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Seminar in Library & Information Science
2
Content
• The nature of information transfer• Approaches to analysing information
transfer• Early information transfer models• Refinements in information transfer
models• Use and adaptation of information transfer
models• Related models
Information transfer
Information & knowledge are created from the application of new techniques, new insights, &/or new research to existing bodies of information & knowledge
‘If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants’ (Isaac Newton)
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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HKU Faculty of Education 4
Popper’s 3 worlds
World 1:Objects & events
World 2:Cognition
World 3:Information
Action
Conception
Perception
Writing
Reading
HKU Faculty of Education 5
ActiveKnowledge
RepresentedKnowledge
Popper’s 3 worlds
World 2:Cognition
World 3:Information
World 1:Objects & events
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Models
A model is a:
• Representation of structure OED
• Simplification of reality• Diagnostic tool
Information transfer models highlight the stages where information needs to considered in order to get optimum advantages from it (& minimum negative results from its mismanagement)
Information transfer models
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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The roles of information transfer models, include:• Understanding information transfer within
different groups• Aids to designing systems for information
flow• Diagnosing sources of information flow
failure
Shannon – Weaver communication model
The Shannon-Weaver communication model was initially developed in 1947 to improve telephone line transmission. It has been refined in the succeeding decades
It is an influential model that can be applied to all forms of communication
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Å feedback ÅÈ È Ç Ç
sourceÆtransmitterÆchannelÆreceiverÆdestination
Çnoise
data transfer
message transfer
information transfer
Shannon – Weaver communication model
Middleton, 2002
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Transfer type Level of analysis• Data Technical/syntactic
• Message Semantic
• Information Pragmatic (or effectiveness)
Shannon – Weaver communication model
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Within the Shannon-Weaver model we refer to noise & filters. They may be:
• Physical, eg poor technology, reception, competing noise etc
• Semantic – refers to problems of meaning, understanding etc
Shannon – Weaver communication model
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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• Literacy level• Nerves• Preconceptions• Culture
• Ambiguity/semantics• Mood/emotions• Distractions• Etc
Semantic noise can be a sender and/or receiver problem. It can be caused by:
Semantic noise
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Information transfer cycle
King & Bryant, 1971
Production &
distributionCollection & storage
Recording&
representing
Accessing
DeliveryInterpretation
Uses & users
Information transfer spiral
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Lancaster & King, 1977
(2)Composition
(3)Recording
(4)Reproduction
(5)Distribution
(6)Acquisition & storage
(7)Organizatio
n& control
(8)Identificatio
n& location
(9)Physicalaccess
(10)Assimilation
by user
(11)Research &
Informationgeneration
(1)
Generation of
knowledge
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Create
Co
llect
Organise
StoreA
cces
s
Deliver
Use
Information transfer cycle
Choy, 1997
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Create
‘Basic research (fundamental or pure research) has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge & the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables…. It is conducted without a practical end in mind although it can have unexpected results that point to practical applications. The terms ‘basic’ or ‘fundamental’ research indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for further, often applied research’
Wikipedia
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Applied research ‘is directed towards specific objectives such as the development of a new drug, therapy or surgical procedure. It involves the application of existing knowledge, much of which is obtained through basic research, to a specific..… problem’ New Jersey Association for Biomedical Research
Research leads to creation of new information. An individual can keep it to him/herself or record it & make it available to others
Create
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Collect
Information/knowledge is recorded in a variety of formats & then made available for collection. Some knowledge may be made publicly available for free or for purchase; some information/knowledge may be kept confidential or have restricted access
Organisations & individuals collect recorded information in a systematic way, ie to satisfy their information needs
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Organise
To make it easier to find required information sources, organisations & individuals arrange collected documents in a coherent way eg by:
• Subject/topic• Format/medium• Date creator/author• etc
Organisation should match the information seeking behaviour of potential users
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Store
Information may be kept for short or long periods of time. Storage needs to balance:
• Cost• Suitability to format/medium• Preservation needs• Speed of retrieval• Security needs
Orgnisations adopt a range of storage methods for different information sources
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Access
Information seekers require some methods for locating useful information/documents. The larger the quantity & the greater the diversity of information collected, the more complex the access systems required. Catalogs & indexes are typical access systems
Access informs the information seeker that a document exists (or doesn’t) within a collection & where they can find it
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Deliver
Delivery involves the information seeker gaining possession of the document. Organisations provide different levels of delivery based on:
• Nature of the items sought• Nature of the information seeker• Preferred format of the document• Cost• Security• etc
The information seeker can then use the information
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New research is based on existing research; new information is based on existing information
createdcreated distributeddistributed organisedorganised
storedstoredretrievedretrievedusedused
Information process
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Information transfer life cycle
Browne,1985
1/19 research & information generation
2 composition
14 interp
retatio
n
15 (i
i) a
leve
l ii
eval
uatio
n
4 reproduction5
distri
bution
9 organisation &control
7 selection
8 collection & storage
3 recording
6 sc
reen
ing
13 analysis
12 re
triev
al
11 searching
10 provisionof access
15 (i) a le
vel i
evaluation
15 (i
) b le
vel i
i
syn
thes
is15
(ii)
b leve
l ii
synth
esis
18 assimilation byindividual user
16 packaging17 dissemination
Role of information enterprises
Information transfer process
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Seminar in Library & Information Science
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17/1 research & information generation
2 composition
10 interpretation
4 reproduction
5 distribution
7 organisation &control6 collection & storage
3 recording
9 analysis
8 retrieval
11 evaluation
12 s
ynth
esis
15 physical access
13 packaging
re- packaging
14 distribution
16 assimilationby end user
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Scientific publication cycle
Made up of:
1. Time cycle2. Knowledge cycle3. Publication cycle4. Access cycle
What problems in dissemination of scientific information does this model surface?
Green & Carey, 2001
Adobe Acrobat Document
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Abstractions & mapping of an information system Korfhage, 1997
informationneed
informationneed
realityreality
queryquery
datadata
Information system
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Abstraction 1In any information system, the ‘real world’ is represented by a collection of data abstracted from observations of the real world & made available to the system
Abstraction 2A user’s information need, whether for production, storage, or retrieval of information, is abstracted into a form that is commensurate with the information system to be used
Information system
HKU Faculty of Education 29
Re-interpretation
Restructuring
Reviewing
Release
Recognition
Reading
Retrieval
accessible collectionsof knowledge
retrievalknowledge
publicknowledge
validatedknowledge
knowledgedomain
information
subjectiveknowledge
7 Rs ofInformation
management
Butcher & Rowley, 1998
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Information management cycle
Choo, 1998
information
needs
information
acquisitioninformatio
nproducts/services
information
distribution
information organisation
& storage
information
use
adaptivebehaviour
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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Information search process
Tasks Initiation Selection Exploration Formulation Collection Presentation
Feelings(affective) uncertainty optimism
confusionfrustration
doubtclarity
sense ofdirection/ confidence
Satisfactionor
disappointment
Thoughts(cognitive)
vague ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ focused
ÆÆÆ increased interest ÆÆÆ
Actions (physical)
seeking relevant information ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ seeking pertinent information
exploring documenting
Kuhlthau, 2004
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References
Browne, M. (1985). Information enterprises in Australia: A first profile. Sydney: Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education. School of Library & Information Science.
Butcher, D, & Rowley, J. (1998). The 7R’s of information management. Managing Information, 5(2),
Choo Chun Wei, 1998. The knowing organization: How organizations use information to construct meaning create knowledge and make decisions. New York: Oxford UP.
Choy, F. C. (1996). Educating the new parar-professionals for library and information services. Singapore Libraries, 25(1), 24-37.
Green, C., & Carey, P. (2001). Scientific publication cycle. Retrieved February 5 2008, from http://courses.washington.edu/info220a/pubcycle_files/frame.htm
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Kennedy, J. & Schauder, C. (1994). Records management: a guide for students and practitioners of records and information management with exercises and case studies. Melbourne: Longman.
King, D. & Bryant, E. (1971. The Evaluation of Information Services and Products. Arlington: Information resources press.
Korfhage, R. (1997), Information storage & retrieval. New York: John Wiley.
Kuhlthau, C. (2004). Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.
References
Seminar in Library & Information Science
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References
Kuhlthau, C. (2004). Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.
Middleton, M. (2002). Information management: A consolidation of operations, analysis and strategy, (Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies, 18). Wagga Wagga: Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University.