Index

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

A

Acetic acid, 196–197

Acid(s), acetic, 196–197

Adenocarcinoma, esophageal, endocytoscopy in, 274–275

Antibody(ies)

molecular imaging of

in vivo, 290–292

instruments in, 288–289

targeted endoscopic imaging of

molecular probes, 287

molecular targets, 285–286

Autofluorescence endoscopy, 209–220

fiberoptic systems in, 211–213

indications for, 209–210

limitations of, 217–218

principles of, 210–211

trimodal systems in, 216–217

video systems in, 214–216

B

Barrett’s esophagus

confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 262–265

endocytoscopy in, 274–275

OCT for, 250–252

specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in, detection of, chromoendoscopy

in, 197–198

C

Cancer(s)

colorectal, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 267

esophageal, endocytoscopy in, 273–281

gastric, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 265–266

stomach, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 198–200

Cancer surveillance, in digestive tract

described, 299–300

new endoscopic and cytologic tools for, 299–307

esophageal surveillance using TCE with image contrast enhancement, 300–303

small duct surveillance using SFE as catheterscope, 303

three-dimensional cytology of cell samples from proposed SFE cannula tools,

303–305

Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 19 (2009) 309–314doi:10.1016/S1052-5157(09)00053-1 giendo.theclinics.com1052-5157/09/$ – see front matter ª 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Index310

Catheterscope, SFE as, small duct surveillance using, 303

Celiac disease, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 266–267

Chromoendoscopy, 193–208

in clinical settings, 197–202

in detection of squamous cell cancer of esophagus, 197

stains in, 193–197

acetic acid, 196–197

Congo red, 195–196

crystal violet, 194–195

in detection and differentiation of colorectal polyps, 200–201

in detection of cancer of stomach, 198–200

in detection of dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis, 201–202

in detection of Helicobacter pylori infection, 198–200

in detection of intestinal metaplasia, 198–200

in detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s

esophagus, 197–198

indigo carmine, 195

Lugol’s solution, 193–194

methylene blue, 194

phenol red, 196

toluidine blue, 194

technique, 193–197

Chronic ulcerative colitis, dysplasia in, detection of, chromoendoscopy in,

201–202

Colitis

microscopic, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 269

ulcerative

chronic, dysplasia in, chromoendoscopy in detection of, 201–202

confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 268–269

Colon, OCT of, 253

Colorectal cancer, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 267

Colorectal polyps, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 200–201

Confocal laser endomicroscopy, 261–272

clinical applications of, 262–269

Barrett’s esophagus, 262–265

celiac disease, 266–267

colorectal cancer, 267

gastric cancer, 265–266

gastritis, 265–266

microscopic colitis, 269

ulcerative colitis, 268–269

contrast agents in, 262

described, 262

future of, 269–270

principles of, 261–262

Confocal microscopy

instruments in, 289–290

principles of, 261–262

Congo red, 195–196

Crystal violet, 194–195

Index 311

D

Digestive tract, cancer surveillance in, new endoscopic and cytologic tools for, 299–307.

See also Cancer surveillance, in digestive tract, new endoscopic and cytologic tools for.

Dysplasia(s)

in Barrett’s esophagus, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 197–198

in chronic ulcerative colitis, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 201–202

E

Endocytoscopy

described, 275–279

in Barrett’s esophagus, 274–275

in esophageal cancer, 273–281

Endomicroscopy, confocal laser, 261–272. See also Confocal laser endomicroscopy.

Endoscope, tethered-capsule, with image contrast enhancement, in esophageal

surveillance, 300–303

Endoscopic gastrointestinal optical coherence tomography, high resolution

with high speed for, 254–257

Endoscopic imaging, targeted, 283–298. See also Targeted endoscopic imaging.

Endoscopy

autofluorescence, 209–220. See also Autofluorescence endoscopy.

wide-area, instruments in, 288

Esophageal adenocarcinoma, endocytoscopy in, 274–275

Esophageal cancer, endocytoscopy in, 273–281

described, 273–274

Esophagus

Barrett’s. See Barrett’s esophagus.

squamous cell cancer of, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 197

surveillance of, TCE with image contrast enhancement in, 300–303

F

Fiberoptic systems, in autofluorescence endoscopy, 211–213

Fluorescence spectroscopy, 221–231

endoscopic applications of, 224–225

future prospects for, 225

principles of, 233

G

Gastric cancer, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 265–266

Gastritis, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 265–266

Gastrointestinal optical coherence tomography, 243–259

clinical applications of, 250–254

described, 245–250

endoscopic, high resolution with high speed for, 254–257

equipment for, 244

for Barrett’s esophagus, 250–252

of colon, 253

of pancreaticobiliary system, 253–254

of stomach, 253

Index312

H

Helicobacter pylori infection, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 198–200

I

Image contrast enhancement, TCE with, esophageal surveillance using, 300–303

In vivo molecular imaging, 290–293

of antibody targets, 290–292

of peptide targets, 292–293

of proteases, 290

Indigo carmine, 195

Intestinal metaplasia

detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 198–200

specialized, in Barrett’s esophagus, detection of, chromoendoscopy, in 197–198

L

Lugol’s solution, 193–194

M

Metaplasia(s), intestinal

detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 198–200

specialized, in Barrett’s esophagus, chromoendoscopy in detection of,

197–198

Methylene blue, 194

Microscopic colitis, confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 269

Microscopy, confocal

instruments in, 289–290

principles of, 261–262

Molecular imaging, instruments in, 288–290

Molecular probes, in targeted endoscopic imaging, 286–288

Molecular targets, of targeted endoscopic imaging, 284–286

O

OCT. See Optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

clinical applications of, 250–254

described, 243

for Barrett’s esophagus, 250–252

gastrointestinal, 243–259. See also Gastrointestinal optical coherence tomography.

of colon, 253

of pancreaticobiliary system, 253–254

of stomach, 252

principles of, 244–245

Index 313

P

Pancreaticobiliary system, OCT of, 253–254

Peptide(s)

in vivo molecular imaging of, 292–293

molecular imaging of, instruments in, 289

targeted endoscopic imaging of

molecular probes, 287–288

molecular targets, 286

Phenol red, 196

Polyp(s), colorectal, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 200–201

Protease(s)

in vivo molecular imaging of, 290

molecular imaging of, instruments in, 288

targeted endoscopic imaging of

molecular probes, 286–287

molecular targets, 285

R

Raman spectroscopy, 221–231

endoscopic applications of, 229

equipment for, 222

future prospects for, 229–230

principles of, 225–229

Reflectance spectroscopy, 233–242

clinical applications of, 236–240

described, 233–235

equipment for, 235–236

future directions in, 240–241

S

Scanning fiber endoscope (SFE), small duct surveillance using, 303

Scanning fiber endoscopy (SFE) cannula tools, three-dimensional cytology of cell

samples from, 303–305

SFE. See Scanning fiber endoscope (SFE).

Small intestine, OCT of, 253

Spectral analysis, 222

Spectroscopy

fluorescence, 221–231. See also Fluorescence spectroscopy.

Raman, 221–231. See also Raman spectroscopy.

reflectance, 233–242. See also Reflectance spectroscopy.

Stain(s), in chromoendoscopy, 193–197. See also specific stains.

Stomach

cancer of, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 198–200

OCT of, 252

T

Targeted endoscopic imaging, 283–298

described, 283–284

future directions in, 295

Index314

Targeted (continued)

in vivo molecular imaging, 290–293

molecular imaging instruments in, 288–290

molecular probes in, 286–288

antibody targets, 287

peptide targets, 287–288

proteases, 286–287

molecular targets for, 284–286

antibody targets, 285–286

peptide targets, 286

proteases, 285

regulatory oversight of, 293–295

TCE. See Tethered-capsule endoscope (TCE).

Tethered-capsule endoscope (TCE), with image contrast enhancement, in esophageal

surveillance, 300–303

Three-dimensional cytology, of cell samples from proposed SFE cannula tools,

303–305

Toluidine blue, 194

Trimodal systems, in autofluorescence endoscopy, 216–217

U

Ulcerative colitis

chronic, dysplasia in, detection of, chromoendoscopy in, 201–202

confocal laser endomicroscopy in, 268–269

V

Video systems, in autofluorescence endoscopy, 214–216

W

Wide-area endoscopy, instruments in, 288