Individual Differences in Personality

8/9/2019 Individual Differences in Personality

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INTRODUCTION

MAJOR CONRIBUTING FACTORS IN

PERSONALITY CHANGE

M.A.R.S.MODEL

WORK RELATED BEHAVIOUR

SCHWARTZSVALUE MODEL

BIG FIVEMODEL

MBITMODEL TYPE-A &TYPE-B PERSONALITY

LOCUS OF CONTROL

REFERENCES


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Individual Difference is learner'spersonal characteristics that can affect

how s/he learns. Individual differences

are often explanations for differences

in learning and performance among learners

Personality is a set of characteristics and

tendencies that determine thosedifferences in psychological behaviour(thoughts, feeling and actions) of people

that have continuity in time


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Heredity - Heredity is the passing of traits

to offspring (from its parent or ancestors).These traits are those of physique, eye

colour, hair colour, attractiveness andintellect

Environment individual born in differentculture expose different values, beliefs

and norms. The immediate family playsan especially important part in the earlypersonality development


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.....socioeconomic level of family, familysize, birth order, race, religion, parentseducation level also affect greater

extent to the personality of individual.Social influence like persons interaction

with other people throughout his/her life,starting with playmates during childhood

and social-work related environmentaffect/decide the change in individual

personality


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1. Motivation Internal forces that affect the direction, intensity, and

persistence of a persons voluntary choice of behaviour- direction -- directed by goals- intensity -- amount of effort allocated

- persistence -- amount of time that effort is exerted

2. Ability Natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to

successfully complete a task- Aptitudes -- natural talents that help people learn more quickly

and perform better- Learned capabilities -- acquired skills and knowledge

- Competencies -- abilities, individual values, personality traits andother characteristics of people that lead to superiorperformance

- Person-job matching -- three ways to match people with jobs*select qualified people

*develop employee abilities through training*redesign job to fit person's existing abilities


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3. Role perceptions

Beliefs about what behaviour is required to achieve thedesired results

- understanding what tasks to perform

- understanding relative importance of tasks

- understanding preferred behaviours to accomplish tasks Clarifying role perceptions

- Provide information about tasks and priorities

- Provide frequent and meaningful performancefeedback.

- Provide training on preferred work processes

4. Situational factors

Environmental conditions (example- time, people, budget,and work facilities) that constrain or facilitate behaviour

- Beyond the individuals control in the short run


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1. Taskperformance Goal-directed behaviours under persons

control

- Includes physical behaviours and mental

processes- Jobs have several performance dimensions,

each requiring specific skills and knowledge

2. Exhibiting organizational citizenship

Performance beyond the required job dutiesExample- Avoiding unnecessary conflicts,helping others, tolerating impositions, beinginvolved, performing beyond normal rolerequirements


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3. Counter-productive work behaviours

Voluntary behaviour that potentially harms theorganization e.g., abuse of others, threats, workavoidance, work sabotage, overt acts

4. Joining and staying with the organization

Attracting and retaining employees War for Talent

Successful firms attract employee talent by applyingmany OB topics

5. Maintaining work attendance

Caused by:

- situational factors weather, traffic

- motivation job dissatisfaction, stress, access to

sick leave


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Openness to change vs. Conservation

-- Openness to change motivated to pursueinnovative ways (self direction, stimulation)

-- Conservation preserve the status quo (conformity,security, tradition)

Self-enhancement vs. Self-transcendence-- Self-enhancement motivated by self-interest(achievement, power)

-- Self-transcendence motivated to promote the

welfare of others and nature (benevolence,universalism)

Espoused values values we want others to believe weabide by to create a positive public image

Enacted values the values that actually guide ourdecisions and actions


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1. Conscientiousness characterizes people who arecareful, dependable and self-disciplined

2. Agreeableness (vs. non-compliant/hostile) includes traits of being courteous, good-natured,trusting, empathetic and caring

3. Neuroticism (vs. emotional stability) characterizes people with high levels of anxiety,hostility, depressed, self-conscious

4. Openness to experience (vs. resistant to change)

refers to the extent to which people are sensitive,flexible and curious

5. Extroversion (vs. introversion) characterizes people who are outgoing, talkative,sociable and assertive


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Extroversionversus introversion -- generalorientation

Sensingversus intuition -- collecting

information through senses versus throughintuition, inspiration or subjective sources

Thinkingversus feeling -- processing and

evaluating information & using rational logicversus personal values

Judgingversus perceiving -- orient

themselves to the outer world & order and

structure or flexibility and spontaneity


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Type-A Personality-

-restless, move and walk rapidly, dislikes

waiting, does several things at once, tries toschedule more in less time, usually does not

complete one thing before starting onanother, does not have time to enjoy life

Type-B Personality-

-work steadily, enjoying achievements butnot becoming stressed when they are not

achieved, take challenges, reflective

approach, think forNEXT


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Internal locus of control individuals whobelieve that they are very much in

charge of their own destiny

External locus of control individualswho believe that their life events are due

mainly to fate or luck

People withamoderately internal locus

of control- perform better, have moresuccessful careers, more job satisfaction,

better leaders, more motivated by

performance-based reward systems


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Individual Differences in Personality