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Information transfer Seminar in Library & Information Science

Information transfer Seminar in Library & Information Science

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Information transferInformation transfer

Seminar in Library &Information Science

Seminar in Library & Information Science

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Content

• The nature of information transfer• Approaches to analysing information

transfer• Early information transfer models• Refinements in information transfer

models• Use and adaptation of information transfer

models• Related models

Information transfer

Information & knowledge are created from the application of new techniques, new insights, &/or new research to existing bodies of information & knowledge

‘If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants’ (Isaac Newton)

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HKU Faculty of Education 4

Popper’s 3 worlds

World 1:Objects & events

World 2:Cognition

World 3:Information

Action

Conception

Perception

Writing

Reading

HKU Faculty of Education 5

ActiveKnowledge

RepresentedKnowledge

Popper’s 3 worlds

World 2:Cognition

World 3:Information

World 1:Objects & events

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Models

A model is a:

• Representation of structure OED

• Simplification of reality• Diagnostic tool

Information transfer models highlight the stages where information needs to considered in order to get optimum advantages from it (& minimum negative results from its mismanagement)

Information transfer models

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The roles of information transfer models, include:• Understanding information transfer within

different groups• Aids to designing systems for information

flow• Diagnosing sources of information flow

failure

Shannon – Weaver communication model

The Shannon-Weaver communication model was initially developed in 1947 to improve telephone line transmission. It has been refined in the succeeding decades

It is an influential model that can be applied to all forms of communication

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Å feedback ÅÈ È Ç Ç

sourceÆtransmitterÆchannelÆreceiverÆdestination

Çnoise

data transfer

message transfer

information transfer

Shannon – Weaver communication model

Middleton, 2002

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Transfer type Level of analysis• Data Technical/syntactic

• Message Semantic

• Information Pragmatic (or effectiveness)

Shannon – Weaver communication model

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Within the Shannon-Weaver model we refer to noise & filters. They may be:

• Physical, eg poor technology, reception, competing noise etc

• Semantic – refers to problems of meaning, understanding etc

Shannon – Weaver communication model

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• Literacy level• Nerves• Preconceptions• Culture

• Ambiguity/semantics• Mood/emotions• Distractions• Etc

Semantic noise can be a sender and/or receiver problem. It can be caused by:

Semantic noise

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Information transfer cycle

King & Bryant, 1971

Production &

distributionCollection & storage

Recording&

representing

Accessing

DeliveryInterpretation

Uses & users

Information transfer spiral

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Lancaster & King, 1977

(2)Composition

(3)Recording

(4)Reproduction

(5)Distribution

(6)Acquisition & storage

(7)Organizatio

n& control

(8)Identificatio

n& location

(9)Physicalaccess

(10)Assimilation

by user

(11)Research &

Informationgeneration

(1)

Generation of

knowledge

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Create

Co

llect

Organise

StoreA

cces

s

Deliver

Use

Information transfer cycle

Choy, 1997

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Create

‘Basic research (fundamental or pure research) has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge & the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables…. It is conducted without a practical end in mind although it can have unexpected results that point to practical applications. The terms ‘basic’ or ‘fundamental’ research indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for further, often applied research’

Wikipedia

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Applied research ‘is directed towards specific objectives such as the development of a new drug, therapy or surgical procedure. It involves the application of existing knowledge, much of which is obtained through basic research, to a specific..… problem’ New Jersey Association for Biomedical Research

Research leads to creation of new information. An individual can keep it to him/herself or record it & make it available to others

Create

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Collect

Information/knowledge is recorded in a variety of formats & then made available for collection. Some knowledge may be made publicly available for free or for purchase; some information/knowledge may be kept confidential or have restricted access

Organisations & individuals collect recorded information in a systematic way, ie to satisfy their information needs

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Organise

To make it easier to find required information sources, organisations & individuals arrange collected documents in a coherent way eg by:

• Subject/topic• Format/medium• Date creator/author• etc

Organisation should match the information seeking behaviour of potential users

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Store

Information may be kept for short or long periods of time. Storage needs to balance:

• Cost• Suitability to format/medium• Preservation needs• Speed of retrieval• Security needs

Orgnisations adopt a range of storage methods for different information sources

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Access

Information seekers require some methods for locating useful information/documents. The larger the quantity & the greater the diversity of information collected, the more complex the access systems required. Catalogs & indexes are typical access systems

Access informs the information seeker that a document exists (or doesn’t) within a collection & where they can find it

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Deliver

Delivery involves the information seeker gaining possession of the document. Organisations provide different levels of delivery based on:

• Nature of the items sought• Nature of the information seeker• Preferred format of the document• Cost• Security• etc

The information seeker can then use the information

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New research is based on existing research; new information is based on existing information

createdcreated distributeddistributed organisedorganised

storedstoredretrievedretrievedusedused

Information process

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Information transfer life cycle

Browne,1985

1/19 research & information generation

2 composition

14 interp

retatio

n

15 (i

i) a

leve

l ii

eval

uatio

n

4 reproduction5

distri

bution

9 organisation &control

7 selection

8 collection & storage

3 recording

6 sc

reen

ing

13 analysis

12 re

triev

al

11 searching

10 provisionof access

15 (i) a le

vel i

evaluation

15 (i

) b le

vel i

i

syn

thes

is15

(ii)

b leve

l ii

synth

esis

18 assimilation byindividual user

16 packaging17 dissemination

Role of information enterprises

Information transfer process

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17/1 research & information generation

2 composition

10 interpretation

4 reproduction

5 distribution

7 organisation &control6 collection & storage

3 recording

9 analysis

8 retrieval

11 evaluation

12 s

ynth

esis

15 physical access

13 packaging

re- packaging

14 distribution

16 assimilationby end user

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Scientific publication cycle

Made up of:

1. Time cycle2. Knowledge cycle3. Publication cycle4. Access cycle

What problems in dissemination of scientific information does this model surface?

Green & Carey, 2001

Adobe Acrobat Document

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Abstractions & mapping of an information system Korfhage, 1997

informationneed

informationneed

realityreality

queryquery

datadata

Information system

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Abstraction 1In any information system, the ‘real world’ is represented by a collection of data abstracted from observations of the real world & made available to the system

Abstraction 2A user’s information need, whether for production, storage, or retrieval of information, is abstracted into a form that is commensurate with the information system to be used

Information system

HKU Faculty of Education 29

Re-interpretation

Restructuring

Reviewing

Release

Recognition

Reading

Retrieval

accessible collectionsof knowledge

retrievalknowledge

publicknowledge

validatedknowledge

knowledgedomain

information

subjectiveknowledge

7 Rs ofInformation

management

Butcher & Rowley, 1998

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Information management cycle

Choo, 1998

information

needs

information

acquisitioninformatio

nproducts/services

information

distribution

information organisation

& storage

information

use

adaptivebehaviour

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Information search process

Tasks Initiation Selection Exploration Formulation Collection Presentation

Feelings(affective) uncertainty optimism

confusionfrustration

doubtclarity

sense ofdirection/ confidence

Satisfactionor

disappointment

Thoughts(cognitive)

vague ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ focused

ÆÆÆ increased interest ÆÆÆ

Actions (physical)

seeking relevant information ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ seeking pertinent information

exploring documenting

Kuhlthau, 2004

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References

Browne, M. (1985). Information enterprises in Australia: A first profile. Sydney: Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education. School of Library & Information Science.

Butcher, D, & Rowley, J. (1998). The 7R’s of information management. Managing Information, 5(2),

Choo Chun Wei, 1998. The knowing organization: How organizations use information to construct meaning create knowledge and make decisions. New York: Oxford UP.

Choy, F. C. (1996). Educating the new parar-professionals for library and information services. Singapore Libraries, 25(1), 24-37.

Green, C., & Carey, P. (2001). Scientific publication cycle. Retrieved February 5 2008, from http://courses.washington.edu/info220a/pubcycle_files/frame.htm

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Kennedy, J. & Schauder, C. (1994). Records management: a guide for students and practitioners of records and information management with exercises and case studies. Melbourne: Longman.

King, D. & Bryant, E. (1971. The Evaluation of Information Services and Products. Arlington: Information resources press.

Korfhage, R. (1997), Information storage & retrieval. New York: John Wiley.

Kuhlthau, C. (2004). Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.

References

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References

Kuhlthau, C. (2004). Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.

Middleton, M. (2002). Information management: A consolidation of operations, analysis and strategy, (Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies, 18). Wagga Wagga: Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University.