Fact Sheet No. 9.329 Food and Nutr i t ion Ser ies|Preparat ion

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by P. Kendall*

How many times have you been ready to cook and found you were out of a certain ingredient? Sometimes it is inconvenient to run out and purchase the necessary ingredient – it’s easier to use a similar product as a replacement.

There are, however, several factors to consider when substituting ingredients. Take into account differences in flavor, moisture, texture and weight.

Substitutions with an acid factor, such as molasses, need to be neutralized to avoid changes in the flavor and texture of the product. Differences in sweetening and thickening power need consideration

Quick Facts•Itissometimesmoreconvenienttosubstituteaningredientthanitistogooutandpurchasethenecessaryingredient.

•Whensubstitutingingredients,takeintoaccountthedifferencesintaste,moisturecontent,textureandweight.

•Whensubstitutingforsugarandflour,considerthedifferencesinsweeteningandthickeningpower.

•Understandthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofallingredients.

•Measuringaccuratelywillhelpavoiddisappointment.

*P. Kendall, Ph.D., R.D., Colorado State University, associate dean of research, food science and human nutrition. 1/2013

Ingredient Substitutions

©ColoradoStateUniversityExtension.9/98.Revised1/13.

www.ext.colostate.edu

in sugar and flour substitutions. To help avoid disappointments when substituting ingredients, understand the physical and chemical properties of all ingredients. Measure accurately.

Table 1 gives substitutes that may be used to get a finished product similar to the original. The following abbreviations are used:

tsp = teaspoonTbsp = tablespoonoz = ouncelb = pound

See Table 1 pages 2-5

for ingredient substitions

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Table 1. Ingredient equivalents.Ingredient Amount SubstitionsAllspice 1tsp 1/2tspcinnamonplus1/2tspgroundcloves.Applepiespice 1tsp 1/2tspcinnamon,1/4tspnutmeg,and1/8tspcardamom.Arrowroot,asthickener 1Tbsp 2Tbspall-purposeflour. 1Tbspcornstarch.

Bakingpowder, 1tsp 1/4tspbakingsoda,1/2tspcreamoftartarand1/4tspcornstarch;doubleacting 1/4tspbakingsodaplus5/8tspcreamoftartar; 1/4tspbakingsodaplus1/2cupbuttermilk,sourmilkoryogurt(decreaseliquidinrecipe by1/2cup); 1/4tspbakingsoda,1/2Tbspvinegarorlemonjuiceplussweetmilktomake1/2cup (decreaseliquidinrecipeby1/2cup); 1/4tspbakingsodaplus1/4cupmolasses(decreaseliquidinrecipeby1-2Tbsp); 11/2tspphosphateortartratebakingpowder.

Bayleaf,crushed 1tsp 1wholebayleaf.Brandy 1/4cup 1tspbrandyextractplusenoughwaterorliquidcalledforinrecipetomake1/4cup.

Breadcrumbs dry 1/4-1/3cup 1slicebread; 1/4cupcrackercrumbs; 2/3cuprolledoats. soft 1/2-3/4cup 1slicebread.

Broth,beeforchicken 1cup 1bouilloncube,1tsp(1envelope)powderedbrothbaseor1tspinstantgranules dissolvedin1cupwater.

Butter 1cup 1cupmargarine; 7/8to1cuphydrogenatedshorteningplus1/2tspsalt; 7/8cuplardplus1/2tspsalt; 7/8cupoilplus1/2tspsalt.

Catsup 1cup 1cuptomatosauceplus1/2cupsugarand2Tbspvinegar(foruseincooking).ChiliSauce 1cup 1cuptomatosauce,1/4cupbrownsugar,2Tbspvinegar,1/4tspcinnamon,anddashof groundclovesandallspice.

Chives,finelychopped 1Tbsp 1Tbspgreenoniontops,finelychopped.

Chocolate,unsweetened 1oz 3Tbspcocoaplus1Tbspbutterorfat; 3Tbspcarobpowderplus2Tbspwater. semisweet 1-2/3oz 1ozunsweetenedchocolateplus4tspsugar.

Chocolatechips, 6ozpkg 2squares(2oz)unsweetenedchocolate,plus2Tbspshorteningand1/2cupsugar.semisweet,melted (2/3cup)

Coconut,grated,dry 1Tbsp 11/2tbspfreshcoconut,grated.Coconutmilk 1cup 1cupmilk.Coconutcream 1cup 1cupcream.

Cornstarch 1Tbsp 2Tbspall-purposeflour; 2Tbspgranulartapioca; 1Tbsparrowroot.

Cornsyrup 1cup 1cupgranulatedsugarplus1/4cupwaterorotherliquidcalledforinrecipe; 1cuphoney.

Crackercrumbs 3/4cup 1cupdrybreadcrumbs.Cream: half&half(10-12%fat) 1cup 11/2Tbspbutterplus7/8cupmilk; 1/2cupcoffeecreamplus1/2cupmilk; 1cupevaporatedmilk,undiluted. coffee(20%fat) 1cup 3Tbspbutterplus7/8cupmilk. heavy(36-40%fat) 1cup 1/3cupbutterplus3/4cupmilk(forbakingonly,willnotwhip).

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Ingredient Amount Substitutions sourcream 1cup 7/8cupbuttermilkorsourmilk; 1cupyogurt; 11/8cuppowderednonfatdrymilk,1/2cupwarmwaterand1Tbspvinegar(mixturewill thickeninrefrigeratorinafewhours); 1cupevaporatedmilkplus1Tbspvinegar(allowtostand5minutesbeforeusing); 1/3cupbuttermilk,1Tbsplemonjuice,and1cupsmoothcottagecheeseblended together; 7/8cupmilk,1Tbsplemonjuice,and2Tbspbutterormargarine. whippedcream 2cups 1cupchilledevaporatedmilkplus1/2tsplemonjuice,whippeduntilstiff.

Creamoftartar 1/2tsp 11/2tsplemonjuiceorvinegar.Dill,fresh 1head 1tspdillseed.

Eggswhole,large 1egg 21/2Tbspdried,siftedeggsplus21/2Tbspwater; (31/3Tbsp) 31/3Tbspfrozeneggyolks,thawed; 1/2tspbakingpowder,1Tbspvinegarand1Tbspliquid(inbaking); 1egginevery3canbereplacedwith1Tbspcornstarchinbaking; Soften1Tbspunflavoredgelatinin3Tbspcoldwater,add3tspboilingwater,cooland beatuntilfrothy,addtorecipe(reduceotherliquidby2Tbsp); 1/4cupcommercialeggsubstitute. whites 1eggwhite 2tspdriedeggwhiteplus2Tbspwater; (2Tbsp) 2Tbspfrozeneggwhites,thawed. yolks 1eggyolk 2Tbspdriedeggyolksplus2tspwater; (11/3Tbsp) 4tspfrozeneggyolks,thawed.

Flour,pastry 1cup 7/8cupall-purposeorbreadflour. cake 1cup 7/8cupall-purposeflour(1cupless2Tbsp). white,all-purposefor 1Tbsp 1/2Tbspcornstarch,potatostarch,ricestarchorarrowroot; thickening 1Tbspquick-cookingtapioca; 1Tbspwaxyriceorcornflour; 2Tbspgranularcereal; 2Tbspbrownedflour; 11/2Tbspwholewheatflour. white,all-purposefor 1cup 11/2cupsbreadcrumbs; baking 11/8cupscakeflour(1cupplus2Tbsp); 7/8to1cupcornmeal; Note:Specialtyflours 1/2cupcornstarchplus1/2cuprye,potatoorriceflour(sifttogether6times,usewith addedtoyeastbread 2tspbakingpowderpercupinquickbreadsaswheatflourallergysubstitute); recipieswillresultina 13/16cupglutenflour(1cupless3Tbsp); reducedvolumeand 5/8cuppotatoflour; heavierproduct. 7/8cupriceflour; 11/3cupsrolledoats; 11/4cupsryeflour; 1/8cupsoy,cottonseed,peanutorcarobflourplus7/8cupall-purposeflour; 1/3cupwheatgermplus2/3cupall-purposeflour; 1cupminus1Tbspwholewheatflour. white,all-purpose, 1cup 1cupall-purposeflourplus11/4tspbakingpowderand1/4tspsalt. self-risingGarlic 1clove,small 1/8tspgarlicpowderorinstantmincedgarlic; 1/2-1tspgarlicsalt(reduceamountsaltcalledforinrecipe).Gelatin,flavored 3-ozpackage 1Tbspplaingelatinplus2cupsfruitjuice.Ginger,candiedorraw 1Tbsp 1/8tsppowderedginger.Herbs,fresh 1Tbsp 1tspdriedherbs.Honey 1cup 11/4cupsugarplus1/4cupliquid(useliquidcalledforinrecipe).Horseradish,gratedfresh 1Tbsp 2Tbspbottledhorseradish.Italianseasoning 1tsp 1/4tspbasil,2/3tspdriedparsley,andpinchoregano.Lemon,whole 1lemon 1to3Tbspjuice,plus2to21/2tspgratedrind. juice 1tsp 1/2tspvinegar. gratedrindorpeel 1tsp 1/2tsplemonextract.Lemongrass 1Tbsp 1Tbsplemonpeel.Maplesugar,grated 1Tbsp 1Tbspwhitesugar. 1/2cup 1cupmaplesyrup(decreaseliquidby1/2cup).

Table 1, continued.

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Ingredient Amount Substitutions Maplesyrup about2cups Combine2cupssugarand1cupwater,bringtoclearboil;takeoffheat;add1/2tsp mapleflavoring.Marshmallows,miniature 1cup 10largemarshmallows.Mayonnaise(foruse 1cup 1cupyogurt,sourcreamorcottagecheesepureedinblender(useforallorpartof insaladsandsalad mayonnaisecalledforinrecipe). dressings)Milk,buttermilkorsour 1cup 1cupminus1Tbspsweetmilkplus1Tbspvinegarorlemonjuice;letstand5minutes; 1cupsweetmilkplus11/4-13/4tspcreamoftartar; 1cupyogurt(plain). skim 1cup 1/3cupinstantnonfatdrymilkplus7/8cupwater. whole 1cup 1/2cupevaporatedmilkplus1/2cupwater; 1cupskim,2%orreconstituteddrymilk; 1cupsoyoralmondmilk; 1cupfruitjuiceorpotatowaterinbaking; 1cupwaterplus11/2tspbutterinbaking; 1cupbuttermilkplus1/2tspbakingsoda(decreasebakingpowderby2tsp). sweetenedcondensed 1cup Combine1cupplus2Tbspdrymilkwith1/2cupwarmwaterand3/4cupsugar,mix well;maysetpaninbowlofhotwatertodissolvesugar.Mintleaves,fresh 1/4cup 1Tbspdriedmintleaves. choppedMolasses 1cup 3/4cupsugar,increaseliquidby5Tbsp,decreasebakingsodaby1/2tsp,add2tsp bakingpowder; 3/4cupsugarplus11/4tspcreamoftartar,increaseliquidinrecipeby5Tbsp.Mushrooms,fresh 1lb 3ozdriedplus11/2cupswater; 18-ozcan,drainedweight.Mustard,dry 1tsp 1Tbsppreparedmustard; 1/2tspmustardseeds.Nuts 1cup 1cuprolledoats,browned(inbakedproducts).

Oil(forsauteing) 1/4cup 1/4cupmeltedmargarine,butter,bacondrippings,shorteningorlard.Onion 1small 1/4cupchopped,freshonion; 11/3tsponionsalt; 1to2Tbspinstantmincedonion; 1tsponionpowder.Onionpowder 1tsp 1/4cupfreshonion,chopped.Orange 1medium 6to8Tbspjuice;3/4cupdiced;2to3Tbspgratedrind.Orangepeel,dried 1Tbsp 2or3Tbspgratedfreshorangepeel(peelofmediumorange).

Parsley,fresh 1Tbsp 1tspparsleyflakes.Pepper,white 1tsp 1tspblackpepper.Peppers,greenor 1Tbsp 3Tbspfreshbellpepper,driedchopped. redbell,driedPimento 2Tbsp, 3Tbspfreshredbellpepper; chopped 1Tbspdriedredpepper,rehydrated.Pumpkinpiespice 1tsp 1/2tspcinnamon,1/4tspginger,1/8tspallspiceand1/8tspnutmeg.Rennet 1tablet 1Tbspliquidrennet. Rice 1cupcooked 1cupconverted,regularbrownorwildrice,cooked; 1cupbulgurorpearlbarley,cooked.Rum 1/4cup 1Tbsprumextractplusenoughliquidtomake1/4cup.Shortening,melted 1cup 1cupcookingoil. solid 1cup 1cupminus2Tbsplard; 1cupbutterormargarine(decreasesaltinrecipeby1/2tsp).

Table 1, continued.

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Ingredient Amount Substitutions Sugar,brown 1cup 1cupgranulatedsugar; 1cupgranulatedsugarplus1/4cupunsulphuredmolasses; 1/2cupliquidbrownsugar. confectioners 1cup 3/4cupgranulatedsugar(forusesotherthanbaking). orpowdered granulated 1cup 1cupfirmlypackedbrownsugar; 11/3cupconfectionerssugar(forusesotherthanbaking); 1cupcornsyrup,reduceotherliquidby1/4cup(neverreplacemorethan1/2ofsugar calledforinrecipewithcornsyrup); 13/16cuphoney(1cupless3Tbsp);reduceliquidinrecipeby3Tbspforeverycupof honeyadded,addapinchofbakingsodatoneutralizeacidity; 3/4to1cupmaplesyrupminus3Tbspotherliquid; 1cupmolassesorsorghumplus1/2tspbakingsoda,omitordecreasebakingpowder by1tsp,reduceotherliquidby6Tbsp; 1cuprawsugar.Tapioca,quick-cooking 11/2-2Tbsp 4Tbsppearltapioca,soaked. quick-cookingfor 1Tbsp 1Tbspflour. thickeningTomatoes,fresh 2cups, 116-ozcan,drained. chopped packed 1cup 1/2cuptomatosauceplus1/2cupwater. canned 1cup 11/3cupsdicedtomatoessimmered10minutes.Tomatojuice 1cup 1/2cuptomatosauceplus1/2cupwater.Tomatosauce 2cups 3/4cuptomatopasteplus1cupwater.Tomatosoup 1103/4oz. 1cuptomatosauceplus1/4cupwater. can Vanillabean 1/2bean 1Tbspvanillaextract.Worcestershiresauce 1tsp 1tspbottledsteaksauce.Yeast,activedry(1/4oz) 1package 21/2tspdryyeastor1compressedyeastcake.Yogurt 1cup 1cupbuttermilk; 1cupcottagecheese,blendeduntilsmooth; 1cupsourcream.

* Forconversiontometrics,usethefollowingequivalents: 1tsp=5milliliters 1lb=.45kilograms 1Tbsp=15milliliters 1cup=240mililiters 1oz=28grams

Table 1, continued.

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