INDUSTRIALISM1760-1860

Enclosure Movement and

its Results

Before EnclosureCommunity landEconomies of scale- large

piece of land easier to farm (or control) v. small farm

Farmers used to workPeople do not flock to citiesParliament supports

Some farmers revolt- improve farming

The BeginningWhy: Technology

Agricultural Rev. (Holland) sparks Industrial Rev. (GB)

1700- small farms disappearingWealthy buy out village farms-

then rent them outKnown as enclosure- as land

was fenced in

The DifferenceVillagers= traditional methods

of farmingWealthy landowners- free to

experiment w/ new methodsUse scientific approach to

increase harvest sizeIdeas and harvest size exchangedEffected by Scientific Rev. and

Enlightenment

New Farming MethodsJethro Tull- 1721 seed drill

Well spaced rows, specific depthMore germination = larger crop

Crop Rotation- most revolutionary discovery (v. MA and fallow land)Charles Townsend- change cropsEnrich soil- turnips

New Farming MethodsRobert Bakewell- selective

breeding of animals

Selective BreedingYEAR SHEEP

(lbs.)

CATTLE

(lbs.)

1710 28 370

1795 80 800

Selective Breeding (lbs.)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

SHEEP CATTLE

1710

1795

Effects on PopulationMore food due to better

livestock & crop rotationSmaller farmers pushed off land

Left cities for coloniesBecame labor force for industry

Nutrition improved= increase in population= working class in cities

Read 562

Turgot Article 562

Compare 1 to 2 or Enclosure to Old system on back of page one of your notes

Britain’s Advantages in

Industrialization

Abundant ResourcesWaterpower, coal- energy or

machinesIron ore for tools

Favorable GeographyGood harbors- merchant ships

Overseas trade = raw materials & markets

Led to industrial growthMiddle/merchant class growth

developed- $ for new projects

Favorable Climate for New IdeasInterest in science and

technology1660 Royal Society- exchanged

scientific ideas and inventionsBusinesses invested in

inventions (entrepreneurship)

Good Banking System1700’s- most developed

Loans- **led to business investment

Political Stability1700’s- wars fought in foreign

landsCentury of peace- no worries of

invasionEconomic growth stressed by

govt.Merchants influenced ParliamentGovt. supported laws

encouraging business

Read 408-10

On back page of notes describe the Western European Family 1400-1800

Industrialism and Invention

“Necessity is the Mother of Invention”

Textile IndustryGB led wool industry

Wool spun by hand- demand not met, prices high

Desire for inventions for spinning and weaving

COTTAGE INDUSTRYInventions transform cotton

industry

Inventions1733 John Kay- flying shuttle

Weaving twice as fast (hand)1764 James Hargreaves-

spinning jennySpinning keep up w/ weaving(hand)

1769 Richard Arkwright- water frameSpinning (water)

Inventions1779 Samuel Crompton-

spinning mule Water frame & spinning jenny

comboFactories were built- too large

and expensive for home1785 Edmund Cartwright-

power loomWeavers kept up w/ spinning

InventionsLate 1700’s- cotton supply

can’t keep up1763 Eli Whitney- cotton gin

Removes seed from cotton1785- 40 million yards1850- 2 billion yards

InventionsWatts & steam engine

Problem- factories had to be by water (far from raw materials)

Solution- steam new power sourceOld engines for mines too slow &

expensiveMichael Boulton helps WattsSteam engine more practical

Monday

Thursday we will do groupsFriday Essay reviewMonday EssayTuesday DBQWednesday Multiple ChoiceIf you are going to be absent

then make arrangements

553Family Economy/CottageNorthwestern EuropeEastern EuropeSouthern EuropeServantReconstitutedWomenChildren

Changes in GB Transportation

Roads and CanalsWater travel- cheapest, most

reliable before Indust. Rev.Larger amounts could be hauledCanals built to connect land and

waterRoads- Scottish engineer John

McAdam builds paved roadsImprovements for industry not

for travel

Railway AgeChange came w/ steam power

Steam engine on wheels- boost industry after 1820

1804- Richard Trevithick- cart on track w/ engine

George Stephenson- “Rocket”Connected ports to inland

factories (carry lots of freight)1830- Liverpool-Manchester RR 1850- 6,100 miles of track (GB)

Effects of RailroadsEncouraged more industry

Fast, cheap to ship raw materials and finished products

Created millions of jobsActual labor, coal, iron (unskilled)

Progress in AgricultureDistant cities got perishables

Attitudes on travelJobs farther away, travel for fun

Charles Dickens1812 – 1870Social commentaryPortrayed horrors of industrial

life & society and moneyOliver Twist, David Copperfield

Alexis de Tocqueville1805 – 1859Manchester = “new Hades”“From this filthy sewer pure

gold flows. In Manchester civilized man is turned back almost into a savage.”

Industry in Other Countries

Introduction Until 1825- illegal for

engineers, merchants, toolmakers to leave country**GB stay #1 in production

United States1790 1st factory (Pawtucket, RI)1789 Samuel Slater, mill worker,

escapes from GBBuilt spinning machine

Early factories made threadLater cloth

1850 Factories spread NE US

EuropeLittle political stability until

after Congress of ViennaGB had a 55 year head start

GBs cheaper goods caused unemployment in EuropeWool/cotton industry

Belgium 1st to challenge GBGood coal, waterways, info from

men who had left GB1799 Wm. Cockerell- spinning

EuropeIndustrialized Islands emerge

Due to available resourcesRuhr Valley (NW Ger.)- coalPo Valley (N. Italy)Cities around islands emerge-

Milan, Lyons, Frankfurt

Development of Industrial Cities

Cities Quickly Emerge1800-1850- Cities w/ over

100,000 increased from 22 to 47 Cities clustered around

industry, resourcesScotland- coalLondon (old city)- largest city in

EuropeManchester (new city)- new

production city

Cities Quickly EmergePeople moved from countrysideLittle thought about planning,

housing, sanitation, educationSmoke, soot hung over cityStreet unpaved, no drains

Alleys not cleanedCity river polluted

Cities Quickly EmergeResults of growth:

WealthSocial problems (there were no

building or sanitary codes)

Changes in People’s Lives

More People in CitiesFactory system bring people to

citiesMost of Euros urban

population doubledNew industrial cities grew near

power sources

Working ConditionsCountry life hard

City jobs availableNo reliance on weather for wages

Work week-14 hrs a day, 6 daysNot affected by seasons

New dangers- lighting, cleanliness, machine injuriesEspecially coal mines

Working Children SufferedFamilies worked separatelyEarly 1800’s 6-7 yr.olds worked

in factories and minesOrphans suffered most1833 Factory Act passed

Must be 9 to work9-13= 8 hrs a day max14-18= 12 hrs a day max

Working Children Suffered1842 Miners Act enacted

Similar limits for children in mines

Children worked as families needed money

Other Legislation Education Act 1870

Govt. run schools, not church1875 Public Health Act

Govt. interference in matters of health

1875 Artisans Dwelling ActGovt. provided housing

Middle-Class GrowsWealth grew for factory owners,

shippers, merchantsSocial structure changed- these

people had more $ than noblesLate 1800’s- entrepreneurs social

equals of lords of countryside

Middle-Class GrowsMiddle class of now poor, now

rich emergedUpper middle class of govt.

workers, doctors, lawyersLower Middle class of factory

overseers, skilled workers

WednesdayTheses developmentFriday copy of Theses for each

member and one for meTomorrow Zero Start 710Work in groupsMonday sprite timelines vens

by unit in 1 inch notebook dividers

Dickens's cities1800 1 mil 1900 4 milGreatest ImpactCholera1875 water system safeHackney OmnibusPolice 1829Workhouse Parrish

Development of Class Tensions

Rich v. Poor1800’s GB business leaders-

gap natural and inevitable due to progress

Govt. job- Wage war, uphold law & order at

home“laissez faire” (Smith) towards

economics and social conditions

Rich v. PoorUpper & Upper Mid Class-

ParliamentSupported “laissez-faire”Early 1800’s- only large

landowners votedMost representation came from

rural not urban areas

Results: Rich v. PoorWorkers turn violent- demand

reformGovt. often responses w/ violenceArmy used against people

Ways to push reformWorkers had no voteTrade unions- better conditions,

threat of strikeUnions originally banned

EnglandWorst social problems- 1st to

industrializeOthers learned from GB

1850 working conditions improving in EuropeClass tension- factory abuses

create problemsAlexis de Tocqueville- French

reformer warns of developing problem

Karl Marx

Marx (1818-1883)GermanMore extreme socialismScientific socialismWorker w/ F. Engels

Wealthy Englishman

Communist ManifestoEconomic forces are the key to

historyNever enough products- causes

social classes to emergeWealthy v. workersClass struggle as workers are

exploited

Industrial RevolutionProletariat overthrow the

BourgeoisieForm new society based in

communism (complete socialism)Factors of production owned by

people (as state)No private property- all goods &

services distributed equally

Effects of Com. ManifestoShort term- not much

Widespread revolts of 1848 easily put down

Long term- felt in 20th centuryNew socialist parties, labor

benefited, suffrage increasedLenin, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, Castro

Predictions FailedGap b/w rich & poor did not

widenRich prospered, poor improved

positionTrade & production brought

benefits (labor unions)Underestimated democratic

govts.- made reformsVoting led to reforms