Independence for Latin America - Core Knowledge Foundation€¦ · Independence for Latin America Timeline Cards. Subject Matter Experts Kristen McCleary, PhD, Department of History,

Inde

pend

ence

fo

r Lat

in A

mer

ica

Timeli

ne Ca

rds

Subj

ect M

atte

r Exp

erts

Kriste

n McC

leary,

PhD,

Depa

rtmen

t of H

istory

, Jame

s Mad

ison U

nivers

ity

Illus

trat

ion

and

Phot

o Cre

dits

Title

Span

ish ar

my su

rrend

ering

to Ge

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io Jos

e de S

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after

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of Ay

acuc

ho,

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1824

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vian W

ar of

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19th

centu

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stini

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rary /

M. S

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Imag

es

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uctio

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ridge

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ter 1

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ici, 17

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ter 2,

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2 Po

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2 Po

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3 Pa

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3 Em

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ter 7,

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INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA

IntroductionWith the financial backing of Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492, believing that he would reach the East Indies.


IntroductionIn 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas split the land of South America between Spain and Portugal.


IntroductionIn 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral happened upon present-day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal.

PACIFIC OCEAN

Gulf of Guinea

INDIANOCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

AFRICA

Portugal

CanaryIslands

Cape VerdeIslands

Cape of Good Hope

N

S

EW

Cabral’s Expedition

Cabral’s route

20°E20°W40°W60°W80°W

Brazil

100°W120°W 0° 40°E 60°E

40°S

40°S

20°S

20°S

0°

NORTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA


IntroductionAfter Columbus, other Spanish expeditions explored the Americas, including expeditions led by Juan Ponce de León, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado.


IntroductionBetween 1519 and 1522, Spanish soldiers under the command of conquistador Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico.


IntroductionBetween 1531 and 1533, Spanish soldiers under the command of conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in present-day Peru.


IntroductionDuring the 1600s, England established colonies along the coast of North America.

MASSACHUSETTS

MASSACHUSETTS

CONNECTICUT

RHODEISLAND

NEW YORK

NEWHAMPSHIRE

NEW FRANCE

PENNSYLVANIA

MARYLAND

NEW JERSEY

VIRGINIA

NORTH CAROLINA

SOUTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA

Yorktown

Boston

Philadelphia

New York City

Ohio RiverValley

Ohio RiverValley

Québec

Montréal

DELAWARE

St. Lawrence River


IntroductionIn 1776, the British colonists in North America declared their independence from Great Britain.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are

created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator

with certain unalienable rights, that among these are

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.


IntroductionIn 1789, a revolution began in France. That summer, the National Assembly created a Bill of Rights and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.


CHAPTER 1: Revolutions in AmericaMany Spanish colonies in the Americas declared independence from Spain in 1810, after Napoleon removed the Spanish king, Charles IV, from power.

Big Question: Why did European colonies in North and South America want their freedom?


CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1791, Boukman, a voodoo priest, led a rebellion of enslaved workers in the French colony of St. Domingue on the island of Hispaniola.

Big Question: How would you describe the battle for freedom that occurred in Haiti?


CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1801, Toussaint L’Ouverture assumed command of the revolutionary army in Haiti, teaching his soldiers discipline like a professional army. He became the ruler of Hispaniola for France.



CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1802, Napoleon sent General Leclerc to take control of St. Domingue. Toussaint was captured and taken to a prison in Europe.



CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1804, Jean Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti’s independence from France, but then he ruled the country as a dictator.



CHAPTER 3: Mexico’s Fight for IndependenceOn September 16, 1810, the Mexican Revolution began under Miguel Hidalgo, assisted by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama. Hidalgo was captured and killed in 1811.

Big Question: Why did the people of Mexico rise up against Spanish rule, and how and why did Miguel Hidalgo become a revolutionary leader?


CHAPTER 3: Mexico’s Fight for IndependenceJosé María Morelos continued the fight for independence against the Spanish. He was captured and killed in 1815.



CHAPTER 3: Mexico’s Fight for IndependenceIn 1821, Agustín de Iturbide led the revolutionary army into Mexico City and declared Mexico a free nation. This map shows the extent of Mexico after gaining its independence from Spain.

N

S

EW

Colorado River

Red River

0 1,000 Miles

R io Grande

Gulf of Mexico

Gulf of California

Mexico in 1821Present-day boundariesNational capital

Mexico

United States

MexicoCity

Mexico, 1821

PACIFIC OCEAN

Guanajuato Dolores

Querétaro

Saltillo

Guadalajara

CaribbeanSea



CHAPTER 4: Mexico After IndependenceIn 1836, General Santa Anna defeated the Texans at the Alamo. While Santa Anna won this battle, he lost the Mexican-American War.

Big Question: What kinds of challenges did Mexico face after gaining its independence?


CHAPTER 4: Mexico After IndependenceBenito Juárez served as the first indigenous president of Mexico (1861–1872) and was a champion for the poor.



CHAPTER 4: Mexico After IndependenceAfter Juárez’s death, Mexico fell under the rule of Porfirio Díaz. Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa fought for the rights of indigenous people and the poor against Díaz’s government.



CHAPTER 5: Simón Bolívar the Liberator In 1806–1807, Francisco de Miranda tried to liberate Venezuela.

Big Question: What were the achievements and failures of Simón Bolívar?


CHAPTER 5: Simón Bolívar the Liberator In 1821, Simón Bolívar led a revolutionary army that won independence for New Granada and Venezuela, which united to form a new country, Gran Colombia.



CHAPTER 5: Simón Bolívar the Liberator Between 1821 and 1824, Bolívar and José Antonio Sucre worked to liberate much of South America from Spain, but failed to unite the separate countries into a single country like the United States.



CHAPTER 6: Revolution in the SouthIn 1806, the British invaded Buenos Aires, but the Argentinian militia drove them off.

Big Question: What successes did José de San Martín achieve as a military leader?


CHAPTER 6: Revolution in the SouthIn January 1817, José de San Martín crossed the Andes to attack Spanish forces in Chile.



CHAPTER 6: Revolution in the SouthOn February 12, 1818, San Martín and Bernardo O’Higgins marched into Santiago, Chile, and declared its independence from Spain.



CHAPTER 7: Brazil Finds Another WayPrince João of Portugal settled in Brazil in 1808 and opened Brazil to international trade.

Big Question: How did Brazil’s way of gaining its freedom differ from the other South American countries you have learned about?


CHAPTER 7: Brazil Finds Another WayIn 1821, Brazil won its independence from Portugal, and Pedro I declared himself emperor.



CHAPTER 7: Brazil Finds Another WayBetween 1838 and 1840, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica became independent nations.


Mexico (1821)

Belize (1973)

Cuba

United States

Nicaragua (1838)

Panama (1903)

Colombia

El Salvador(1839)

Costa Rica (1838)

Guatemala(1839)

Honduras (1838)

Gulf of Mexico

CaribbeanSea

PACIFIC OCEAN

PanamaCanal

Gulf ofCalifornia

Mexico City

Belmopan

TegucigalpaSan Salvador

San JoséManagua

PanamaCity

Guatemala City

Independence in Mexico and Central America

N

S

EW

0 200 kilometers

Documents

Independence for Latin America - Core Knowledge Foundation€¦ · Independence for Latin America Timeline Cards. Subject Matter Experts Kristen McCleary, PhD, Department of History,