Increasing Sectionalism

Increasing SectionalismChapter 12

The Slave QuestionSection 1

New TerritoriesCA and NM applied for admission 1849 and 1850Taylor had directed the states to accept or deny slavery in their constitutionsCA banned itClay offered Compromise of 1850NM and UT territories given popular sovereigntySlavery banned in D.C.Fugitive slave law strengthened

A Sudden ChangeTaylor died suddenly, Fillmore took overDirected Douglas to break up Compromise into bills to passWhen the bills passed the votes were almost entirely collected by regionThe controversial fugitive slave act created a board that could pursue and return slaves to ownersCitizens could be deputized to assist Resisting Fugitive LawsSlaves increasingly escaped through the Underground Railroad9 northern states banned the use of officials or courts to return slavesFire-eaters expected North to assist in return of propertySlave literature blossomed during the periodUncle Toms Cabin, Aunt Philliss Cabin

Slavery and the SouthSection 2

Economics of Slavery1840 South produced 2/3 of global cotton1790 the boundary of for slavery was GA 1860 it was deep TXExcess slaves increased the internal tradeSlaves would be transferred or sold NOLA plantations were working slaves to death 2/3 of the $100k incomes in the South were plantation owners

The PlantationPlantation class believed in virtue & honorDominated by rice plantersVA & LABible used to justify slaveryPlanters rarely saw the effects of slaveryCotton and rice cultivation required different labor5% of plantations owned 50% of slaves

The RealityMaybe 25-30% of whites owned slavesIn the hills10%Average yeoman or northern farmer made 17X less than planter eliteYeoman life miserable:No social ladder, little education, militia service, no respect, no political accessBut large powers had to gain votes of lower classes

What Kind of South?South was growing immensely:4th most prosperous economyHigher per capita income than FR or GER2nd in railroad construction8 in 10 worked in agricultureManufacturing produced 10% of nations industrial output

Slave CultureSlaves slowly embraced ChristianityCombined animism and IslamChildren of Israel common themeSlave marriages not recognizedMany saw control of their work schedulesSome free time allowedEducation, training, wandering, cropsIncentives for good behavior existedEscape was unlikely

The Free Black1840 14% were free blacks, 1860 less lived in NorthSocially inferior: Given lowest jobs, couldnt vote, no schooling or seating or land claimsSome worked openly: Founded schools, societies, or churchesSome became famous: Benjamin Banekar, Joshua Johnston

New Politics & TerritoriesSection 3

New Territories, New StatesGold was discovered in CA 18481849 gold rush ensued1852 CA had 220,000 peopleStrike-it-rich CA was full of mining camps, prostitution, and thousands of ChineseNatives decimatedBy 1850 both CA & NM applied for statehood 1854 Congress took up the organization of KA and NB

New PoliticsDemocrats swept election of 1852 with Pierce, a pro-southerner from NHWhigs ran Gen. ScottPierce was expansionist:Commercial ties with Japan, Gadsden Purchase, annexation of CubaRepublican party grew out of fringesNew secrecy-oriented party, the Know-Nothings, were nativist and anti-corruption

Parties and ConflictSteven Douglas promoted eliminating MS Comp. in KA & NBallow popular so.KA-NB Act passed 1854Anti-Nebraska (or Peoples), and Republican Parties formed or ex-Whigs and Free-Soilers Democrats came under power of southern pro-slavers, but still counted on northern immigrant votes

Bleeding Kansas1856 pro and anti-slavery sides organized migration to KA to influence vote2 governments claimed legitimacy:Senate recognized pro-slavery govtHouse recognized anti-slavery govtDays after anti-slavery speech by Charles Sumner violence erupted Preston Brooks beat him almost to death days laterBurning of buildings and settlementsQuasi-civil war dubbed Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner

Election of 1856Republican Party bloomed in the northReplaced the WhigsRan western explorer Col. FremontFree soil, Free speech, Free men, Fremont!Democrats ran Buchanan Former secretary from PA who was pro-SouthAmerican Party (Know- Nothings) ran Fillmore Gained over a 1/5 of votes

Legacy of Dred Scott1856 a slave living who had lived in free territory sued for peace after master diedMS rejected, he appealedSupreme Court led by Justice Taney ruled:No slave could ever become freeProperty brought to free state couldnt be takenNW Ord. & MO Compr. unconstitutional1857 Ableman v. Booth, declared Fugitive Slave Act, unconstitutional in WISupreme Court overruled

America DividedSection 4

Divergent SocitiesValue of northern production near 3X the south by 1860Yet cotton made up 58% of exportsOver 30,000mi of track bound north to midwestSoutherners argued slavery was:Moralizing, slaves were now Christian, and better treated than wage workersNortherners saw the South trying to spread slavery everywhereLincoln-DouglasLincoln ran against Douglas 1858 for Senate in IL7 debates became famousLincoln lost and was ridiculed for his negro equality and as a black republicanRepublicans gained control of House in 1858 midtermsDemocrats split into radical and moderate factions

John BrownDuring Bleeding Kansas 200 people diedincluding the son of John Brown, an ardent abolitionist1859 Brown, his sons and others raided the Harpers Ferry Federal armoryIntended to size weapons, arm slaves Federal troops under RE Lee killed 10 and arrested the restTried and hungunrepentant Said, the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood as last words

Election of 1860Democrats split into 3 parties:Northern nominated DouglasSouthern ran Buchanans VP BreckinridgeConstitutionals ran John BellRepublicans picked the moderate LincolnOnly lost NJ in the north, won CA and ORLost all of the SouthSecessionist rallies broke out before years end

SecessionitisWithin 2 months of the election SC, FL, MS, AL, GA, LA and TX all secededFeb. 1861 their reps. Met in Montgomery, AL to form a new govtCalled it the Confederate States of America (CSA) elected former senator Jefferson Davis as presidentCrittendon Compromise proposedrejected on both sidesFort SumterLincolns inaugural asserted right to hold federal property in the SouthLincoln sent a non-military supply ship to aid Fort Sumter in Chas, SCCSA officials demanded surrender of the FortApril 12, 1861 they opened fire Fort fell next dayLincoln declared the lower south in a state of insurrection