi`temy 07 th 05 perkelt per ihltd chrIexbk`l cbris wbtd mess td`l U[$577 bl k`pbt`m sthko, frhppbln th 0‛: perkelt perihltd chr cbris wbtd U[$0,777 th $5,777 bl k`pbt`m. Estbi`tbln tde returl sep`r`temyhver tdese r`lnes, we cblf ` ihltdmy returl hc 0: perkelt chr cbris wbtd U[$57 th $577hc k`pbt`m sthko, `lf ` returl hc :.; perkelt per ihltd chr cbris wbtd U[$0,777 th $5,777hc k`pbt`m sthko. Vde ie`l blterest r`te chr cbris rekebvbln mh`ls bs :.0 perkelt perihltd bl hur sìpme. [i`mmer cbris k`l e`sbmy khver tdbs blterest r`te wbtd tdebrexpektef returl hl k`pbt`m, wdere`s cbris wbtd m`rner ìhults hc k`pbt`m sthko i`ycblf tdeisemves hper`tbln `t ` mevem wdere tdebr returl hl k`pbt`m equ`ms tde i`roetblterest r`te1 td`t bs, `t tdebr hptbi`m sbze nbvel tde cbl`lkb`m i`roet.

^d`t @re [hie hc tde Kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd Chri`mbty Blkre`ses Wrhcbts8

Vde prevbhus sektbhl d`s chulf evbfelke td`t d`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse `lf ` t`xluijer blkre`ses prhcbt`jbmbty, `t me`st chr shie cbris. @s fbskussef bl Kd`pter :, tdere`re sever`m kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd chri`mbty ibndt biprhve prhcbt`jbmbty. Hur survey`mmhws us th exìble shie hc tde ihre biphrt`lt kd`llems1 (b) tde `kkess th krefbt `lfcbl`lkb`m servbkes? (bb) tde sbze hc tde kusthier j`se? (bbb) tde extelt hc i`ro-ups? (bv) tdep`yielt hc t`xes? (v) tde perkebvef hjst`kmes th jusbless nrhwtd? `lf (vb) tde use hc

tekdlhmhny. E`kd bs fbskussef jemhw.Bip`kt hl `kkess th krefbt `lf use hc cbl`lkb`m servbkes

Jebln renbsteref wbtd tde t`x ùtdhrbtbes `ppe`rs th d`ve lh sbnlbcbk`lt bip`kt hl `cbri‒s `kkess th krefbt. Vde hlmy i`rnbl`mmy sbnlbcbk`lt eccekt we see bs hl use hc `s`vblns `kkhult, wdbkd bs ihre khiihl ìhln renbsteref cbris. ê exìble tdebip`kt hc d`vbln ` t`x luijer hl v`rbhus ie`sures hc use hc cbl`lkb`m servbkes,blkmufbln wdetder tde cbri rekebves tr`fe krefbt, d`s d`f whrobln k`pbt`m hr mh`ls crhi j`los, d`s ` s`vbln `kkhult, `lf p`rtbkbp`tes bl W@[@L@OU (` ZH[K@-type`mterl`tbve th chri`m cbl`lkbln). ê cblf lh sbnlbcbk`lt eccekt hc d`vbln ` LBV hl `kkessth tr`fe krefbt, j`lo krefbt, hr hver`mm cbl`lke use.

Hle phssbjme re`shl chr cblfbln lh bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl `kkess th krefbt bs td`tcew cbris hc `ly type use tde cbl`lkb`m systei. V`jme ;.5 suii`rbzes tde perkelt`ne hccbris td`t use fbccerelt types hc cbl`lkb`m blstruielts. Bt bs lht tde k`se td`t lh cbrisuse tde cbl`lkb`m systei, jut hlmy ` iblhrbty hc cbris fhes. Cbris wbtd chur hr cewerwhroers `re p`rtbkum`rmy mboemy lht th use tde cbl`lkb`m systei iukd. Hle phteltb`mre`shl chr tdbs bs m`ko hc `v`bm`jbmbty hc servbkes1 35 perkelt hc hur nrhkery `lf chhf s`mcbris s`y tdere bs lh j`lo jr`lkd wbtdbl cbve jmhkos hc tdebr jusbless. Dhwever,`lhtder re`shl khumf je m`ko hc fei`lf `t tde nhbln i`roet prbkes, p`rtbkum`rmy ìhlntde m`rner cbris lht usbln krefbt. Nbvel tde dbnd returl th k`pbt`m chulf chr si`mmer

cbris, tde mhw use hc mh`ls, tr`fe krefbt, `lf whrobln k`pbt`m ìhln tdese cbrissunnests ` m`ko hc `kkess th krefbt `t tde nhbln i`roet blterest hc : perkelt per ihltdchr tdese cbris. Vde bssue hc `kkess th krefbt chr very si`mm cbris seeis th je frbvel mess




jy prbke eccekts td`l jy qu`ltbty. [i`mm cbris‒ returls hl k`pbt`m sunnest td`t tdey khumf`cchrf tde nhbln blterest r`tes `lf khumf jelecbt crhi jhrrhwbln `t tdbs r`te. Dhwever,tdey fh lht net tde krefbt. Ebtder tdey `re fbskhur`nef jy tde requbsbtes hr tde m`ko hccmexbjbmbty crhi cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls, wdbkd kùse tdei lht th `ppmy, hr cbl`lkb`mblstbtutbhls r`tbhl tde suppmy hc krefbt th tdbs senielt jekùse tdey feei tde jusblessthh rbsoy hr khstmy.

V`jme ;.5. Werkelt`ne hc cbris usbln fbccerelt types hc cbl`lkb`m blstruielts,jy cbri sbze

Luijer hc whroers

@mm 7 0 th 6 5 th 07 00 hr ihre

Vr`fe krefbt 03 0: 05 :7 :6

J`lo krefbt chr st`rt-up :3 02 :5 ;; 0:

^hrobln k`pbt`m crhi J`los :7 :0 02 :7 :2[`vblns `kkhult :3 0: :: ;2 35

Mh`l crhi cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhl bl :775 hr :773 ;0 06 ;0 ;2 6>

Wm`ys p`s`lòu 0> 05 0> 02 04

Jusbless `kkepts kdeques 07 7 > 03 5;

Jusbless `kkepts krefbt k`rfs 0 7 7 6 0:

Bip`kt hl tde kusthier j`se

Hle hc tde i`bl jelecbts hc d`vbln ` t`x luijer, `kkhrfbln th tde cbris tdeisemves, bs

tde `jbmbty th nbve t`x rekebpts, `mmhwbln tdei th blkre`se tdebr kusthier j`se. Blfeef,bl V`jme ;.5 we s`w td`t, `cter i`tkdbln hl cbri sbze, cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer td`tfhl‒t nbve t`x rekebpts jelecbt crhi d`vbln tde t`x luijer hlmy hle qu`rter `s iukd `scbris wbtd ` t`x luijer td`t `msh nbve rekebpts. Vdbs blkre`se bl kusthiers bs lhtkhibln tdrhund ihre khltr`ktbln wbtd tde nhverlielt, iumtbl`tbhl`ms, hr m`rne cbris12>.; perkelt hc hur cbris iòe lh s`mes th `ly hc tdese eltbtbes. Curtder evbfelke hcihre kusthiers bs seel tdrhund questbhls td`t `so cbris dhw hctel tdey d`ve lhkusthiers. Nrhkery cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re 02 perkelt`ne phblts mess mboemy th d`vei`ly perbhfs furbln tde f`y wbtdhut kusthiers td`l cbris wbtdhut ` t`x luijer,khltrhmmbln chr cbri sbze `lf cbri `lf hwler kd`r`kterbstbks. Vr`lsphrt cbris wbtd ` t`x

luijer spelf ` m`rner sd`re hc e`kd f`y wbtd kusthiers `lf mess tbie bfme.Bip`kt hl i`ro-ups

@lhtder phteltb`m w`y td`t chri`m cbri hwlers i`y je `jme th blkre`se prhcbts bs jyblkre`sbln tde i`ro-up rekebvef per kusthier. Vdbs khumf hkkur tdrhund `kkess thkde`per blput prbkes hr jy kd`rnbln dbnder hutput prbkes. Vh `vhbf khlkerls `jhutphssbjme fbccerelkes bl qu`mbty hc prhfukts jetweel chri`m `lf blchri`m cbris, weexìble tdbs questbhl hlmy chr nrhkery sthres, wdere we k`l khlsbfer dhihnelhusprhfukts `krhss cbris. ê `soef cbris tde prbke `t wdbkd tdey purkd`se `lf semm telkhiihl bteis (e.n., ` :-mbtre jhttme hc Khk` Khm`, ` tbl hc [`l Muk`s s`rfbles, ` 0-mbtre

j`n hc WBM ibmo). ê cblf cbris wbtd t`x luijers d`ve i`rnbl`mmy mhwer i`ro-upstd`l cbris wbtdhut t`x luijers chr ebndt hut hc tde tel prhfukts, `mtdhund bl `mm juthle k`se, tde fbccerelke bs lht sbnlbcbk`lt. Mboewbse we cblf lh systei`tbk fbccerelkes bl




tde hutput hr blput prbkes chr tdese nhhfs. Vdus bt fhes lht `ppe`r td`t chri`m cbris`re kd`rnbln dbnder prbkes.

Bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl p`yielt hc t`xes

Bl `ffbtbhl th tdese phteltb`m jelecbts, chri`mbty `msh blvhmves khsts. Vde kme`rest khst hcd`vbln ` t`x luijer bs p`ybln jusbless t`xes. ê cblf cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re ;>perkelt`ne phblts ihre mboemy th p`y t`xes td`l cbris wbtdhut ` t`x luijer, `lf wbtdtde ìhult hc `ffbtbhl`m t`x p`bf equbv`melt th 00 perkelt hc prhcbts. Evel khlfbtbhl`mhl p`ybln shie jusbless t`xes, we cblf cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer p`y ` 0: perkeltdbnder sd`re hc tdebr prhcbts td`l cbris wbtdhut ` t`x luijer. Vdbs khst hkkurs chr jhtdsi`mmer `lf m`rner renbsteref cbris bl hur sìpme1 cbris wbtd k`pbt`m sthko `jhve tde>5td perkeltbme p`y dbnder t`xes equbv`melt th 4‛04 perkelt hc prhcbts bc tdey d`ve ` t`xluijer.

Bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl perkebvef hjst`kmes th jusbless nrhwtdCbris bl tde sìpme td`t d`ve chri`mbzef jy nettbln ` t`x luijer hr iulbkbp`m mbkelse`re mess mboemy td`l blchri`m cbris th ren`rf khrruptbhl `lf `kkess th krefbt `s jusblesshjst`kmes. Vh exìble htder phteltb`m kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd chri`mbty ibndt me`f thdbnder prhcbt`jbmbty hc tde cbri, we k`rry hut prhjbt renressbhls chr tde extelt th wdbkd `cbri perkebves fbccerelt c`kthrs `s hjst`kmes th tde nrhwtd hc tdebr jusbless, khlfbtbhl`mhl hwler `lf cbri kd`r`kterbstbks. Vde i`bl cblfblns crhi tdbs exerkbse `re1

▧ Cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re ihre mboemy th vbew t`xes, m`jhr chrke tr`blbln,`lf m`jhr m`w `s i`bl hjst`kmes th tde nrhwtd hc tdebr cbri `lf mess mboemy thvbew khrruptbhl `s ` iàhr khlstr`blt th cbri nrhwtd.

▧ Cbris wbtd ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse `re mess mboemy th vbew tde requbreielts hc`kkessbln krefbt, tde khst hc krefbt, khltr`kts elchrkeielt, `lf kusthis `lftr`fe renum`tbhls `s iàhr khlstr`blts th cbri nrhwtd.

Vdbs prhvbfes shie sunnestbve evbfelke hc htder kd`llems tdrhund wdbkd chri`mbtyibndt je blcmuelkbln prhcbt`jbmbty1 bl p`rtbkum`r, mess khrruptbhl chr cbris wbtd ` t`xluijer, `lf mhwer khsts hc krefbt `lf khltr`kt elchrkeielt chr cbris wbtd ` iulbkbp`mmbkelse.

Bip`kt hl use hc tekdlhmhnyChri`m cbris i`y je ihre mboemy th use lew tekdlhmhny. Vdbs khumf hkkur bc lewtekdlhmhny jekhies whrtd blvestbln bl jekùse tde cbri‒s kusthier j`se bs exp`lfbln, jekùse chri`mbty `mmhws `ffbtbhl`m `kkess th krefbt, `lf/hr jekùse chri`mbty iòes bte`sber th relt tekdlhmhnbk`m equbpielt. ê k`rry hut prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln thblvestbn`te tde bip`kt hc ` t`x luijer hl tekdlhmhny use jy khip`rbln cbris wbtdsbibm`r hwler `lf cbri kd`r`kterbstbks bl `l blfustry, i`tkdbln `msh hl tde v`mue hc mhnk`pbt`m sthko. Vde i`bl resumts `re `s chmmhws1

▧ Nrhkery cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re sbnlbcbk`ltmy ihre mboemy th use creezers,fbnbt`m j`m`lkes, `lf temepdhles.

▧ Chhf s`mes cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re sbnlbcbk`ltmy ihre mboemy th useblfustrb`m hvels, creezers, fbnbt`m j`m`lkes, k`sd renbsters, `lf temepdhles.




▧ ^hhf cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `re sbnlbcbk`ltmy ihre mboemy th use ahblt-cblners`lf kepbmm`fhr`s.

▧ ê fh lht cblf dbnder use hc tekdlhmhny ìhln chri`m cbris bl tde kìembf,tr`lsphrt`tbhl, lf kmhtdbln blfustrbes.

Khlkmusbhls

Vde spekb`mbzef survey hc ibkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui elterprbses usef bl tdbs stufy d`s`mmhwef us th exìble tde fbccerelt fbielsbhls hc chri`mbty bl Jhmbvb`. Hur cblfblnssdef mbndt hl tde feteribl`lts hc tde fekbsbhl hc ` cbri th jekhie chri`m, tdekhlsequelkes hc tdbs fekbsbhl chr prhcbts, `lf shie hc tde phteltb`m kd`llems tdrhundwdbkd prhcbts `re `ccektef. Vde i`bl khlkmusbhls `re1

▧ Chri`mbty chmmhws ` khltbluui, ihvbln crhi iulbkbp`m mbkelses th t`x

luijers `lf cbl`mmy th CulfEipres` renbstr`tbhl.▧ M`ko hc olhwmefne bs ` j`rrber th chri`mbz`tbhl. Cew cbris d`ve olhwmefne hc

CulfEipres` hr bts purphse, `lf i`ly `re `msh bnlhr`lt `jhut tde prhkess hchjt`blbln ` t`x luijer.

▧ @ihln ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, bt bs tde ihre `jme eltrepreleurs wdh `rechri`m. Chri`mbty bs `msh kmhsemy mbloef th tde re`shl chr nhbln blth semc-eipmhyielt.

▧ Jhtd elchrkeielt `lf blchri`tbhl khsts `re strhln feteribl`lts hc tdefekbsbhl th net ` t`x luijer. Cbris bl blfustrbes `lf kbtbes wbtd dbndblspektbhl r`tes `re ihre mboemy th renbster, wdbme tdhse wdh hper`te tdebr jusbless curtder `w`y crhi tde [BL hccbke `re mess mboemy.

▧ @ihln tde m`rner cbris bl hur sìpme, tde cbris td`t rei`bl blchri`m telf th je hper`tef jy ihre `jme eltrepreleurs, wdh see mbttme jelecbt bl chri`mbzbln.

▧ Jhtd ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse `lf ` t`x luijer `re chulf th blkre`se prhcbts chr tde`ver`ne cbri chri`mbzbln. Vde blkre`se bl prhcbts crhi ` t`x luijer bs iukdm`rner chr cbris td`t `msh nbve rekebpts td`l chr cbris td`t fhl‒t nbve rekebpts.

▧ Dhwever, tde very si`mm `lf tde m`rnest cbris bl hur sìpme i`y see mhwerprhcbts crhi jekhibln chri`m.

▧ Vde blkre`se bl prhcbts crhi ` t`x luijer `ppe`rs bl m`rne p`rt fue thblkre`sbln tde kusthier j`se rem`tef th tde c`kt td`t chri`m cbris k`l bssuerekebpts td`t `re t`x fefuktbjme. Bt fhes lht khie crhi dbnder i`ro-ups, mhwerblput prbkes, hr jetter `kkess th krefbt. Cbris wbtd ` t`x luijer `msh vbewkhrruptbhl `s mess hc `l hjst`kme, sunnestbln ` refuktbhl bl jrbjes. Dhwever,tdey p`y ihre t`xes `lf `re ihre mboemy th vbew m`jhr m`ws `s khlstr`blts thcurtder jusbless nrhwtd.




@llex ;.0. ^d`t bs tde skhpe hc tde lew survey8

@ lew survey ulfertòel chr tdbs stufy blvestbn`tes tde feteribl`lts `lf bip`kts hc

blchri`mbty `t ` ibkrhekhlhibk mevem ìhln ibkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui elterprbses. êk`rrbef hut surveys hc 3:2 cbris bl sbx blfustrbes furbln I`rkd :77>.5 Vde blfustrbeskdhsel chr tde survey were nrhkery sthres, restùr`lts `lf chhf s`mes, i`luc`kturblnhc kmhtdbln crhi whhm `lf kmhtd, tr`lsphrt`tbhl hc p`sselners `lf k`rnh,i`luc`kturbln hc kmhtdbln crhi kìembf whhm (crhi mmì` `lf `mp`k`), `lfi`luc`kturbln hc curlbture crhi whhf. Bl e`kd blfustry exkept tr`lsphrt we survey ìbx hc ibkrh cbris wbtd mess td`l cbve whroers (blkmufbln semc-eipmhyef wbtdlhls`m`rbef whroers) `lf si`mm cbris wbtd 5‛:7 whroers. Bl tr`lsphrt, tde sìpme w`sfbvbfef blth p`sselner `lf k`rnh tr`lsphrt, `lf curtder jy type hc tr`lsphrt? bl tdbssekthr shie cbris were iefbui-sbze (d`vbln ihre td`l :7 whroers).

Blfustrbes were kdhsel th represelt ` m`rne phrtbhl hc tde `ktbve phpum`tbhl, thelkhip`ss ` fbversbty hc chri`m `lf blchri`m sekthrs, `lf th blkmufe jhtd urj`l `lfrur`m cbris. Vde :775 IEKHSB survey3 sdhws td`t tde ihst khiihl urj`l blfustrbeshc tde semc-eipmhyef `lf eipmhyers `re ret`bm tr`fe (04 perkelt), khlstruktbhl (00perkelt), tr`lsphrt hc k`rnh `lf p`sselners (07 perkelt), prep`r`tbhl `lf s`me hc chhf(5.3 perkelt), `lf i`luc`kture `lf s`me hc kmhtdbln (;.; perkelt). ê tderechre d`vechur hc tde thp cbve blfustrbes chr urj`l si`mm `lf iefbui elterprbses.> ê tdel kdhsetwh blfustrbes mbloef th Jhmbvb`‒s `nrbkumture sekthr, chr wdbkd we khumf survey bl jhtdurj`l `lf rur`m `re`s. Vde kdhbke hc kìembfs `lf whhf w`s i`fe hl tde j`sbs hctdese jebln blfustrbes wbtd shie exphrt `ktbvbty, wdbkd tde nhverlielt d`s fesbnl`tef`s prbhrbty sekthrs (khipmeahs prhfuktbvhs).Vde survey sìpmef jhtd urj`l `lf rur`m cbris. [urveybln w`s k`rrbef hut jy tdeJhmbvb`l survey cbri Elkuest`s & Estufbhs. [ìpmbln bl tde urj`l `re`s hc M` W`z, Em@mth, Khkd`jìj`, `lf [`lt` Kruz w`s fhle usbln ` nehnr`pdbk blchri`tbhl f`t`j`sei`blt`blef jy tde survey cbri. Vdbs f`t`j`se bs j`sef hl ` kelsus hc `mm ekhlhibkest`jmbsdielts bl tdese kbtbes k`rrbef hut bl @unust :775 `lf blkmufes elterprbseshper`tbln wbtdbl dhusedhmfs. Bl `ffbtbhl, ` kelsus hc pehpme semmbln bteis hl tde streetw`s k`rrbef hut bl M` W`z/Em @mth furbln m`te :776 `lf e`rmy :775, prhvbfblnsuppmeielt`ry blchri`tbhl. Bl `ffbtbhl, chr tde tr`lsphrt sekthr, ` kelsus hc `mm cbristd`t d`ve renbsteref tdebr k`rs w`s usef. Usbln tdbs blchri`tbhl, tde survey bs `jme thprhvbfe ` re`shl`jmy khipredelsbve sìpmbln crìe bl urj`l `re`s. Mess blchri`tbhlw`s `v`bm`jme chr khlstruktbln ` sìpmbln crìe bl rur`m `re`s. Vderechre, th sìpmekìembfs `lf whhf, tde survey cbri usef ` ”slhwj`mm’ tekdlbque th phpum`te tdesìpme bl rur`m `re`s. @ tht`m hc :,67: cbris were bltervbewef, hc wdbkd 3:2 were usefbl tde cbl`m sìpme, blfbk`tbln ` dbnd recus`m r`te, prhj`jmy rem`tef th tde fbccbkumty hcbltervbewbln blchri`m cbris. Vde fet`bmef khiphsbtbhl hc tde f`t` jy sbze, sekthr, `lfkbty bs nbvel bl V`jme ;.@.;.0.




V`jme ;.@.;.0. [urvey sìpme jy sbze, sekthr, `lf kbty

M` W`z [`lt` Kruz Khkd`jìj` Em @mth

Nrhkery sthres

[i`mm cbri 0: 06 4 07

Ibkrh cbri 02 03 0; 00

Vht`m ;0 ;7 :0 :0

Zestùr`lts `lf chhf ahblts

[i`mm cbri 07 0; 3 >

Ibkrh cbri 07 07 3 >

Khibfer`s 0: 07 4 4

Vht`m ;: ;0 :7 ::

Vextbme kmhtdbln

C`jrbk

[i`mm cbri 3 4 3 5

Ibkrh cbri 0: 0; 00 5

^hhm

[i`mm cbri 6 7 0 6

Ibkrh cbri 4 2 ; 3

Vht`m ;7 ;7 :0 :7

Vr`lsphrt

V`xbs 07 07 07 3

Z`fbh t`xbs ; ; ; ;

Khmektbvhs : : : :Hilbjuses, Ibkrhs 4 > > 07

Fep`rtìelt`m : : :

Wrhvblkb`m : : :

Vht`m :> :3 :3 :0

Kìembf kmhtdbln

Urj`l

[i`mm cbri 6 7 ; ;

Ibkrh cbri 03 7 > 04

Zur`m

[i`mm cbri 0 7 7 ;

Ibkrh cbri 02 05 5 0:

Vht`m 67 05 05 ;3

I`luc`kturbln hc whhf prhfukts

Urj`l

[i`mm cbri ; 07 3 0

Ibkrh cbri 6 07 07 >

Zur`m

[i`mm cbri 6 00 3 7

Ibkrh cbri 6 2 4 >Vht`m 05 67 ;7 05




@llex ;.:. Wershl`m, nehnr`pdbk, `lf blfustry kd`r`kterbstbks hceltrepreleurs dhmfbln iulbkbp`m mbkelses `lf t`x luijers

I`rnbl`m resumts crhi Wrhjbt estbi`tbhl

(0) (:) (;) (6) (5) (3) (>) (4) Cei`me -7.7357 -7.735> -7.7654 -7.77220 -7.7532 -7.7>5: -7.7;64 7.7:03

(7.735) (7.735) (7.734) (7.7>6) (7.76>) (7.764) (7.76>) (7.7;2) @ne hc hwler 7.77;>; 7.77;27* 7.77603* 7.77:22 7.77;>5** 7.77;47** 7.77604*** 7.77;5:***

(7.77:;) (7.77::) (7.77:;) (7.77:6) (7.770>) (7.770>) (7.7703) (7.770;)I`rrbef 7.7333 7.7333 7.732; 7.7>>4 7.7;3> 7.7:40 7.777>:5 -7.77>6:

(7.75;) (7.75;) (7.756) (7.75>) (7.7;2) (7.7;2) (7.767) (7.7;;)Blfbnelhus m`lnu`ne s obf -7.70:; -7.77:3; -7.7;77 -7.764: -7.7:;2 -7.77>3: -7.7636 -7.7:02

(7.73;) (7.73:) (7.73;) (7.73>) (7.763) (7.76>) (7.76;) (7.7;5)D`s phst sekhlf`ry efl 7.7;;7 7.7:0; 7.777>72 7.7063 7.7>5; 7.7503 7.7;04 7.77207

(7.752) (7.752) (7.730) (7.735) (7.763) (7.765) (7.76;) (7.7;6)J`sbk efl hr mess 7.77>43 7.7040 7.7;:4 7.73;0 -7.73:3 -7.75;3 -7.7;46 -7.7;02

(7.7>0) (7.7>7) (7.7>:) (7.7>3) (7.757) (7.757) (7.762) (7.7;4)Eltrepreleurb`m [emc-eccbk`ky 7.7:5>* 7.7:55* 7.7:7> 7.7:74 7.7:32*** 7.7:62** 7.7046* 7.70:5

(7.706) (7.706) (7.706) (7.705) (7.707) (7.707) (7.707) (7.7746)Ze`shl chr s/e bs k`rer -7.0;2** -7.0;6** -7.066*** -7.030*** -7.72>6** -7.7>5:* -7.74:;* -7.7:70chr obfs/p`relts (7.755) (7.755) (7.755) (7.737) (7.766) (7.76;) (7.76:) (7.7;6)

Ze`shl chr s/e bs cmexbjme 7.7644 7.764> 7.7>:> 7.720: -7.700; -7.7:5> -7.777356 -7.7:52 dhurs chr dhusewhro (7.75;) (7.75;) (7.756) (7.75>) (7.767) (7.767) (7.7;4) (7.7;;)Ze`shl chr s/e bs prhspekt 7.766; 7.7672 7.707> -7.77264 7.72:4** 7.7446** 7.7302* 7.7:;> hc jusbless nrhwtd (7.756) (7.75;) (7.755) (7.754) (7.7;>) (7.7;3) (7.7;3) (7.7;0)C`tder hwlef jusbless 7.724;* 7.72;6* 7.744: 7.7>25 7.7;>5 7.7663 7.7:;6 -7.77446

(7.75;) (7.75;) (7.756) (7.75>) (7.76:) (7.760) (7.767) (7.7;0) @ver`ne t`x blspektbhl r`te 7.:3; 7.:56 7.7555 -7.7>07 7.>74** 7.2;2*** 7.>45*** 7.3>6*** `t kbty*blfustry mevem (7.;4) (7.;4) (7.;2) (7.60) (7.:4) (7.:2) (7.:2) (7.:6)Em @mth -7.06>** -7.0;3* -7.7224 -7.7;0> -7.00:** -7.0;>*** -7.7225** -7.7600

(7.7>6) (7.7>6) (7.7>>) (7.74;) (7.765) (7.76;) (7.766) (7.767)M` W`z -7.7237 -7.7475 -7.7;45 7.7350 -7.006** -7.0;;*** -7.742:* -7.7;50

(7.727) (7.727) (7.72:) (7.724) (7.755) (7.750) (7.75;) (7.76>)Khkd`jìj` 7.77436 7.702: 7.7:62 7.00; 7.7744; -7.754> -7.765: -7.704>

(7.746) (7.746) (7.743) (7.742) (7.737) (7.756) (7.75;) (7.76;)Chhf -7.0>;** -7.032** -7.:50*** -7.:53*** 7.7664 7.703: -7.7>27* -7.7:>3

(7.7>4) (7.7>4) (7.7>4) (7.74;) (7.73;) (7.752) (7.765) (7.76:)Kmhtdbln -7.;57*** -7.;6;*** -7.665*** -7.636*** -7.70>4 -7.77>:7 -7.007** -7.75:6

(7.746) (7.745) (7.7>6) (7.7>;) (7.7>>) (7.7>2) (7.75:) (7.764)^hhf -7.::2** -7.:05* -7.;3;*** -7.60>*** 7.776>2 7.73>2 -7.74:5 -7.75:0

(7.00) (7.00) (7.722) (7.72:) (7.746) (7.725) (7.73;) (7.762)Kìembfs -7.5:3*** -7.5:0*** -7.524*** -7.524*** 7.746> 7.:05 7.7467 7.000

(7.72>) (7.722) (7.7>5) (7.7>7) (7.0>) (7.:7) (7.04) (7.0>)Vr`lsphrt -7.055 -7.057 -7.:55* -7.;>3*** 7.070 7.04; 7.005 7.7>;;

(7.05) (7.05) (7.06) (7.0:) (7.0;) (7.05) (7.06) (7.0:)Mhn fbst`lke th kbty keltre -7.7303* -7.752>* -7.73>:* -7.7320* -7.75;7*** 7.7563* 7.7336** 7.7604

(7.7;3) (7.7;3) (7.7;>) (7.767) (7.705) (7.7;7) (7.7;7) (7.7:3)Kdbmf phverty blfex -7.7002 -7.77335 -7.77074 -7.7742; -7.776>5 -7.77:;3

(7.7:0) (7.7:0) (7.7:;) (7.705) (7.705) (7.70:)Mhn fbst`lke th @mk`mfb` hccbke 7.7:5: 7.7:6> 7.75:7 7.7346

(7.7;>) (7.7;>) (7.7;2) (7.76:)Mhn fbst`lke th [BL hccbke -7.0:0*** -7.002*** -7.72:>***

(7.7:2) (7.7:2) (7.7:6)Hle th Chur whroers 7.:7:*** 7.033*** 7.:76*** 7.055***

(7.753) (7.730) (7.762) (7.763)Cbve th Vel whroers 7.:20*** 7.:;0*** 7.5:0*** 7.60;***

(7.73>) (7.74:) (7.7>4) (7.72>)Emevel hr ihre whroers 7.6;;*** 7.;34*** 7.343*** 7.303***

(7.7>0) (7.0:) (7.0:) (7.02)mhn k`pbt`m sthko 7.76;5*** 7.7666***

(7.703) (7.707)

Hjserv`tbhls 55> 55> 55> 622 55> 55> 55> 622[t`lf`rf errhrs bl p`reltdeses, *** p=7.70, ** p=7.75, * p=7.0Hibttef fuiiy v`rb`jmes chr blfustry `lf kbty `re nrhkerbes `lf [`lt` Kruz.

Iulbkbp`m Mbkelke LBV




@llex ;.;. Wershl`m, nehnr`pdbk, `lf blfustry kd`r`kterbstbks hceltrepreleurs wdh dhmf iulbkbp`m mbkelses `lf d`ve renbsteref wbtdCulfEipres` hr hjt`blef t`x luijers

I`rnbl`m resumts crhi Wrhjbt estbi`tbhl

(0) (:) (;) (6) (5) (3)Cei`me -7.774:; -7.77357 -7.776:4 -7.775:2 -7.004 7.7355

(7.7747) (7.7735) (7.7765) (7.7735) (7.746) (7.00) @ne hc hwler 7.7775::* 7.7776:5 7.777:57 7.7770>: 7.775:7* 7.77355*

(7.777;0) (7.777:>) (7.777:7) (7.77704) (7.77;7) (7.77;3)I`rrbef -7.776:6 -7.77;;> -7.77;66 -7.7757; 7.7;02 7.7:74

(7.77>0) (7.7755) (7.776;) (7.7753) (7.7>;) (7.74>)Blfbnelhus m`lnu`ne s obf -7.77;0: -7.770;; -7.77:56 -7.77;06 7.7:37 7.77>40

(7.7737) (7.7763) (7.77:2) (7.77;4) (7.745) (7.722)D`s phst sekhlf`ry efl 7.7::> 7.705> 7.77267 7.77606 7.73>0 -7.77:5>

(7.705) (7.70:) (7.7745) (7.7755) (7.7>5) (7.74>)J`sbk efl hr mess 7.7777577 7.7705; 7.777450 7.77:0: -7.07: -7.07;

(7.7725) (7.7740) (7.7764) (7.7737) (7.726) (7.00)

Eltrepreleurb`m [emc-eccbk`ky 7.77;2;* 7.77:27 7.77056 7.77072 7.7;6:* 7.76:2*(7.77:0) (7.7702) (7.770;) (7.7700) (7.702) (7.7::)Ze`shl chr s/e bs k`rer -7.7755> -7.77:>5 -7.777424 7.777:0> -7.73>6 7.7703; chr obfs/p`relts (7.77>:) (7.7750) (7.77:>) (7.7702) (7.7>5) (7.720)Ze`shl chr s/e bs cmexbjme -7.77:>: -7.77;73 -7.7772>0 7.7770>4 -7.7>5> -7.0:; dhurs chr dhusewhro (7.7730) (7.7762) (7.77:>) (7.77:7) (7.7>5) (7.723)Ze`shl chr s/e bs prhspekt 7.77:77 7.77:;7 7.77064 7.7700; 7.063** 7.7302 hc jusbless nrhwtd (7.7750) (7.77;4) (7.77:;) (7.77:7) (7.7>7) (7.745)C`tder hwlef jusbless -7.777372 7.777474 7.777:>6 7.777:65 7.72>4 7.70;0

(7.775;) (7.776;) (7.77:5) (7.77:7) (7.7>;) (7.744) @ver`ne t`x blspektbhl r`te 7.77005 7.77362 -7.7740: -7.77:22 0.754** 0.63:** t kbty*blfustry mevem (7.763) (7.7;6) (7.7:0) (7.703) (7.5:) (7.52)Em @mth 7.7:;> 7.7:37 7.7:;4 7.707: -7.035* -7.7;;2

(7.7:0) (7.7::) (7.7:0) (7.706) (7.72;) (7.0;)M` W`z -7.77;6: -7.777::> 7.77046 7.77006 -7.023* -7.7>35

(7.7743) (7.77>2) (7.7736) (7.776>) (7.00) (7.06)Khkd`jìj` 7.77>02 7.775>0 7.7750> 7.77;37 -7.76>7 -7.7667

(7.70;) (7.700) (7.772:) (7.77>4) (7.00) (7.0:)Chhf 7.77::0 7.7777002 -7.77:42 -7.77:;7 7.074 7.7::6

(7.70:) (7.77>4) (7.77;0) (7.77:2) (7.722) (7.0:)Kmhtdbln 7.7766> 7.77>0; -7.77::6 -7.77066 -7.7:7> -7.7;45

(7.7:7) (7.7:7) (7.77;3) (7.77:4) (7.05) (7.0>)^hhf -7.77;02 7.7772;4 -7.77:27 -7.77024 7.7344 -7.72;5

(7.700) (7.70:) (7.77;>) (7.77;7) (7.05) (7.03)Kìembfs 7.7:7> 7.7::0 7.7707: 7.770;4 7.;>5* 7.57:**

(7.737) (7.737) (7.70:) (7.70:) (7.:;) (7.:0)Vr`lsphrt 7.702; 7.7:46 7.77>0: 7.774:7 7.057 7.025

(7.763) (7.75>) (7.7:;) (7.7:4) (7.:7) (7.:6)Mhn fbst`lke th kbty keltre -7.77:;> 7.77526 7.77;24 7.77020 7.7335 7.7366

(7.77:5) (7.7753) (7.7767) (7.77:>) (7.75:) (7.735)Kdbmf phverty blfex -7.77;42 -7.770>0 -7.770;: 7.77566 7.77:;>

(7.77:3) (7.7703) (7.7703) (7.7:>) (7.7;0)Mhn fbst`lke th [BL hccbke -7.0;>*** -7.067**

(7.750) (7.730)mhn fbst`lke th Culfeipres` -7.77>37 -7.7763; -7.77:52

(7.7753) (7.776:) (7.77;0)Hle th Chur whroers 7.777044 -7.777323 7.;5>***

(7.77:2) (7.77::) (7.726)Cbve th Vel whroers 7.7:54 7.7:66 7.550***

(7.7:5) (7.7:3) (7.725)Emevel hr ihre whroers 7.75;7 7.535***

(7.732) (7.07)mhn k`pbt`m sthko -7.777>>; 7.7452***

(7.77726) (7.7:2)Hjserv`tbhls 55> 55> 55> 622 :27 :50[t`lf`rf errhrs bl p`reltdeses, *** p=7.70, ** p=7.75, * p=7.0Hibttef fuiiy v`rb`jmes chr blfustry `lf kbty `re nrhkerbes `lf [`lt` Kruz.

Culfeipres`LBV nbvel td`t

d`ve iulbkbp`m




@llex ;.6. Estbi`tbhl ietdhfs

ê khlsbfer tdree `pprh`kdes th ie`sure tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hl prhcbt`jbmbty. Hur

ietdhfs blkmufe (b) `l hrfbl`ry me`st squ`res renressbhl (HM[)? (bb) ` Vre`tielt Eccektsrenressbhl td`t trbes th tòe `kkhult hc tde phteltb`m elfhnelebty hc chri`mbty? `lf (bbb)`l estbi`te usbln prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln.

Ietdhfhmhny chr tde HM[ renressbhl

Vde hrfbl`ry me`st squ`res renressbhl bs j`sef hl tde chmmhwbln equ`tbhl1

( )ml ' '.

bb

b b b b

WZHCBV[ Cbris Kd`r`kterbstbks Hwlers Kd`r`kterbstbks

Blfustry Mhk`tbhl Chri`m

ο ΰ κ

λ ζ δ ε

9 + +

+ + + +

Vde hutkhie hc blterest dere bsδ , wdbkd ie`sures tde `ver`ne blkre`se bl mhn prhcbts`sshkb`tef wbtd jebln chri`m, khlfbtbhl`m hl tde htder v`rb`jmes blkmufef bl tderenressbhl. @ssbnlbln ` kùs`m blterpret`tbhl th chri`mbty j`sef hl tdbs estbi`tbhlrequbres `ssuibln semektbhl hl tde hjserv`jme v`rb`jmes blkmufef bl tdbs equ`tbhl, `swemm `s `ssuibln td`t tde mble`r culktbhl`m chri `fequ`temy k`ptures prhcbts.

@ oey khlkerl wbtd HM[ estbi`tbhl hc equ`tbhl (:) bs td`t tde errhr teriε bskhrrem`tef wbtd chri`mbty. Vdere `re sever`m phssbjme re`shls chr tdbs khlkerl. Cbrst, bcwe exkmufe cbri sbze crhi (:), we whumf expekt ` phsbtbve jb`s, fue th m`rner cbrise`rlbln dbnder prhcbts `lf `msh jebln ihre mboemy th je chri`m. Bl tde HM[ resumts wesdhumf tderechre expekt tde estbi`te hcδ th jekhie mess phsbtbve `s we blkmufe cbrisbze. [ekhlf, ` khlkerl bs td`tε i`y blkmufe ulie`suref `jbmbty hc tde cbri, wbtddbnder `jbmbty me`fbln th ihre prhcbts `lf `msh `ccektbln tde fekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m.Bc `jbmbty bs ` khipmeielt th chri`mbty, we sdhumf `n`bl expekt tdbs th me`f th `lupw`rf jb`s bl δ . Vdbs bs wd`t we chulf ìhln si`mmer cbris. Dhwever, ìhln m`rnercbris tdere `ppe`ref th je ` len`tbve rem`tbhlsdbp jetweel (ie`suref) `jbmbty `lfchri`mbty. Chr tdese cbris, `jbmbty i`y je ` sujstbtute chr chri`mbty. @jme hwlers i`yd`ve lh trhujme `ttr`ktbln kusthiers `lf cbl`lkbln `lf perd`ps `re `msh ihresukkesscum `t `vhbfbln cbles. Vdus, ìhln m`rner cbris we ibndt expekt ` fhwlw`rf jb`s blδ . Vde hver`mm jb`s wdel we phhm cbris bs tderechre ulkme`r.

Ietdhfhmhny chr tde Vre`tielt Eccekts renressbhl@ sekhlf `pprh`kd th estbi`tbhl bs th try `lf tòe `kkhult hc tde phteltb`m elfhnelebtyhc chri`mbty jy blstruieltbln chr chri`mbty st`tus wdel estbi`tbln (:). [blke chri`mbtybs ` jbl`ry v`rb`jme, we use [V@V@‒s tre`tren khii`lf th cbt ` i`xbiui-mboembdhhfVre`tielt Eccekts ihfem. Vde blstruielt we remy hl bs tde fbst`lke crhi tde cbri th tdemhk`tbhl hc tde hccbke wdere tde cbri whumf d`ve th renbster. @s sdhwl bl tde prevbhussektbhl, fbst`lke th tde [BL hccbke strhlnmy prefbkts wdetder ` cbri d`s ` t`x luijer.4 Dhwever, fbst`lke th tde @mk`mfb` hccbke bs lht ` strhln prefbkthr hc wdetder ` cbri d`s` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, khlfbtbhl`m hl tde htder v`rb`jmes blkmufef bl tdbs renressbhl. @phssbjme re`shl chr tdbs bs td`t tde iulbkbp`mbty bs ihre `ktbve bl jhtd fbsseibl`tblnblchri`tbhl `jhut dhw th renbster `lf `msh bl elchrkeielt. Bl khltr`st, i`ly cbrism`ko blchri`tbhl `jhut wdere tde [BL hccbke bs hr dhw th net ` t`x luijer. Vdus we k`l




hlmy use tdbs Vre`tielt Eccekts ihfem chr ihfembln tde bip`kt hc ` t`x luijer, lht tdebip`kt hc ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse.

Vdet-st`tbstbk hl mhn fbst`lke th tde [BL hccbke bs `rhulf ;.4, `cter khlfbtbhlbln hltde htder v`rb`jmes bl tde renressbhl. Bc we restrbkt th cbris wbtdbl 07 obmhieters hc tde[BL hccbke, tdbs frhps th ;.5, wdbkd bs stbmm strhln `lf sbnlbcbk`lt. Vdus, tdbs fbst`lkeblstruielt prhvbfes ` strhln cbrst st`ne.

Vde exkmusbhl restrbktbhl we remy hl dere bs td`t, khlfbtbhl`m hl tde fbst`lke hc `cbri th tde kbty kelter, `lf tde `ver`ne t`x elchrkeielt bl ` cbri‒s kbty `lf blfustryp`br, fbst`lke th tde [BL hccbke d`s lh fbrekt bip`kt hl prhcbt`jbmbty. Hle phssbjmere`shl tdbs `ssuiptbhl khumf je vbhm`tef whumf je bc cbris kdhhse wdere th hper`tewbtd tde mhk`tbhl hc tde [BL hccbke bl iblf. Dhwever, `s prevbhusmy fbskussef, ìàhrbty hc cbris fh lht olhw wdere tde [BL hccbke bs, `lf i`ly cbris hper`te hut hctdebr dhies. ^btdbl ` m`rne kbty bt seeis td`t tde mhk`tbhl hc tde t`x hccbke bs lht ` i`blkhlkerl wdel fekbfbln wdere th mhk`te.

Ietdhfhmhny chr tde prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln

Cbl`mmy, th khipmeielt tde HM[ `lf Vre`tielt Eccekts renressbhls, we `msh prhvbfeestbi`tes hc tde bip`kt hc jebln chri`m hl prhcbts usbln prhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln.Wrhpelsbty skhre i`tkdbln `ssuies td`t `mm semektbhl hkkurs hl hjserv`jmes, jut fheslht requbre `ssuibln ` mble`r culktbhl chri. @ffbtbhl`mmy, use hc prhpelsbty skhrei`tkdbln `mmhws us th estbi`te tde bip`kt hc ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, chr wdbkd we fh lhtd`ve `l blstruielt`m v`rb`jme. ê use tde sìe v`rb`jmes `s bl tde HM[ renressbhls,`mhln wbtd dbnder-hrfer blter`ktbhl teris bl k`rrybln hut tde i`tkd.




@llex ;.5. Bip`kt hc ` t`x luijer hl mhn prhcbts

(0) (:) (;) (6) (5) (3) (>) LBV 7.362 7.532 7.66: 7.:05 7.733 7.52> 7.>66

(5.3:)** (6.26)** (;.27)** (0.42) (7.54) (0.57) (:.>;)** mhn fbst`lke th kbty -7.76> -7.7;6 -7.736 -7.7;2 -7.706 -7.754 7.77:

(0.63) (0.76) (0.2>)* (0.04) (7.66) (0.3;) (7.75) @ver`ne t`x blspektbhls -:.04; -:.773 -0.6:; -0.>0> -0.366 -0.5>: -:.04:

(;.7;)** (:.47)** (:.0;)* (:.35)** (:.53)* (:.7:)* (;.0>)** Cei`me -7.660 -7.;;: -7.:3: -7.0:0 -7.;:0 -7.005

(;.65)** (:.53)* (:.06)* (0.7:) (:.30)** (7.26) @ne -7.776 -7.775 -7.77; -7.77; -7.775 -7.776

(7.42) (0.:5) (7.>0) (7.34) (0.:2) (7.26) I`rrbef 7.7>7 7.073 7.7>5 7.005 -7.0;7 7.70:

(7.>0) (0.72) (7.4:) (0.:6) (0.:0) (7.0:) Rhuln cbri -7.00; -7.06> -7.07: -7.76: 7.725 7.7>> (0.76) (0.;4) (7.22) (7.6:) (7.26) (7.47) Blfbnelhus m`lnu`ne s obf 7.732 7.07> 7.7:7 7.003 7.073 7.0:3

(7.57) (7.4:) (7.05) (7.27) (7.26) (0.0;) D`s phst sekhlf`ry efl 7.0:2 7.032 7.055 7.060 7.054 7.0;0

(0.03) (0.5:) (0.65) (0.;>) (0.6:) (0.::) J`sbk efl hr mess 7.7>7 7.765 7.7>5 7.007 7.756 7.0;>

(7.5:) (7.;6) (7.52) (7.4>) (7.6;) (0.06) Kdbmf phverty -7.744 -7.7>2 -7.7>: -7.73; -7.7>4 -7.736

(:.;;)* (:.0:)* (0.24)* (0.4;) (:.76)* (0.32) Eltrepreleurb`m [emc-eccbk`ky 7.074 7.723 7.727 7.07; 7.7>5

(6.::)** (;.20)** (;.>2)** (;.3;)** (;.7;)** Ze`shl chr s/e bs k`rer -7.:6> -7.:65 -7.:;7 -7.:67 -7.:03 chr obfs/p`relts (:.67)* (:.5;)* (:.;3)* (:.;5)*

(:.02)*

Ze`shl chr s/e bs cmexbjme -7.7:0 7.774 7.75: -7.7:: 7.7;: dhurs chr dhusewhro (7.::) (7.74) (7.55) (7.:;) (7.;6)

Ze`shl chr s/e bs prhspekt 7.07; 7.73: 7.75> 7.727 7.7:5 hc jusbless nrhwtd (0.76) (7.35) (7.37) (7.42) (7.:>)

C`tder hwlef jusbless -7.:07 -7.02; -7.:32 -7.:07 -7.:5> (:.0>)* (:.75)* (:.20)** (:.03)* (:.32)**

Hle th chur whroers 7.:;: 7.06: 7.76> (:.75)* (0.:6) (7.66)

Cbve th tel whroers 7.426 7.>0: 7.573 (3.:3)** (6.>3)** (;.7:)**

Emevel hr ihre whroers 0.757 7.445 7.5:2 (;.;2)** (;.04)** (0.35)

Mhn k`pbt`m sthko 7.0;2 7.005 (6.>3)** (6.;>)**

Khlst`lt >.66> >.327 >.303 >.:4> 5.2;2 >.3;7 3.:20 (;0.73)** (:;.7:)** (:;.0>)** (::.:6)** (06.6:)** (::.>>)** (06.>>)**

Hjserv`tbhls 62: 644 644 644 66> 644 66> Z-squ`ref 7.:: 7.:3 7.;: 7.;4 7.6;Zhjust t st`tbstbks bl p`reltdeses, * sbnlbcbk`lt `t 5%? ** sbnlbcbk`lt `t 0%

HM[ Zenressbhl I`xbiui-mboembdhhf




V`jme ;[email protected]. Bip`kt hc ` t`x luijer hl `kkess th krefbt `lf use hc cbl`lkb`mservbkes

(0) (:) (;) (6) (5) (3) (>) (4) (2)LBV 7.057 7.7>4 7.742 7.7;0 -7.77; -7.702 -7.7:7 -7.7;7 -7.7>4

:.26*** 7.5> 7.46 7.5: 7.7: 7.0; 7.36 7.04 7.37[bze khltrhms lh lh yes lh lh yes lh lh yesIetdhf prhjbt tre`tren tre`tren prhjbt tre`tren tre`tren prhjbt tre`tren tre`tren

(07) (00) (0:) (0;) (06) (05) (03) (0>) (04)LBV 7.723 7.:;3 7.036 7.753 7.76; 7.7:7 -7.70; -7.002 -7.0:4

0.>6* 0.36* 0.;4 7.2; 7.:5 7.06 7.:2 0.06 0.::[bze khltrhms lh lh yes lh lh yes lh lh yesIetdhf prhjbt tre`tren tre`tren prhjbt tre`tren tre`tren prhjbt tre`tren tre`tren

LBV 7.;32 7.;20 7.:07:.;7* 7.34 7.57[bze khltrhms lh lh yesIetdhf hms tre`tren tre`tren

Wm`ys W`s`lòu

Hver`mm cbl`lke use

^hrobln k`pbt`m crhi J`losVr`fe Krefbt J`lo krefbt chr st`rt-up

[`vblns @kkhult Mh`l crhi J`lo bl :775/73

Lhte 1 LBV blfbk`tes tde dhmfbln hc ` t`x luijer? tre`tren blfbk`tes i`xbiui-mboembdhhf Vre`tieltEccekts renressbhl.




Lhtes

0 Wrblkbp`m khiphlelts `l`mysbs sunnests td`t renbstr`tbhl wbtd KL[, @CW `lf IV blvhmves ihre

chri`mbty td`l renbstr`tbhl wbtd CulfEipres` (wdbkd bl turl bs ihre chri`m td`l aust ` LBV hriulbkbp`m mbkelse).: Bl p`rtbkum`r, we estbi`te tde chmmhwbln prhjbt equ`tbhl chr tde mboembdhhf hc ` cbri‒s jeblnchri`m, `s fecblef jy d`vbln ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse, d`vbln ` t`x luijer, `lf jebln renbsteref wbtdCulfEipres`1

( ) ε ξ ζ λ κ ΰ ο ++++++99 t Elchrkeiel Mhk`tbhl Blfustry stbkKd`r`kterbHwlers stbksKd`r`kterb Cbris Chri`m ''0Wr

; Kdbmf phverty bs chrief `s ` prblkbp`m khiphlelt hc tde crequelky wbtd wdbkd tde blfbvbfu`msobppef ie`ms `s ` kdbmf, tde efuk`tbhl hc tde kdbmf‒s ihtder, `lf tde type hc cmhhr bl de kdbmf‒sfwemmbln. Bt bs bltelfef th prhxy mhln-teri cìbmy we`mtd jechre tde hper`tbhl hc tde kurrelt jusbless.6 Vde fbccerelke jetweel tde estbi`te hc 37 perkelt dbnder `lf >6 perkelt dbnder bs lhtsbnlbcbk`lt. Hle expm`l`tbhl chr tde phblt estbi`te blkre`sbln bs lhlmble`r eccekts hc chri`mbty jycbri sbze (see fbskussbhl jemhw).5 Vde renressbhls frhppef cbris wdere tde hwler w`s lht tde hle bltervbewef (sblke we leefhwler kd`r`kterbstbks)‖tdbs `kkhults chr 35 cbris. Vde renressbhls `msh frhppef cbris wbtd ihretd`l :5 eipmhyees, wdbkd `kkhults chr 0: cbris. @t tde elf tde renressbhls blkmufef 55> cbris huthc tde 3:2 bltervbewef.3 IEKHSB bs `l `krhlyi chr tde [p`lbsd chri hc Mbvbln [t`lf`rfs Ie`sureielt [urvey.> ê fbf lht survey khlstruktbhl, sblke bt w`s cemt tdere w`s mbttme hverm`p jetweel very si`mmblchri`m cbris `lf m`rne chri`m cbris? `lf jekùse tde jrh`f blfustry nrhupbln bs qubte

deterhnelehus, blkmufbln sobmmef elnbleers `lf `rkdbtekts `s wemm `s mess sobmmef whroers.4 Curtder evbfelke chr tde v`mbfbty hc tde `ssuiptbhl td`t fbst`lke th tde [BL hccbke bs pbkobln upblchri`tbhl `jhut nettbln ` LBV r`tder td`l shie neler`m mhk`tbhl kd`r`kterbstbk `ccektbln tdeblkeltbves chr chri`mbty bs seel bl tde c`kt td`t fbst`lke th tde [BL hccbke fhes lht sbnlbcbk`ltmyprefbkt wdbkd cbris net ` iulbkbp`m mbkelse hr renbster wbtd CulfEipres`.



24

KD@WVEZ 6

Whmbky Zekhiielf`tbhls

dbs kd`pter fr`ws hl tde cresd cblfblns hc tde prevbhus kd`pters ren`rfbln cbrisfekbsbhl th jekhie chri`m, tde eccekt hc chri`mbty hc cbris prhcbts, `lf tde

khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty th rekhiielf phmbkbes th blkre`se tde chri`mbz`tbhl,prhcbt`jbmbty, `lf prhfuktbvbty chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl Jhmbvb`. Bl tdbs khltext, tderekhiielf`tbhls supphrt tde hjaektbve hc tde WLF th blkre`se prhfuktbvbty `lfprhvbfe blkeltbves chr tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Zefukbln Jhmbvb`‒svery dbnd mevem hc blchri`mbty bs krbtbk`m th r`bse ekhlhibk nrhwtd `lf sust`bl bt hvertde mhln teri. Blchri`mbty mbibts tde prhfuktbvbty `lf nrhwtd hc cbris `lf tdus refukestde phteltb`m nrhwtd hc tde ekhlhiy? refukes t`x revelues fespbte khltblubln th iòeuse hc khstmy pujmbk servbkes? weòels shkb`m prhtektbhl chr tde m`jhr chrke, blkre`sbltde jurfel hl nhverlielt shkb`m prhtektbhl prhnrìs? `lf ulferibles jhtd pujmbk`lf prbv`te blstbtutbhls jy prhihtbln m`ko hc respekt chr tde m`w, khrruptbhl, `lf weòkhltr`kt elchrkeielt.

Vde rekhiielf`tbhls jemhw chkus hl twh jrh`f `re`s1 (b) blkre`sbln tdechri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris? `lf (bb) tòbln `ktbhls th prhihte prhfuktbvbtynrhwtd ìhln `mm ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Vde cbrst sektbhl preselts phmbkyrekhiielf`tbhls th blkre`se tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris tdrhundblkre`sbln tde jelecbts hc jekhibln `lf rei`blbln chri`m, blkre`sbln blchri`tbhl`jhut chri`mbz`tbhl? refukbln tde khipmexbty `lf khst hc mbkelsbln, renbstr`tbhl `lf t`xprhkefures. Vd`t sektbhl `msh khlsbfers w`ys th blkre`se tde bip`kt hc chri`mbty hlprhcbt`jbmbty, nbvel tde cblfbln td`t tde ekhlhibk jelecbts hc chri`mbty fepelfsbnlbcbk`ltmy hl tde sbze hc tde cbri. Vde sekhlf sektbhl rekhiielfs ie`sures thblkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl Jhmbvb` jy reihvbln hper`tbhl`m

khlstr`blts hl `kkess th cbl`lkb`m, pdysbk`m, `lf dui`l k`pbt`m `lf jy e`sblnblstbtutbhl`m `lf renum`thry khlstr`blts. Vde tdbrf sektbhl preselts tde kurrelt str`teny`lf `ktbhls ulfertòel jy tde nhverlielt.

Vde bip`kt hc chri`mbz`tbhl hl prhcbt`jbmbty sdhumf nubfe tde chkus hc nhverlielt`ktbhls. Chri`mbz`tbhl d`s ` sbnlbcbk`lt phsbtbve bip`kt hl tde prhcbt`jbmbty hc si`mmcbris, wdbkd d`ve re`kdef `l hptbi`m sbze th elahy tde jelecbts hc chri`mbty `lf k`lblterl`mbze tdhse jelecbts bl tdebr prhfuktbhl th set tde j`sbs chr cuture nrhwtd. @s `resumt, phmbkbes thw`rf tdbs nrhup hc cbris sdhumf je th blkre`se blchri`tbhl ren`rfblntde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess `lf tde jelecbts hc chri`mbty, `lf th demp refuke tde`fiblbstr`tbve `lf renum`thry khipmexbty `lf khst hc chri`mbty. Chr ibkrh cbris, tdekhsts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `re thh m`rne `lf delke fh lht tr`lsm`te blth jelecbts, tderechrephmbkbes chr tdbs sekthr sdhumf je hrbeltef ihre thw`rf prhihtbln prhfuktbvbty `lfnrhwtd, sukd td`t tdey k`l st`rt re`pbln tde jelecbts hc chri`mbty `s tdey nrhw. Chr tde

V




m`rnest cbris, wdbkd d`ve sukkeefef bl re`kdbln tdebr sbze wbtdhut jebln chri`m,strbkter elchrkeielt hc chri`mbz`tbhl requbreielts i`y je tde ihst eccektbve ie`sure.

Nhverlielt `ktbhls th prhihte chri`mbz`tbhl k`l tdus khver ` wbfe r`lne hcblkeltbves `lf elchrkeielt ie`sures. [hie hc tde prblkbp`m phmbky `lf pr`ktbkerekhiielf`tbhls chr refukbln tde renum`thry `lf `fiblbstr`tbve j`rrbers thchri`mbz`tbhl `re suii`rbzef bl Jhx 6.0.

Jhx 6.0. Whmbky `lf pr`ktbke rekhiielf`tbhls chr refukbln renum`thry `lf`fiblbstr`tbve j`rrbers th chri`mbz`tbhl

0. Fevemhp ` khiihlmy sd`ref thhmobt td`t elkhip`sses tde cumm r`lne hc sukkesscum fhlhrblchri`m ekhlhiy blterveltbhls.

:. Wrhihte chri`mbz`tbhl jy kre`tbln ` renum`thry elvbrhlielt td`t bs neler`mmy el`jmbln.

;. @t tde sìe tbie, whro wbtd wbmmbln p rtlers th reihve j rrbers th elterprbse nrhwtd `lfchri`mbz`tbhl `t mhk`m mevem. ^dhmes`me men`m rechri bs lht `mw`ys phssbjme, jut prhnress k`lstbmm je i`fe th streìmble fiblbstr`tbhl (`s tdrhund hle-sthp sdhps).

6. [upphrt ie sures th refuke khrruptbhl `t tde i`bl blterc`kes jetweel nhverlielt `lfjusbless bl tde prhkess hc chri`mbz`tbhl (p`rtbkum`rmy bl renbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsblnprhkefures).

5. Efuk`te nhverlielt hccbkb`ms `t mhk`m `lf l`tbhl`m mevems `jhut tde biphrt`lke hc tdeblchri`m ekhlhiy `lf tde rhme tdey k`l pm`y bl blkre`sbln chri`mbz`tbhl tdrhund hccerblnbiprhvef servbkes. Feihlstr`te td`t c`kbmbt`tbln mhln-teri nrhwtd hc tde t`x j`se bsprecer`jme th extr`ktbln sdhrt-teri n`bls `lf elkhur`nbln cbris th dbfe tdebr `ktbvbtbes.

3. Elsure td`t prhnrìs th blkre`se wemc`re bl tde blchri`m ekhlhiy fh lht refuke blkeltbves

th chri`mbze. Bl returl chr `ssbst`lke, requbre ` qubf prh quh crhi blchri`m elterprbses blteris hc ihveielt thw`rfs chri`mbz`tbhl.

>. [upphrt fb`mhnue jetweel nhverlielt `lf blchri`m elterprbses (hr tdebr `sshkb tbhls) threve`m j`rrbers th chri`mbz`tbhl lf jubmf trust lf ulferst`lfbln hl jhtd sbfes.

4. Khlsbfer tde ierbts hc mhlner blterveltbhls, jekùse rechribln renum`thry `lf `fiblbstr`tbvej`rrbers `lf tde kumture hc nhverlielt tòes tbie. ^dere mhlner blterveltbhls `re lhtphssbjme, fhpt ihre ihfest lf t`rnetef hjaektbves.

2. @ssess tde k`p`kbty hc mhk`m nhverlielts th bipmeielt phmbkbes th refuke j rrbers thchri`mbz`tbhl, `lf tòe steps th pmun n`ps jetweel keltr`mmy `pprhvef blbtb`tbves `lf mhk`mk`p`kbtbes.

07. Ulfertòe `lf sd`re curtder rese`rkd hl tde bip`kt hc el`jmbln elvbrhlielt rechri hlchri`mbz`tbhl.

[hurke1 U[@BF :775.

^d`t K`l Je Fhle th Blkre`se tde Chri`mbz`tbhl hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8

Whmbky rekhiielf`tbhls iust tòe `kkhult hc tde re`shls ibkrh `lf si`mm cbriskdhhse th rei`bl blchri`m hr th jekhie chri`m bfeltbcbef bl tde prevbhus kd`pter.Cbris j`se tdebr fekbsbhls hl jekhibln chri`m hl ` v`rbety hc c`kthrs1 (b) tde leef chrcmexbjbmbty `lf blfepelfelke th cumcbmm cìbmy hjmbn`tbhls? (bb) dbnd khst `lf khipmexhc prhkefures? (bbb) m`x nhverlielt elchrkeielt? (bv) fbst`lke th t`x hccbke? `lf (v) semc-eccbk`ky hc tde blfbvbfu`m eltrepreleur (` ibx hc eltrepreleurb`m `jbmbty `lf semc-khlcbfelke). Vh blkre`se chri`mbz`tbhl, phmbkbes d`ve th `ffress twh oblfs hc c`kthrs1




tdhse td`t iòe tde jelecbts hc chri`mbzbln si`mm `lf tdhse td`t iòe tde khsts hcchri`mbzbln dbnd. Whmbky ie`sures fbskussef jemhw `re nrhupef blth chur `re`s, blhrfer hc tbibln `lf prbhrbty1 blkre`sbln blchri`tbhl hl tde prhkesses `lf jelecbts hcchri`mbz`tbhl, refukbln tde khst `lf khipmexbty hc mbkelsbln, t`x`tbhl `lf renbstr`tbhlprhkefures th jekhie chri`m, blkre`sbln tde blkeltbves th jekhie chri`m, `lfbiprhvbln elchrkeielt.

Vde rekhiielfef sequelkbln hc phmbky kd`lnes blkmufes jhtd sdhrt- `lf mhln-teri `ktbhls. Bl tde sdhrt teri, prbhrbtbes `re th biprhve blchri`tbhl `jhutchri`mbz`tbhl `lf blkre`se tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `lf tde khsts hc rei`blblnblchri`m. Bl tde iefbui teri, sbipmbcybln `lf refukbln t`xes p`yielts chr ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris `re jhtd krbtbk`m `ktbhls. ^hrobln th blkre`se tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl`lf biprhvbln elchrkeielt `re sekhlf`ry iefbui-teri prbhrbtbes. Bl tde mhlner teri,`ktbhls sdhumf je fesbnlef th blkre`se tde tr`lsp`relky `jhut tde use hc t`xeskhmmektef, sh `s th kd`lne dhw pehpme vbew tde st`te `lf dhw tdey ren`rf tdebrresphlsbjbmbty th p`y ` c`br sd`re hc servbkes tdey rekebve.

Blchri`tbhl

Blkre`sbln blchri`tbhl k`l elkhur`ne tde chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbrisqubkomy `lf `t ` rem`tbvemy mhw khst. I`ly blchri`m cbris bltervbewef bl tde chkusnrhups fbf lht evel olhw wd`t bt ie`lt th je chri`m hr wd`t tde l`tbhl`m jusblessrenbstry CulfEipres` w`s. ^hrse, shie cbris tdhundt tdey were chri`m wdel tdeywere lht (tr`lsphrt cbris, chr exìpme). Vderechre, biprhvbln blchri`tbhl `jhutchri`mbz`tbhl‖p`rtbkum`rmy jy pujmbkbzbln dhw cbris jekhie chri`m, wd`t tdey k`ln`bl jy jekhibln chri`m `lf wd`t tdey rbso jy st`ybln blchri`m‖d`s tde phteltb`m thblkre`se `w`reless `lf elkhur`ne tde cbrst step chr chri`mbz`tbhl. Vde blchri`tbhlstr`teny khumf khver tde chmmhwbln `spekts1

▧ ^dy fhes bt i`tter th je chri`m8 Cbris sdhumf je `w`re td`t chri`mbty k`ldemp tdei nrhw tdebr jusbless tdrhund fbccerelt kd`llems, blkmufbln `kkess thihre kmbelts, th krefbt, th nhverlielt khltr`kts, th sujkhltr`ktbln, `lf thnhverlielt hr fhlhr-culfef tr`blbln prhnrìs. Bl khltr`st, st`ybln blchri`md`s khsts rem`tef th khrruptbhl, jebln bmmen`m, rbsobln cbles, lht nrhwbln hr`kdbevbln ekhlhibes hc sk`me, `lf umtbi`temy lht sukkeefbln bl jusbless.

▧

Dhw fh yhu jekhie chri`m8 Cbris sdhumf d`ve blchri`tbhl `jhut tde rhme`lf mhk`tbhl hc tde iulbkbp`m renbstry, CulfEipres`, tde t`x ùtdhrbtbes ([BL),tde de`mtd ùtdhrbty (KL[), pelsbhl culfs (@CWs), `lf tde M`jhr Iblbstry(IV). Bl p`rtbkum`r, tde usecumless hc tde fbccerelt steps th jekhie chri`msdhumf je re`ssessef. Bl tde k`se hc CulfEipres`, ;2 perkelt hc tdhserenbsteref wbtd bt fbf lht olhw `ly jelecbt crhi jebln renbsteref wbtd tdei.Vde renbstr`tbhl prhkess sdhumf je sihhtdef hut `lf sbipmbcbef chr cbris (see jemhw), `lf tde fbccerelt renbstrbes sdhumf je jetter khhrfbl`tef `t fbccereltmevems hc nhverlielt. Hle hptbhl whumf je th d`ve ` hle-sthp sdhp td`tkhvers iulbkbp`m `lf keltr`m requbreielts, wdbkd whumf leef th je k`recummy

fesbnlef th whro wemm. Exìpmes crhi i`ly khultrbes `rhulf tde whrmf, chrexìpme Blfhlesb` `lf Enypt, khumf je usecum bl tdbs ren`rf.




▧ Dhw bs tde t`x ihley usef8 Cbris p`ybln t`xes th tde keltr`m hr tde iulbkbp`mnhverlielt sdhumf d`ve shie olhwmefne `jhut dhw td`t ihley bs spelt.[bipmbcbef blchri`tbhl hl tde L`tbhl`m Fevemhpielt Wm`l `lf tde hjaektbveshc sekthr`m phmbkbes whumf kre`te ` sp`ke chr kbtbzel p`rtbkbp`tbhl `lfihlbthrbln. Whmbkbes th biprhve tr`lsp`relky k`l je mbloef wbtd tde kurreltprhaekt hl ihlbthrbln `lf ev`mu`tbln pujmbk expelfbture. Vdbs k`l jereblchrkef wbtd pujmbk`tbhls feskrbjbln nhverlielt spelfbln, `s wemm `s e-nhverlielt thhms, cbxef blchri`tbhl kelters `lf ihjbme ulbts td`t k`l re`kdcbris tdrhund ihre bllhv`tbve w`ys. Vemevbsbhl `lf r`fbhk`st khumf `msh jeusef th fbsseibl`te blchri`tbhl.

Iekd`lbsis th fbsseibl`te blchri`tbhl hl chri`mbz`tbhl `re krbtbk`m, jut tdeysdhumf je sep`r`te crhi elchrkeielt iekd`lbsis. @mm tdbs blchri`tbhl k`l jefbsseibl`tef tdrhund blchri`tbhl kelters, `s bs fhle bl tde Ulbtef Oblnfhi, hrihjbme systeis th re`kd hut th pehpme evel bl rur`m `re`s mboe r`fbhk`sts. Vdeiulbkbp`mbtbes `re jetter `t elchrkbln khipmb`lke, delke tdey `re jetter olhwl.Dhwever, bt bs `fvbs`jme td`t tde blchri`tbhl jhfy je sep`r`tef crhi tde elchrkeielt jhfy, sh td`t cbris k`l je ihre hpel th tde blchri`tbhl prhvbfef `lf trust tde jelecbtshc chri`mbz`tbhl hcceref.

Blkeltbves th chri`mbty

Whmbky `ktbhls sdhumf `bi th blkre`se tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl `lf tde khsts hcrei`blbln blchri`m. Jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl k`l khlsbst hc mblobln renbstr`tbhl wbtd`kkess th ihre kmbelts th chri`m cbris. [ever`m phssbjbmbtbes exbst th iòe tdbs mblo,blkmufbln e`sber `kkess th exphrt i`roets, nhverlielt khltr`kts, kmusterbln blbtb`tbves,hr sujkhltr`kts wbtd m`rner cbris. Htder hptbhls blkmufe hccerbln renbsteref cbris`kkess th tr`blbln chr whroers, biprhvef `kkess th cbl`lke, refuktbhl hc t`xes, `lfsbipmbcbk`tbhl hc htder prhkefures. Blterveltbhls i`y je julfmef, `s bl Weru wdbkdmbloef `kkess th khmm`ter`m (tdrhund tbtmbln), krefbt, `lf jusbless tr`blbln. Htder oblfs hcblkeltbves‖sukd `s `mmhwbln cbris th bssue rekebpts `lf biprhvbln `kkess th cbl`lkbln,i`roets, `lf tr`blbln‖khumf `msh elkhur`ne chri`mbz`tbhl. Evbfelke sdhws td`t jebln`jme th bssue rekebpts bs ` iàhr jelecbt hc chri`mbz`tbhl, jekùse bt exp`lfef tdekusthier j`se. Delke, pujmbk phmbkbes th el`jme evel cbris bl tde sbipmbcbef renbies th

bssue rekebpts k`l je jelecbkb`m. Crhi tde chkus nrhup `l`mysbs, `kkess th cbl`lke w`stde i`bl khlstr`blt th prhfuktbvbty, sh blbtb`tbves th mblo renbstr`tbhl wbtd `l biprhvef`kkess th cbl`lke khumf je jelecbkb`m.

Jubmfbln semc-eccbk`ky kre`tes ` krukb`m kd`lne bl `ttbtufes ìhln cbri hwlers td`ttelfs thw`rf chri`mbz`tbhl. Blkre`sbln tde semc-eccbk`ky hc eltrepreleurs, sh td`t tdeynet blth jusbless th nrhw tdebr jusbless, sbnlbcbk`ltmy blkre`sef chri`mbz`tbhl. Whmbkykhumf je ne`ref thw`rf jubmfbln tde semc-eccbk`ky hc eltrepreleurs tdrhund tr`blbln`lf fevemhpbln si`mm jusbless `sshkb`tbhls, wdbkd kre`te ` sp`ke chr sd`rbln bfe`s `lfielthrbln wbtd htder sukkesscum eltrepreleurs. Whhrmy fesbnlef nhverlielteltrepreleursdbp tr`blbln whumf je ` khlkerl? delke tde leef th k`recummy kr`ct `ly

pujmbk blterveltbhl (Jhx 6.:).




Jhx 6.: Vde rhme hc tr`blbln lf jusbless sshkb`tbhls bl r`bsbln tde semc-eccbk`ky hcblchri`m eltrepreleurs

O`rm`l `lf S`mfbvb` (:773) sdhw td`t prhvbfbln eltrepreleurb`m tr`blbln `mhlnsbfe krefbt phsbtbvemybip`kts tde ekhlhibk hutkhies chr jhtd whiel eltrepreleurs `lf ibkrh-krefbt blstbtutbhls.Usbln ` r`lfhibzef khltrhm trb`m, tde ùtdhrs ie`sure tde i`rnbl`m bip`kt hc te`kdbln j`sbkjusbless sobmms th Weruvb`l whiel eltrepreleurs elrhmmef bl tde nrhup melfbln prhnrì [email protected] cblf td`t tr`blbln biprhves jusbless olhwmefne, pr`ktbkes `lf revelues chr tde whieleltrepreleurs, `lf me`fs th dbnder rep`yielt `lf kmbelt reteltbhl r`tes chr tde melfbln blstbtutbhl.[trelntdelbln whiel‒s chri`m hr blchri`m systeis hc hrn`lbzbln, letwhrobln `lf blchri`tbhlsd`rbln bs ` sekhlf w`y th jrbfne tde k`p`jbmbty n`p jetweel iel `lf whiel.

Vde exìpme hc tde [emc-Eipmhyef ^hiel‒s @sshkb`tbhl ([E^@) bl Blfb` bs ` prbie k`se hc tdesukkesscum hrn`lbz`tbhl hc semc-eipmhyef whiel. Chulfef jy ` tr`fe ulbhl hrn`lbzer bl 02>: `s` ulbhl hc whiel whroers bl tde blchri`m ekhlhiy, [E^@ d`f th spelf hver twh ye`rs th jerenbsteref `s ` tr`fe ulbhl, hver tel ye`rs th je rekhnlbzef jy shie hc tde Blterl`tbhl`m Vr`fe[ekret`rb`ts, hver :7 ye`rs th je blvbtef th ahbl tde L`tbhl`m M`jhr Khlnress hc Blfb`, `lf ;7

ye`rs th je blvbtef th je `l hccbkb`m ieijer hc tde whroer femen`tbhl crhi Blfb` th tdeBlterl`tbhl`m M`jhr Khlcerelke. Bl trybln th n`bl hccbkb`m rekhnlbtbhl wbtdbl tde blterl`tbhl`m m`jhrihveielt, [E^@ d`s servef `s `l blspbr`tbhl chr tdree htder blterl`tbhl`m ihveielts1 tdewhiel‒s ihveielt, tde ibkrh-cbl`lke ihveielt, `lf ` nrhwbln ihveielt hc blchri`m whroers`lf prhfukers.

[hurke 1 Kdel `lf K`rr (:776).

[bipmbcy mbkelsbln, renbstr`tbhl, `lf t`x`tbhl prhkefures

Blterl`tbhl`m prhnrìs th sbipmbcy cbris‒ renbstr`tbhl prhkefures `lf refuke t`xp`yielt d`ve prhvef eccektbve bl blkre`sbln chri`mbz`tbhl. Zesumts crhi Jr`zbm‒s[BIWME[ prhnrì‖wdbkd sbipmbcbef cbris‒ renbstr`tbhl prhkefures `lf refukef t`xp`yielt (up th 4 perkelt) chr embnbjme ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris‖`lf Iexbkh‒s [@ZEprhnrì‖wdbkd refukef cbris‒ renbstr`tbhl prhkefures th tdree f`ys‖d`ve jhtd jeelchulf th d`ve ` mbibtef phsbtbve bip`kt bl prhihtbln chri`mbz`tbhl `lf cbri kre`tbhl.Chr ` nre`ter bip`kt, sukd sbipmbcbk`tbhl prhnrìs leef th je strhlnmy tbef wbtd jelecbts th jekhie chri`m (Jhx 6.;). Vde bip`kt hc `fiblbstr`tbve sbipmbcbk`tbhlprhnrìs i`y je m`rner wdel `kkhip`lbef jy htder khipmeielt`ry ie`sures `bief,cbrst, `t blkre`sbln tde phteltb`m jelecbts hc ahblbln tde chri`m sekthr‖e.n., c`kbmbt`tbln`kkess th krefbt hr nhverlielt prhvbfef tekdlbk`m `ssbst`lke‖hr, sekhlf, `t refukblnhtder khsts hc renum`thry khipmb`lke, jeyhlf tde c`kbmbt`tbhl hc cbri renbstr`tbhl. Vdekd`mmelne bs th fbstblnubsd remev`lt crhi `l`kdrhlbstbk renum`tbhls `lf j`m`lke prbv`tekhsts `lf menbtbi`te pujmbk blterests, sukd `s tde prhtektbhl hc pujmbk s`cety hr tdeelvbrhlielt. Biprhvbln tde sbipmbcbef t`x renbie chr ibkrh `lf si`mm elterprbses bs`msh `l esseltb`m khiphlelt th blkeltbvbze chri`mbz`tbhl. Jekùse sh cew ibkrh `lfsi`mm khip`lbes lhw p`y `ly jusbless t`xes, refukbln tde sbipmbcbef t`x renbie th ìblbi`m mevem prhj`jmy whumf prhve th je ` let n`bl chr jhtd tde cbsk`m `kkhults `lfchr chri`mbz`tbhl. Bt k`l `msh je lhtef td`t wdel tde elchrke`jbmbty hc renum`tbhls bsrem`tef th tde sbze hc tde cbri, `s bs tde k`se bl Jhmbvb`, supphrtbln ekhlhibk p`ko`nes blc`vhr hc ibkrh `lf si`mm blchri`m cbris, wbtdhut ` prbhr eld`lkeielt hc tde renum`thry

elvbrhlielt, i`y hlmy blkre`se tde luijer hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, neler`teteiphr`m `jlhri`m prhcbts bl exbstbln cbris wbtdhut d`vbln `ly eccekt hl tdebr nrhwtd,




`lf bipmy ` mhln teri tr`lscer th blchri`m-i`roet khlsuiers (Nbun`me `lf Em-Fbw`ly022>).

Elchrkeielt

Whmbkbes sdhumf `msh je fesbnlef th blkre`se elchrkeielt, sh `s th blkre`se tde khst hcrei`blbln blchri`m? dhwever tdey sdhumf lht je t`rnetef th si`mmer cbris `lf sdhumf`mw`ys je `kkhip`lbef wbtd blkeltbves. I`ly blchri`m cbris bl tde chkus nrhupbltervbews rephrtef td`t blspektbhls were brrenum`r, mhhse, `lf hlmy khlfuktef `rhulfpeò perbhfs, sukd `s dhmbf`ys. Cbris bl tde chkus nrhup bl tr`lsphrt rephrtef m`xelchrkeielt? bl kìembfs tde sbtu`tbhl w`s sbibm`r. Bt seeis td`t m`rner cbris wereihre sujaekt th blspektbhls `lf khltrhm, `lf petty khrruptbhl w`s blvhmvef. Blfeef, j`sef hl tde :773 BK@, si`mm cbris rephrt td`t khrruptbhl bs `l biphrt`lt khlstr`blt thtdebr fevemhpielt. Delke, kr`kobln fhwl hl elchrkeielt d`s th je `kkhip`lbef jy`ltbkhrruptbhl ie`sures. Chr t`x elchrkeielt `t tde l`tbhl`m mevem, tdbs ie`ls re`kdblnhut th rur`m `re`s `lf th cbris c`r crhi ` mhk`m t`x hccbke `lf jebln ihre systei`tbk blblspektbhls. Elchrkeielt i`y je i`fe ihre eccbkbelt jy fekeltr`mbzbln t`x hccbkes thnet kmhser th tdebr khlstbtuelky. Dhwever, Kd`pter ; sdhwef td`t si`mmer cbris sdhumflht je tde prbi`ry t`rnet hc elchrkeielt `s bt whumf blkre`se tdebr khsts hc fhbln jusbless. Elchrkeielt sdhumf je `kkhip`lbef jy blkeltbves th je `l eccektbve thhm thchri`mbze m`rner cbris.

Jhx 6.;. Nh`ms wdel refukbln j`rrbers th chri`mbz`tbhl

Jest Wr`ktbke bl Zefukbln J`rrbers th Chri`mbz`tbhl[uii`ry hc Zekhiielf`tbhl chr Fhlhr Blterveltbhl

• [upphrt jrh`f prhnrìs hc renum`thry rechri th sbipmbcy lew `lf exbstbln m`ws `lf i oe tdejusbless kmbi`te ihre dhspbt`jme th chri`m elterprbse. Bltrhfuke Zenum`thry Bip`kt

@ssessielt.• [bipmbcy hccbkb`m `fiblbstr`tbhl chr jusblesses. Zevbew `lf refuke p`perwhro.• Fesbnl ie`sures th kre`te jusbless-crbelfmy kumture bl nhverlielt lf biprhve tde qu mbty,

qu`ltbty, `lf `kkessbjbmbty hc servbkes. Khlsbfer servbke kd`rters `lf hle-sthp-sdhps chrjusbless.

• [bipmbcy t`x `fiblbstr`tbhl? khlsbfer sblne t`xes chr I[IEs.• @vhbf retrh`ktbve t`x`tbhl chr elterprbses td`t chri`mbze.• [d`re blchri tbhl hl wd`t t`x revelues re usef chr, `lf dhw jusblesses wbmm jelecbt crhi

eld`lkef servbkes.• Z`tbhl`mbze jusbless renbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsbln renbies, lf sep`r`te tde hle crhi tde htder.

Use BV th streìmble tde prhkess `lf sd`re blchri`tbhl.• [ep`r`te tde culktbhl hc revelue neler`tbhl crhi jusbless renbstr`tbhl.• Zestrbkt mbkelsbln th tdhse `ktbvbtbes wdere bt bs austbcbef hl de`mtd, s`cety, elvbrhlielt`m,

khlsuier prhtektbhl, hr htder nrhulfs.• Zefuke renbstr`tbhl cees `lf st`tuthry requbreielts, e.n. chr cbxef preibses, k`pbt`m.• Bfeltbcy re`s chr m`jhr m`w rechri, prhtektbln esseltb`m rbndts wdbme iòbln bt e`sber th dbre

`lf cbre whroers `lf th eipmhy hl cmexbjme khltr`kts.• Iòe bt e`sber th renbster prhfuker `sshkb tbhls sh td`t tde jelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl k`l je

i`fe `v`bm`jme th nrhups khiprbsbln blfbvbfu`ms wdh whumf lht sep`r`temy d`ve i`fe tdeecchrt th chri`mbze.

[hurke 1 U[@BF :775.




^d`t K`l Je Fhle th Blkre`se Wrhfuktbvbty hc Ibkrh `lf [i`mm Cbris8

Vde i`bl hper`tbhl`m khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty sd`ref jy `mm sekthrs `rerem`tef th `kkess th pdysbk`m, cbl`lkb`m, `lf dui`l k`pbt`m. @ffbtbhl`m khlstr`blts

bfeltbcbef bl tde chkus nrhup surveys were tde m`ko hc pujmbk phmbkbes th prhihterese`rkd `lf tekdlhmhny fbccusbhl (kìembf), tde m`ko hc st`lf`rfs `lf qu`mbty khltrhmth step up prhfuktbhl `t ` m`rner sk`me (whhf), tde m`ko hc i`roetbln str`tenbes thsupphrt exphrts wbtd tr`fe `nreeielts `lf phsbtbhlbln bl phteltb`m i`roets.Blstbtutbhl`m `lf renum`thry khlstr`blts th dbnder prhfuktbvbty `re rem`tef th t`x r`tes, jusbless mbkelsbln `lf renbstr`tbhl hc cbris, khrruptbhl, `lf i`krhekhlhibk `lfphmbtbk`m blst`jbmbty. Vde chmmhwbln phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls `re fr`wl crhiblterl`tbhl`m experbelke th `ffress e`kd hc tde khlstr`blts ieltbhlef. Jekùse hc tde`ffbtbhl`m shkb`m khlstr`blts c`kef jy whiel eltrepreleurs, ` spekb`m sektbhl bsblkmufef dere hl phmbky rekhiielf`tbhls th demp ieet tdebr leefs.

Blkre`sbln `kkess th cbl`lke

Biprhvbln krefbt blchri`tbhl, espekb`mmy khhrfbl`tbln ìhln `mm renum`tef cbl`lkb`mblstbtutbhls, d`s ` nre`t phteltb`m th fekre`se tde blchri`tbhl`m khsts hc prhvbfbln krefbtth ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. [d`rbln krefbt blchri`tbhl `mmhws cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls th`kqubre blchri`tbhl `jhut tde krefbt dbsthry hc mh`l `ppmbk`lts `lf delke bfeltbcy tderbso kd`r`kterbstbks hc tdebr `ppmbk`lts. ^btdhut td`t blchri`tbhl, j`los `re mboemy thr`tbhl krefbt th lew cbris hr th fei`lf dbnder blterest r`tes. Jekùse tde khst hc`kqubrbln blchri`tbhl `jhut `l `ppmbk`lt bs cbxef, ` j`lo whumf r`tder blvest bl`kqubrbln blchri`tbhl `jhut m`rner cbris td`l ibkrh hr si`mm cbris. Vderechre,

nhverlielt sdhumf khltblue elkhur`nbln prbv`te `lf pujmbk krefbt renbstrbes `lf tdeprhihtbhl hc krefbt skhrbln blchri`tbhl th mhwer melfers‒ khsts hc prhvbfbln krefbt thibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Bl `ffbtbhl, tde blchri`tbhl sd`rbln sdhumf `mmhw ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris th jhrrhw crhi j`los `s wemm `sibkrhcbl`lkber`s .

@ strhln krefbthrs‒ rbndts elvbrhlielt, `s wemm `s tde use hc khmm`ter`m, k`l dempibkrh `lf si`mm cbris‒ `kkess krefbt `t mhwer khst. Wmefnbln khmm`ter`m `mmhws tmelfbln blstbtutbhl th refuke tde `syiietrbk blchri`tbhl ren`rfbln tde jhrrhwer `lftde prhaekt, `lf tdus refuke ihr`m d`z`rf. Dhwever, tde men`m elvbrhlielt sdhumfel`jme tde melfer th sebze tde khmm`ter`m `t mhw khsts bl k`se hc fecùmt. Bc melfers cetd`t renum`tbhls fh lht prhtekt tdei `lf tdebr kd`lkes hc rephssessbln tde khmm`ter`m `re

thh mhw, tdey ibndt `so chr ihre khmm`ter`m (blkre`sbln tde khst hc krefbt) hr r`tbhlkrefbt chr i`ly jhrrhwers (fekre`sbln tde ìhult hc krefbt melt). Bl tde k`se hcblchri`m cbris wdere tde prhperty rbndts hl tde khmm`ter`m i`y lht je kme`r, tde rhme hctde krefbthrs‒ rbndts crìewhro `lf khmm`ter`m th ibtbn`te krefbt rbso bs evel nre`ter.Whmbky ie`sures th biprhve khmm`ter`m use `lf krefbthr rbndts blkmufe streìmblbln m`wshl khmm`ter`m khmmektbhl `lf blkre`sbln tde `nbmbty hc tde aufbkb`m systei ren`rfbln j`loruptky prhkeefblns, `s wemm `s fesbnlbln bllhv`tbve w`ys th use khmm`ter`m chribkrh `lf si`mm jusblesses, sukd `s tde use hc ihve`jme r`tder td`l hlmy cbxef `ssets.

Mh`l nu`r`ltee skdeies d`ve prhvef sukkesscum bl blkre`sbln `kkess th cbl`lke chrsi`mm cbris. Vde `pprh`kd elt`bms jrblnbln blth tde krefbt rem`tbhlsdbp ` nu`r`ltee crhi`l `nelt td`t d`s prbvbmenef blchri`tbhl hl tde jhrrhwer hr tde prhaekt. Chr blst`lke, `m`rne cbri k`l nu`r`ltee krefbt chr bts suppmber (rekbprhk`m mh`l nu`r`ltees), `s bt k`lbiphse `l extr` khst hl tde suppmber bc bt fecùmts. Vdbs bs p`rtbkum`rmy usecum wdel tde




elchrkeielt hc krefbt khltr`kt elvbrhlielt bs weò. Bl @rneltbl`, le`rmy 6,777 si`mm`lf iefbui elterprbses d`ve jelecbtef crhi tdbs type hc skdeie th net ` mh`l. Vdenhverlielt, thh, tdrhund ` pujmbk `nelky k`l je tde p`rtb`m nu`r`lthr hc ` mh`l nbvel jy ` nrhup hc cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls th cbris bl ` kert`bl renbhl, blfustry, hr sbze. J`losp`y ` cee th hjt`bl tde nu`r`ltee blste`f hc blsur`lke bl k`se hc fecùmt. CHN@WE blKdbme `lf CLN bl Khmhijb` d`ve jeel p`rtbkum`rmy sukkesscum bl eccbkbeltmy kd`llemblnreshurkes th ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Vde i`bl bipmeielt`tbhl kd`mmelne chr sukd skdeies bsdhw th `mmhw j`los th `mmevb`te rbso. Bl `ffbtbhl j`los fh lht d`ve th ”prhvbsbhl’ chrmelfbln th cbris wbtdhut khmm`ter`m, `s requbref jy tde renum`tbhl. Delke, tdere bs stbmm ihr`m d`z`rf, jut hl tde p`rt hc tde j`lo. Hle w`y th fe`m wbtd td`t whumf je td`t tde cee`mmhk`tef th tde j`lo je ` culktbhl hc tde j`lo‒s dbsthry hc fecùmt (BFJ :775).

Krefbt sujsbfbes hr fbrektef melfbln tdrhund fevemhpielt j`los d`ve kd`llemefcbl`lkbln th ibkrh, si`mm, `lf iefbui cbris `rhulf tde whrmf. Bl tde Zepujmbk hcOhre`, Lunelt `lf Rdee (:77:) rephrt td`t si`mm `lf iefbui elterprbses jelecbtefsujst`ltb`mmy crhi sujsbfbzef krefbt. Bl Jr`zbm, tde L`tbhl`m Ekhlhibk `lf [hkb`mFevemhpielt J`lo (JLFE[), tde m`rnest fevemhpielt j`lo bl M`tbl @ierbk`, cbl`lkefle`rmy 077,777 hper`tbhls chr ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bl :77;. Vde prblkbpme bs td`t jymhwerbln blterest r`te khsts hc cbris, cbris k`l `cchrf tde mh`l, `lf tdey jekhie messprhle th fecùmt (delke mess rbsoy). Dhwever, tde sukkess `lf sust`bl`jbmbty fepelf hltde fet`bms mboe tde mevem hc khipetbtbhl ìhln j`los, `s ` j`lo k`l stbmm cblf ` w`y thp`ss tde sujsbfy th htder‛td`l-bltelfef cbris bl td`t k`se. Oui`r `lf Cr`lkbskh (:776)est`jmbsd td`t m`rne cbris jelecbt ihre crhi JLFE[ td`l si`mm cbris, `kkhrfbln th f`t`crhi tde Blvestielt Kmbi`te @ssessielt. @lhtder rbso bs `tt`kdef th tde fbsthrtbhl bl

tde khipetbtbhl wbtd htder cbl`lkb`m blstbtutbhls td`t `re whrobln wbtd ibkrh `lf si`mmcbris mboeibkrhcbl`lkber`s ‖wdbkd bl Jhmbvb` `re whrmf-km`ss. Vde bipmeielt`tbhlkd`mmelne bs td`t sukd `l `llhulkeielt r`bses i`ly expekt`tbhls crhi tde pujmbk. Vdesbze hc tde sujsbfy, `s wemm `s tde kd`llem hc tde sujsbfy, sdhumf je k`recummy kr`ctef`lf nubfef jy jest pr`ktbkes sh `s lht th fece`t tde blbtb`m purphse.

Blkre`sbln `kkess th pdysbk`m blputs

@kkess th nhhf-qu`mbty blputs k`l je biprhvef jy blkre`sbln kmusterbln `lfsujkhltr`ktbln. Blste`f hc khipetbln wbtd si`mm `lf blchri`m cbris chr sk`rkebiphrtef blputs, m`rne cbris k`l sujkhltr`kt blput prhfuktbhl th si`mm `lf ibkrhcbris. Vdey k`l whro wbtd tdei `lf tde nhverlielt th fbccuse tekdlhmhny `lf qu`mbtyst`lf`rfs sh `s th biprhve tde qu`mbty hc blputs. Kmusterbln bs espekb`mmy biphrt`lt chrsi`mmer cbris jekùse tdey st`lf th jelecbt rem`tbvemy ihre crhi tde ekhlhibes hcsk`mes, tde refuktbhl hc tr`lsphrt khsts, tde phhmbln hc m`jhr, `lf tde spbmmhvers hctekdlhmhny td`t `re el`jmef `lf prhihtef jy kmusters. Rì`sòb (0223) feskrbjes tdephsbtbve bip`kt hc kmusterbln hl tde fylìbsi hc A`p`lese si`mm `lf iefbuielterprbses. Kmusteref cbris `re `msh ihre mboemy th exphrt `lf th `fhpt prhkess `lfprhfukt bllhv`tbhl td`l blfbvbfu`m cbris. Vde preselke hc ` pujmbk rese`rkd `lfst`lf`rfs-testbln c`kbmbty `lf supphrt crhi pujmbk kelters hr tde renbhl`m mhk`mnhverlielt k`l je biphrt`lt emeielts bl tde sukkess hc kmusters, `s seel bl Blfhlesb`

wbtd tde kmusters th exphrt whhf `lf r`tt`l curlbture. Vdere bs `msh evbfelke hc `sbnlbcbk`lt phsbtbve rem`tbhl chr si`mm cbris jetweel prhfuktbvbty `lf ` sujkhltr`kthrst`tus (`s ` suppmber) bl @sb` (Ur`t` `lf Ow`b :77:). Nhverlielt khhrfbl`tbhl




jetweel jusblesses `lf iumtbl`tbhl m khrphr`tbhls prhvef krukb`m bl I`m`ysb` th jhhst` sujkhltr`ktbln p`rtlersdbp th supphrt mhk`m si`mm `lf iefbui elterprbses.

Blkre`sbln `kkess th equbpielt `lf p`rts

Khipetbtbhl crhi blchri`m equbpielt prhvbfers (mboekduths `lf kd`t`rr`s bl tr`lsphrt)phses ` serbhus tdre`t th tde fevemhpielt hc ` khipetbtbve `lf s`ce i`roet chrequbpielt. @s ` khlsequelke, khlsuiers d`ve tde kdhbke jetweel very dbnd-st`lf`rfexpelsbve prhfukts `lf servbke hr mhw-qu`mbty blchri`m hles, me`vbln bl tde ibffme `lulferfevemhpef senielt hc phhrmy servef khlsuiers. Vde nhverlielt k`l renum`tetde eltry hc ”blchri`m’ equbpielt `lf p`rts, wdbme hpelbln curtder tde tr`fe renbie thbiphrt ihre st`lf`rf `lf up‛th-khfe equbpielt `lf p`rts. Vdbs khumf je fhle tdrhundreihvbln t`rbccs, biphrt quht`s, hr lhlt`rbcc j`rrbers (sukd `s ref t`pe, kuijershietekdlbk`m st`lf`rfs) th blkre`se tde suppmy hc equbpielt `lf p`rts (IkOblsey :77:).

@kkess th equbpielt `lf p`rts whumf jelecbt crhi tde fevemhpielt hc cbl`lkb`mblstruielts, sukd `s me`sbln, th biprhve tde prhvbsbhl hc cbl`lke chr lew blvestielt.Me`sbln `mmhws tde melfer th ret`bl hwlersdbp hc tde prhperty purkd`sef ultbm tde jhrrhwer cblbsdes p`ybln hcc wd`t bt hwes. Delke, bc tde jhrrhwer fecùmts hl p`yielt,rephssessbhl hc tde nhhf bs c`ster, mess khstmy, `lf mess fepelfelt hl tde m`ws `lf k`seshl krefbthrs‒ rbndts. Me`sbln `msh nu`r`ltees tde krefbthr td`t tde pershl wbmm lht usetde equbpielt `s khmm`ter`m chr htder mh`ls. Vde i`bl kd`mmelnes chr tde use hc me`ses`re tdebr dbnd `fiblbstr`tbve khsts `lf blsuccbkbelt men`m nu`r`ltees chr tde jhrrhwer.

Blkre`sbln `kkess th tekdlhmhny `lf qu`mbty st`lf`rfs

Wujmbk tekdlbk`m supphrt blkre`ses tde fbccusbhl hc tekdlhmhnbk`m bllhv`tbhl `lf qu`mbtyst`lf`rfs th ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Bllhv`tbhl bs tde ihst biphrt`lt iekd`lbsi thblkre`se tde prhfuktbhl crhltber hc cbris. Vekdlhmhnbk`m `lf skbeltbcbk prhnress k`l je`f`ptef blth jusbless bllhv`tbhl jy pujmbk tekdlhmhny fevemhpielt kelters rese`rkdblstbtutes, tr`fe prhihtbhl kelters, skbelke p`ros, `lf st`lf`rfs m`jhr`thrbes. Vdenhverlielt khumf `msh chster tde fevemhpielt hc tekdlhmhny fbccusbhl kelters jyel`jmbln tde blfustry kmusters th prhihte olhwmefne spbmmhvers wbtdbl kmusterstdrhund khhper`tbhl `lf fbccusbhl. @ cbrst step chr bipmeielt`tbhl khumf je th kre`teekhlhibk zhles wdere blter`ktbhl jetweel suppmbers `lf fei`lf bs debndtelef chrspekbcbk blfustrbes, `lf suppmbers wbtd spekb`mbzef sobmms `re supphrtef. Vdbs khumreshmve tde qu`mbty bssue hc tde kìembf cbjer, c`kbmbt`te tde kertbcbk`tbhl prhkess cwhhf, `lf `msh prhvbfe ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris wbtd supphrt hl qu`mbty st`lf`rfs thstep up prhfuktbhl `lf je khipetbtbve th `kkess exphrt i`roets.

Blkre`sbln i`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m st`jbmbty

I`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m st`jbmbty were `t tde thp hc tde khlstr`blts th culktbhlblnchr `mm cbris bl tde :773 Blvestielt Kmbi`te @ssessielt. Evel tdhund tde sbtu`tbhl d`sbiprhvef bl Jhmbvb` sblke :773, bt bs stbmm bl tde iblf hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris td`t, `sulblsuref jusblesses, tdey khumf sust`bl fì`nes bl tde evelt hc rbhts hr htderfbsturj`lkes. Vdhse cbris `msh leef th je re`ssuref td`t i`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`mkhlfbtbhls `re st`jme. [ukd `ssur`lkes `re p`rtbkum`rmy biphrt`lt wdel bl khies th`ttr`ktbln chrebnl blvestielt. Vdus, i`krhekhlhibk `lf phmbtbk`m st`jbmbty rei`bllekess`ry jut lht succbkbelt khlfbtbhls chr tde nrhwtd hc prhfuktbvbty.




Blkre`sbln tde prhcbt`jbmbty hc cei`me eltrepreleurs

Whmbky blterveltbhls th jubmf k`p`kbty ìhln cei`me eltrepreleurs blkmufe hrn`lbzblnsysteis th c`kbmbt`te letwhrobln `lf blchri`tbhl-sd`rbln `lf prhvbfbln tr`blbln th jubmf i`l`nerb`m `lf cbl`lkb`m mbter`ky. K`rr `lf Kdel (:776) lhte td`t wdbme whroersbl tde blchri`m ekhlhiy were ultbm rekeltmy khlsbferef ulhrn`lbzef jy fecblbtbhl,rekelt evbfelke sunnests td`t tde blchri`m whrochrke bs jebln hrn`lbzef jy chri`mtr`fe ulbhls, `mterl`tbve tr`fe ulbhls, `lf prh-m`jhr lhlnhverlielt`m hrn`lbz`tbhls.Khiihl exìpmes `re tde [emc-Eipmhyef ^hiel‒s @sshkb`tbhl bl Blfb` ([E^@) `lftde blterl`tbhl`m `mmb`lke hc street velfhrs, [treetLet. Khhper`tbves `re `lhtder chritdrhund wdbkd semc-eipmhyef whiel hrn`lbze `lf jubmf systeis hc iutu`m supphrt`lf blchri`tbhl exkd`lne. @mtdhund tde phteltb`m jelecbts hc tr`blbln seei hjvbhus,i`ly phhr whiel, espekb`mmy very si`mm prhfukers `lf i`roet velfhrs, `re ul`jme thput tdebr `kqubref sobmms blth pr`ktbke. [hie rese`rkders d`ve sunnestef td`t systeis hc

letwhrobln `lf blchri`tbhl exkd`lne i`y hctel je ihre v`mu`jme blterveltbhls td`lsobmms `lf jusbless tr`blbln `mhle (I`yhux 0225). Jhmbvb`l exìpmes exbst, sukd `s tdeFhiestbk ^hroers‒ Ulbhl, `lf tde nhverlielt sdhumf whro th strelntdel exbstbln `lfprhihte lew sukd `sshkb`tbhls.

Hccerbln kdbmfk`re servbkes th whiel eltrepreleurs bs hle w`y hc `ffressblnphssbjme nelfer-j`sef prhfuktbvbty khlstr`blts `lf prhvbfes nre`ter kdhbke th tdhsewdh kdhhse blchri`mbty th tòe k`re hc cìbmy. Vdree qu`rters hc semc-eipmhyef whiels`y td`t tde `jbmbty th k`re chr cìbmy ieijers bs ` very biphrt`lt re`shl tdey kdhsesemc-eipmhyielt. Evbfelke crhi Khmhijb` (Zbjerh :77;) `lf Nu`tei`m` (Jhx 6.6)sdhws td`t kdbmfk`re kdhbkes `ccekt lht hlmy wdetder whiel whro, jut `msh tde type hc

whro tdey eln`ne bl `lf tde ìhult hc tbie tdey spelf bl p`bf whro.

Jhx 6.6. Kdbmfk`re bl Nu`tei`m` kbty

Wrhvbfbln kdbmfk`re chr tde phhr bs hle w`y hc iòbln hkkup`tbhl`m senren`tbhl jy nelfer ihre `questbhl hc precerelke td`l ` resumt hc aunnmbln prhfuktbve `lf reprhfuktbve rhmes. Bl phhr urj`llebndjhrdhhfs hc Nu`tei`m` Kbty, cblfbln `cchrf`jme kdbmfk`re bs ` kd`mmelne, espekb`mmy sblkei`ly phhr ihtders `re ibnr`lts wdh mbve `w`y crhi extelfef cìbmy `lf d`ve mess `kkess thblchri`m mterl`tbve k`renbvers.

Bl Nu`tei`m`, tde prhnrì Dhn`res Khiulbt`rbhs , ` nhverlielt-sphlshref f`yk`re prhnrì,supphrts whrobln p`relts `lf, bl p`rtbkum`r, ihtders wdh `re prbie blkhie e`rlers. Vde prhnrìw`s chulf th jelecbt twh fbccerelt nrhups hc whiel1

• Ihtders hc p`rtbkbp`tbln kdbmfrel. Vdese `re ihstmy yhuln whrobln ihtders, i`ly sblnme.Vdey jekìe ihre mboemy th je eln`nef bl chri`m st`jme eipmhyielt, phssbjmy ` resumt hcd`vbln sekuref remb`jme `lf `cchrf`jme kdbmfk`re chr extelfef dhurs. Vdey `msh re`mbze dbnderw`nes `lf ` m`rner luijer hc eipmhyielt jelecbts td`l whrobln ihtders wdh use`mterl`tbve kdbmfk`re rr`lneielts.

• K`retòers re ihtders tdeisemves. Vdese `re hmfer, mess efuk`tef whiel wbtd ihre mbibtefphssbjbmbtbes th whro hutsbfe tde dhie. Vdey jelecbtef tdrhund tde neler`tbhl hc shie (`mjebtmhw) blkhie.

@mtdhund tde kdbmfk`re hcceref ulfer tde prhnrì w`s tde kde`pest `mterl`tbve bl tde `re`s blwdbkd bt hper`tef, bt w`s usef jy hlmy 6 perkelt hc tde embnbjme dhusedhmfs. Vde ev`mu`tbhl st`tes

td`t tdbs hutkhie w`s i`blmy fue th mbibtef suppmy. Vde prhnrì w`s `msh chulf th phsbtbvemy`ccekt chhf blsekurbty `lf i`mlutrbtbhl tdrhund k`sd tr`lscers th k`retòer ihtders chr chhf.

[hurke1 D`mmi`l et `m. :77;.




^d`t Bs Jhmbvb` Fhbln Lhw th Blkre`se Chri`mbz`tbhl `lf Wrhfuktbvbty8

Vde nhverlielt hc Jhmbvb` bs `mre`fy hl tde rbndt tr`kt th blkre`se chri`mbz`tbhl `lfblkre`se prhfuktbvbty. Vde lew L`tbhl`m Fevemhpielt Wm`l,Wm`l L`kbhl`m fe Fes`rrhmmh

(WLF) bs chkusef hl tde prhfuktbve fevemhpielt hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris ( Ibkrh yWequel`s Eipres`s ) `lf hl tde prhvbsbhl hc blkeltbves chr cbris th chri`mbze. Vde WLF`ffresses tde bssue tdrhund ` tdree-prhlnef `pprh`kd. Cbrst, tde WLF prhphses tdekre`tbhl hc ` sekhlf-tber fevemhpielt j`lo td`t whumf biprhve `kkess th cbl`lke chrrur`m prhfukers `lf urj`l ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris th blkre`se tdebr k`p`kbty `lfprhfuktbvbty. [ekhlf, tde WLF fevemhps ` phmbky hc prhfuktbve blkmusbhl, wdbkdprhvbfes blkeltbves th rehrn`lbze prhfuktbhl tdrhund vertbk`m `lf dhrbzhlt`mbltenr`tbhl hc prhfuktbve kmusters (khipmeahs prhfuktbvhs). Cbl`mmy, tde WLF k`mms chrsujsbfbes th demp chri`mbze elterprbses `lf prhihte qu`mbty kertbcbk`tbhl. Jhx 6.5preselts tde nhverlielt—s str`teny th blkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty `lf chri`mbz`tbhl hc

ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris.Vde nhverlielt hc Jhmbvb` d`s i`fe kme`r ecchrts th fevemhp tde men`m crìewhrochr rechris, dhwever tde bipmeielt`tbhl d`s jeel m`nnbln `lf tde prbhrbtbz`tbhl chr`ktbhl k`l je biprhvef. Chr chri`mbz`tbhl, tde iblbstry hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris bsfevemhpbln ` khipredelsbve `lf sekthr wbfe `pprh`kd th chri`mbze `mm ibkrh `lfsi`mm cbris wbtdbl ` mbibtef tbiecrìe. Dhwever, tde kurrelt `pprh`kd fhes lhtfbstblnubsd jetweel cbris hc fbccerelt sbze `lf bs de`vy hl elchrkeielt. Hur stufysunnests td`t bt bs lekess`ry th `ppmy fbccerelt types hc phmbky chr fbccerelt types `lfsbzes hc cbris `s tdey `re fbccereltmy `ccektef jy chri`mbty. Chr prhfuktbvbty, tdesemektbhl hc tde prhfuktbve kmusters th rekebve str`tenbk pujmbk blvestielt d`s jeelfem`yef. Vdere bs smhw prhnress hl tde bipmeielt`tbhl hc tde men`m rechris `lf hl tdeprbhrbtbz`tbhl hc tde `ktbhls th supphrt tde sekthr`m rechris. @ very lht`jme `fv`lke bsrem`tef th tde bipmeielt`tbhl hc tde L`tbhl`m [ervbke chr tde Wrhfuktbve Fevemhpielthc [i`mm Wrhfukers ([EL@FEWZH). @s seel bl tde stufy, sukd servbkes k`l jeblstruielt`m bl prhihtbln blchri`tbhl `jhut chri`mbz`tbhl, `lf prhvbfbln jusblesssupphrt `s jelecbt hc chri`mbz`tbhl.

Jhx 6.5. Nhverlielt lf prbv`te ktbhls hl prhfuktbvbty lf chri`mbty

Bl Aule :773, tde nhverlielt preseltef tde L`tbhl`m Fevemhpielt Wm`l (WLF), wdbkd blkmufes `ktbhlsth elkhur`ne tde prhfuktbvbty `lf chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Vde khre hc tdbs pm`l prhphsefth blkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty hc si`mm `lf ibkrh elterprbse tdrhund tde kre`tbhl hc ` fevemhpielt j`lotd`t wbmm cbl`lke shie prhfuktbve kmusters `lf tdrhund tde biprhveielt hc nhverlielt servbkes thsupphrt si`mm prhfukers, bl p`rtbkum`r bl tde rur`m `re`s, supphrtbln tde `sshkb`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mmeltrepreleurs `lf tdebr bltenr`tbhl, jhtd dhrbzhlt`m `lf vertbk`m. Vde fevemhpielt j`lo w`s kre`tef blA`lu`ry :77>, `lf tde Iblbstry hc Wm`llbln, resphlsbjme chr tde bipmeielt`tbhl hc tdbs pm`l, blkhhrfbl`tbhl wbtd tde Iblbstry hc Wrhfuktbhl `lf Ibkrh-elterprbses, `lf tde Iblbstry hc Zur`mFevemhpielt, d`s semektef sbx kmusters‖textbmes, ibmo prhfukts, whhf `lf curlbture, me`tder `lf btsi`luc`ktures, iesh-tderi`m v`mmeys, `lf [`d`p`qub. Bl tdbs khltext, tde Iblbstry hc Wrhfuktbhl `lfIbkrh elterprbses bs fevemhpbln ` khipredelsbve set hc phmbkbes th elkhur`ne nre`ter prhfuktbvbty `lfkhhrfbl`tbhl jetweel si`mm, iefbui, `lf m`rne cbris, khiiulbtbes, `lf `sshkb`tbhls tdrhundhut tde sbxwhrobln re`s1





Jhx6.5 (khltbluef)

• Zenbstry `lf chri`mbz`tbhl hc si`mm cbris bl hrfer th blkre`se tdebr prhfuktbvbty `lf, t tde elf hc tdeprhkess, khmmekt t`xes crhi tdei.

• Fevemhpielt hc tekdlbk`m `lf cbl`lkb`m servbkes th blkre`se tde prhfuktbvbty hc si`mm prhfukersi`blmy tdrhund tde fevemhpielt j`lo.• Kre`tbhl hc ` lew renum`tbhl pm`tchri, prhihtbhl hc cree tr`fe zhles, `lf biprhveielt hc tde

qu`mbty verbcbk`tbhl systei th prhihte blvestielt `lf prhfuktbhl qu`mbty.• Hpelbln hc fhiestbk `lf blterl`tbhl`m i`roets th si`mm prhfukers.• Fbversbcbk`tbhl hc prhfuktbhl, jhtd chr fhiestbk `lf exphrt i`roets, chkusbln hl prhfuktbve kmusters.• Wrhihtbhl hc lew renum`tbhl th strelntdel prhfuktbve khiiulbtbes, p`rtbkum`rmy whiel.

Bl mble wbtd tdbs str`teny, tde Iblbstry hc Wrhfuktbhl `lf Ibkrh-elterprbses d`s jeel prep`rbln `khipredelsbve `lf sekthr-wbfe `pprh`kd th chri`mbze ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris. Vde iblbstry bs fesbnlbln` set hc phmbkbes th bfeltbcy `lf renbster tdei, sh `s th iòe tdei vbsbjme `lf `mmhw tdei jetter `kkessth biprhvef nhverlielt servbkes, blkmufbln tr`blbln, `kkess th cbl`lke, `kkess th lew i`roets, `lfmblo`nes th htder cbris. Vde str`teny khlsbfers ` teiphr`ry t`x exeiptbhl chr tdree ye`rs `lf tdesbipmbcbk`tbhl hc shie renbstr`tbhl prhkesses th elkhur`ne tde i`ssbve renbstr`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm

cbris wbtdbl ` nbvel tbiecrìe. @ffbtbhl`mmy, tde Blterl`tbhl`m M`jhr Hrn`lbz`tbhl d`s prhphsef ` set hcphmbkbes th blkre`se tde renbstr`tbhl hc cbris `lf whroers wbtd tde Iblbstry hc M`jhr, `lf th biprhvekhhrfbl`tbhl wbtd tde Blterl`m Zevelue [ervbke, CulfEipres`, tde L`tbhl`m De`mtd Blstbtutbhl, `lfWelsbhl Culfs (@CWs).

Bl tdbs khltext, tde Iblbstry hc Wrhfuktbhl `lf Ibkrh-elterprbses `llhulkef bl I`rkd :77> tde kre`tbhlhc tde L`tbhl`m [ervbke chr Wrhfuktbve Fevemhpielt ([EL@FEWZH) thnetder wbtd tde re`ktbv`tbhl hc tdeKhiprh Jhmbvb`lh (B Juy Jhmbvb`l) prhnrì. Vde Khiprh Jhmbvb`lh prhnrì, hrbnbl`mmy bipmeieltef jyWresbfelt Ies`, wbmm feepel tde `kkess hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris, jhtd rur`m `lf urj`l, th i`ssbvenhverlielt prhkureielt prhkesses. Vh tdbs elf, `l `fvbshry nrhup wbmm je kre`tef, blkmufblnrepreselt`tbves crhi prhfukers‒ hrn`lbz`tbhls. Bl turl, [EL@FEWZH wbmm strelntdel tde tekdlbk`m `lfi`l`nerb`m k`p`kbty hc ibkrh `lf si`mm eltrepreleurs th blkre`se tdebr prhfuktbvbty. [EL@FEWZH,wdbkd wbmm jenbl bts hper`tbhls `lf cbl`lkbln bl Aumy :77>, bs `mre`fy rekebvbln tde cbrst k`lfbf`tes. Vdecbrst sekthr th je khveref bs tde biphrtef usef-kmhtdes khiierke1 tdbs sekthr sdhumf sthp bts `ktbvbtbes bl

[epteijer :77>. Vdbs sekthr wbmm je supphrtef tdrhund tr`blbln th je prhvbfef jy [EL@FEWZH bl tdeprhfuktbhl hc textbmes, aewemry, me`tder ìhln htders, `lf tdrhund Wrhfuktbve Fevemhpielt J`lo cbl`lkbln, chrup th U[$05,777 crhi ` U[$5 ibmmbhl culf, wbtd `l `llu`m blterest r`te hc 6 perkelt.

Vde Iblbstry hc Cbl`lke d`s jeel pusdbln chr `l blkre`se bl tde supervbsbhl hc m`rne cbris td`t `rerenbsteref, `s si`mm ulbts, bl spekb`m t`x renbies th ev`fe t`xes. Bl tdbs khltext, blterfep`rtielt`m `lfblterl`tbhl`m tr`lsphrt cbris were chrkef th ihve crhi ` spekb`m t`x renbie th tde neler`m t`x renbie`lf delke th p`y ihre t`xes bl :773. @ktbhls bl htder sekthrs, p`rtbkum`rmy bl wdhmes`me khiierke, `rejebln ev`mu`tef th biprhve t`rnetbln, bl kmhse khhrfbl`tbhl wbtd Kusthis `lf V`x [ervbkes `nelkbes.Dhwever, tdese `ktbhls `re lht fesbnlef `s p`rt hc ` strukturef `pprh`kd th fe`m wbtd blchri`m cbris`lf `re khlkeltr`tef bl hlmy ` d`lfcum hc sekthrs.

@t tde sujl`tbhl`m mevem, ulfer tde crìewhro hc ` L`tbhl`m Wm`l chr tde [bipmbcbk`tbhl hc JusblessZenum`tbhl `t tde Iulbkbp`m Mevem, sevel Jhmbvb`l iulbkbp`mbtbes d`ve bipmeieltef sbipmbcbk`tbhlrechris1 [`lt` Kruz, Khkd`jìj`, Em @mth, M` W`z, Vrblbf`f, V`rba`, `lf Ihlterh. Vde m`ter chur wbtdtde supphrt hc tde BCK. Vde prhnrì d`s `kdbevef sbz`jme biprhveielts bl tde luijer hc steps, tbiekhlsuief `lf khsts hc iulbkbp`m mbkelses nr`ltef, sbnlbcbk`ltmy blkre`sbln tde luijer hc cbrisrenbsteref `t tdbs mevem hc nhverlielt (see Kd`pter 0). Vde BCK bs pm`llbln th extelf tde rechri th cbve`ffbtbhl`m iulbkbp`mbtbes, blkmufbln tde strelntdelbln hc mhk`m k`p`kbtbes th blsure sust`bl`jbmbty. Hpel^hrosdhps hl blstbtutbhl`m fb`nlhstbk wbmm je demf bl [epteijer :77>, th nubfe iulbkbp`mbtbes bl tdebfeltbcbk`tbhl hc hper`tbve bleccbkbelkbes `lf bl f`t` khmmektbhl. Vde `ktbve p`rtbkbp`tbhl hc prbv`testòedhmfers‖kdìjers hc khiierke lf blfustry, eltrepreleurs `sshkb`tbhls‖wbmm je blfukef.

@mtdhund bl ` ihre mbibtef sk`me, tde prbv`te sekthr `msh p`rtbkbp`tef bl prhaekts fe`mbln wbtd tdeblchri`mbty bssue. @ffbtbhl`mmy th prbv`te-i`l`nef CulfEipres`, tde Khkd`jìj` Kdìjer hcKhiierke, wbtd tde supphrt hc `l B@FJ krefbt, bipmeieltef bl :773 ` prhaekt th strelntdel tdei`l`nerb`m sobmms `lf th blfuke chri`mbz`tbhl hc ibkrh `lf si`mm cbris (IyWEs), eveltu`mmy resumtbln bltdebr blkmusbhl `s ieijers hc tde Kdìjer. 377 I[E‒s jemhlnbln th thur sekthrs‖iet`m whros, whhf,chhf `lf khiierke‖`re p`rtbkbp`tbln bl tde prhnrì, wdbkd wbmm elf bl [epteijer :77>. Vde prhaektblkmufes tde kre`tbhl hc ` peri`lelt hccbke th nubfe I[E‒s bl tde chri`mbz`tbhl prhkess.




Vde nhverlielt prhphs`m th prhvbfe sujsbfbzef krefbt th ibkrh `lf si`mmprhfukers phses rbsos. Vde sukkess hc tde nhverlielt prhnrì wbmm fepelf hl dhweccektbve tde lew fevemhpielt j`lo k`l je bl blkre`sbln blteriefb`tbhl `lffeepelbln krefbt th si`mm `lf prhfuktbve cbris, wdbme jebln sust`bl`jme `lf lhtfbsthrtbln khipetbtbhl wbtd tde kurrelt cbl`lkbln systei. Blfeef, Jhmbvb`libkrhcbl`lke blstbtutbhls‒ r`tes `re very khipetbtbve `lf ìhln tde jest bl tde renbhl.Dhwever, `kkess bs mhw `lf tdey `re lht prhvbfbln krefbt th ihst hc tde si`mm `lfibkrh prhfukers `lf cbris .

Vde nhverlielt hc Jhmbvb` d`s jubmt ` set hc sekthr`m ekhlhibk phmbkbes (Wm`l[ekthrb`m fe Fes`rhmmh Wrhfuktbvh)wbtdbl tde crìewhro hc tde WLF th supphrt tdeprhfuktbvbty `lf chri`mbty hjaektbves. Vdese nh`ms `re `msh supphrtef jy hper`tbhl`m`lf blstbtutbhl`m rechris, `s wemm `s jy prhvbfbln blkeltbves tdrhund e`sbln jusblessrenbstr`tbhl `lf mbkelsbln, `fequ`te t`x`tbhl, i`roets fevemhpielt, blkeltbves thexphrts, prhvbfbln st`lf`rfbz`tbhl `lf qu`mbty khltrhm hc prhfukts (V`jme 6.0). Vdenhverlielt d`s `msh bfeltbcbef tde leef th strelntdel prhfuktbve blcr`strukture (rh`fs,temekhiiulbk`tbhls, `lf elerny) `s ` oey emeielt th chster prhfuktbhl `lf biprhvekhipetbtbveless. Dhwever, fespbte tde exbstelke hc i`ly m`ws, tde bipmeielt`tbhl bsm`nnbln.

V`jme 6.0. Jhmbvb`‒s kurrelt str`teny th blkre`se chri`mbty lf prhfuktbvbty

Nhverlielt's Wm`l [ekthrb`m fe Fes`rrhmmh Wrhfuktbvh Whmbky

rekhiielf`tbhls Whmbky nh`m Chri hc bipmeielt`tbhl

Biprhve `kkess thcbl`lke.

• Wrhihte `kkess th cbl`lke thprhfuktbve sekthrs wbtd lewcbl`lkb`m blstruielts.

• M`w hc sbipmbcbk`tbhl hc prhkesses bl tdecbl`lkb`m sekthr ( Meyes feFesjurhkr`tbz`kbûl fem [bstei`Cbl`lkberh ).

• M`w hc ihv`jme `ssets ( Mey feN`r`lté`s Jbeles Iuejmes ).

• Zenum`tbhl hc tde renbstry hc ihv`jme`ssets. ( Zenmìelth fem Zenbstrh feJbeles Iuejmes ).

• M`w hl khrphr`te rume ( Mey feNhjberlhs Khrphr`tbvhs ).

• M`w hl cbl`lkb`m me`sbln ( Mey fe Me`sblnCbl`lkberh ).

Biprhve `kkess thblputs.

• Zefuke `syiietrbes blequbpielt `lf blput chrprhfuktbhl.

Biprhve `kkess thsobmmef whroers `lfmess rbnbf m`jhrrenum`tbhls(espekb`mmy lhlm`jhrkhsts).

• Vr`blbln `lf tekdlbk`m`ssbst`lke crhi nhverlielt.

• Vde fekree hl tde bipmeielt`tbhl hc tdel`tbhl`m servbke chr tde prhfuktbvefevemhpielt hc si`mm prhfukers ( F.[. febipmeielt`kbûl fem [ervbkbh L`kbhl`m feFes`rrhmmh Wrhfuktbvh fem WequeðhWrhfukthr ([EL@FEWZH)).

(V`jme khltblues hl lext p`ne)




V`jme 6.0 (khltbluef)

Nhverlielt's Wm`l [ekthrb`m fe Fes`rrhmmh Wrhfuktbvh Whmbkyrekhiielf`tbhls Whmbky nh`m Chri hc bipmeielt`tbhl

Wrhihte fhiestbk`lf exterl`mfei`lf chr Jhmbvb`lprhfukts (tr`fe `lfkusthisrenum`tbhls), `s wemm`s st`lf`rfbz`tbhl`lf qu`mbty khltrhmbl prhfuktbhl.

• Exphrts fbversbcbk`tbhl(prhfukts `lf i`roets).

• Fevemhpielt hc fhiestbki`roet tdrhund nhverlieltpurkd`ses ( Khiprh Jhmbvb`lh ).

• [t`lf`rfbz`tbhl `lfkertbcbk`tbhl.

• Blkre`se bl prhfuktbhl `ffefv`mue.

• Cbsk`m, cbl`lkb`m, `lfblstbtutbhl`m blkeltbves thexphrts.

• Wrhtektbve t`rbccs.• [iunnmbln elchrkeielt.

• Vr`blbln `lf equbpielt th tde ê`tderChrek`st Blstbtute ( Blstbtuth Jhmbvb`lh feIetrhmhné` (BJIEVZH)).

• Vde m`w hl tde prhihtbhl hc tr`fbtbhl`mc`brs (Menbsm`kbûl fe Zekhlhkbibelth feCerb`s @lkestr`mes ).

• Vde m`w th elter nhverlielt khltr`kts(Mey Khiprh Jhmbvb`lh ).

• Vde fekree hc khiierkb`m prhtektbhl(F.[. Fecels` Khierkb`m([`mv`nu`rfb`s, Fuipbln y[ujvelkbhles )).

• Vde fekree hl ulc`br blterl`tbhl`m

khiierkb`m pr`ktbkes ( F.[. Lhri`tbv`shjre Wr`ktbk`s Fesme`mes fe KhierkbhBlterl`kbhl`m ).

Fbccusbhl hctekdlhmhny (tr`blbln)`lf prhihtbhl hcekhlhibes hc sk`mesjy `sshkb`tbhl(kmusterbln `lfsujkhltr`ktbln).

• Cbl`lkbln rese`rkd `lffevemhpielt.

• @sshkb`tbhl `lf fevemhpielthc prhfuktbve sekthrs(khipmeahs prhfuktbvhs ).

• Ekhlhibk blkeltbves chrstr`tenbk `mmb`lkes `lfprhfuktbhl letwhros.

• Vde fekree hc renbstr`tbhl hc tde fbccerelt`sshkb`tbhls hc si`mm prhfukers ( F.[. feZenbstrh fe Khlcefer`kbhles,cefer`kbhles, kài`r`s que hrn`lbz`l`nrup`kbhles fe mhs pequeðhs

prhfukthres ).

E`se tde jusbless

mbkelsbln `lfperibts renbstr`tbhl(mhwer relew`mkhsts).

• Zefuktbhl bl jureùkr`ky lfsbipmbcbk`tbhl hc renbstr`tbhl.

• Wrhihtbhl hc prhfuktbveblvestielt.

• Vde culfìelt`m m`w hc si`mm prhfukers(Mey Culfìelt`m fem WequeðhWrhfukthr ).

• Vde fekree th chri`mbze lf rekhnlbzesi`mm prhfukers ( F.[. fe chri`mbz`kbûl yrekhlhkbibelth fem pequeðh prhfukthr ).

E`se tde t`x`fiblbstr`tbhl lft`x r`tes.

• Wrhihte chri`mbz`tbhl `lf`fequ`te t`x`tbhl chr si`mmurj`l `lf rur`m cbris.

[upphrtblcr`strukture,`kkess thtemekhiiulbk`tbhls,`lf `kkess th

emektrbkbty.

• [trelntdel prhfuktbveblcr`strukture.



00:

Zecerelkes

@NETWZHLV ( @shkb`kbûl Nreib`m fe Exphrt`fhres fe Wrhfukths Lh Vr`fbkbhl`mes). :775.”Wm`l fe 057 fé`s p`r` m` Ze`ktbv`kbûl fem [ekthr @nrékhm` Lh Vr`fbkbhl`m el m`sÀre`s @cekt`f`s phr m` Vhrielt` [t`l.’

@mek, Z., `lf I`mhley, C. 0224.Vde Blchri`m [ekthr, Cbri Fylìbks, `lf Blstbtutbhl`mW`rtbkbp`tbhl. Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per Lh. 0244, [epteijer 0224.

@miebf`, Z. :775.Elchrkeielt hc M`jhr Zenum`tbhl, Blchri`m M`jhr, `lf Cbri Werchri`lke.Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per Lh. ;>53, Hkthjer :775.

J`m`ss`, J. 0236. ”Vde Wurkd`sbln Whwer W`rbty Fhktrble1 @ Ze`ppr`bs`m.’ Ahurl`m hcWhmbtbk`m Ekhlhiy >:1 546-523.

Jhrf`, F., `lf A. Zìérez. :773. Jhmbvb`1 [btu`kbûl y Werspektbv`s fe m`s IbWyIEs y suKhltrbjukbûl ` m` Ekhlhié`. J`lkh Blterìerbk`lh fe Fes`rrhmmh. Aule :773.

Jrudl, Ibrbì. :773. ”Mbkelse th semm1 tde eccekt hc jusbless renbstr`tbhl rechri hleltrepreleurb`m `ktbvbty bl Iexbkh.’ Ibieh Kìjrbfne, I`ss.1 IBV.

K`l`vbre, A., `lf C M`lf`. :773.Fur`kbûl fem Feseipmeh el em @re` Urj`l` fe Jhmbvb`1 Ul @làmbsbs fe mhs Ecekths fe Lbvemes fe Blstrukkbûl y K`r`kteréstbk`s [hkbhekhlûibk`s. Zevbst` @làmbsbs Ekhlûibkh ‛ UF@WE. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. :773.

K`rr, I., `lf I. Kdel. :776. ”Nmhj`mbz`tbhl, [hkb`m Exkmusbhl `lf Nelfer.’Blterl`tbhl`m M`jhr Zevbew 06;(0-:).

KEWZHJHM, :775 ”@JK fem Exphrt`fhr,’ ` pujmbk`tbhl crhi tde Sbke iblbsterbh feZem`kbhles Ekhlhibk`s y Khierkbh Exterbhr `lf Em Keltrh fe Wrhihkbhl Jhmbvb`.

Kdel, I. :770. ”^hiel bl tde Blchri`m [ekthr1 @ Nmhj`m Wbkture tde Nmhj`mIhveielt.’ [@B[ Zevbew :0(0).

Kdel, I. :775`. Zetdblobln tde Blchri`m Ekhlhiy1 Mblo`nes wbtd tde Chri`m Ekhlhiy `lf

tde Chri`m Zenum`thry Elvbrhlielt . Zese`rkd W`per Lh. :775/07. D`rv`rfUlbversbty. ^BFEZ. @prbm, :775.‖‖‖ . :775j. Vde Jusbless Elvbrhlielt `lf tde Blchri`m Ekhlhiy1 Kre`tbln Khlfbtbhls chr

Whverty Zefuktbhl. D`rv`rf Ulbversbty. ^BENH. Hkthjer, :775.Khkh, N. :777. ”Hl tde use hc Khmm`ter`m’. Ahurl`m hc Ekhlhibk [urveys 06 (:)1 020-:06.Khemdh, B., Nðhiez, A., Ief`s, W., `lf [err`, W. :776.D`kb` ul [bstei` Vrbjut`rbh iàs

Ecbkbelte y Austh. Blterl`tbhl`m Ihlet`ry Culf.Kullblndì, ^. :770. ”Jre`fwbller hc K`renbver8 Dhw dhusedhmf Zhme @ccekts M`jhr

Kdhbkes bl Iexbkh,’ ^`sdblnthl FK1 ^hrmf J`lo.Kullblndì, ^. `lf K. Zìhs Nhiez, :77:. ”Vde Dhie `s C`kthry Cmhhr1

Eipmhyielt `lf Zeiuler`tbhl hc Dhie-j`sef ^hroers,’ ^`sdblnthl FK1^hrmf J`lo.




Fe Iem, [uresd, F`vbf IkOelzbe, `lf Kdrbsthpder ^hhfrucc. :77>. ”Zeturls th K`pbt`mbl Ibkrh elterprbses1 Evbfelke crhi ` Cbemf Experbielt.’ ^hrmf J`lo WhmbkyZese`rkd ^hrobln W`per. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.

Fe [hth, D. 0242.Vde Htder W`td1 Vde Blvbsbjme Zevhmutbhl bl tde Vdbrf ^hrmf. D`rper &Zhw, Lew Rhro, 0242.

FCBF. :773. IyWEs Exphrt`fhr`s1 Khlsumt`s shjre Ibkrheipres`s el Jhmbvb`. M` W`z,Jhmbvb`. Aumy :773.

FCBF-FEKI@. :773. ”M` Jhmbvb` Blvbsbjme, Khih D`kerm` Sbsbjme8’ Blsert`lfh mÈkhlhib` Chri`m.

FCBF-FEKI@. :77>. ”M` Jhmbvb` Blvbsbjme, Khih D`kerm` Sbsbjme.’Fb`z, K., `lf Zha`s, D. :775.M` Blchri`mbf`f el Jhmbvb`1 Ul` Sàmvum` fe Esk`pe h ul Crelh

p`r` m` Ekhlhié`8 Culf`kbûl p`r` m` Wrhfukkbûl. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. [epteijer,:775.

Elkuest`s y Estufbhs. :77>.Blchri`mbf`f y Wrhfuktbvbf`f. Ibieh.Càlzymjer, W`jmh, ^bmmbì I`mhley, `lf N`jrbem Ihltes Zha`s. :773`. ”Zeme`sbln

Khlstr`blts th Nrhwtd hr Wusdbln hl ` [trbln8 Vde Bip`kt hc Krefbt, Vr`blbln,Jusbless @sshkb`tbhls `lf V`xes hl tde Werchri`lke hc Iexbk`l Ibkrh-Cbris.’^hrmf J`lo Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per Lh. ;47>. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.

‖‖‖. :773j. ”Fhes Chri`mbty Biprhve Ibkrh-Cbri Werchri`lke8 Pu`sb-Experbielt`m Evbfelke crhi tde Jr`zbmb`l [BIWME[ prhnrì.’ ^hrmf J`loWhmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per . ^`sdblnthl, F.K.

C`rremm, Fb`l`. -:776. ”Vde dbffel f`lners hc tde blchri`m ekhlhiy.’Vde IkOblseyPu`rtermy (Luijer ;). dttp1//www.ikoblseyqu`rtermy.khi/`rtbkmeXp`ne.`spx8`r9

0664&M:9>& M;907&srbf93&np90.Culf`kbûl p`r` em Fes`rrhmmh Eipres`rb`m, K`p`kbt`kbûl y Iefbh @ijbelte (FEKI@).:773. M` Jhmbvb` Blvbsbjme. ¸Khih d`kerm` vbsbjme8 Blsert`lfh m` ekhlhié` blchri`m. M`W`z, Jhmbvb`. [epteijer :773.

N`mblfh, @. `lf Ibkkh, @. :776. ”J`lo Krefbt th [i`mm `lf Iefbui Elterprbses1 tderhme hc Krefbthr Wrhtektbhl’. Ibieh B@FJ, ^`sdblnthl FK.

N`sp`rblb, M., `lf Vhrl`rhmmb, M. :77>.M`jhr Blchri`mbty bl M`tbl @ierbk` `lf tdeK`rbjje`l1 W`tterls `lf Vrelfs crhi Dhusedhmf [urvey Ibkrhf`t` . Keltrh feEstufbhs Fbstrbjutbvhs, M`jhr`mes y [hkb`mes. Ulbversbf`f L`kbhl`m fe M` Wm`t`.

Nbjshl, Ahdl, `lf F`vbf IkOelzbe. :77>. ”Usbln tde Nmhj`m Whsbtbhlbln [ystei (NW[)

bl Dhusedhmf [urveys chr Jetter Ekhlhibks `lf Jetter Whmbky.’ ^hrmf J`loWhmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per Lh. 6025. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.Nbun`me, I. `lf Em-Fbw`ly, [. 022>.Blchri`mbty, [bze `lf Zenum`tbhl. Vdehry `lf `l

@ppmbk`tbhl th Enypt. Kelter chr @nrbkumtur`m `lf Zur`m Fevemhpielt. Bhw` [t`teUlbversbty. Fekeijer 022>.

Delmey, @., Zez`, N., `lf K`rlebrh, C. :773.Hl Fecblbln `lf Ie`surbln tde Blchri`m[ekthr . ^hrmf J`lo Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per Lh. ;433, I`rkd :773.

D`mmi`l, O., @. Z. Pubsuijbln, I. V.Zuem, `lf J. fe m` Jrbere. :77;. ”Kdbmfk`re `lf^hro1 Ahblt Fekbsbhls ìhln ^hiel bl Whhr Lebndjhrdhhfs bl Nu`tei`m`Kbty.’ ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 Blterl`tbhl`m Chhf Whmbky Zese`rkd Blstbtute.

BFJ. :775. ”Ulmhkobln Krefbt.’ BlEkhlhibk `lf [hkb`m Wrhnress bl M`tbl @ierbk`:775. ^sdblnthl, F.K.1 Blter-@ierbk`l Fevemhpielt J`lo.




Blter-@ierbk`l Fevemhpielt J`lo. :77;. Nhhf Ahjs ^`ltef1 M`jhr I`roets bl M`tbl @ierbk`. :776 Ekhlhibk `lf [hkb`m Wrhnress Zephrt. J`mtbihre1 Vde Ahdls DhpoblsUlbversbty Wress.

Blstbtuth Mbjert`f y Feihkr`kb` (BMF). :77>.Ev`mu`kbûl Wrembibl`r fe m` EkhlhiéÈxtr`men`m el 0: p`éses fe M`tblhìârbk` y em K`rbje. Zephrte fe m` Blvestbn`kbûl elJhmbvb`. Zesuiel Eaekutbvh. Mbi`, Weru.

Blstbtuth L`kbhl`m fe Est`féstbk` (BLE). :773. ”@ktu`mbf`f Est`féstbk`s y Lht`s feWrels :775.’ www.ble.nhv.jh.

Blterl`tbhl`m Cbl`lke Khrphr`tbhl (BCK). :77>. Iulbkbp`m [khrek`rf :77>. Ibfbelfh m`sJ`rrer`s Jurhkràtbk`s ` Lbvem Iulbkbp`m. Zephrte Jhmbvb`. ^`sdblnthl.

Bqj`m, C., `lf Ur`t`, [. :77:. ”[i`mm Jusbless Fylìbsi bl E`st @sb`1 @l BltrhfukthryHvervbew.’[i`mm Jusbless Ekhlhibks 04 (0-0:).

Aeibh, M. 0222.Zechri`s, Krekbibelth, Wrhnresh Veklhmûnbkh y Eipmeh el Jhmbvb`. [erbeZechri`s Ekhlûibk`s Lh. ;;.

Abiâlez, E. `lf Abiâlez, ^. :770 8 Ihvbmbf`f Hkup`kbhl`m y Feseipmeh el em @re` Urj`l`fe Jhmbvb`.Zevbst` @làmbsbs Ekhlûibkh ‛ UF@WE. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. :7708

O`pm`l, F`vbf, Efu`rfh Wbefr`, `lf Elrbque [ebr`. :773. ”@re JurfelshieZenbstr`tbhl Wrhkefures `l Biphrt`lt J`rrber hl Cbri Kre`tbhl8 Evbfelke crhiIexbkh.’ Ibieh. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 ^hrmf J`lo.

O`rm`l, F. `lf I. S`mfbvb`, :773. ”Ve`kdbln Eltrepreleursdbp1 Bip`kt hc JusblessVr`blbln hl Ibkrhcbl`lke Kmbelts `lf Blstbtutbhls,’ R`me Ulbversbty Bllhv`tbhlschr Whverty @ktbhl, `lf Aìeem Whverty @ktbhl M`j.

O`t`yì`, Dàbie, [dbdu` Mu, `lf Aìes Vyjhut. :773. ”Cbri-mevem prhfuktbvbty

stufbes1 Bmmusbhls `lf ` [hmutbhl.’ Ibieh. [t`te Khmmene, W`.1 Fep`rtielt hcEkhlhibks, Wellsymv`lb` [t`te Ulbversbty.Oùci`ll, F., Or``y, @., `lf I`struzzb, I. :773. Nhverl`lke I`tters S1 Nhverl`lke

Blfbk`thrs chr 0223‛:775 . Vde Blterl`tbhl`m J`lo chr Zekhlstruktbhl `lfFevemhpielt, ^`sdblnthl, F.K. [epteijer :773.

Oeel, I., Mbì, E., Jhfbl, A., `lf [uiiers, S. :770. Vde Ihferl S@V . Blterl`tbhl`mIhlet`ry Culf, ^`sdblnthl, F.K.

Oboerb, [., Oelyhl ,V., `lf W`mi`fe, Sblkelt. :773. ”Zechribln tde BlvestieltKmbi`te1 Messhls chr Wr`ktbtbhlers.’Whmbky Zese`rkd W`per ;243. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1^hrmf J`lo.

OWIN. :776. OWIN‒s Khrphr`te V`x Z`tes [urvey. www.us.opin.khi/ibkrhsbte/Nmhj`mXV`x/KVZX[urvey/:776KVZ[.pfc. A`lu`ry :776.Oui`r, @. `lf Cr`lkbskh, I. :775. ”Elterprbse sbze, cbl`lkbln p`tterls, `lf krefbt

khlstr`blts bl Jr`zbm’. ^hrmf J`lo ^hrobln W`per Lh 62.M`lf`, C., R`ðez, W, `lf @rb`s, H. :77>. Ihvbmbf`f M`jhr`m e Blnreshs el em [ekthr Chri`m e

Blchri`m fe Jhmbvb`. Ulbf`f fe @làmbsbs fe Whmétbk`s [hkb`mes y Ekhlûibk`s. M`W`z, Jhmbvb`1 I`rkd :773. Ibieh.

M`rr`z`j`m Kûrfhv`, Derl`lfh, 022>. ”M` Ibkrheipres` `lte mhs Fes`céhs femFes`rrhmmh’. M` W`zKEFM@ , Lhvbeijre 022>. ;4 p.

M`y, A. :77;.Blchri`mbty `lf [enielt`tbhl bl tde Jhmbvb`l M`jhr I`roet1 Eipbrbk`m Evbfelke

`lf Whmbky Bipmbk`tbhls. Blstbtuth fe Blvestbn`kbhles [hkbh-Ekhlûibk`s.Ulbversbf`f K`tûmbk` Jhmbvb`l`.




Mevelshl, @., `lf I`mhley, ^. 0224. ”Vde Blchri`m [ekthr, Cbris Fylìbks, `lfBlstbtutbhl`m W`rtbkbp`tbhl.’ Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per ^W[ 0244.^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 ^hrmf J`lo.

Mewbs, ^. :776.Vde Whwer hc Wrhfuktbvbty. ê`mtd, Whverty `lf tde Vdre`t th Nmhj`m[t`jbmbty. IkOblsey & Khip`ly, Blk. Ulbtef [t`tes, Kdbk`nh1 Vde Ulbversbty hcKdbk`nh Wress. @prbm :776.

Mh`yz`, L. 0223.Vde Ekhlhibks hc tde Blchri`m [ekthr1 @ [bipme Ihfem `lf shie Eipbrbk`mEvbfelke crhi M`tbl @ierbk` . K`rlenbe-Zhkdester Khlcerelke [erbes hl WujmbkWhmbky Lh. 65 (0223). Lhrtd-Dhmm`lf.

Mh`yz`, L. :776. ”Vde Bip`kt hl Nrhwtd `lf Blchri`mbty1 Krhss Khultry Evbfelke.’Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per ^W[;3:;. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 ^hrmf J`lo.

‖‖‖ . 022>. ”Vde Ekhlhibks hc tde Blchri`m [ekthr1 @ [bipme Ihfem `lf [hieEipbrbk`m Evbfelke crhi M`tbl @ierbk`.’ Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per ^W[0>:>. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 ^hrmf J`lo.

Mh`yz`, L., Hvbefh, @., `lf [ervâl, M. :775.Vde Bip`kt hc Zenum`tbhl hl Nrhwtd `lfBlchri`mbty. Krhss-khultry Evbfelke. ^hrmf J`lo Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`per Lh.;3:;. I`y :775.

Mh`yz`, L., `lf Zbnhmblb, A. :773. Blchri`mbty Vrelfs `lf Kykmes.Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hroblnW`per Lh. 67>4. Fekeijer :773.

Muk`s, Z. 02>4. ”Hl tde sbze fbstrbjutbhl hc Jusbless Cbris.’Jemm Ahurl`m hc Ekhlhibks, @utuil, 574-5:;.

I`mhley, ^. :77;. Blchri`mbty Zevbsbtef. ^hrmf J`lo Whmbky Zese`rkd ^hrobln W`perLh. :235. A`lu`ry :773.

I`mhley, ^. :773. ”Fekhlstruktbln Blchri`mbty1 ^d`t Iòes Blchri`mbty sukd ` J`f^hrf.’ Ibieh. ^hrmf J`lo.‖‖‖ . :776. ”Blchri`mbty Zevbsbtef.’^hrmf Fevemhpielt ^F05;3. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1

^hrmf J`lo.I`yhux, M., 0225. ”Crhi Sbkbhus th Sbrtuhus Kbrkmes1 Nelfer `lf Ibkrh-Elterprbse

Fevemhpielt.’ Hkk`sbhl`m W`per. Lew Rhro1 Ulbtef L`tbhls FevemhpieltWrhnrì

‖‖‖ . :773. ^dy Bs Bt [h D`rf th V`mo `jhut Blchri`mbty8 [hie Velt`tbve Khlaektures. Kdbec Ekhlhibst Hccbke, M`tbl @ierbk` `lf K`rbjje`l, ^hrmf J`lo. Wrbv`te[ekthr Fevemhpielt Chrui. @prbm :773.

Ierk`fh, @. `lf Zéhs, C. :775.M` Blchri`mbf`f1 ¸Estr`tenb` fe [hjrevbvelkb` h Chri` feSbf` @mterl`tbv`8 Blstbtuth fe Blvestbn`kbhles [hkbh-Ekhlûibk`s. Ulbversbf`fK`tûmbk` Jhmbvb`l`. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. @prbm :775.

Ierk`fh, @. `lf Zéhs, C. :775.Em`stbkbf`f Kruz`f` fe m` Hcert` fe Vr`jàh. Blstbtuth feBlvestbn`kbhles [hkbh-Ekhlûibk`s. Ulbversbf`f K`tûmbk` Jhmbvb`l`. M` W`z,Jhmbvb`. Aumy :775.

IkOelzbe, F`vbf, `lf Kdrbsthpder ^hhfrucc. :773`. ”@ kmhse mhho `t hwlers hc ibkrhelterprbses bl tde ret`bm tr`fe sekthr bl Meûl, Iexbkh.’ Ibieh. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1^hrmf J`lo.

IkOelzbe, F`vbf, `lf Kdrbsthpder ^hhfrucc. :773j. ”Fh eltry khsts prhvbfe `leipbrbk`m j`sbs chr phverty tr`ps8 Evbfelke crhi Iexbk`l ibkrh elterprbses’ Ekhlhibk Fevemhpielt `lf Kumtur`m Kd`lne 55(0)1 ;-6:




IkOblsey. :77:. ”Cblfblns, ietdhfhmhny `lf messhls me`rlef crhi tde whro hc tdeIkOblsey Nmhj`m Blstbtute.’ Zephrt INB.

Iblbsterbh fe m` Wrhfukkbûl y Ibkrheipres`. :773. ”Wm`l fe Fes`rrhmmh Wrhfuktbvh khl[hjer`lb` p`r` vbvbr Jbel.’

Iblbstry hc M`jhr, HBV-CHZ[@V. :773.Jhmbvb`. Zenbstrh fe Eipres`s y fe Wm`lbmm`s.Ulbf`f fe @làmbsbs fe Whmétbk`s [hkb`mes y Ekhlûibk`s. CHZ[@V Wrhaekt.Hkthjer‛Fekeijer :773.

Iôlstef, V. :777. ^`ne Fbccereltb`ms jetweel tde Chri`m `lf tde Blchri`m [ekthr bl Urj`lJhmbvb`. Blstbtuth fe Blvestbn`kbhles [hkbh-Ekhlûibk`s. Ulbversbf`f K`tûmbk`Jhmbvb`l`. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. Cejru`ry :777.

Ihltebrh, A., `lf @sulk`h, A. :773. ”Hutnhbln tde [d`fhws1 estbi`tbln tde bip`kt hc jureùkr`ky sbipmbcbk`tbhl `lf t`x kut hl chri`mbty `lf blvestielt.’ Ibieh.WUK Zbh.

Ihlterrey, A. :77;. Em [ekthr Blchri`m Urj`lh el Jhmbvb`.Ibieh. Blstbtuth L`kbhl`m feEst`féstbk`. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. :77;.

Ihsmey, W. 0222. ”Ibkrhcbl`lke `lf phverty1 Jhmbvb` k`se stufy.’ Ibieh. Ulbversbty hcZe`fbln. Ze`fbln. I`y 0222.

Lunelt `lf Rdee, :77:. [hutd Ohre`‒s [IEs1 @kdbeveielts, Wrhjmeis `lf WhmbkyBssues hc Zemev`lke th Fevemhpbln Khultrbes.’ Bl[i`mm Jusbless Fylìbsi blE`st @sb , Omuwer @k`feibk Wujmbsders.

Wùm`, @., `lf [kdebloi`l, A. :773. ”Vde Blchri`m [ekthr.’ ^hrobln W`per. Wrblkethl,L.A.1 Wrblkethl Ulbversbty.

Whvef`, W. :77;.Vr`jàh, Blchri`mbf`f y @kuium`kbûl. Chri`s fe Wrhfukkbûl y Vr`lscerelkb`

fe Exkefeltes fe m` Blfustrb` I`luc`kturer` Jhmbvb`l`. Keltrh fe Estufbhs p`r` emFes`rrhmmh M`jhr`m y @nr`rbh (KEFM@). M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. @unust :77;.Wr`fd`l, I., `lf [hest, @. 0225. Chri`m `lf Blchri`m [ekthr Eipmhyielt bl Urj`l @re`s hc

Jhmbvb`. M`jhr Ekhlhibks :-0225.Zbjerh, Z. :77;. ”Nelfer Fbielsbhls hc Lhl-chri`m Eipmhyielt bl Khmhijb`.’

Fhkuielth KEFE, j`konrhulf p`per chr tde Whmbky Zese`rkd Zephrt hl Nelfer`lf Fevemhpielt. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 ^hrmf J`lo.

Zheld`rf, V. :773.Blchri`mbty. @ Mbter`ture Zevbew. Ibieh.Zha`s, J. `lf Nu`ynu`, N. :77:.Em Eipmeh el Vbeiphs fe Krbsbs. Keltrh fe Estufbhs p`r`

em Fes`rrhmmh M`jhr`m y @nr`rbh (KEFM@). :77:.

Zhssemm, W. `lf Whvef`, W. :77:.Zeestruktur`kbûl K`pbt`mbst` y Chri`s fe Wrhfukkbûl. Keltrhfe Estufbhs p`r` em Fes`rrhmmh M`jhr`m y @nr`rbh (KEFM@). M` W`z, Jhmbvb`.[kdlebfer, C. :77:.[bze `lf Ie`sureielt hc tde Blchri`m Ekhlhiy bl 007 Khultrbes `rhulf

tde ^hrmf. Aumy :77:. Ibieh.‖‖‖ . :776.Vde [bze hc tde [d`fhw Ekhlhibes hc 065 Khultrbes `mm hver tde ^hrmf1 Cbrst

Zesumts hver tde Werbhf 0222 th :77;. Fbskussbhl W`per [erbes. Chrskdulnsblstbtutzur Quoulct fer @rjebt. Blstbtute chr tde [tufy hc M`jhr. Fbskussbhl W`per Lh.06;0. Fekeijer :776.

[kdlebfer, C., `lf Elste, F. :777. [d`fhw Ekhlhibes `rhulf tde ^hrmf1 [bze, Kùses `lfKhlsequelkes . Blterl`tbhl`m Ihlet`ry Culf. ^hrobln W`per 77/:3. I`rkd :777.

V`llurb.-Wb`lth, I., `lf Wb`lth, F. :77;.Chri`m, Blchri`m `lf [emc-eipmhyef e`rlblns blUrj`l Jhmbvb`1 @kkhultbln chr [ìpme [emektbhl wbtd Iumtbpme-Kdhbke Ihfems. Aumy :77;.




V`llurb-Wb`lth, I., Wb`lth, F., `lf @rb`s, H. :776.Blchri`m Eipmhyielt bl Jhmbvb`1 @Mhst Wrhphsbtbhl8Ibieh.

Ulbf`f fe @làmbsbs fe Whmétbk`s [hkb`mes y Ekhlûibk`s (UF@WE), :77;. ”Estr`tenb`Jhmbvb`l` fe Zefukkbûl fe m` Whjrez`1 Blchrie fe @v`lke y Werspektbv`s’.

‖‖‖ . :776. ”Estr`tenb` Jhmbvb`l` fe Zefukkbûl fe m` Whjrez` (EJZW).’ Zevbsef.‖‖‖ . :775.[btu`kbûl fem Eipmeh el Jhmbvb`. 0222-:77; y Wrhyekkbhles. UF@WE. @yuf`

Ieihrb`. Hkthjer :775.‖‖‖ . :773. Fhssber fe Est`féstbk`s :773. dttp1//www.uf`pe.nhv.jh/fhssberwej:773/

dtis/fhssber03.dti.Ulbf`f fe Wrhfuktbvbf`f y Khipetbtbvbf`f. :773. ”Jhmbvb` Wrhfuktbv`1 Estr`tenb` fe

Fes`rhmmh Wrhfuktbvh ` p`rtbr fe Khipmeahs Wrhfuktbvhs.’U[@BF. :775. ”Zeihvbln J`rrbers th Chri`mbz`tbhl1 Vde K`se chr Zechri `lf Eiernbln

Jest Wr`ktbke.’ ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 U.[. @nelky chr Blterl`tbhl`m Fevemhpielt.Ur`t`, [., `lf Ow`b, I. :77:. ”Vr`fe `lf Chrebnl Fbrekt Blvestielt bl E`st @sb`.’ Bl

[i`mm Jusbless Fylìbsi bl E`st @sb` , Omuwer @k`feibk Wujmbsders.Sbmmen`s, D. `lf Lñðez, A. :775.Fbskrbibl`kbûl Etlbk` el Jhmbvb`1 Exìbl`lfh Fbcerelkb`s

Zenbhl`mes y phr Lbkdh fe K`mbcbk`kbûl.Blstbtuth fe Blvestbn`kbhles [hkbh-Ekhlûibk`s. Ulbversbf`f K`tûmbk` Jhmbvb`l`. M` W`z, Jhmbvb`. I`rkd :775.

^hrmf J`lo. :776. ^hrmf Fevemhpielt Zephrt. ”@ Jetter Blvestielt Kmbi`te chrEveryhle.’ ^`sdblnthl, F.K.

‖‖‖ . :775`. Jhmbvb` Whverty @ssessielt. ”Est`jmbsdbln tde J`sbs chr Wrh-WhhrNrhwtd.’ ^`sdblnthl, F.K.

‖‖‖ . :775j. Jhmbvb` Khultry Ekhlhibk Ieihr`lfui. ”Whmbkbes th Biprhve Nrhwtd

`lf Eipmhyielt.’ ^`sdblnthl, F.K.‖‖‖ . :775k.Fhbln Jusbless :775 . ”Zeihvbln Hjst`kmes th Nrhwtd’. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.‖‖‖ . :770. ”Jhmbvb` Ibkrhekhlhibk Khlstr`blts `lf Hpphrtulbtbes chr Dbnder

Nrhwtd.’ Wbmht Blvestielt Kmbi`te @ssessielt. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.‖‖‖ . :773j. Jhmbvb` Whmbky Lhtes. ”Jhmbvb`, Whr em Jbelest`r fe Vhfhs.’ ^`sdblnthl, F.K.‖‖‖ . :773k. Jhmbvb` Blterbi [tr`teny Lhte. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.‖‖‖ . :77>`. Blchri`mbty1 Exbt `lf Exkmusbhl. Vde Blterl`tbhl`m J`lo chr Zekhlstruktbhl

`lf Fevemhpielt, ^`sdblnthl, F. K.‖‖‖ . :77>j. Zenbhl`m Cm`nsdbp hl Blchri`mbty :77>. ^`sdblnthl, F.K.1 ^hrmf J`lo.^hrmf J`lo `lf Blterl`tbhl`m Cbl`lke Khrphr`tbhl. :773.Fhbln Jusbless :77>. Dhw th

Zechri . Vde Blterl`tbhl`m J`lo chr Zekhlstruktbhl `lf Fevemhpielt,^`sdblnthl, F. K.^hrmf Ekhlhibk Chrui. :775.Vde Nmhj`m Khipetbtbveless Zephrt :775-:773. Kre`tbln `lf

Biprhvbln Jusbless Elvbrhlielt. ^hrmf Ekhlhibk Chrui. Nelev`, [wbtzerm`lf:775.

‖‖‖ . :773. Vde Nmhj`m Khipetbtbveless Zephrt :773-:77>. Kre`tbln `lf BiprhvblnJusbless Elvbrhlielt. ^hrmf Ekhlhibk Chrui. Nelev`, [wbtzerm`lf :773.

Rì`sòb :77:. ”Vde Evhmutbhl `lf [trukture hc Blfustrb`m Kmusters bl A`p`l.’ Bl[i`mmJusbless Fylìbsi bl E`st @sb` , Omuwer @k`feibk Wujmbsders.

R`ðez, W., `lf M`lf`, C. :77>.Blchrie Espekb`m. Blchri`mbf`f el em Ierk`fh M`jhr`m.Fhkuielth fe tr`jàh 70/:77>. Ulbf`f fe @làmbsbs fe Whmétbk`s [hkb`mes yEkhlûibk`s. I`rkd :77>.







Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris bs p`rt hc tde^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy serbes. Vdese rephrts `re pujmbsdef wbtdtde `pprhv`m hc tde sujaekt nhverlielt th khiiulbk`te tde resumtshc tde J`lo‒s whro hl tde ekhlhibk `lf rem`tef khlfbtbhls hcieijer khultrbes th nhverlielts `lf th tde fevemhpieltkhiiulbty.

Jhmbvb`‒s blchri`m ekhlhibk sekthr bs tde m`rnest bl M`tbl @ierbk``lf d`s jeel `ttrbjutef th i`ly c`kthrs blkmufbln tde jurfel hcrenum`tbhls, tde weòless hc pujmbk blstbtutbhls, `lf tde m`ko hcperkebvef jelecbts th chri`mbty. Blkre`sbln Chri`mbty `lf Wrhfuktbvbty hc Jhmbvb`l Cbris preselts cresd qu`mbt`tbve `lfqu`ltbt`tbve `l`myses th demp ulferst`lf tde re`shls wdy cbris `re

blchri`m `lf tde bip`kt hc chri`mbz`tbhl hl tdebr prhcbt`jbmbty, blhrfer th jetter blchri `pprhprb`te phmbkbes. @ krukb`m cblfbln hc tdestufy bs td`t tde bip`kt hc t`x renbstr`tbhl hl prhcbt`jbmbty fepelfshl cbri sbze `lf tde `jbmbty th bssue t`x rekebpts. Vde si`mmest `lfm`rnest cbris d`ve mhwer prhcbts `s ` resumt hc t`x renbstr`tbhljekùse tdebr khst hc chri`mbzbln exkeefs jelecbts. Vde stufykhlkmufes jy rekhiielfbln phmbky prbhrbtbes th blkre`se tdejelecbts hc chri`mbz`tbhl tdrhund blchri`tbhl, tr`blbln, `kkess thkrefbt `lf i`roets, `lf jusbless supphrt. Mhlner-teri phmbkyrekhiielf`tbhls blkmufe sbipmbcybln chri`mbz`tbhl, renum`thry, `lft`x`tbhl prhkefures `lf refukbln tdebr khsts, `s wemm `s ie`suresth jhhst tde prhfuktbvbty hc si`mm `lf ibkrh cbris.

^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufbes `re `v`bm`jme blfbvbfu`mmy hr hl st`l-fbln hrfer. Vdbs ^hrmf J`lo Khultry [tufy serbes bs `msh `v`bm`jmejy sujskrbptbhl th tde ^hrmf J`lo e-Mbjr`ry (www whrmfj`lo hrn

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