Index [assets.cambridge.org]€¦ · 346 Index Alexander the Great, 25 Alexandra, 277, 281 Alexandria, 25, 37, 40, 41, 42, 61 Algeria disease, 167, 172 European settlement, 212, 224,

Index

Abbasid Caliphate, 44Abd al-Qadir, 172, 173 , 199Abd el-Krim, 197, 199Abdallah ibn Yasin, 46Abdurahman, A., 280Abeokuta, 154, 156, 160, 162Abidjan, 298, 312Abiodun, 146Abu Ishaq al-Saheli, 87Abydos, 19Accra, 147Accra riots, 257Achimota, 230Act of Union (South Africa), 279Action Group, 243 , 258Adamawa, 175Addis Ababa, 171 , 306, 311Adulis, 41Adwa, Battle of, 171 , 196Afonso Mbemba Nzinga, 134, 139, 145 , 159African Association, 241 , 244, 256African Church Organisation, 163African National Congress (South Africa),

280–1 , 282–3 , 291 , 302African National Congress (Southern

Rhodesia), 244African Political Organisation, 280African Renaissance, 309African Union, 309Afrikaans language, 129, 185 , 279Afrikaner Bond, 185 , 279Afrikaner people, 129, 130, 180, 181 , 182,

278–80, 286; see also Cape Colony,Orange Free State, South Africa,Transvaal

Afroasiatic languages, 11 , 63 , 75Agades, 75 , 202Agaja, 143Agaw languages, 57

Aghlabid dynasty, 44, 51agriculture

in East Africa, 16, 35 , 108, 112–13 , 119, 190,191 , 222

in Egypt, 13 , 45in Ethiopia, 14, 58Green Revolution, 266mechanisation, 225 , 266, 275 , 283in North Africa, 30, 31 , 32, 45 , 166, 264in Nubia, 14, 26origins of, 12–16postcolonial, 261 , 264–6in southern Africa, 36, 119, 185 , 274,

283in West Africa, 15–16, 63–7, 76, 96, 142,

150, 176, 222Ahmad al-Mansur, 74, 167Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, 61Ahmadu Lobbo, 178Ahmed Bey, 172AIDS see diseaseAkan, 81 , 133 , 147Akhenaten, 23Akjoujt, 34Aksum, 41 , 56, 57, 61Akwamu, 147Akwapim, 160, 210, 223al-Azhar, 170al-Bakri, 51 , 91al-Banna, Hasan, 238al-Idrisi, 69al-Kanemi, Muhammad, 175al-Maghili, 94al-Masudi, 54, 103al-Suyuti, 94al-Turabi, Hassan, 304al-Yakubi, 45 , 51al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 304Aladura churches, 235

345

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346 Index

Alexander the Great, 25Alexandra, 277, 281Alexandria, 25 , 37, 40, 41 , 42, 61Algeria

disease, 167, 172European settlement, 212, 224, 254French rule, 171 –2fundamentalism, 304–5independence, 254nationalism, 238population, 166, 172postcolonial, 264, 292, 304

Algiers, 164, 304Ali Bey, 168Ali bin al-Hasan, 55Allada, 80, 148, 150Alliance High School, 230Almohads, 47, 52Almoravids, 46, 51 , 52, 53Alvares, F., 58Alwa, 42, 56Amaro, 161Amazons, 149Ambaca, 159Amda Siyon, 57, 60, 171Amhara, 57, 171Amin, I., 271 , 290Amr ibn al-As, 43Amun, 23–4, 26, 28Anglo-Boer War, 197, 198, 278, 279Angoche, 105Angola, 136, 137, 139, 141 , 142, 143 , 145 , 149,

150, 151 , 152, 153 , 154, 156, 158, 159, 164,197, 225 , 256, 268

Anlo, 152Antonine movement, 145 , 159Antony, Saint, 37Anyi, 70apartheid, 2, 273 , 281 –7Apedemak, 28Apuleius, 32Arabi, Colonel, 195Arawa, 98Archinard, L., 206Arden-Clarke, C., 198, 254Arguin Island, 131Armee Islamique du Salut, 305armies, see militaryArochukwu, 137, 237

art, see rock artArusha Declaration, 262Asante

British conquest, 155 , 163 , 196, 199, 200,202

Christianity, 160economy, 142, 147, 150, 151 , 154, 210,

211gold, 147–8, 155 , 211and nationalism, 255 , 258response to abolition, 155 , 157, 158restored Confederacy, 208settlement, 88slave trade and state formation, 137,

147–8, 151 , 154Asimini, 151Assin, 147Aswan, 27Attahiru, 201Augustine, Saint, 40Australopithecines, 6–7Awash Valley, 7Awdaghust, 51Awolowo, O., 258Ayyubid dynasty, 47Azelik, 84Azikiwe, N., 232, 241

Baga, 133Bagamoyo, 53 , 187, 188, 211Bagauda, 64Bagre society, 89, 90, 91Bamako, 193 , 196, 211Bamba, Amadou, 209Bambara, 74, 145 , 173 , 178, 206Bambatha Rebellion, 203Bambuk, 50, 51 , 73Bamileke, 221Bamoum, 157bananas, 15–16, 108, 110, 112, 118, 222Banda, H. K., 300Bandiagara, 63Bangui, 311Bannerman, J., 162Bantu speakers

expansion in East Africa, 16, 34–6, 108,110

expansion in southern Africa, 35–6,100–1 , 127






Index 347

expansion in West Africa, 16, 66–7languages, 16, 54religion, 125

Banu Hilal, 46, 47bao game, see mankala gameBaoule, 201Bariba, 80, 93 , 146Barwe, 202Basel Mission, 210Bauchi, 175Bawol, 144Bayei, 113Beatrix Kimpa Vita, 145Bechuanaland, see BotswanaBegho, 81Beit, A., 186Belgian Congo see Congo, Democratic

Republic ofBelhadj, Ali, 305Bemba, 107, 108, 115 , 119, 126, 247Benedictines, 232Beni societies, 227Benin kingdom, 66, 69, 78, 79–80, 86, 87,

88, 89, 91 , 95 , 98, 133 , 139, 151 , 158, 159,196, 206, 239

Benin, Republic of, 299, 309; see alsoDahomey

Berbersancient Libyans, 24, 25 , 29Christianity, 40early history, 29–33and European conquest, 172, 197Islam, 43 , 44–5 , 53 , 144, 174language, 11 , 31 , 44, 63medieval dynasties, 45–7and Moroccan state, 167pastoralism, 13Saharan trade, 50, 51 , 52, 85

Berlin Conference, 195Beta Israel, 57Beti, 157, 230, 232Biafra, 269Bigo, 110Biko, S., 285bilharzia see diseaseBir Kiseiba, 13Birimi, 15Bismarck, O. von, 195 , 197, 198Bito clan, 110, 111 , 112, 116

Biton Kulibali, 145 , 179Biya, P., 299Black Consciousness, 285Black Death, 2, 37, 47–9, 55 , 68, 166Blaize, R. B., 163Bloc Democratique Senegalais, 255Bloemfontein, 280Blombos Cave, 9, 10Bloodmen, 156Blood River, Battle of, 182Bobangi, 137, 146, 151 , 158Boilat, D., 162Bonny, 138, 151 , 156, 161Bono Manso, 81Borgu see Baribabori cult, 91 , 176Borno, 51 , 69, 74–5 , 77, 84, 85 , 92, 97, 175 ,

177Botha, L., 279Botha, P. W., 286Botswana, 197, 213 , 259, 261 , 265 , 271 , 302,

309, 312; see also TswanaBouake, 211Bourguiba, H., 238, 254, 269, 270boys Dakar, 298Braide, G., 234Brand, J. H., 182Brazzaville Conference, 242bridewealth, see family structureBriere de l’Isle, L.-A., 193Britain

in East Africa, 189, 196, 200, 208in Egypt, 169, 170, 195in Ethiopia, 171and Second World War, 228in slave trade and abolition, 135 , 153in southern Africa, 130, 181 –3 , 185 , 197,

208in Sudan, 196, 208in West Africa, 161 , 163 , 195 , 196, 207–8see also decolonisation

British South Africa Company, 198Buganda, 110–11 , 114, 116, 119, 121 , 123 , 126,

148, 152, 188, 189, 191 , 192, 199, 200,202, 203 , 206, 229, 231 , 234, 240, 244

Bugerere, 223Buhen, 26–9Bujumbura, 311Bulawayo, 202, 211






348 Index

Bundu, 144Bunyoro, 110, 111 , 112, 116, 118, 122, 170, 188,

189, 200Bure, 52Burmi, Battle of, 201Burns, A., 243Burundi, 112, 113 , 116, 117, 126, 190, 192, 208,

239, 258, 301 , 307, 308Butua, 105Buyoya, P., 307, 308Bwana Mkubwa, 123Bwiti cult, 237, 248Byzantium, 40, 41 , 42, 43 , 46, 61

Cairo, 45 , 48, 75 , 166, 168, 169, 227, 230, 304Calabar, 138, 154, 156, 158Caledon Code, 181camels, 32, 50, 83 , 84, 177Cameroun, 195 , 255 , 299cancer, see diseasecannibalism, 69, 138, 140canoes, 13 , 83 , 122Cape Colony

British conquest, 130, 181 –3Dutch rule, 126–30franchise, 183 , 185 , 279frontier, 130liberalism, 183racialism, 129responsible government, 185slave emancipation, 213slavery, 128–9Trekboers, 130, 182

Cape Town, 117, 122, 128, 129, 182, 185 , 277,278, 282

Cape Verde, 69capitalism (African), 177, 223–4, 291 ,

306Capuchin friars, 159, 160Carthage, 30–1 , 33 , 34, 38Casablanca, 227cassava, 113 , 142, 191 , 222, 247Cato Manor, 282cattle

in East Africa, 14–15 , 16, 34, 100, 109, 110,118, 123 , 191

in Egypt, 13in Ethiopia, 14in North Africa, 13 , 30, 32

in Nubia, 28, 56origins of pastoralism, 12–13in Sahara, 13in southern Africa, 35 , 36, 100, 101 –4, 118,

123 , 127, 179in West Africa, 15

cattle-killing, 184Central African Federation, 244, 256,

259Central African Republic, 218Ceuta, 131Chad, 268Chadli, Benjedid, 304, 305Chagga, 120, 187, 191Chalcedon, Council of, 40Chamber of Mines, 274Changamire, 105 , 120charity, 21 , 37, 59, 61 , 95 , 236Chewa, 120, 180, 230Chibinda Ilunga, 107, 115Chibuene, 53 , 54chiefs

colonial, 205–9, 240–1and nationalism, 258, 259postcolonial, 271

chikunda, 105 , 121Chilembwe, J., 202, 205 , 231Chinese labour, 278Chinithi, 32Chiti Muluba, 115Chokwe, 156cholera, see diseaseChristianity

in colonial period, 232–5in East Africa, 189, 235eclecticism, 159, 161 , 184, 233–4, 296in Egypt, 37–8, 40, 43–4in Ethiopia, 41 , 56–62independent churches, 163 , 235 , 296in North Africa, 37–40, 44, 47in Nubia, 41 –2, 56pentecostal, 297postcolonial, 296–7in southern Africa, 105 , 130, 159, 181 ,

183–5in West Africa, 134, 145 , 155 , 158–61

Church Missionary Society, 189chwezi cult, 126, 191 , 234Circumcellions, 40






Index 349

civil warAlgeria, 305–6Angola, 268, 309Burundi, 308Chad, 268, 296Congo, Democratic Republic of, 268, 309Congo, Republic of, 301Ethiopia, 306Liberia, 306Mozambique, 268Nigeria, 269, 302Rwanda, 307Sierra Leone, 306Somalia, 306Sudan, 268, 296, 309Uganda, 306

climatein colonial period, 215 , 246in East Africa, 116, 192in Ethiopia, 58in North Africa, 46postcolonial, 266prehistoric, 12–13 , 15in South Africa, 116, 179, 185in West Africa, 50, 52, 69, 177

clothin Central Africa, 104, 105 , 123in colonial period, 221in East Africa, 123 , 187, 191in Egypt, 48, 166, 221in Ethiopia, 221in North Africa, 45 , 221in West Africa, 50, 64, 83 , 86–7, 133 , 136,

138, 149, 153 , 177, 221cloves, 187Cochoqua, 127cocoa, 209, 222, 223 , 229, 260, 262, 263 , 290coffee, 154, 222, 225 , 260, 263 , 290Coillard, F., 215colonial administration, 203–9Colonial Development and Welfare, 229colonisation of land

and AIDS, 311 , 315Bantu expansion, 16, 34–6, 100–1 , 108consequences, 214, 222cultural impact, 88–9, 99, 124in East Africa, 100, 108–9, 110, 112–15 , 192,

223in Ethiopia, 56–9

postcolonial, 265in southern Africa, 34–6, 101 –3as theme, 1 –4in West Africa, 63–71 , 209, 223 , 224, 265

coloured people (South Africa), 186, 277,280, 282, 284, 286, 302

communism, 238, 240, 255 , 280, 300, 306Communist Party of South Africa, 277,

278, 281Conakry, 211Congo, Democratic Republic of, 195 , 210,

218, 249, 251 , 252, 255 , 261 , 268, 299,308–9

Congo, Republic of, 298, 299, 301Congo River, 16, 137Congress of South African Trade Unions,

291 , 302Congress Youth League (South Africa), 281Constantine, Emperor, 38contraception

in ancient Egypt, 20postcolonial, 253 , 310in South Africa, 284in West Africa, 70

Convention People’s Party, 243 , 244, 254,257, 258

copperin Central Africa, 105 , 106, 122, 123 , 212,

225postcolonial, 260, 261 , 292prehistoric, 17, 20, 27, 29, 33–4, 36, 50, 84in South Africa, 127, 179in West Africa, 138

Coptic Church, 37, 40, 41 , 42, 43–4corruption, 21 , 270, 295 , 298, 301Cote d’Ivoire, 196, 243 , 255 , 260, 261 , 263 ,

299, 301cotton, 28, 45 , 83 , 168, 169, 170, 209, 213 ,

222coups, see militarycowrie shells, 85 , 106, 138, 151 , 152, 154, 174,

177craft industry

and Atlantic slave trade, 150in colonial period, 221 –2in East and southern Africa, 122in North Africa, 166in West Africa, 85–7, 154

Crowther, S. A., 160, 162






350 Index

currencyin Central Africa, 106, 123in East Africa, 54, 55 , 104in Egypt, 22, 25in Ethiopia, 41in North Africa, 50, 52in West Africa, 50, 82, 84, 85 , 138, 154, 174,

177Cushitic speakers, 11 , 15 , 16, 109, 111 , 120,

124

Daamat, 29, 41Dagomba, 81 , 147Dahomey, 80, 136, 137, 138, 143 , 146, 148–9,

151 , 154, 155 , 158, 196, 199, 200, 207, 213 ,236, 241

Dakar, 211 , 228, 298Damergou, 178Dan, 72dance, 53 , 61 , 64, 99, 124, 178, 191 , 227, 245Danquah, J. B., 242, 243Dar es Salaam, 211 , 311Dar Fertit, 170Darfur, 170, 197Dawud, Askiya, 78De Beers, 186de Brazza, S., 195de Gaulle, C., 253 , 254, 255de Klerk, F. W., 286de Souza, F., 153Debra Berhan, 61Debra Libanos, 60, 62debt, international, 260, 261 , 263 , 276, 290,

292Decius, Emperor, 38decolonisation

Belgium, 253 , 255 , 268Britain, 237, 242, 243–4, 253 , 254–5 , 256,

268France, 238, 242, 243 , 253 , 255in general, 253Italy, 238, 253Portugal, 253 , 255 , 256

Defiance Campaign, 282Deima, 235Deir el-Medina, 22democratisation, see postcolonial

governmentDenkyira, 147

Destour, 238devaluation, 288, 290, 292, 293Dhar Tichitt, 15 , 49Dia, 49Diagne, B., 241diamond mining, 185 , 186, 212, 261Diata II, 68Dinka, 170, 201Diocletian, Emperor, 40Diop, C. A., 26Diouf, A., 313disease

AIDS, 296, 311 –15in ancient Egypt, 20and Atlantic slave trade, 142–3 , 152bilharzia, 20cancer, 20cholera, 158, 167, 169, 172, 177, 192, 217,

294and colonial conquest, 215 , 216–17in East and southern Africa, 116–17, 192and food production, 12gonorrhoea, 217, 218, 248Guinea worm, 68indigenous medicine, 58, 68, 89, 117influenza, 217leprosy, 20, 58, 68, 116, 248, 252malaria, 12, 20, 58, 67, 116, 118, 181 , 198,

248, 252, 294measles, 185 , 252modern medicine, 162, 193 , 247–8, 251 ,

294, 298, 313plague, 43 , 68, 116, 142, 166, 167, 169, 177,

217poliomyelitis, 252rinderpest, 216, 217, 274smallpox, 20, 58, 68, 116, 117, 128, 140,

143 , 158, 167, 169, 172, 177, 185 , 192,215 , 216, 247, 251

syphilis, 20, 68, 116, 117, 142, 217, 247, 252trypanosomiasis, 15 , 68, 114, 192, 216–17,

247, 294tuberculosis, 20, 117, 142, 248, 252, 274,

277, 294typhus, 117, 172in West Africa, 67–8, 176yaws, 68, 116, 142, 217, 247, 294see also Black Death

Do masquerade, 98






Index 351

Dogon, 64, 98, 223Donatist Church, 38–40, 44, 305Dongola, 42, 56dos Santos, J., 116Douala, 157, 158, 221 , 228Dulugu, 173Dunama Dibalemi, 76Durban, 35 , 280, 281 , 282, 284, 285Dutch

in Cape Colony, 126–30in West Africa, 135 , 145

Dutch Reformed Church, 230Dyula, 85 , 94, 157Dzivaguru cult, 125

East London, 281eclecticism, see Christianity, Islam, religionEcole William Ponty, 230, 231economic development

colonial, 193 , 209–13 , 214, 222, 228–9, 242postcolonial, 260–4, 288–93

educationBantu, 285colonial, 224, 229–31in East Africa, 294in Egypt, 168female, 176, 231 , 246, 252, 310Islamic, 95 , 236postcolonial, 293–4in southern Africa, 184, 285university, 230, 281 , 294in West Africa, 161

Egba United Board of Management, 162Egungun society, 92Egypt, ancient

agricultural origins, 12, 13 , 17history, 17–26influence in Africa, 2, 26, 29language, 11literacy, 5 , 19, 23in Nubia, 21 , 26–9population, 20religion, 17, 20, 22–4, 26slavery, 22, 25 , 27

Egypt, medievalChristianity, 37–8, 40, 43–4disease, 167economy, 166, 168Fatimid rule, 45 , 56

Islam, 43–4Mamluks, 47–9, 164, 168Ottoman rule, 164population, 166slavery, 56

Egypt, modernBritish rule, 170, 195 , 198economy, 169, 209, 238, 263 , 276Enlightenment, 169fundamentalism, 302Muhammad Ali, 168–9nationalism, 195 , 237political independence, 237population, 169, 248, 249, 264

Ekpe society, 94, 156Ekumeku resistance, 202Ekwensi, C., 232El Mina, 133 , 135Engaruka, 113Equiano, O., 140, 152Eritrea, 196, 238, 306Ethiopia

agriculture, 14Christianity, 41 , 56–62Era of the Judges, 171famine, 58, 216, 264Italian invasion, 239languages, 11 , 41medieval history, 56–62modernisation, 171 , 239nineteenth century, 171nobility, 59and partition, 197, 199political origins, 29Portuguese, 62, 159revolution, 305–6see also Adwa, Aksum, Daamat

Ethiopian Church (South Africa), 235Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary

Democratic Front, 306ethnicity, 208, 227, 239–40, 271 , 295 , 301 ,

306, 307European settlement

in East Africa, 212, 224in Egypt, 169in North Africa, 172, 212, 224in southern Africa, 127, 128, 181 , 212, 224,

275evolution, human, 6–12






352 Index

Ewostatewos, 60Ewe, 80, 148, 230Ewuare, 80, 98, 239Eyadema, G., 299Ezana, 41

Fagunwa, D. O., 232Faidherbe, L., 163 , 193Falasha, 57family planning, see contraceptionfamily structure

and AIDS, 312, 313and Atlantic slave trade, 152bridewealth, 245and Christianity, 234, 246in colonial period, 244–6in East and southern Africa, 118–20, 191 ,

245in Egypt, 22in Ethiopia, 58feminism, 246, 296in general, 1and Islam, 246and labour migration, 274in North Africa, 245 , 246, 295postcolonial, 252, 259, 295 , 310in West Africa, 69, 72, 96–9, 162, 163 ,

245 , 246famine

and AIDS, 313and Atlantic slave trade, 137in colonial period, 215–16, 247in East and southern Africa, 115–16, 124,

185 , 192, 216, 247, 267, 313in Egypt, 20, 45in Ethiopia, 58, 216, 247, 267in North Africa, 45 , 46, 167postcolonial, 251 , 267in West Africa, 68–9, 158, 177, 247, 267

Fang, 157, 237Fante, 150Fante Confederation, 162Faras, 42Fatimid dynasty, 45 , 51 , 52, 56Faye, J., 233Fayum, 13fertility, see populationFes, 44, 47, 75 , 167, 257Fezzan, 30, 32, 50

Fipa, 107, 112firearms

in Central Africa, 121in East Africa, 187, 188, 189, 190in Ethiopia, 171in general, 164, 193in North Africa, 49, 164, 167, 168, 170,

172, 173and partition, 199in South Africa, 127, 180, 181in West Africa, 74, 77, 133 , 139, 144, 145 ,

147, 149Firestone Company, 224First World War, 215 , 233fishing, 10, 13 , 14, 26, 106, 108, 122Fon, 80football, 227, 245 , 295forced removals, 283Fort Hare University College, 281Fourah Bay College, 161France

in Egypt, 168and Great Depression, 228in North Africa, 171 –3 , 195 , 197, 208and Second World War, 228–9and slave trade, 135in West Africa, 161 , 162, 163 , 193 , 196, 199,

206–7, 208, 213see also decolonisation

Freedom Charter, 282Freetown, 153 , 162, 163Frelimo, 257, 268, 271Front de Liberation Nationale, 238, 254, 304Front Islamique du Salut, 305Frumentius, 41Fulani jihad, 174–5Fulbe, 73 , 74, 144, 173–6, 178, 180, 205 , 207fundamentalism, see IslamFunj, 56, 170Fustat, 52Futa Jalon, 144, 150, 151 , 156, 157, 174, 196,

207, 247Futa Toro, 73 , 144, 174, 178

Gabon, 218, 248, 252, 255Gaddafi, M., 271Gaetuli, 30, 32Gaha, 146Gambia, 154, 255 , 259, 271






Index 353

games, 190Ganda, see BugandaGao, 51 , 53 , 73 , 74Garamantes, 30, 32, 50, 83Garcia II, 145Gash Delta, 29Gaza, 180, 274generational relationships

age-sets, 120, 179and Christianity, 160, 184, 232, 245in colonial period, 244–5in East and southern Africa, 120, 179in Egypt, 22in Ethiopia, 59in general, 1and Islamic fundamentalism, 305postcolonial, 298, 306in West Africa, 97–9youth cultures, 298youth gangs, 282, 295youth and nationalism, 257, 259, 285–6,

287Geniza, 45genocide, 301 , 307Germany, 195 , 196Gezira (Somalia), 54Gezira scheme, 222, 226Gezo, 155Ghana (ancient), 51 , 52, 53 , 91Ghana (modern), 161 , 162, 163 , 213 , 242,

243 , 254, 259, 262, 290, 309Gigthis, 32goats, 13 , 34Gobir, 174Gola, 213gold

Atlantic trade, 131 , 133 , 155in Central Africa, 54, 103–6, 211in Ethiopia, 57in Nubia, 27, 28, 56Saharan trade, 45 , 46, 48, 50, 51 , 52in South Africa, 197, 273 , 283 , 285 , 291in West Africa, 50, 52, 53 , 72, 79, 81 , 84,

104, 147–8, 211Gold Coast, see Ghana (modern)Goncalo da Silveira, 105 , 159Goncalvez, A., 131Gondar, 171Gonja, 73 , 84, 93 , 147

gonorrhoea, see diseaseGordon, G., 170Gordon Memorial College, 230Gouro, 72Gowon, Y., 269Graduates General Congress, 241Great Depression, 157, 221 , 228, 276Great Kei River, 35Great Trek, 182Griqua, 128, 181Groundnut Scheme, 229groundnuts, 154, 155 , 209, 213 , 219, 260Group Areas Act, 282Groupe Islamique Arme, 305Growth, Employment, and Redistribution,

291Guinea, 255 , 259Guinea-Bissau, 255 , 312Guinea worm, see diseasegum, 154Gumede, J., 280

Habyarimana, J., 307Hafsid dynasty, 47Haile Selassie, 239, 305Hambukushu, 113Hamdallahi, 178Harar, 57, 61Harare, 227Harris, W. W., 234Hart, J., 161hati, 236Haukuzi, 113 , 115Hausa, 11 , 63 , 64, 68, 75–6, 77, 85 , 87, 93 ,

95 , 97, 98, 174–8, 207, 211 , 213Haya, 112Hehe, 190Hekanakht of Thebes, 22, 265Henrique, Bishop, 159herding, see cattleHerero, 215Herihor of Thebes, 24Hertzog, J. B. M., 279Het Volk, 279Hilarianus, 38Hinda clan, 112Hofmeyr, J. H., 279Holy Ghost Fathers, 160, 233Homo ergaster, 7






354 Index

Homo habilis, 7honour, 4, 40, 60, 69, 76–7, 79, 86, 121 , 140,

144, 152, 201 , 246, 286horses

in ancient Egypt, 21 , 25in Ethiopia, 59in North Africa, 30, 32, 50in Nubia, 29in South Africa, 127, 180in West Africa, 51 , 69, 75 , 76–7, 80, 81 ,

86, 176Horton, J. A., 162, 163Houphouet-Boigny, F., 243 , 270, 299Howieson’s Poort Industry, 9Hubbu, 157hunting, 10, 12, 13 , 72, 89, 115 , 118Husuni Kubwa, 55Hutu, 111 , 190, 233 , 239, 258, 307–8

Ibadan, 156, 201 , 208, 214, 258Ibibio Welfare Union, 227Ibn Battuta, 53 , 55 , 68, 85 , 94, 96, 98Ibn Khaldun, 44, 46, 48, 49, 56Idris, King, 238Idris, Sultan, 44Idris Aloma, 74, 77, 78ifa divination, 91 , 94, 95 , 160, 236Ifat, 57Ife, 67, 79, 80, 87, 91 , 258Ifriqiya, 43 , 44, 45–6, 47Igbo, 50, 66, 79, 81 , 87, 134, 136, 137, 140, 143 ,

150, 152, 154, 158, 160, 196, 201 , 202,205 , 208, 230, 232, 258

Igbo-Ukwu, 50, 79, 91Ijaw, 138Ijaye, 156Ijebu Ode, 80, 86, 200, 213 , 232, 236,

258Ilesha, 258Ilorin, 86, 177Imbangala, 98, 145 , 149, 156Imvo Zabantsundu, 231independent churches, see ChristianityIndians

in East Africa, 187, 211in South Africa, 183 , 281 , 282, 284, 286

Indirect Rule, 207–9, 239Industrial and Commercial Workers

Union, 278, 280

industryin Egypt, 168, 229postcolonial, 261 , 264, 290, 291postwar development, 229in South Africa, 276–7, 283 , 284–5 , 291 –2see also craft industry

influenza, see diseaseinformal sector, 295Ingombe Ilede, 105Inkatha, 286, 287Interahamwe, 307, 308International Monetary Fund, 288, 292, 293Iraqw, 109, 119, 121 , 223iron

in ancient Egypt, 25 , 34in colonial period, 221in East Africa, 34–6, 112, 122, 191in general, 33–6in North Africa, 31 , 34in Nubia, 28, 29, 34postcolonial, 261in southern Africa, 106, 122, 127, 179status of ironworkers, 33 , 53 , 85 , 112, 122in West Africa, 34, 49, 85 , 138, 150, 154

Iron and Steel Corporation (South Africa),276

irrigationin Central Africa, 108in East Africa, 113in Egypt, 19, 25 , 48, 168in North Africa, 32postcolonial, 266in Sudan, 222in West Africa, 222

Isichei, E., 160Islam

brotherhoods, 47, 92and colonial rule, 235–6in East Africa, 53–5 , 189, 190eclecticism, 236in Ethiopia, 57, 61 –2fundamentalism, 231 , 238, 295 , 302in North Africa, 42–9postcolonial, 297in South Africa, 129in West Africa, 49–53 , 74, 75 , 92–6,

144–5 , 148, 155 , 173–6, 178see also Mourides, Qadiriyya, Salafiyya,

Tijaniyya






Index 355

Ismail, Khedive, 169, 170, 195Istiqlal, 238, 257Italy, 196, 238; see also decolonisationItsekiri, 157, 159ivory, 27, 41 , 50, 53 , 54, 57, 103 , 104, 107, 154,

179, 187, 188Ivory Coast, see Cote d’IvoireIyasus Mo’a, 60

Jaja, 156Jameson Raid, 197, 201Jehovah’s Witnesses, 224, 233 , 235Jenne, New, 69, 73 , 74, 81 , 86, 87, 94, 178,

196Jenne, Old, 49–50, 69, 86, 87Jesuits, 159, 233Jews, 37, 41 , 45 , 47, 57, 61Johannesburg, 277, 281 , 282, 284John of Ephesus, 42Jola, 78, 85 , 151 , 201 , 236Jolof, 73 , 144Jugurtha, 31Jukun, 79, 93Juno Caelestis, 32justice, colonial, 205Justinian, Emperor, 40

Kaarta, 173 , 178Kaba, 73Kabila, J., 309Kabila, L., 308Kabylia, 172, 226Kadalie, C., 278, 281Kadero, 14Kaffa, 171Kaggwa, A., 206, 231 , 240Kairwan, 43 , 45 , 46, 52, 221Kajoor, 73 , 83 , 144Kalala Ilungu, 106Kalenjin, 108Kalonga, 107Kamba, 187Kampala, 311Kanem, 51 , 53 , 69, 74, 76, 77, 78, 93Kano, 64, 75 , 77, 78, 84, 87, 93 , 175 , 177,

201 , 211 , 221 , 298Kano Chronicle, 75 , 76, 77Karagwe, 112Kasanje, 149

Katsina, 75 , 86, 91 , 93 , 94Katuruka, 34, 112Kaunda, K., 300Kazembe, 108, 113 , 121 , 126, 142Kenya, 196, 212, 224, 243 , 251 , 252, 256, 260,

262, 300Kenya African Union, 243Kenyatta, J., 256Kerekou, M., 299Kerma, 27–9Kete, 82Khama, 184, 200Khami, 105Kharijites, 44, 46, 50, 51 , 52, 53 , 305Khartoum, 14, 188, 196Khayr ed-Din, 172, 230Khoikhoi, 10, 35 , 117, 118, 123 , 124, 126–30,

181 , 183 , 184, 185Khoisan, see Khoikhoi, SanKhufu, 24Kigali, 311Kikuyu, 109, 115 , 191 , 212, 216, 224, 225 , 231Kikuyu Central Association, 240Kilwa, 55 , 104–5 , 114, 117, 187Kimbangu, S., 234Kimbanguist Church, 296Kimberley, 185 , 186Kimbu, 115Kinjikitile, 202, 236Kinshasa, 255 , 298, 308, 311kinship, see family structureKintampo culture, 15Kisama, 151Kitereza, A., 232Kiwanuka, J., 233Koelle, S., 136–7kola, 72, 84, 147, 177Kololo, 181Kondeah, 151Kong, 211Kongo, 68, 82, 90, 92, 97, 134, 136, 139, 142,

143 , 145 , 151 , 158–9, 161 , 237Kono, 72Kontagora, 200Korana, 128Koumbi Saleh, 51Kounta, 92, 174Kpelle, 72Krio language, 162, 243






356 Index

Kru, 133 , 214Kruger, P., 197, 279Kuba, 69, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, 98kubandwa cult, 126Kumasi, 147, 155 , 157, 202, 210, 211Kuruman, 183Kusayla, 43Kush, 27–9Kwaku Dua I, 155 , 158KwaZulu, 282, 287, 302Kwena, 122

labourcolonial demands, 203 , 244migration, 154, 181 , 186, 214, 224, 225–6,

233 , 240, 245 , 246, 248, 274postcolonial, 295in South Africa, 181 , 182, 183 , 186, 274,

276, 277, 278, 283 , 285 , 295unemployment, 238, 285 , 291 , 295

Laetoli, 7Lagos, 154, 161 , 162, 163 , 177, 210, 211 , 235Lagos Weekly Record, 231Lalibela, 57, 62Lamu, 53 , 55 , 186land

in Central Africa, 105 , 225 , 265 , 292in East Africa, 190, 206, 225 , 241 , 265 , 309in Egypt, 20, 25 , 169, 209, 263in Ethiopia, 59, 223 , 265 , 306and nationalism, 258in North Africa, 30, 31 , 45 , 166, 212, 223 ,

225 , 264, 265in South Africa, 130, 182, 183 , 185 , 274,

291in West Africa, 158, 223 , 224, 265see also European settlement

languageand ethnicity, 239families, 10–12, 63origins, 10see also Afroasiatic, Bantu, etc.

Latakoo, 122Lebanese, 211Lega, 81Lekhanyane, E., 235Lemba cult, 152Leopard’s Kopje, 103Leopold II, 195 , 198, 210

leprosy, see diseaseLesotho, see SothoLever Brothers, 210Lewanika, 200, 240Lewis, S., 162Liberia, 161 , 162, 163 , 196, 197, 306Liberia Herald, 162Libreville, 16, 161Libya, 197, 201 , 215 , 238, 253 , 304literacy

in ancient Egypt, 5 , 19, 23and Christianity, 183 , 189, 229, 232–5in East Africa, 230in Ethiopia, 29, 41in general, 193 , 231in North Africa, 31in Nubia, 28in West Africa, 89, 94–5 , 134, 145 , 147,

155 , 159, 232literature, 232Livingstone, D., 108, 188, 191Livy, 30Loango, 87, 137, 146, 153Lobengula, 201Lobi, 223locusts, 58, 68, 115 , 120LoDagaa, 89London Missionary Society, 183Longinus, 42Lovedale, 184Lozi, 108, 113 , 126, 181 , 183 , 200, 214, 240, 259Luanda, 134, 135 , 145 , 149, 151 , 158, 161 , 188Luba, 106–7, 112, 115 , 120, 124, 126, 157, 188,

212lubaale cult, 126Lubumbashi, 227Lugard, F., 207, 213 , 214, 236Lumumba, P., 255 , 308Lunda, 107–8, 113 , 120, 121 , 126, 149, 150, 154,

156Lundu, 107, 125Luo, 109, 114Luyia, 240

Maasai, 108, 122, 123 , 190, 191Maba Jaaxu, 155Macaulay, H., 241Macleod, I., 253Madani, Abbasi, 305






Index 357

Magdala, 171Mahdali, 55Mahdi (Sudan), 196, 199, 201 , 202, 206Mahrem, 41maize, 113 , 118, 142, 179, 191 , 222, 223 , 266,

274, 276Maji Maji rebellion, 202, 215 , 236Makerere College, 231 , 294, 299Makua, 107, 117Makuria, 42, 55 , 56Malan, D. F., 279, 281malaria, see diseaseMalawi, 197, 198, 213 , 244, 256, 300Malawi Congress Party, 256, 259Mali (ancient), 52–3 , 72–3 , 76, 77, 81 , 85 ,

86, 92, 93 , 94, 95 , 99Malik Sy, 144malnutrition, 12, 68, 247, 248, 252Mamadu Dyuhe, 157Mambwe, 226Mamluks, 47–9, 76Mamprussi, 81Manda, 54, 123Mandara, 74Mande, 52, 71 , 72–3 , 87, 144Mandela, N., 287Mangbetu, 170mankala game, 99, 123Manning, P., 141 , 143 , 192Mansa Musa, 92Manyika, 106Mapungubwe, 104, 123Maputo, 35 , 179Maqqari, 52marabi culture, 280Maravi, 107, 119, 124, 125Margai, M., 243Marghi, 86Marinid dynasty, 47Marrakesh, 46, 47marriage, see family structureMartins, D. J., 153Masina, 178Masinissa, 31Masmuda, 47masquerade, see danceMatamba, 149, 151Mau Mau rebellion, 244, 256, 258Mauri, 30

Mauritania, 213 , 259Mawlay al-Hassan, 173Mawlay Ismail, 167Mbanza Kongo, 82, 84, 87; see also Sao

SalvadorMbari houses, 250Mbegha, 109, 115Mbeki, T., 291 , 302Mbona cult, 125 , 236Mbundu, 149Mbwila, Battle of, 145measles, see diseasemedicine, see diseaseMemnius Pacatus, 32Menelik II, 171 , 196, 305Mengistu Haile Mariam, 306Merimde, 13Meroe, 28–9, 34Mfecane, 179–81Mfengu, 182, 185military

in ancient Egypt, 21 , 24colonial armies, 199, 228colonial conscription, 203coups d’etat, 263 , 268, 269, 270, 290, 298,

301 , 302, 305 , 307and democratisation, 299, 300in Ethiopia, 59postcolonial armies, 270–1 , 305

Miller, J. C., 139millet, 15 , 34, 64, 176, 222Milner, A., 197mining, see copper, diamond mining, gold,

ironMirambo, 188mitochondrial DNA, 7–9, 13Mobutu Sese Seko, 268, 270, 299, 308modernism, see Salafiyyamodernity, human, 7–10Mogadishu, 55Mogho Naba, 207, 208Moi, D. arap, 300Molokweni, 122Mombasa, 105 , 118, 187, 211monasticism, 37, 57, 60Mongo, 82Monophysite faith, 40, 41 , 42, 43Moore, F., 136Moors, 63 , 84, 92, 133 , 221 , 259






358 Index

Moravians, 183 , 232Morocco

disease, 167European settlement, 212, 224famine, 167fundamentalism, 304independence, 254invasion of Songhay, 74, 173modernisation and partition, 173 , 197,

198nationalism, 238population, 167precolonial state, 167

Moshoeshoe, 181 , 183Mossi, 77, 81 , 93 , 97, 157, 173 , 196, 207, 214,

226motor transport, see transportMouride brotherhood, 209, 214, 236Movement for the Restoration of the Ten

Commandments of God, 296Movement of the Islamic Way, 304Mozambique, 136, 140, 153 , 197, 202, 225 ,

257, 268, 274Mpondo, 200Msiri, 188, 191Mthethwa, 179Mubarak, H., 292, 304Mugabe, R., 256, 301Muhammad V, 238, 254Muhammad VI, 304Muhammad Abduh, 170Muhammad Ali, 168–9, 170, 171 , 172Muhammad Bello, 175Muhammad ibn Abdallah, 196Muhammad ibn Tumart, 47Muhammad Korau, 75Muhammad Rumfa, 77Muhammad Ture, Askiya, 74, 93Muhammadu Marwa, 298Mukasa, 126, 233Munhumutapa, 105–6, 117, 120, 125 , 259Munsa, 110Museveni, Y. K., 290, 300, 313music, 191Muslim Brotherhood, 238, 302, 304Mutesa I, 189Muyaka, 118Mwanga, 189, 202Mwari, 105 , 180, 236

Nabta Playa, 13 , 14Nagawonyi, 116Nairobi, 228, 311Namaqua, 128Namibia, 195 , 197, 257Napata, 28Nasir al-Din, 144Nasser, G. A., 263 , 303Natal, 114, 182, 183National Bank of Nigeria, 221National Congress of British West Africa,

241National Council of Nigeria and the

Cameroons, 243 , 258National Party (South Africa), 279, 281 –7,

302National Party of Nigeria, 302National Resistance Movement, 290nationalism

in Central Africa, 244, 256–7in East Africa, 241 , 243–4, 256in Egypt, 195 , 237in general, 241 , 242, 253 , 260and local politics, 258in North Africa, 238, 253and social conflict, 258–60social origins, 257–8in southern Africa, 185 , 276,

278–87in Sudan, 241 , 253in West Africa, 242, 243 , 254–6

Natives Land Act, 274, 280Nazarites, 235Ndebele, 180, 181 , 183 , 184, 200, 201 , 208,

212, 226Ndongo, 82, 89, 149Ndwandwe, 179, 180Neanderthals, 7negritude, 241Neo-Destour, 238, 254New Economic Partnership for African

Development, 309Ngbandi, 81Ngoni, 180, 184, 190Nguni, 101 , 113 , 118, 179, 181Ngwane, 179, 180Ngwato, 184Niger, 299, 301Niger-Congo speakers, 11 , 16, 63






Index 359

Niger Delta, 134, 136, 137, 138, 146, 151 , 154,156, 157, 163 , 196

Nigeria, 195 , 198, 213 , 243 , 255 , 259, 263 ,269, 295

Nigerian National Democratic Party, 241Nigerian Youth Movement, 241 , 245Nile Valley

agricultural origins, 12late stone age, 10

Nilo-Saharan speakers, 11 , 13 , 14, 16, 34, 63 ,67, 108, 125

Ninjas, 295Nioro, 196Njinga, 149, 151Njoya, 231Nkore, 112, 123Nkrumah, K., 243 , 253 , 254, 258, 260, 262,

290Nobatia, 42Nok culture, 34, 67non-governmental organisations, 299, 300,

313North African Star, 238Northern People’s Congress, 243Northern Rhodesia, see ZambiaNorthern Rhodesian Congress, 244Nouakchott, 295Nsaka de Casanze, 151Nsibidi script, 94Nsukka, 34Ntsikana, 184Ntusi, 110, 121Nuba, 205Nubia

Christianity, 41 –2, 56Islam, 55–6language, 42prehistory, 21 , 24, 26–9

Numidians, 30, 31 , 38Nupe, 80, 83 , 86, 87, 93 , 146, 175Nyabingi cult, 191 , 202Nyakyusa, 119Nyamwezi, 108, 187, 188, 239Nyasaland, see MalawiNyasaland African Congress, 244Nyau society, 124, 180, 227, 236, 259Nyerere, J. K., 257, 262, 270, 271 , 292, 300Nyoro, see BunyoroNzakara, 81

Obasanjo, O., 302Obaseki, 206Ode Ondo, 157Odwira festival, 151Office du Niger, 222Ogooue River, 16oil, 261 , 263 , 264, 269, 285 , 292oil-palm, 15 , 16, 34, 66, 106Okavango River, 113olives, 31Olokun cult, 91 , 151Omdurman, Battle of, 197, 199Onitsha, 232Opobo, 156Orange Free State, 182, 283Order of Christ, 152Organisation of African Unity, 271 , 309Origen, 37Orlando, 277Oromo, 171Osama bin Laden, 304Osei Kwadwo, 147Osei Tutu, 147Osiele, 154Ottomans, 47, 77, 164–70Ovambo, 157, 184, 197, 226Overtoun Institution, 230Ovimbundu, 149, 157Owo, 80Oyo, 76, 80, 86, 91 , 145–6, 147, 148, 156, 174,

175 , 208

Pachomius, 37Padhola, 109palm oil, 154, 156, 210Pan-African Congress, 283pan-Africanism, 241partition, 193–9pass laws, 280pastoralism, see cattlepawnship, 214Pedi, 180, 183 , 186, 200, 201Pende, 108pentecostalism, see ChristianityPeople’s Democratic Party, 302Perpetua, 38Phiri clan, 107, 124Phoenicians, 30–1 , 34Piankhy, 28






360 Index

pilgrimage, 53 , 55 , 92, 94, 178plague, see Black Death, diseaseploughs, 58, 185 , 223 , 266, 274polygyny, see family structurePonty, W., 206, 209population

and AIDS, 311 , 313and Atlantic slave trade, 131 , 133 , 139,

141 –3 , 150, 158birthrates, 249–50, 252–3 , 284, 310causes of rapid growth, 248–50, 251 –3deathrates, 249, 251 –2, 284early colonial crisis, 215–28, 248in East and southern Africa, 113 ,

117–18, 179, 180, 181 , 185 , 190,191 –2, 218, 248, 258, 273 , 283 ,292, 309, 310

and economic development, 83 , 261in Egypt, 20, 45 , 166, 169, 248, 249, 264,

309in Ethiopia, 58, 249fears of overpopulation, 248, 250fertility decline, 284, 309–10in general, 1 –5 , 192, 193 , 219life expectancy, 251 , 294in North Africa, 37, 47–9, 166–8, 218,

248, 309in Nubia, 26, 28postcolonial growth, 251 –3 , 309–10and political development, 71 –2, 164in West Africa, 68–71 , 131 , 177, 217, 218,

248see also contraception, disease

Poro society, 78, 88, 91 , 93 , 236, 259Port Elizabeth, 278Portuguese

in eastern Africa, 55 , 113 , 186, 197in Ethiopia, 62, 159in southern Africa, 117, 159, 274in West Africa, 80, 131 –6, 145 , 149, 151 ,

152, 158, 197see also decolonisation

postcolonial governmentadministration, 269, 270and AIDS, 313and civil society, 271 , 299, 300, 302democracy, 267–8, 269, 271 , 301 , 302,

309democratisation, 299, 305 , 307

dominant-party states, 302national conferences, 299, 300, 301one-party states, 270, 299, 300patrimonialism, 269and traditional rulers, 271

potteryand Bantu, 16, 34, 35dotted wavy-line, 13 , 14, 15in East Africa, 34, 35 , 54, 110, 122in Nubia, 26, 28origins, 13in southern Africa, 35 , 101 , 103

poverty, 89, 95 , 124, 160, 226, 262, 265 , 275 ,276, 292, 295 , 298, 310, 313

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 293prazos, 105 , 120Presbyterians, 183press, 162, 231 , 302privatisation, 288, 291 , 292, 293Ptolemies, 25 , 28Purified National Party, 279Pygmies, 9, 10, 67, 88pyramids, 19, 26, 28

Qadiriyya brotherhood, 92, 172, 174, 176,209, 236

Qwaqwa, 283

racialism, 129, 182, 186, 274, 277, 282railways

in Egypt, 169in Ethiopia, 171in South Africa, 185 , 276in tropical Africa, 209, 210, 211 –13

Rakai, 311Rameses III, 24Rameses IX, 24Rand Revolt, 277Rassemblement Democratique Africain,

243 , 255Rawlings, J., 290Raymond, A., 166rebellion

against colonial rule, 201 –2, 203in Ethiopia, 59

Reconstruction and DevelopmentProgramme, 291

Reformed Tijaniyya brotherhood, 236Rekhmire, 21






Index 361

religion (indigenous)in ancient Egypt, 22–4, 26and Atlantic slave trade, 151 –2and colonial rule, 236–7in East Africa, 112, 124–6, 191eclecticism, 60, 89, 93–4, 125 , 159, 161 ,

233–4, 236, 296in Ethiopia, 29, 60in North Africa, 31 , 32in Nubia, 27, 28and rebellion, 202in southern Africa, 105 , 124–6, 180

Renamo, 268resistance to conquest, 199–201Revival Movement, 235Rhapta, 53Rharhabe, 130Rhodes, C., 186, 197, 198, 200Rhodesia, see ZimbabweRichards, A., 243Rif, 197rinderpest, see diseaserock art

in North Africa, 13 , 26in southern Africa, 10, 118, 124, 127

Romein Egypt, 25 , 28in North Africa, 31 –3 , 38–40

Rothschilds, 186Royal African Company, 135 , 136Rozvi, 106, 120rubber, 154, 210, 224rugaruga, 188Rundi, see BurundiRusswurm, J., 162Rwanda, 111 , 113 , 114, 116, 117, 121 , 122, 126,

190, 191 , 192, 208, 216, 233 , 239, 258,298, 301 , 305 , 306, 307–8, 309

Rwanda Patriotic Front, 307, 308

sacrifice, human, 27, 91 , 94, 151 , 157Sadat, A., 292Sadiki Academy, 230Saharan prehistory, 12–14Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 6Saifawa dynasty, 74Saint-Louis, 161Sakpata, 143Saladin, 45 , 47, 56

Salafiyya, 170, 236, 238Salazar, A., 241salt, 52, 57, 77, 84, 177Salvation Army, 232, 233Samori, 157, 196, 199, 213San, 9, 10, 116, 117, 124, 126–7, 130, 181Sande society, 78Sanga, 106, 119, 122, 125 , 188Sango cult, 91Sanhaja, 46, 47Sanusi brotherhood, 238Sao Salvador, 145 , 158; see also Mbanza

KongoSao Tome, 134, 158Saro, 160, 161 , 162Sayyid Qutb, 303Schroda, 103sculpture

Benin, 80, 98, 151Hemba, 120Ife, 67, 79, 98Kuba, 82Lega, 81Niger Valley, 76Nok, 34, 67, 98Senufo, 88Tellem, 64, 91

Second World War, 221 , 228, 242, 247, 279,281

segregation, racial, 185 , 227, 279, 281 , 282Segu, 145 , 173 , 178, 179, 199, 206Sekhukhuni, 200, 201Semliki River, 9Sena, 105Senegal, 154, 161 , 162, 163 , 193 , 209, 213 , 241 ,

243 , 255 , 259, 271 , 309, 313Senghor, L., 243 , 255 , 292Sennar, 170Senufo, 88Serer, 71 , 72, 73 , 144Shaka, 179Shambaa, 109, 112, 116, 121 , 122, 188Shanga, 53 , 55Sharpeville, 283sheep, 13 , 127, 182, 183Shembe, I., 235Sherbro, 163Shilluk, 109, 170Shoa, 57, 58, 60, 61 , 171






362 Index

Shona, 54, 103–6, 119, 121 , 123 , 124, 180, 200,202, 212, 256

Shum Laka, 15Shyaam, 82, 90, 99Sierra Leone, 161 , 163 , 196, 243 , 255 , 259,

306Sierra Leone Hut Tax War, 203 , 236Sijilmasa, 51 , 52slave trade

abolition of Atlantic trade, 152–8, 163abolition in South Africa, 181Atlantic, 131 –63 , 173and demography, 141 –3 , 150East African, 54, 121 , 187–8, 192Ethiopian, 57Nilotic, 27, 28, 56, 170resistance, 139–40, 151Saharan, 30, 32, 45 , 50, 52, 74, 77–8, 133 ,

136, 140slavery

in Central Africa, 105 , 116, 120–1in East Africa, 55 , 120–1 , 128, 187, 191in Egypt, 22, 25 , 45 , 56, 169, 170emancipation, 181 , 213–14in North Africa, 31 , 45 , 166, 167slave revolt, 129, 151 , 156, 157in South Africa, 128–9, 176, 181in West Africa, 73 , 75 , 77–8, 82, 84, 97,

131 –58, 176–7sleeping sickness, see disease:

trypanosomiasissmallpox, see diseaseSmuts, J. C., 276, 279, 281Soba, 42socialism, 262, 266, 290, 291Societe Generale, 198Sofala, 54, 104, 105Soga, 115 , 118, 191Sokoto Caliphate, 174–7, 196, 200, 207,

270Solomonic dynasty, 57Somali, 57, 61 , 116, 201Somalia, 197, 238, 253 , 306Songhay, 51 , 63 , 73–4, 76, 77, 78, 80, 91 , 93 ,

94, 173Soninke, 51 , 52, 85 , 137, 144Sonni Ali Ber, 73 , 76Sophiatown, 277, 280, 282sorcery, see witchcraft

sorghum, 14, 16, 28, 34, 35 , 45 , 64, 112, 176,222

Soshangane, 180Sotho, 101 , 180, 182, 185 , 201 , 240, 259, 274South Africa

AIDS, 312, 314ANC rule, 302industrialisation, 276–7, 283 , 284–5 ,

291 –2labour, 274, 276, 277, 283 , 285 , 295land, 274, 291nationalism, 278–87population, 273 , 283 , 284segregation, 279, 281transition to majority rule, 286, 287, 302urbanisation, 277, 281 , 284, 295unification, 279white politics, 276, 278–80, 286see also Afrikaner people, apartheid,

Cape ColonySouth Africa Party, 279South African Native Congress, 280South-West Africa, see NamibiaSouthern Rhodesia, see ZimbabweSoutpansberg, 101Soweto, 277, 282, 284Soweto uprising, 285Soyinka, W., 232Soyo, 145 , 159spirit possession, see religionstateless societies

and Atlantic slave trade, 136, 143in East Africa, 109, 191and education, 230and European conquest, 197, 201 , 202in North Africa, 30, 40, 166in southern Africa, 103in West Africa, 50, 71 –2, 78–9, 81 , 95

status reversal, 298, 300Stellenbosch, 129Stevens, S., 292stigmatisation, 86, 122, 221 , 313strikes, 22, 227, 257, 277, 278, 285 , 291 , 292,

299structural adjustment, 288–93 , 298, 313Sudan, 170–1 , 196, 213 , 241 , 253 , 268, 304;

see also NubiaSuez Canal, 169, 237Sufetula, 43






Index 363

Sukuma, 108Sunjata Keita, 52, 72–3 , 76, 99Swahili language, 54, 55 , 187, 190, 241 , 256Swazi, 180, 226symbolic behaviour, 10Syndicat Agricole Africain, 243syphilis, see disease

Tadmekka, 52Taforalt, 10Taharqa, 28Tahert, 44, 51 , 52Takla Haymanot, Saint, 57, 58, 60, 159Takrur, 51 , 53 , 73Talibans, 295Tallensi, 97Tanganyika, see TanzaniaTanganyika African National Union, 244,

256, 257Tangier, 44Tanit, 31 , 32Tanzania, 196, 212, 241 , 244, 256, 262, 300;

see also ZanzibarTaruga, 34tax

colonial, 203 , 209, 214, 228, 274in Egypt, 19, 48, 168in Ethiopia, 59in North Africa, 31 , 167, 172postcolonial, 290in West Africa, 162, 176

Tellem, 63 , 91Tete, 114Tewodros, 171textiles, see clothThaba Bosiu, 181Thembu Church, 235Thonga, 117, 125 , 180Tibesti, 30Tigray, 60, 171 , 306Tijaniyya brotherhood, 178Timbuktu, 49, 69, 73 , 74, 87, 94, 95 , 96, 173 ,

174, 176, 177, 178, 196, 198, 211Tio, 146, 195Tirailleurs Senegalais, 199Tiv, 78, 223Tiyo Soga, 184Tlemcen, 43 , 47, 52tobacco, 212, 222, 225 , 292

Togo, 195 , 299Tondibi, Battle of, 74Tonga (Zambia), 223torture, 283Torwa dynasty, 105 , 106Toutswe, 101towns, see urbanisationTownship Revolt, 285 , 286trade

in Central Africa, 103–5 , 106, 107, 122in colonial period, 221in East Africa, 53–5 , 110, 122, 186–8, 191in Ethiopia, 41 , 57impact of railways, 211markets, 83 , 122, 191 , 221and nationalism, 257in North Africa, 30, 31 , 45 , 46, 48and partition, 198postcolonial, 261in South Africa, 179, 183trading diasporas, 85 , 177in West Africa, 49–53 , 75 , 76, 83–5 , 97,

147, 161 , 162, 177, 224see also gold, slave trade

trade unions, 227, 255 , 257, 271 , 277, 278,286, 291 , 298, 300

Transkei, 274, 281transport

in East and southern Africa, 122, 130, 187in Ethiopia, 58in general, 193motor transport, 219, 222, 229, 247, 261in West Africa, 83 , 177see also railways

Transvaal, 182, 185 , 197, 273Treatment Action Campaign, 314tribalism, see ethnicityTripoli, 164, 172, 174, 177, 211True Whig Party, 163trypanosomiasis, see diseasetsetse, see disease: trypanosomiasisTshawe family, 103Tsoede, 80Tswana, 101 , 116, 117, 119, 121 , 122, 125 , 127,

180, 183 , 184; see also BotswanaTuareg, 63 , 73 , 74, 84, 92, 173 , 202, 211tuberculosis, see diseaseTubu, 30Tukulor, 178, 196, 199, 206






364 Index

Tunis, 164, 221Tunisia

disease, 167economy, 166, 167, 292European settlement, 212, 224French rule, 173 , 195fundamentalism, 304independence, 254modernisation, 172nationalism, 238population, 166, 172see also Ifriqiya

Tuthmosis III, 27Tutsi, 111 , 190, 208, 233 , 239, 258, 298,

307–8Tyamzashe, G., 183typhus, see disease

uburetwa, 190Uganda, 196, 213 , 244, 256, 271 , 290–1 , 296,

300, 306, 313; see also Buganda,Bunyoro

Uganda African Farmers’ Union, 244Uganda Agreement, 206, 207Uganda Martyrs, 189Uganda National Congress, 244Uganda People’s Congress, 256ujamaa, 262Ukba ibn Nafi, 43 , 50Umar Tal, al-Hajj, 178Umayyad Caliphate, 44, 52Undi, 107unemployment, see labourUnion Mechanics’ Association, 227Union Miniere, 228, 271United Africa Company, 221United Gold Coast Convention, 243United National Independence Party, 256United Party (South Africa), 279, 281universities, see educationUpemba Depression, 106, 118urbanisation

and AIDS, 313in East Africa, 100, 121 –2Europeans, 225 , 276and nationalism, 257in North Africa, 304popular protest, 298, 299postcolonial, 262, 292, 295

in southern Africa, 100, 104, 121 –2, 277,281 , 282, 284, 295

in West Africa, 49, 76, 79, 87–8, 177Urewe ware, 34, 35Usuman dan Fodio, 174–6

Vai, 72Vandals, 33 , 40Vansina, J., 66Venda, 106venereal diseases, see diseaseVereeniging, Peace of, 278Vili, 137, 146Visram, A., 211Voortrekker Centenary, 279Vorster, B. J., 283

Waalo, 73 , 144Wafd, 237Wagadugu, 81 , 173Walata, 52Wargla, 52Watchtower Movement, 235 , 248Wesleyans, 183West African Pilot, 232West African Students Union, 241Western Sahara, 197wheat, see agricultureWhite Fathers, 189, 233Whydah, 80, 148Wilson, J. M., 162witchcraft

and Atlantic slave trade, 137demonology, 297in East and southern Africa, 125 ,

191eradication movements, 234, 237ordeals, 92, 125 , 151 , 191 , 237postcolonial, 297in West Africa, 92

Witwatersrand, 186, 273 , 278, 280, 282Wollo, 57Wolof, 73 , 76, 78, 87, 133 , 134, 144, 150, 163 ,

209, 272women, see family structureWomen’s War (1929), 157, 208wood-carving, see sculptureWorld Bank, 288, 293World Health Organisation, 313






Index 365

Xhosa, 103 , 113 , 114, 119, 121 , 125 , 127, 130,181 , 182, 183–5 , 186, 281

Y chromosome, 9, 111Yaji, 76Yaka, 108Yakubu (of Bauchi), 175yams, 15 , 16, 66, 112Yao, 187, 188, 190, 200, 236Yasin, Abd al-Salam, 304, 305Yatenga, 81 , 97Yeha, 29Yikunno Amlak, 57, 59Yohannes IV, 171Yoruba, 66, 75 , 76, 80, 86, 87, 88, 91 , 93 , 96,

136, 145 , 150, 153 , 154, 156, 157, 159, 160,161 , 162, 163 , 196, 200, 210, 235 , 258, 302

Young Algerians, 238Young Kavirondo Association, 240Young Kikuyu Association, 240Young Tunisians, 238youth, see generational relationshipsYouth League (Southern Rhodesia), 244

Zaghawa, 50Zaghlul, Saad, 237Zagwe dynasty, 57Zambia, 197, 212, 244, 256, 261 , 292, 300,

312Zanata, 46, 47Zanzibar, 128, 187, 213 , 244, 256, 259, 305Zanzibar Nationalist Party, 244, 256zar cult, 61Zara Yaqob, 61Zaria, 93 , 175 , 177, 200Zawila, 50, 51Zayyanid dynasty, 47Zeila, 57Zimba, 107Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe, 104–5 , 121 , 122modern Zimbabwe, 197, 198, 212, 224,

244, 256, 259, 292, 301 , 314Zion Christian Church, 235 , 296Zionist churches, 235 , 280Zirid dynasty, 45 , 51Zulu, 118, 179–80, 182, 184, 186, 203






Documents

Index [assets.cambridge.org]€¦ · 346 Index Alexander the Great, 25 Alexandra, 277, 281 Alexandria, 25, 37, 40, 41, 42, 61 Algeria disease, 167, 172 European settlement, 212, 224,