Individual Differences

Overview

Role of Education Intelligence Gifted Learners Mentally Retarded Integration, Mainstreaming,

Inclusion

Task Think of five people who you think

are highly intelligent and write them down.

What characteristics do they have in common?

Make your own theory of intelligence based on these characteristics

How would you test your theory?

Individual Differences: What’s the Role of Education?

Excellence- Emphasize differences between students First priority is distributing resources to

students of greatest potential Education is a gate keeper

Ach. Scores

Individual Differences: What’s the Role of Education?

Equity: Emphasize success for all. First priority is distributing resources

to students of greatest need Education as an agent for social

fairness and change

Ach. Scores

# of Students

US system of Education Emphasis of Excellence with…

Tracking Labels

Labels

Pros: Can Protect a

Child Eligible for :

Services Funding Information

Cons: Stigma Self-fulfilling

prophecy Treatments

unpredictable

What the heck is Intelligence?

Capacity to learn Total knowledge acquired Ability to adapt to the environment

“Intelligence is what these tests measure”-Boring 1927

Evidence for Intelligence?

Cultural factors Genes Parents’

education Enriched

environments Both heredity and

environment are about equally influential

How Many Factors? Or What do We Test? Spearman : g (general) (1) Sternberg : triarchic (3) Gardner : multiple intelligences (8) Carroll : ‘g’ with specific abilities (70) Guilford : faces of intellect (180)

Gardner’s Eight Intelligences

Logical-mathematical

Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist

The Modern Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleType ofReasoning

Examples ofTest

Intelligence

Verbal ReasoningVerbal Reasoning

Abstract visualReasoning

Abstract visualReasoning

VocabularyComprehension

VocabularyComprehension

QuantitativeReasoning

Short-termMemory

Quantitative testsNumber seriesPaper foldingCopying

Memory for sentencesMemory for digits

Intelligence:Now and then…

1986 1921 Attributes of Intelligence

50% 57% Higher cognitive processes (e.g. reasoning, problem solving

21% 21% Success with novel problems, or situations

17% 0% Integrating processes and knowledge

25% 7% Executive control processes

29% 0% That which is valued by culture

8% 29% Physiological mechanisms

We want intelligence to be objective and reflect our cultural values

More Intelligent

Less Intelligent

EinsteinCarrey

Measuring Intelligence

Individual tests: Administered one on one, and typically does not rely on pencil and paper tasks

Stanford-Binet

Group Tests: Administered to group, less reliable for individual scores

Lorge-Thorndike

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

1920 1940 1960 1980

IQ Scores

Which Way is intelligence going?

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1920 1940 1960 1980

East

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

1920 1940 1960 1980

IQ Scores

Decreasing? Constant? Increasing?

AverageIQ ScoreWexler, Stanford-Binet

Year of Testing

Can you teach intelligence?

Identification of GT Kids

Fast learners - retain information easily High level of creativity - original thinking High task commitment Common and practical knowledge Knows many things other children don’t Strong vocabulary Recognizes relationships Comprehends meanings Alert and keenly observant

Terms & Categories

Handicap versus disability Seizure disorder - epilepsy Cerebral palsy Hearing impairment Vision impairment Communication disorder Emotional or behavioral disorder

Terms & Categories

Hyperactivity Attention disorders

drug therapy & ADHD Learning disabilities

learned helplessness

Integration, Mainstreaming, and Inclusion

Effective Teaching in Inclusive Classrooms

Resource rooms Collaborative

consultation Cooperative

teaching Referrals & the

IEP Using Computers