INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMMIGRATION, URBANIZATION

American Farm Scenes #3Currier and Ives 1853 (Frances Palmer)

Immigrants in the 19th century arrive from: England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Austria-Hungary, Canada and Newfoundland, Eastern Europe

(Russia, Poland, Lithuania), Southern Europe (Italy, Greece), China

Source: MIT Center for International Studies

• US Urban Population as a % of Total Population: 1800 less than 10%; 1870 roughly 20%; 1900 roughly 35%; 1930 over 50%

• “My sister was age 25. She worked with me on the 9th floor as an examiner. During the time we were running around to get out I kept hollering for her but I could not find her for even a minute. . . . The people began to throw themselves out of the windows. All the machines were bubbling with flames. . . . I went to the window I made the sign of the cross and was ready to jump but I didn't have the courage. . . . I lost my sister in that fire and I know the door was locked. ” --Anna Pidone, Triangle Shirtwaist Fire survivor

• [skyscrapers are an] ‘‘abnormality, which has its genesis partly in human vanity and the desire to dazzle and surprise, and partly in the desire to realize as much rental as possible on an extravagantly valued plot of ground.’’ This ‘‘monster’’ was ‘‘menacing to comfort and safety.’’

• --National Fire Protection Association, 1927

Koehler, 20th c.

THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

MAJOR CONFLICTS

• IS THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM POSSIBLE IN A DEMOCRACY? WILL RAPID WEALTH PRODUCTION ERODE DEMOCRACY?

• HOW WILL IMMIGRANTS ALTER AMERICAN CULTURE? CAN IMMIGRANTS BE INCLUDED WITHOUT POLITICAL CORRUPTION?

• HOW CAN CITIES BE MADE SAFE?

Progressive Era: Government Reform• 1887 Interstate Commerce Act passed• 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed• 1901 McKinley assassinated—Roosevelt assumes presidency• 1901 United Mine Workers strike—Roosevelt arbitrates• 1902 Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company published• 1904 Northern Securities Co. v. U.S.—trust-busting begins• 1904 Roosevelt elected• 1906 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle published• 1906 Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act passed• 1908 Taft elected• 1911 Standard Oil v. United States• 1912 Roosevelt runs as Bull-Moose Party candidate• 1912 Wilson elected• 1913 16th Amendment—income tax• 1913 17th Amendment—Direct election of Senators• 1913 Federal Reserve created• 1914 Federal Trade Commission created• 1916 Wilson re-elected, “He kept us out of war”• 1919 18th Amendment—Prohibition• 1920 19th Amendment—Women’s Suffrage

Progressive Era: Labor Reform• 1888 Department of Labor created• 1901 United Mine Workers strike—Roosevelt

arbitrates• 1905 Lochner v. New York—Supreme Court

upholds “free contract” and refuses to • limit working hours• 1906 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle published• 1908 Muller v. Oregon—Supreme Court upholds

max working hour law for women• 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act—exempts unions

from anti-trust laws• 1916 Keating-Owen Act—limits child labor

Progressive Era: Civil Rights Reform• 1889 Jane Addams opens Hull House in Chicago• 1890 National American Woman Suffrage Association formed• 1890 Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives published• 1892 Department of Sociology founded—University of Chicago• 1899 W.E.B. Dubois’s Philadelphia Negro published• 1906 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle published• 1906 Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act passed• 1908 Muller v. Oregon—Supreme Court upholds max working hour

law for women• 1909 NAACP founded by DuBois• 1913 17th Amendment—Direct election of Senators• 1916 Keating-Owen Act—limits child labor• 1919 18th Amendment—Prohibition• 1920 19th Amendment—Women’s Suffrage