Index

Numbers2-Way state (OSPF neighbors), 1316-to-4 tunnels, IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 561

AABR (Area Border Routers),

138, 187–189, 194ack packets, EIGRP, 64adjacencies

Integrated IS-IS, 264–266broadcast links, 266NBMA links, 266point-to-point links, 266

multiple-area OSPF, troubleshooting, 215OSPF, 132–134

administrative distance (redistribution), 330, 344–345

advertised distance, DUAL, 67advertisements

Integrated IS-IS, 259–260OSPF, 259–260

AFI (Authority and Format Identifiers), ISO addressing, 262

aggregate-address command, BGP neighbors, 420–421

ALG (Application-Level Gateways), IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 563

AND operations, IP addresses, 43anycasts, 526

IPv6 addressing, 530loopback addresses, 527subnet-router anycast addresses, 530

Area 0 (OSPF), 137ABR, 138backbone routers, 138multiple-area structures, 188

area area-id stub command, OSPF, 240

area area-id stub no-summary command, multiple-area OSPF structures, 202–203

area default-cost command, multiple-area OSPF structures, 204–205

area nssa command, OSPF, 241area range command

multiple-area OSPF structures, 199OSPFv3 configuration, 553

area stub command, multiple-area OSPF structures, 201

area virtual-link command, multiple-area OSPF structures, 205

area-id stub no-summary command, OSPF, 240

areasIntegrated IS-IS, 258

designing for IS-IS routers, 271–272ISO addressing, 264

multiple-area OSPF structuresArea 0, 188calculating costs of paths to other

areas, 191–192NSSA, 188number of areas per ABR, 194ordinary areas, 188path selection between areas,

190–191stub areas, 188totally stubby areas, 188

AS (Autonomous Systems), 399–400AS external ASBR summary link LSA

(Type 4), multiple-area OSPF, 188ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary

Routers), 138, 187Attempt state (OSPF neighbors), 131attributes

BGP, 442–443Local-Preference attribute, 444, 447MED attribute, 447

verifying configuration of, 448–450Weight attribute, 444

OSPF, 128authentication

BGP neighbors, 421EIGRP, 101–102OSPF, 241

MD5, 242–243plaintext passwords, 242self-assessment, 233

OSPFv3, 549Authentication field (IPv6 packet headers), 525Automatic Private IP Addressing, 386Auto-RP (Auto-Rendezvous Points), 505

Bbackbone areas (OSPF). See Area 0 (OSPF)backbone routers, 138, 187bandwidth

EIGRPconfiguration, 102–104metrics, 65

OSPF, changing costs, 143bandwidth command, EIGRP, 103–104bandwidth-percent command, EIGRP

point-to-point network configuration, 104BDR (Backup Designated Routers), OSPF,

133–137BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

AS, 399–400attributes, 442–443

Local-Preference attribute, 444, 447MED attribute, 447verifying configuration of, 448–450Weight attribute, 444

characteristics of, 30default metrics, configuring, 342enabling, 415

hierarchies, 401Internet connections, 402–404neighbors

aggregating routes, 420–421authentication, 421configuring, 416defining advertised networks, 420external peering, 419forcing next-hop addresses, 419identifying via neighbor command,

415–418internal peering, 418managing/verifying configurations,

421–422resetting, 422–423self-assessment, 411–414source IP addresses, 418–419

peer groups, 415–416peers, 400record keeping, 401route selection, 443

controlling via Local-Preference attribute, 444, 447

controlling via MED attribute, 447controlling via Weight attribute, 444self-assessment, 437–441

route stability, 399self-assessment, 395–398states of, 405–406synchronization, 405uses of, 402

BIA (Bump-in-the-API), IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 563

binary numbersconverting decimal numbers to, 42IP addresses, 41–43

BIS (Bump-in-the-Stack), IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 563

bit buckets. See null interfaces

620

bootstrap router method, PIM, 505broadcast network type (OSPF),

configuring, 174broadcasting, 463

IPv6, 527IS-IS configuration over NBMA, 290–292LAN, 466links, Integrated IS-IS

establishing adjacencies, 266propagating LSP, 268–269

Ccapacity planning, multiple-area structures,

192–193number of areas per ABR, 194number of neighbors per router, 194

case studies, redistribution, 348default networks in redistributed

environments, 353–354route redistribution

with redundant paths, 350–352without redundant paths, 349

CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), IPv6, enabling for, 551

CGMP, 481checking OSPF configurations on a single

router, 157checksums, IPv6 packet headers, 525CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 26Cisco-specific standards, OSPF, 169classful addressing, IP addresses, 43classful routing protocols, 26–27classless routing protocols, 26–27clear counters tunnel command, IPv6 manual

tunnels, 561clear ip ospf process command, 137clear ipv6 command, verifying IPv6

configuration, 554clients, DHCP, 388CLNP (Connectionless Network Protocol), 255CLNS (Connectionless Network Services), 255clns routing command, IS-IS configuration, 286configuring

administrative distance (redistribution), 344–345

BGPattributes, verifying configuration of,

448–450

neighbors, 416, 421–422peer groups, 416

default routes (routing updates), 348EIGRP

authentication, 101–102bandwidth command, 103–104bandwidth configuration, 102–104bandwidth-percent command, 104ip bandwidth-percent-eigrp

command, 105load balancing, 98network command, 92–93network mask command, 93optional commands list, 94passive-interface command, 92–93point-to-point network

configuration, 104router command, 92self-assessment, 87–90show interface command, 103stub routers, 96–97summarizing, 94–95tuning, 99–101

IGMP, 485groups, 486–487ip igmp join-group command, 487ip igmp static-group command, 487show ip igmp groups command, 486show ip igmp interface command, 486snooping, 487–488

Integrated IS-IS, 285clns routing command, 286is-type level-1 command, 286–288is-type level-2 command, 286–288NBMA configuration, 290–293self-assessment, 281–284summarization, 288–290

IPv6, 551–559metrics, redistribution, 341–344multicasting, 498

dense routing protocols, 500PIM, 500–510RPF, 499self-assessment, 493–497sparse routing protocols, 500trees, 499–501

multiple-area OSPFarea area-id stub no-summary

command, 202–203area default-cost command, 204–205

bootstrap router method, PIM

621

area range command, 199area stub command, 201area virtual-link command, 205configuration example, 207–208enabling network command, 197enabling OSPF routing protocols,

196–197optional configuration commands,

198–205required configuration commands,

196–197summary-address command, 200verifying configuration, 208–212

NBMA, Integrated IS-IS configuration, 290–293

OSPFbroadcast network type, 174nonbroadcast environments, 173–175point-to-multipoint networks, 174point-to-point frame relay

subinterfaces, 175single routers, 157

OSPFv3, 552–554show ipv6 ospf command, 556show ipv6 ospf database command,

557–559show ipv6 ospf interface command,

555–556show ipv6 ospf neighbor command, 557

passive interfaces (routing updates), 346redistribution, 339

administrative distance, 344–345default metrics, 341–344syntax of, 340–341

RID, 142route maps, 373

match commands, 374–375set commands, 375–376

RP, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 506–510static routes (routing updates), 346–347

Connect state (BGP), 405converged networks

redistribution, 334security, 21traffic types, 20–21

convergence times (routing protocols), 28core protocols, 334cost command, OSPF, 142CSNP (Complete SNP), 259

Ddata link layers, multicasting support, 481database topologies, 129DBD (Database Descriptor) packets

(OSPF), 138debug command

BGP neighbors, 422OSPF, 155troubleshooting

EIGRP, 109Integrated IS-IS operation, 306

debug eigrp packets command, EIGRP, 102debug ip dhcp server events command, DHCP

clients, 389debug ip dhcp server packets command,

DHCP clients, 389debug ip eigrp command, troubleshooting

EIGRP, 109debug ip eigrp neighbors command,

troubleshooting EIGRP, 109debug ip eigrp packet command,

troubleshooting EIGRP, 109debug ip eigrp summary command,

troubleshooting EIGRP, 109debug ip ospf adjacency command, MD5

authentication, 243debug ip ospf events command,

troubleshooting multiple-area OSPF, 214debug ip packet command, troubleshooting

multiple-area OSPF, 214decimal numbers, converting to binary

numbers, 42decision routing process (Integrated IS-IS),

270–271default-metric command, configuring default

metrics, 341–344default routes, routing updates, 336, 348delay, EIGRP metrics, 65Dense Mode (PIM), 501–502dense routing protocols, multicasting, 500Destination Address field (IPv6 packet

headers), 523Destination options field (IPv6 packet

headers), 523DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)

advantages of, 385Automatic Private IP Addressing, 386clients, 388

DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)

622

relays, 387–388self-assessment, 381–384servers, 386–387troubleshooting, 389

DHCPv6, IPv6 address assignment, 533DIS (Designated Intermediate Systems), 258distance command, configuring

administrative distance (redistribution), 345, 353

distance vector routing protocols, 25distribute lists

redistribution, 354–356routing updates, 338

distribute-list command, filtering routing updates, 355–356

distribution trees, multicasting, 500Down state (OSPF neighbors), 131DR (Designated Routers), OSPF, 133–137,

143, 168–169DSP (Domain Specific Parts), ISO

addressing, 262DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), EIGRP,

63, 66, 69advertised distance, 67feasibility requirements, 67feasible distance, 67feasible successors, 68updating routing tables

active mode, 80passive mode, 78–79

Eedge protocols, 334EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocols), 27EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol), 59ack packets, 64authentication, 101–102characteristics of, 30configuring

network command, 92–93network mask command, 93passive-interface command, 92–93router command, 92self-assessment, 87–90

DUAL, 63, 66, 69advertised distance, 67feasibility requirements, 67

feasible distance, 67feasible successors, 68updating routing tables in active

mode, 80updating routing tables in passive

mode, 78–79hello packets, 63incremental updates, 71IPv6 routing, 548load balancing, variance command, 98metrics, 64–66neighbor discovery/recovery, 63–64neighbor tables

becoming a neighbor, 73contents of, 72

network design, 80–82protocol-dependent modules, 63queries, 70query packets, 64query scoping, 94reliable incremental updates, 63reply packets, 64routing tables

path selection, 77updating in active mode with DUAL, 80updating in passive mode with DUAL,

78–79RTP, 63self-assessment, 59–62stub routers, 96–97summarizing, 94–95topology tables

adding networks to, 75–76contents of, 73finding alternative paths to remote

networks, 76–77maintaining, 74removing paths from, 76removing routers from, 76traffic flows, 74

troubleshooting, 108–109tuning, 99

hello timers, 100–101hold timers, 101ip hello-interval eigrp command,

100–101ip hold-time eigrp command, 101

unequal-cost load sharing, 71update packets, 63

DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)

623

updates, multicast addressing, 71verifying, 105–108WAN

bandwidth command, 103–104bandwidth configuration, 102–104bandwidth-percent command, 104ip bandwidth-percent-eigrp

command, 105point-to-point network

configuration, 104show interface command, 103

eigrp stub command, EIGRP, 96–97encapsulation

Integrated IS-IS, 260–261OSPF, 260–261

enterprise campus network design model, 18–19

enterprise composite network design model, 15

enterprise campus design model, 18–19enterprise edge design model, 19service provider edge design model, 19

enterprise edge network design model, 19ESH (End System Hellos), IS-IS Hello

packets, 256ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) field

(IPv6 packet headers), 525Established state (BGP), 405Exchange state (OSPF neighbors), 132exponential growth, network design, 11Exstart state (OSPF neighbors), 131Extension Headers field (IPv6 packet

headers), 523external link LSA (Type 5), multiple-area

OSPF, 188external peering, BGP neighbors, 419external routes (redistribution), 326external summarization, multiple-area OSPF

structures, 194

Ffeasibility requirements, DUAL, 67feasible distance, DUAL, 67feasible successors, DUAL, 68feedback (route), redistribution, 331–332filtering routing updates, redistribution,

354–356

Flow Label field (IPv6 packet headers), 523, 526

Fragment field (IPv6 packet headers), 525fragmentation, IPv6 packet headers, 525frame-relay map clns command, Integrated

IS-IS configuration, 291frame-relay map commands, Integrated IS-IS

configuration, 292–293frame-relay map ip command, Integrated

IS-IS configuration, 291full-mesh Frame Relay networks, OSPF, 171Full state (OSPF neighbors), 132

G - Hgeneral queries, IGMP, 483global aggregate unicast addresses, IPv6,

528–529group-specific queries, IGMP, 483

hello messages, OSPF, 130–133Hello packets

EIGRP, 63IS-IS

ESH, 256IIH, 256, 276ISH, 256

OSPF, 138hello timers, EIGRP, 100–101hierarchical address structures, 260hierarchical network design model, 13–15HODSP (High Order DSP), ISO

addressing, 262hold timers, EIGRP, 101Hop Limit field (IPv6 packet headers), 523Hop-by-Hop options field (IPv6 packet

headers), 523hub and spoke networks, scalability, 11–12hybrid multipoint networks, EIGRP

bandwidth configuration, 104

IID (Interface Identifiers), IPv6 addressing, 527IDI (Initial Domain Identifiers), ISO

addressing, 262Idle state (BGP), 405

Idle state (BGP)

624

IDP (Inter Domain Parts), ISO addressing, 262IGMP (Internet Group Management

Protocol)configuring, 485

groups, 486–487IGMP snooping, 487–488ip igmp join-group command, 487ip igmp static-group command, 487show ip igmp groups command, 486show ip igmp interface command, 486

IGMPv1, 482IGMPv2, 483–484IGMPv3 (RFC 3376), 484–485self-assessment, 477–480snooping, 482, 487–488versions, determining, 485

IGP (Internal Gateway Protocols), 27, 30IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing

Protocols), 30IIH (Intermediate-to-Intermediate Hellos),

IS-IS Hello packets, 256IIN (Intelligent Information Networks),

21–23imaging applications, multicasting, 472incremental updates, EIGRP, 63, 71Init state (OSPF neighbors), 131integrated applications phase (IIN), 23Integrated IS-IS (Intermediate

System-to-Intermediate System)adjacencies, 264–266as router-to-router protocol, 255configuring, 285

clns routing command, 286is-type level-1 command, 286–288is-type level-2 command, 286–288NBMA configuration, 290–293summarization, 288–290

decision routing process, 270–271default metrics, configuring, 342design considerations, 272development of, 255DIS, 258Integrated IS-IS, 270, 276, 285, 294ISO addressing, 261–264NBMA design, 273OSPF versus, 257

advertisements, 259–260areas, 258development of, 261

encapsulation, 260–261LAN topologies, 258main differences between, 258

PDUHello packets, 256LSP packets, 257

routers, area design, 271–272routing levels, 256self-assessments, 249–254, 281–284SNP, 259summarization, 272–273TLV

advertisements, 259–260structure of, 257

troubleshootingdebug commands, 306show isis spf-log command, 304–305

update routing processdetermining LSP validity in databases,

269–270sending/receiving LSP, 267–269

verifying operation, 294show clns interface command, 297–299show clns neighbors command,

295–297show isis database command, 300–301show isis database detail command,

301–303vocabulary of, 255–256

integrated services phase (IIN), 22integrated transport phase (IIN), 22interarea summarization, multiple-area

OSPF structures, 194interesting traffic, 347interfaces

loopback, RID, 141–142redistribution, 336routers, modifying, 288

internal peering, BGP neighbors, 418internal routers

loopback interfaces, 141–142multiple-area OSPF, 187

internal routes (redistribution), 326Internet connections, BGP, 402–404IP addresses

AND operations, 43BGP neighbors, 418–419binary numbering fundamentals, 41–43broadcasting, 463, 466

IDP (Inter Domain Parts), ISO addressing

625

calculating network ranges via subnet masks, 44–46

classful addressing, 43multicasting, 463–467, 471–472reviewing, 41self-assessment, 37–40unicasting, 463

ip bandwidth-percent-eigrp command, EIGRP point-to-point network configuration, 105

ip dhcp relay information option command, DHCP relays, 388

ip forward-protocol udp command, DHCP relays, 388

ip hello-interval eigrp command, EIGRP, 100–101

ip helper-address command, DHCP relays, 388

ip hold-time eigrp command, EIGRP, 101ip igmp join-group command, 487ip igmp static-group command, 487ip ospf authentication command, OSPF

authentication, 242ip ospf network command, OSPF, 172, 176ip ospf network point-to-multipoint

command, 173–174ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-

broadcast command, OSPF nonbroadcast environments, 174

ip ospf priority command, OSPF nonbroadcast environments, 173

ip summary-address eigrp command, EIGRP, 95

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)IPv6, transitioning to, 559, 563

ALG, 563BIA, 563BIS, 563dual stack configurations, 559–560SIIT, 563tunneling, 560–562

packet headers versus IPv6 headers, 525scarcity of, 521

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)addressing

anycasts, 526, 530assignments, 532–533broadcasts, 527ID, 527

loopback addresses, 527multicasting, 526, 531–532representing addresses, 526structures of, 552types of, 526–527unicasts, 526, 528–530

CEF, enabling, 551configuring, 551–552, 554–559development of, 521features of, 522mobility, 533–534packet headers

Authentication field, 525checksums, 525Destination Address field, 523Destination options field, 523ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)

field, 525Extension Headers field, 523Flow Label field, 523, 526Fragment field, 525fragmentation, 525Hop Limit field, 523Hop-by-Hop options field, 523IPv4 headers versus, 525Next Header field, 523Payload Length field, 523Routing field, 523Source Address field, 523Traffic Class field, 523Version field, 523

routingEIGRP, 548IS-IS, 548MP-BGP4, 548OSPFv3, 548–551RIPng, 548static routes, 547

self-assessments, 517–520, 543–545transitioning IPv4 to

ALG, 563BIA, 563BIS, 563dual stack configurations, 559–560SIIT, 563tunneling, 560–562

ISATAP, IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 562ISH (Intermediate System Hellos), IS-IS Hello

packets, 256

ISH (Intermediate System Hellos), IS-IS Hello packets

626

IS-IScharacteristics of, 30IPv6 routing, 548

ISO addressing, Integrated IS-IS, 261address components, 262–263AFI, 262area routing, 264DSP, 262example of, 263–264HODSP, 262IDI, 262IDP, 262NET, 263NSAP, 263NSEL, 262rules of, 263System ID, 262

is-type level-1 command, Integrated IS-IS configuration, 286–288

is-type level-2 command, Integrated IS-IS configuration, 286–288

J - K - LLAN (Local Area Networks)

broadcasting, 466multicasting, 467topologies, Integrated IS-IS, 258

Leave Group messages, IGMP, 483linear growth, network design, 12link-local unicast addresses, IPv6,

529–530link-state routing protocols, 25, 128–130

networks, 132updating local network tables, 129

Loading state (OSPF neighbors), 132loads, EIGRP

balancing, 98metrics, 65sharing, 71

Local-Preference attribute, controlling BGP route selection, 444, 447

log-adjacency-charges command, troubleshooting multiple-area OSPF, 213–214

loopback addresses, IPv6 addressing, 527loopback interface, configuring OSPF on

internal routers, 141–142

LSA (Link-State Advertisements), OSPFmultiple-area OSPF structures

ABR LSA propagation, 189AS external ASBR summary link LSA

(Type 4), 188external link LSA (Type 5), 188Network external LSA (Type 7), 188network link LSA (Type 2), 188network summary link LSA

(Type 3), 188router link LSA (Type 1), 187routing table codes and associated

LSA, 191–192OSPFv3, 550–551

LSAck (Link State Acknowledgements) packets (OSPF), 138

LSPIntegrated IS/IS update routing process

determining database validity in, 269–270

sending/receiving, 267–269packets (IS-IS), 257

LSR (Link State Requests) packets (OSPF), 138

LSU (Link State Update) packets (OSPF), 138

MMAC addresses, multicasting, 468, 471, 481manual tunnels, IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 560many-to-many applications, multicasting, 472many-to-one applications, multicasting, 472mapping agents, multicasting, 505match commands, route map configuration,

374–375match statements, 378MD5 (Message Digest 5), authentication,

242–243MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator) attribute,

controlling BGP route selection, 447Membership Report IGMP messages, 482memory, routers, 186metrics

EIGRP, 64–66redistribution, configuring

administrative distance, 344–345default metrics, 341–344

IS-IS

627

mobility, IPv6, 533–534modification, routers, 288MP-BGP4, IPv6 routing, 548multiarea OSPF networks,

troubleshooting, 217multicasting, 463–465, 526

addressing, EIGRP updates, 71configuring, self-assessment,

493–497data link layer support, 481IGMP, 482imaging applications, 472IP addressing, 471–472IPv6 addressing, 531–532issues of, 473LAN, 467loopback addresses, 527MAC addressing, 468, 471many-to-many applications, 472many-to-one applications, 472mapping agents, 505one-to-many applications, 472publishing server contact information, 498routing applications, 472routing traffic, 498

dense routing protocols, 500PIM, 500–510RPF, 499sparse routing protocols, 500trees, 499–501

RP, 502, 505self-assessment, 459–462shared whiteboard applications, 472VoIP scenario, 465–466whiteboarding applications, 472

multihoming, BGP Internet connections, 402–403

multiple-area OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

ABR, 187ABR LSA propagation, 189Area 0, 188AS external ASBR summary link LSA

(Type 4), 188ASBR, 187backbone routers, 187calculating costs of paths to other areas,

191–192

capacity planning, 192–194configuring

area area-id stub no-summary command, 202–203

area default-cost command, 204–205

area range command, 199area stub command, 201area virtual-link command, 205configuration example, 207–208enabling network command, 197enabling OSPF routing protocols,

196–197optional configuration commands,

198–205required configuration commands,

196–197summary-address command, 200verifying configuration, 208–212

external link LSA (Type 5), 188internal routers, 187network external LSA (Type 7), 188network link LSA (Type 2), 188network summary link LSA

(Type 3), 188NSSA, 188ordinary areas, 188over NBMA networks, 196path selection between areas,

190–191purpose of, 186router link LSA (Type 1), 187routing table codes and associated LSA,

191–192self-assessment, 179–185stub areas, 188summarization, 192, 194totally stubby areas, 188troubleshooting, 212

adjacencies, 215debug ip ospf events command, 214debug ip packet command, 214log-adjacency-changes command,

213–214virtual links, 192–195, 205

multiplexing, network design, 12–13multipoint networks, 104

multipoint networks

628

NNBMA

clouds, EIGRP bandwidth configuration, 103–104

Integrated IS-ISconfiguring for, 290–293designing for, 273links, establishing adjacencies, 266

multiple-area OSPF structures, 196neighbor command

identifying BGP neighbors, 415–418OSPF nonbroadcast environments, 173

neighbor peer-group command, BGP peer groups, 416

neighbor tables (EIGRP), 72–73neighbor update-source command, BGP

neighbors, 419neighbors. See also peers

adjacencies, Integrated IS-IS, 264–266BGP

aggregating routes, 420–421authentication, 421defining advertised networks, 420external peering, 419forcing next-hop addresses, 419identifying neighbors via neighbor

command, 415–418internal peering, 418managing/verifying configurations,

421–422resetting, 422–423self-assessments, 411–414source IP addresses, 418

discovery/recovery, EIGRP, 63–64multiple-area OSPF structures, number of

neighbors per router, 194OSPF, 129–132recognition, OSPF, 170verifying, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 508

NET (ISO addressing), 263NET addresses, 264network command

BGP neighbors, defining advertised networks, 420

configuring passive interfaces (routing updates), 346

EIGRP, 92–93

multiple-area OSPF structures, enabling in, 197

OSPF, 140–142, 157passive interfaces, 336

network external LSA (Type 7), multiple-area OSPF, 188

network link LSA (Type 2), multiple-area OSPF, 188

network mask command, EIGRP, 93network summary link LSA (Type 3),

multiple-area OSPF, 188networks

broadcast network typeconfiguring OSPF networks, 174

CIDR, 26converged networks

redistribution, 334security, 21traffic types, 20–21

designing, 5EIGRP, 80–82enterprise composite design model,

15, 18–19hierarchical design model, 13–15IIN, 21–23multiplexing, 12–13scalability, 10–12self-assessment, 5–8SONA, 23

EIGRPnetwork design, 80–82topology tables, 75–77

hub and spoke networks, scalability, 11–12

hybrid multipoint networks, EIGRP bandwidth configuration, 104

link-state routing protocols, 132multipoint networks, EIGRP bandwidth

configuration, 104OSPF

Cisco-specific standards, 169full-mesh Frame Relay networks, 171neighbor recognition, 170nonbroadcast environments, 170–175partial-mesh Frame Relay networks,

171–172point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast

OSPF networks, 169

NBMA

629

point-to-multipoint OSPF networks, 169

RFC-compliance standards, 169subinterfaces, 171timers, 170

point-to-multipoint networks, configuring OSPF networks, 174

point-to-point networksconfiguring OSPF networks, 175EIGRP configuration, 104

VLSM, 26next Header field (IPv6 packet headers), 523next-hop addresses, BGP neighbors, 419next-hop-self command, BGP neighbors, 419no auto-summary command, EIGRP, 95NSAP (ISO addressing), 263NSEL, ISO addressing, 262NSSA (Not So Stubby Areas), OSPF, 240

area nssa command, 241multiple-area structures, 188

null interfaces, routing updates, 337

Oone-to-many applications, multicasting, 472Open Confirm state (BGP), 405open routing protocols, 28–29Open Sent state (BGP), 405ordinary areas (OSPF), multiple-area

structures, 188OSI (Open System Interconnection),

Integrated IS-ISas router-to-router protocol, 255development of, 255vocabulary of, 255–256

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)adjacencies, 132–134as routing protocol, 139authentication, 241

MD5, 242–243plaintext passwords, 242

BDR, 133–134, 136–137broadcast network type, configuring

via, 174characteristics of, 30checking configurations on a single

router, 157Cisco-specific standards, 169

configuration commands for multiarea networks, troubleshooting, 217

cost command, 142default metrics, configuring, 342DR, 133–134, 136–137, 143, 168–169full-mesh Frame Relay networks, 171hello messages, 130–133Integrated IS-IS versus, 257

advertisements, 259–260areas, 258development of, 261encapsulation, 260–261LAN topologies, 258main differences between, 258

ip ospf network command, 176link-state routing protocols, 128–130multiple-area structures

ABR, 138, 187ABR LSA propagation, 189Area 0, 137, 188area area-id stub no-summary

command, 202–203area default-cost command, 204–205area range command, 199area stub command, 201area virtual-link command, 205AS external ASBR summary link LSA

(Type 4), 188ASBR, 138, 187backbone routers, 138, 187calculating costs of paths to other

areas, 191–192capacity planning, 192–194configuration example, 207–208DBD, 138enabling network command, 197enabling OSPF routing protocols,

196–197external link LSA (Type 5), 188Hello packets, 138internal routers, 187LSAck packets, 138LSR packets, 138LSU packets, 138network link LSA (Type 2), 188network summary link LSA

(Type 3), 188NSSA, 188NSSA external LSA (Type 7), 188

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

630

optional configuration commands, 198–205

ordinary areas, 188over NBMA networks, 196packet types, 138path selection between areas, 190–191purpose of, 186required configuration commands,

196–197router link LSA (Type 1), 187routing table codes and associated

LSA, 191–192self-assessment, 179–185show ip ospf border-routers command,

208–209show ip ospf database command,

211–212show ip ospf virtual-links command,

210–211show ip route command, 209–210stub areas, 188summarization, 192–194summary-address command, 200totally stubby areas, 188troubleshooting, 212–215verifying configuration, 208–212virtual links, 192–195, 205

neighbors, 1292-Way state, 131Attempt state, 131Down state, 131Exchange state, 132Exstart state, 131Full state, 132Init state, 131Loading state, 132recognition, 170relationship states, 131

network command, 140–141network topologies, self-assessment,

163–167network types, 168nonbroadcast environments

configuring point-to-multipoint networks, 174

configuring via broadcast network types, 174

configuring via point-to-point frame relay subinterfaces, 175

ip ospf network command, 172ip ospf network point-to-multipoint

command, 173–174ip ospf network point-to-multipoint

non-broadcast command, 174ip ospf priority command, 173neighbor command, 173network types in, 170

NSSA, 240–241partial-mesh Frame Relay networks,

171–172point-to-multipoint networks,

configuring, 174point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast OSPF

networks, 169point-to-multipoint OSPF networks, 169point-to-point frame realy subinterfaces,

configuring, 175RFC-compliance standards, 169routing tables, topology databases, 129self-assessment, 231–233show ip ospf virtual-links, 211single-area structures, configuring

changing bandwidth costs, 142–143debug commands, 155example of, 143internal router options, 141–143problems with, 137required commands, 139–141self-assessment, 123–127show commands list, 144show ip ospf command, 144–145show ip ospf database command,

146–147show ip ospf interface command,

147–150show ip ospf neighbor command,

150–151show ip protocols command,

152–153show ip route command, 154

single router configurations, 157speakers, 130standard-area ABR, 234stub areas, 232–233, 236–238subinterfaces, 171timers, 170totally stubby areas, 239–240troubleshooting, 132, 241

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

631

ospf auto-cost reference-bandwidth command, changing bandwidth costs, 143

OSPFv2, 548–550OSPFv3

address prefixes, 551authentication, 549configuring, 552–554

show ipv6 ospf command, 556show ipv6 ospf database command,

557–559show ipv6 ospf interface command,

555–556show ipv6 ospf neighbor

command, 557IPv6 routing, 548–551LSA types, 550–551

Ppacket headers

IPv4 headers versus IPv6, 525IPv6

Authentication field, 525checksums, 525Destination Address field, 523Destination options field, 523ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)

field, 525Extension Headers field, 523Flow Label field, 523, 526Fragment field, 525fragmentation, 525Hop Limit field, 523Hop-by-Hop options field, 523IPv4 headers versus, 525Next Header field, 523Payload Length field, 523Routing field, 523Source Address field, 523Traffic Class field, 523Version field, 523

partial-mesh Frame Relay networks, OSPF, 171–172

passive interface command, 336configuring static routes, 347EIGRP, 92–93

passive interfacesredistribution, 336routing updates, 335–336, 346

passwords (plaintext), authentication of OSPF, 242

pathsEIGRP topology tables, removing

from, 76selecting (redistribution), 330

Payload Length field (IPv6 packet headers), 523

PDU (Protocol Data Units), IS-ISHello packets, 256LSP packets, 257

peer groups (BGP), 415peers (BGP), 400. See also neighbors

external peering, 419internal peering, 418

PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast), 500

bootstrap router method, 505Dense Mode, 501–502IGMP, 483Sparse-Dense Mode, 504–505

configuring RP, 506–507enabling multicast routing, 506turning on PIM, 506verifying multicast routing, 510verifying neighbors, 508verifying routes, 507–508verifying RP, 509

Sparse Mode, 502version 1, 504–505version 2, 505

PIM-DM (PIM Dense Mode), 501–502

PIM-SM (PIM Sparse Mode), 502ping command, troubleshooting

redistribution, 357ping ipv6 command, verifying IPv6

configuration, 554plaintext passwords, OSPF, 242point-to-multipoint networks,

OSPF, 174point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast OSPF

networks, 169point-to-multipoint OSPF networks, 169point-to-point configurations, Integrated

IS-IS over NBMA, 292–293point-to-point links, Integrated IS-IS

establishing adjacencies, 266propagating LSP, 268

point-to-point links, Integrated IS-IS

632

point-to-point networksEIGRP configuration

bandwidth-percent command, 104ip bandwidth-percent-eigrp

command, 105OSPF, configuring, 175

policy routing, route mapscharacteristics of, 371–372configuring, 373–376example of, 372–373self-assessment, 367–370tracking, 376uses of, 371

priority command, determining DR for OSPF, 143

proprietary routing protocols, 28–29protocol-dependent modules, EIGRP, 63pseudonodes. See DIS (Designated

Intermediate Systems)PSNP (Partial SNP), 259publishing server contact information,

multicasting, 498

Q - Rqueries

EIGRP, 70IGMP, 482–483scoping, 70, 94

query packets, EIGRP, 64

redistribute commandconfiguring default metrics, 341–342routing updates, 339

redistribute connected subnets command, 140redistribution, 326

administrative distance, 330, 344–345case studies, 348

default networks in redistributed environments, 353–354

route redistribution with redundant paths, 350–352

route redistribution without redundant paths, 349

configuring, 339administrative distance, 344–345default metrics, 341–344syntax of, 340–341

examples of, 352external routes, 326internal routes, 326multiple protocols, 320path selection, 330potential problems with, 330

exchanging routing protocol-specific parameters, 334

network convergence, 334route feedback, 331–332routing loops, 331–332suboptimal routing decisions, 333–334

problems with, 331route maps

characteristics of, 371–372configuring, 373–376example of, 372–373self-assessment, 367–370tracking, 376uses of, 371

routing updatesdefault routes, 336, 348distribute lists, 338, 354–356filtering, 354–356null interfaces, 337passive interfaces, 335–336, 346route maps, 338static routes, 336, 346–347

seed metrics, 329–330self-assessment, 321–325troubleshooting, 356–357verifying, 356

redundant Internet connections. See multihoming

relays, DHCP, 387–388reliability, EIGRP metrics, 65reliable incremental updates, EIGRP, 63remote networks, EIGRP topology tables,

76–77reply packets, EIGRP, 64resetting BGP neighbors, 422–423RFC-compliance standards, OSPF, 169RID (router IDs)

configuring, 141–142loopback interface, 141–142

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)characteristics of, 30default metrics, configuring, 342

RIPng, IPv6 routing, 548

point-to-point networks

633

route-map command, 373route maps

characteristics of, 371–372configuring, 373

match commands, 374–375set commands, 375–376

example of, 372–373routing updates, 338self-assessment, 367–370statements, 377tracking, 376uses of, 371

router command, EIGRP, 92router ID. See RIDrouter-id command, 142router link LSA (Type 1), multiple-area

OSPF, 187routers

ABR, multiple-area OSPF, 187–189ASBR, multiple-area OSPF, 187backbone routers, multiple-area OSPF, 187CPU utilization, checking, 186DR, OSPF, 168–169EIGRP topology tables, removing from, 76feedback, redistribution, 331–332hello messages, OSPF, 130–133Integrated IS-IS

area design, 271–272configuration, 286–288

internal routers, multiple-area OSPF, 187memory utilization, 186modifying, 288multicasting, IPv6 addressing, 532multiple-area OSPF structures, number of

neighbors per router, 194OSPF

ABR, 138ASBR, 138backbone routers, 138BDR, 133–137DR, 133–137neighbors, 131–132single router configuration, 157

stub routers, EIGRP, 96–97subnet-router anycast addresses, 530

routesdampening, 422static, 336verifying, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM),

507–508

routingIPv6

EIGRP, 548IS-IS, 548MP-BGP4, 548OSPFv3, 548–551RIPng, 548static routes, 547

multicasting traffic, 498dense routing protocols, 500PIM, 500–510RPF, 499sparse routing protocols, 500trees, 499–501

routing applications, multicasting, 472Routing field (IPv6 packet headers), 523routing loops, redistribution, 331–332routing protocols

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)AS, 399–400attributes, 442–443attributes, Local-Preference attribute,

444, 447attributes, MED attribute, 447attributes, verifying configuration of,

448–450attributes, Weight attribute, 444characteristics of, 30configuring neighbors, 416configuring peer groups, 416enabling, 415hierarchies, 401identifying neighbors via neighbor

command, 415–416, 418Internet connections, 402–404loop detection, 400neighbors, aggregating routes,

420–421neighbors, authentication, 421neighbors, defining advertised

networks, 420neighbors, external peering, 419neighbors, forcing next-hop

addresses, 419neighbors, internal peering, 418neighbors, managing/verifying

configurations, 421–422neighbors, resetting, 422–423neighbors, source IP addresses,

418–419

routing protocols

634

peer groups, 415peers, 400record keeping, 401route selection, 443–444, 447route stability, 399self-assessment, 395–398, 411–414,

437–441states of, 405–406synchronization, 405uses of, 402

classful routing protocols, 26–27classless routing protocols, 26–27convergence times, 28distance vector routing protocols, 25EGP, 27EIGRP, characteristics of, 30IGP, 27, 30IGRP, characteristics of, 30IS-IS, characteristics of, 30link state routing protocols, 25, 128modern routing protocols, characteristics

of, 29multiple-area OSPF, enabling in,

196–197multiple protocols within organizations,

reasons for, 328older routing protocols, characteristics

of, 29open routing protocols, 28–29OSPF, 139

attributes of, 128characteristics of, 30

proprietary routing protocols, 28–29redistribution

administrative distance, 330, 344–345case studies, 348–354configuring, 339–345default routes, 336default updates, 348distribute lists, 338, 354–356exchanging routing protocol-specific

parameters, 334external routes, 326filtering for, 354–356internal routes, 326network convergence, 334null interfaces, 337path selection, 330potential problems with, 330–334

route feedback, 331–332route maps, 338, 367–376routing loops, 331–332routing updates, 335–336, 346–347seed metrics, 329–330self-assessment, 321–325static routes, 336supoptimal routing decisions,

333–334troubleshooting, 356–357verifying, 356

RIP, characteristics of, 30routing tables

EIGRP, 77active mode, updating in via DUAL, 80passive mode, updating in via DUAL,

78–79path selection, 77

OSPF, topology databases, 129RP (Rendezvous Points), 502

Auto-RP, 505configuring, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM),

506–510verifying, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 509

RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), multicasting, 499

RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), EIGRP, 63

Sscalability, network design, 10–12, 80–82schema poisoning, 23security, converged networks, 21seed metrics (routing protocols),

redistribution, 329–330self-assessments

BGP, 395–398neighbors, 411–414route selection, 437–441

DHCP, 381–384EIGRP, 59–62, 87–90IGMP, 477–480Integrated IS-IS, 249–254, 281–284IP addresses, 37–40IPv6, 517–520, 543–545multicasting, 459–462, 493–497network design, 5–8

routing protocols

635

OSPF, 231authentication, 233multiple-area structures, 179–185network topologies, 163–167single-area structures, 123–127stub areas, 232–233

redistribution, 321–325route maps, 367–370summarization, 37–40

serverscontact information, publishing via

multicasting, 498DHCP, 386–387

service provider edge network design model, 19

set commands, route map configuration, 375–376

shared whiteboard applications, multicasting, 472

show clns interface command, verifying Integrated IS-IS operation, 297–299

show clns neighbors command, verifying Integrated IS-IS operation, 295–297

show command, OSPF, 157, 241show interface command, EIGRP, 103show interface tunnel command, IPv6 manual

tunnels, 561show ip bgp command

BGP attributes, verifying configuration of, 448–450

BGP neighbors, 421show ip bgp neighbors command, BGP

neighbors, 422show ip bgp summary command, BGP

neighbors, 421show ip dhcp binding command, DHCP

clients, 389show ip dhcp clear binding command, DHCP

clients, 389show ip dhcp database command, DHCP

clients, 389show ip dhcp server statistics command,

DHCP clients, 389show ip eigrp neighbors command, EIGRP

verification, 105–106show ip eigrp topology command, EIGRP

verification, 105–107show ip eigrp traffic command, EIGRP

verification, 105, 108

show ip igmp group command, IGMP, 484–486

show ip igmp interface command, 486show ip igmp snooping command, IGMP

snooping, 487show ip mroute command, Sparse-Dense

Mode (PIM), 507show ip neighbor interface command, OSPF,

150–151show ip ospf border-routers command,

verifying multiple-area OSPF structure configurations, 208–209

show ip ospf command, 144–145, 157show ip ospf database command, 157

link-state databases, viewing current status of, 129–130

OSPF, 146–147verifying multiple-area OSPF structure

configurations, 211–212show ip ospf interface command, 147–150,

157, 243show ip ospf neighbor command, MD5

authentication, 243show ip ospf virtual-links command, verifying

multiple-area OSPF structure configurations, 210–211

show ip pim interface command, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 508

show ip pim neighbor command, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 509

show ip pim rp command, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 509

show ip protocols interface command, OSPF, 152–153

show ip route command, verifying multiple-area OSPF structure configurations, 209–210

show ip route interface command, OSPF, 154

show ip router command, viewing routing tables, 191

show ip rpf command, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 510

show ipv6 interface command, verifying IPv6 configuration, 555

show ipv6 ospf command, verifying IPv6 configuration, 556

show ipv6 ospf database command, verifying IPv6 configuration, 557–559

show ipv6 ospf database command, verifying IPv6 configuration

636

show ipv6 ospf interface command, verifying IPv6 configuration, 555–556

show ipv6 ospf neighbor command, verifying IPv6 configuration, 557

show ipv6 route command, verifying IPv6 configuration, 554

show isis database command, verifying Integrated IS-IS operation, 300–301

show isis database detail command, verifying Integrated IS-IS operation, 301–303

show isis spf-log command, troubleshooting Integrated IS-IS operation, 304–305

show memory free command, checking memory utilization on routers, 186

show multicast group command, IGMP snooping, 487

show multicast router command, IGMP snooping, 487

show processes cpu command, BGP neighbors, 422

show processes cpu sorted command, checking CPU utilization on routers, 186

SIIT (Stateless IP/ICMP Translation), IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 563

single routers, OSPF, 157slash notation, 44SNP (Sequence Number Packets), Integrated

IS-IS, 259soft-reconfiguration-inbound command,

resetting BGP neighbors, 423SONA (Services-Oriented Network

Architecture), 23Source Address field (IPv6 packet

headers), 523source-distribution trees, multicasting, 501Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 504–505

multicast routingconfiguring RP, 506–507enabling, 506turning on PIM, 506

verifying multicast routing, 510verifying neighbors, 508verifying routes, 507–508verifying RP, 509

Sparse Mode (PIM), 502sparse routing protocols, multicasting, 500speakers, OSPF, 130standard-area ABR, OSPF, 234

standard areas (OSPF). See ordinary areas (OSPF)

stateless autoconfiguration, IPv6 address assignment, 532

Stateless DHCPv6, IPv6 address assignment, 533

static routesIPv6 routing, 547redistribution, 336routing updates, 336, 346–347

stub areas (OSPF), 236–238commands, 202multiple-area structures, 188self-assessment, 232–233

stub routers, EIGRP, 96–97subinterfaces, OSPF, 171subnet masks

calculating network ranges (IP addresses), 44–46

VLSM, 26subnet-router anycast addresses,

IPv6, 530subnetting, 44successors (feasible), DUAL, 68summarization, 46

advantages of, 47example of, 50Integrated IS-IS configuration, 272–273,

288–290multiple-area OSPF structures,

192–194self-assessment, 37–40summary addresses, composing, 48–50

summarizing EIGRP, 94–95summary-address command

Integrated IS-IS configuration, 289–290

multiple-area OSPF structures, 200synchronization, BGP, 405System ID, ISO addressing, 262

TTeredo, IPv4 to IPv6 transitions, 562timers, OSPF, 170TLV (IS-IS)

advertisements, 259–260structure of, 257

show ipv6 ospf interface command, verifying IPv6 configuration

637

topologiesdatabase, 129EIGRP

metrics, 65tables, 73–77

LAN, Integrated IS-IS, 258OSPF

building routing tables, 129self-assessment, 163–167

totally stubby areas (OSPF)area area-id stub command, 240area-id stub no-summary command, 240multiple-area structures, 188

traceroute command, troubleshooting redistribution, 357

tracking route maps, 376Traffic Class field (IPv6 packet headers), 523trees (multicasting), 499

distribution trees, 500source-distribution trees, 501

troubleshootingDHCP, 389EIGRP, 81, 108–109Integrated IS-IS operation

debug commands, 306show isis spf-log command,

304–305multiple-area OSPF configurations,

212, 217adjacencies, 215debug ip ospf events command, 214debug ip packet command, 214log-adjacency-changes command,

213–214OSPF, 132, 241redistribution, 356–357

tuning EIGRP, 99hello timers, 100–101hold timers, 101ip hello-interval eigrp command,

100–101ip hold-time eigrp command, 101

tunnel mode ipv6ip command, IPv6 manual tunnels, 561

tunneling IPv4 to IPv6 transitions6-to-4 tunnels, 561ISATAP, 562manual tunnels, 560Teredo, 562

Uundebug all command, troubleshooting

EIGRP, 109unequal-cost load sharing, EIGRP, 71unicasts, 463, 526

IPv6 addressingglobal aggregatable unicast addresses,

528–529link-local unicast addresses, 529–530

loopback addresses, 527update packets, EIGRP, 63update routing process (Integrated IS-IS), LSP

determining validity in databases, 269–270

sending/receiving, 267–269updates

EIGRPincremental updates, 71multicast addressing, 71reliable incremental updates, 63

local network tables, link-state routing protocols, 129

routing updates (redistribution), 335default routes, 336, 348distribute lists, 338null interfaces, 337passive interfaces, 335–336, 346receiving, BGP Internet

connections, 403route maps, 338static routes, 336, 346–347

Vvariance command, EIGRP, 98verifying

EIGRPshow ip eigrp neighbors command,

105–106show ip eigrp topology command,

105–107show ip eigrp traffic command,

105, 108Integrated IS-IS operation, 294

show clns interface command, 297–299

show clns neighbors command, 295–297

verifying

638

show isis database command, 300–301show isis database detail command,

301–303IPv6 configuration

clear ipv6 command, 554ping ipv6 command, 554show ipv6 interface command, 555show ipv6 ospf command, 556show ipv6 ospf database

command, 557–559show ipv6 ospf interface command,

555–556show ipv6 ospf neighbor command,

557show ipv6 route command, 554

multicast routing, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 510

multiple-area OSPF configurationsshow ip ospf border-routers command,

208–209show ip ospf database command,

211–212show ip ospf virtual-links command,

210–211show ip route command, 209–210

neighbors, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 508redistribution, 356routes, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 507–508RP, Sparse-Dense Mode (PIM), 509

Version field (IPv6 packet headers), 523virtual links, multiple-area OSPF structures,

192–195, 205virtualization of resources, 22VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masks), 26VoIP (Voice-Over-IP), multicasting, 465–466

W - X - Y - ZWAN (Wide-Area Networks), EIGRP

bandwidthbandwidth command, 103–104bandwidth configuration, 102–104bandwidth-percent command, 104ip bandwidth-percent-eigrp

command, 105point-to-point network configuration, 104show interface command, 103

Weight attribute, controlling BGP route selection, 444

whiteboarding applications, multicasting, 472

verifying