Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment Agricultural Revolution
Population Explosion Industrial Revolution
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Scientific Revolution Scientific Method Observation and
Experimentation, turned into scientific laws Newton,
Copernicus
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The Enlightenment Apply scientific ideas to society. John
Locke- Natural Rights Life, Liberty, Property Challenge new
ideas
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Agricultural Revolution Improved methods of farming Combined
smaller fields to larger ones Seed drill- Jethro Tull, deposited
seeds in rows Enclosure Movement- fencing off land, formerly shared
by peasant farmers, replaced strips fields with larger fields
Needed fewer people to work them, many farmers unemployed, migrated
to cities
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Population Explosion Declining death rates Women were able to
eat better, became healthier, babies were stronger and lived
through childhood Deadly diseases like Bubonic plague faded away
Better hygiene and sanitation
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Capital Supportive Human Demand Natural New Government
Resources Resources Technology New Inventions Factories Growth of
Cities Faster Transportation and Communication Industrial
Revolution
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Urbanization Movement of people to the cities Towns grew into
cities Example: Manchester grew from 17,000 in the 1750s to 70,000
by 1800. The industrial cities were filthy, dark, polluted and
eventually became known as overcrowded slums LIFE ROTATED AROUND
THE FACTORY
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The factory System Factory- Building where many people work
with machines to produce goods instead of having them made at home
Rigid discipline Rigid schedule-set by factory whistle Long hours
(12-16hrs) Workers suffered accidents Air full of coal and
lint
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Women in Factories Paid less than men Easier to control and
manage Family life suffered, Rise in orphanages
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Child Labor Workers as young as 5 years old Little hands and
bodies could squeeze into small places Children often helped to
support their families, while orphans however, worked for food.
Kids were mistreated for not doing their work Most children never
attended school
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Capitalism
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Capitalism- is an economic system that is based on private
ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or
services for profit.
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Adam Smith Prophet of laissez-faire (government does not
interfere with business) economics Believed that a free market- the
unregulated exchange of goods and services- would eventually help
everyone, not just the rich Free market would produce more goods at
lower prices, making them affordable to everyone Businesses follow
the law of supply and demand and supply what people want or go
bankrupt
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Supply and demand Investors constantly come up with new
products to benefit people and make money Supporters of the free
enterprise capitalism pointed to the success of the industrial age,
in which government played no part
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Views on the Poor Thomas Malthus Poor people will have as many
children as they can feed, they caused their own suffering David
Ricardo Iron law of wages- the poor cause their own suffering
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Utilitarianism- Government should intervene only to benefit the
most citizens Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill believe people
should have more rights Women should vote Poor should get help from
the government
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Socialism Founder: Robert Owen Basic Belief: Factories work for
the benefit of all people, the people control the means of
production Key Ideas: Industries would be run for the benefit of
all people (fair pay, no child labor) Wanted governments to
intervene to better conditions Later socialists used increased
voting and unions to better conditions
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Luddites Luddites- Protestors that destroyed machines in
resistance to the Industrial Revolution Believed machines should be
destroyed because they took the jobs of working men Everything used
to be made by hand
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Named after the legendary Ned Ludd, who went around destroying
machines that have taken the jobs that people once did
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Government response Luddites were hanged or sent to penal
colonies in Australia "Machine breaking was subsequently made a
capital crime For years workers were forbidden to form labor unions
to bargain for better pay and working conditions Strikes were
outlawed
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Unions Works by having workers negotiate together with the
bosses (collective bargaining) or refusing to work (strikes) Goals
include better pay, safety, insurance and retirement benefits
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Scientific Socialism In the 1840s, Karl Marx a German
philosopher developed theory of Scientific Socialism Based on a
scientific study of history Was forced to leave Germany because of
radical ideas and moved to Paris Met fellow socialist Friedrich
Engels, whose father owned a textile factory
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Communist Manifesto 1848, Marx and Engels publish a pamphlet,
The Communist Manifesto Explained the theory of communism- a form
of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and
employees as inevitable
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Marxism Marx stated that economics was the driving force in
history and history was full of class struggles between the haves
and the have nots
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The haves have always owned the means of production and thus
controlled society and all its wealth In industrialized Europe, the
haves are the bourgeoisie, or middle class The have nots are the
proletariat, or working class This modern class struggle will pit
the bourgeoisie against the proletariat
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In the end he predicted, the proletariat would triumph and take
control of the means of production and set up a classless communist
society The struggles of the past would end because wealth and
power would be equally shared
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Impact At first ideas had little impact, in time they would
have world wide effects Western and Eastern European socialist
parties will emerge In early 1900s, Russian socialists set up a
communist inspired government
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Weakness Many of Marxs assumptions on which he based his
theories were wrong Predicted misery of the proletariat would start
a revolution, instead by 1900, the standard of living for the
working class improved Predicted workers across the world would
unite, instead nationalism won out over working class loyalty
Marxism will lose much of its appeal, people begin to feel strong
ties to their own countries
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How do the Smurfs resemble Communism? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
