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Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900

Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

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Page 1: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900

Page 2: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

Page 3: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Changing American

Labor Force

The Changing American

Labor Force

Page 4: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Management vs. Labor

Management vs. Labor

““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement

““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor

““scabs”scabs”

P. R. campaignP. R. campaign

PinkertonsPinkertons

lockoutlockout

blacklistingblacklisting

yellow-dog yellow-dog contractscontracts

court injunctionscourt injunctions

open shopopen shop

boycottsboycotts

sympathy sympathy demonstrationsdemonstrations

informational informational picketingpicketing

closed shopsclosed shops

organized organized strikesstrikes

““wildcat” strikeswildcat” strikes

Page 5: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

1. National Labor Union

1. National Labor Union • Prior to 1860’s, Prior to 1860’s,

workers organized workers organized by craftby craft

• Civil War produced Civil War produced a national economya national economy

• Organized in 1866, Organized in 1866, goals included goals included higher wages and higher wages and an 8-hour work dayan 8-hour work day

• Government Government workers won the 8-workers won the 8-hour work dayhour work day

• Open to women, Open to women, BlacksBlacks

Page 6: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Page 7: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

2. The Molly Maguires

(1860s-1870s)

2. The Molly Maguires

(1860s-1870s)

James McParland infiltrates the secret society James McParland infiltrates the secret society of the “Mollies”; were they union agitators?of the “Mollies”; were they union agitators?

Pinkerton?

Page 8: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

Page 9: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

3. Knights of Labor - 18693. Knights of Labor - 1869

Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly

An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!

Page 10: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Knights of Labor trade cardKnights of Labor trade card

Page 11: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Goals of the Knights of Labor

Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

ù Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.

ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

ù Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.

ù Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.

ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

ù Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

Page 12: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

•Wages cut to reduce costs•11 states; 2/3 of rails•Joined by half a million other workers•President Hayes sends in the troops to put down the strike•More than 100 killed•Hard lines taken against unions

Page 13: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Page 14: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Page 15: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Page 16: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Page 17: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs

•7 policemen killed•Bomb thrower• never found•8 anarchist leaders tried and convicted; 7 sentenced to death; 4 executed, 1 suicide•Public opinion = unions are radical and violent

Page 18: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Governor John Peter Altgeld

Governor John Peter Altgeld

Page 19: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

4. The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

4. The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Page 20: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.

ù Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.

ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.

ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.

ù Prevented disputes among the many craft Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.unions.

ù Mediated disputes between management and Mediated disputes between management and labor with collective bargaininglabor with collective bargaining

ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..

ù Nations largest union by 1901Nations largest union by 1901

Page 21: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Strike Breaking in the 1890s

Strike Breaking in the 1890sHomestead Steel Strike - 1892

Amalgamated Association Amalgamated Association of of

Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers

Homestead Steel Works,Pittsburgh, PA 800/3,800 union members 20% cut in wages lockout, scabs, Pinkertons

Page 22: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

Page 23: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Big Corporate Profits!Big Corporate Profits!

Page 24: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Attempted Assassination!

Attempted Assassination!

Henry Clay FrickHenry Clay Frick

Alexander BerkmanAlexander Berkman

Page 25: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Pullman Strike of 1894

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Page 26: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

A “Compa

nyTown”:

Pullman, IL

A “Compa

nyTown”:

Pullman, IL

Page 27: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Pullman CarsPullman Cars

A Pullman A Pullman porterporter

Page 28: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The SocialistsThe Socialists

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

American American Railway UnionRailway Union

Page 29: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Pullman Strike of 1894

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Government by injunction!Government by injunction!

Page 30: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

President Grover Cleveland

President Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card

will be delivered!will be delivered!

Page 31: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

5. International Workers of the World

(“Wobblies”)

5. International Workers of the World

(“Wobblies”)

Page 32: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

Violence was justified to Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.overthrow capitalism.

Page 33: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

I W W & the InternationaleI W W & the

Internationale

Page 34: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Hand That Will Rule the World One

Big Union

The Hand That Will Rule the World One

Big Union

Page 35: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The “Formul

a”

The “Formul

a”

unions unions + violence + strikes + socialists + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants immigrants = anarchistsanarchists

Page 36: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

6. International Ladies Garment Workers Union - 1900

6. International Ladies Garment Workers Union - 1900

20-40,000 workersWomen – Italian/Jewish

CarlaLemlich

Page 37: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Triangle Shirtwaist

Factory Fire - 1911

Triangle Shirtwaist

Factory Fire - 1911

Page 38: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Sweatshop in NYCFactory – pre fire

Factory - post fire

Page 39: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900
Page 40: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Dead bodies on the side walk

Page 41: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Relatives review the dead:145 bodies

Scene at the morgue

Page 42: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Out of the Ashes ILGWU membership surged.

NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention.

New strict building codes were passed.

Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops.

Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.

Criminal jury acquitted owners Blank and Harris.

Civil jury awarded each victim’s family $75.

Insurance company paid Blank/Harris $400 per casualty for their losses

Page 43: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”

Mary Harris Jones.Mary Harris Jones.

Organizer for theOrganizer for theUnited Mine Workers.United Mine Workers.

Founded the SocialFounded the SocialDemocratic Party -Democratic Party -1898 1898

One of the founding One of the founding members of the I. W. members of the I. W. W. in 1905.W. in 1905.

Championed the cause Championed the cause of child laborof child labor

Page 44: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

Page 45: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

Page 46: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The “Bread & Roses” Strike

The “Bread & Roses” Strike

DEMANDS:DEMANDS:

ù 15¢/hr. wage increase.15¢/hr. wage increase.

ù Double pay for overtime.Double pay for overtime.

ù No discrimination against strikers.No discrimination against strikers.

ù An end to “speed-up” on the An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line.assembly line.

ù An end to discrimination againstAn end to discrimination againstforeign immigrant workers.foreign immigrant workers.

Page 47: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Child LaborChild Labor

Page 48: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Child LaborChild Labor

Page 49: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Children’s Crusade - 1903

Children’s Crusade - 1903Philadelphia to Oyster Bay, NY to

meet with President Teddy Roosevelt

Brought the matter of child labor to the public’s attention

Child labor laws passed; compulsory attendance laws

Page 50: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”

Page 51: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Labor Union MembershipLabor Union Membership

Page 52: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

“Solidarity Forever!”by Ralph Chapin (1915)

“Solidarity Forever!”by Ralph Chapin (1915)

When the union's inspiration When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, through the workers‘ blood shall run,There can be no power greater There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; anywhere beneath the sun;Yet what force on earth is weaker Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, than the feeble strength of one,But the union makes us strong! But the union makes us strong!

CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!

Page 53: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

“Solidarity Forever!”“Solidarity Forever!”Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite,Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might?Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight?For the union makes us strong!

CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!

Page 54: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

“Solidarity Forever!”“Solidarity Forever!” * * * *

Through our sisters and our brothersThrough our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, we can make our union strong,For respect and equal value, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. we have done without too long.We no longer have to tolerate We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, injustices and wrongs,Yes, the union makes us strong!Yes, the union makes us strong!

CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!

Page 55: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Workers Benefits Today

Workers Benefits Today

Page 56: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

Page 57: Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Right-to-Work States Today

Right-to-Work States Today