Independence Movements in Latin America

Latin American GeographyLatin America is made up of countries from North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean Islands.All languages spoken here can be traced to Latin.

NIKEPlease take out a silent reading book!

Prepare for a CNN Student News.SOCIAL HIERARCHYPCM & MI & APeninsulares:Native SpaniardsCreoles:People of pureEuropean bloodBut born in theNew WorldMestizos: Indian +European bloodMulattos:African +European bloodIndians and Africans

CAUSES

Spirit of LiberationI swear before God and by my honor never to allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to SpainSimon Bolivar6Bolivar would fulfill quote and by 1825 most of Latin America had been freed from colonial rule.Long Term CausesEuropean dominationEnlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau & MontesquieuAmerican and French RevolutionsGrowth of nationalism

Immediate CausesRevolutionary leaders emergeNapoleon invades Spain and puts brother in charge colonies saw an opportunity to revolt

HAITIHaitis StruggleHaitis sugar plantations made it a valuable colony of France

Toussaint LOuvertureBorn into slaveryLearned to readInspired by stories of revolt in ancient Rome and Julius Caesar

Uprising of 1791Toussaint with support of slaves vs France, Spain, Britain and MulattoesMore lives lost than in any other Revolution in the Americas

Rebuilding HaitiBy 1798 enslaved Haitians freeNapoleon enters picture in 1802 when 100 French soldiers were dying a dayPeace was made, for a while

UNTILDeath of ToussaintToussaint was betrayed and seized by Napoleons menTen months later in a French prison Toussaint died

MEXICOMexicans rally behind HidalgoHidalgo is supported by poor MexicansCalled for an end to slaveryHe was executed by Spanish

Father Jose MorelosFather Morelos, a mestizo, supported Hidalgo and led after Hidalgo was executedContinued the message of HidalgoHe was also captured and shot by the SpanishIndependence for Spain & Mexico1820 liberals forced King of Spain to issue a constitutionMexico did not yet win its Independence, but Mexicans won a few more freedoms

VENEZUELAand the rest of South AmericaSimon Bolivar ActsSimon Bolivar was an educated Creole.Led an uprising that established a republic in VenezuelaCivil war raged & Bolivar forced into exile

The LiberatorMoves into Peru, Ecuador and BoliviaLater joined forced with another revolutionary

Jose de San MartinSan Martin , a Creole like Bolivar, was born in Argentina Won freedom for ArgentinaTogether, both men defeated Spain

Long-Term Effects18 separate republics are establishedStruggle to achieve stable democratic governments & to gain economic independenceOngoing efforts to bring prosperity & democracy to the people of Latin America

Simon BolivarCreole; made Venezuela independent; wanted to make one united South American empire

cash crop economy

an economy based on crops that make money

Pancho Villa

leader with peasant, cowboy, and farm labor support in the north of Mexico; started Mexican Revolution of 1910

peninsulars

Native Spaniards

creoles

People of pure European blood, but born in the New World

guerrillas

peasant fighters struck who fought Spain

mestizosPeople who had mixed ancestry of Indian and European

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Began revolution in Mexico city which stopped slavery and Spanish rule

caudillo

political dictators in South America

Mulattos People who had mixed ancestry of Africans and European