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SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

Integrated Energy Systems with Integrated Energy Systems with Multiple Energy CarriersMultiple Energy Carriers

Bjørn H. Bakken , PhD Anngjerd Pleym , PhD

SINTEF Energy ResearchN-7465 Trondheim

Norwaywww.energy.sintef.no

Workshop on Sustainable Energy SystemsNov 29 – Dec 1, 2000, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA

SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

Integrated Energy Systems with Multiple Energy Carriers

OverviewOverview

➠ Introduction - The Energy System

➠ Concept: Integration of new distributed energy sources

➠ Interface issues

➠ The Norwegian Power Quality Project

➠ Tool: Analysis of systems with multiple energy carriers

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Energy Research

Electricity Generation in Electricity Generation in NordelNordel 1999 (1999 (TWhTWh))

DENMARK

SWEDEN

FINLAND

Conv. thermalNuclearHydroWind

34

3

122

1

10

70 70 32

2213NORWAY

SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

The The EnergEnergy Sy Systemystem

Transport

Storage

Conversion

EmissionsCO2, Nox, SO2 ...

Losses

Energy resources

WaterOilGasCoalUraniumSunBiomass

WaveWind

...

Lighting

Heating

Cooling

End use

Work

and -carriers

3

SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

Integration of new distributed energy sourcesIntegration of new distributed energy sources

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SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

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Local energy distributionLocal energy distribution1. ”Classic model”1. ”Classic model”

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SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

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Local energy distributionLocal energy distribution

2. Dispersed co2. Dispersed co--generationgeneration

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SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

Local energy distributionLocal energy distribution

3. Integrated co3. Integrated co--generationgeneration

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Energy Research

Integration of new energy sources in the Integration of new energy sources in the existing systemexisting system

Owner of small scale energy source

Utility representative

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Energy Research

Design of customer gatewayDesign of customer gateway

Type and size of customer- domestic- farming / greenhouse- industrial- public service (office, school etc)- shopping- ….

Type and size of customer- domestic- farming / greenhouse- industrial- public service (office, school etc)- shopping- ….

Class of generation unit- synchronously rotating machinery

- gas turbine, stirling engine, steam turbine etc

- induction generator- wind turbine, micro-hydro

- piston engines- diesel engine, gas engine

- DC source- solar cell, fuel cell

Class of generation unit- synchronously rotating machinery

- gas turbine, stirling engine, steam turbine etc

- induction generator- wind turbine, micro-hydro

- piston engines- diesel engine, gas engine

- DC source- solar cell, fuel cell

What are the customer and utility needs?

- metering (2-way)- protection (2-way)- PQ Conditioning (2-way)- remote control & monitoring- circuit breaker control- commercial communication

possibilities (phone, cable TV, internet)

- energy and power management (2-way)

What are the customer and utility needs?

- metering (2-way)- protection (2-way)- PQ Conditioning (2-way)- remote control & monitoring- circuit breaker control- commercial communication

possibilities (phone, cable TV, internet)

- energy and power management (2-way)

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Energy Research

”House of tomorrow””House of tomorrow”

l Central heat storage system

l Micro-cogeneration unit

l Thermal solar cells

l Gas fuelled heat pump

l Hot fill washing and dish washing machines

l Gas fuelled dryer, stove and fireplace

l PEX-based indoor gas piping with flexible gas outlets e.g. for outdoor grilling

l Heat exchangers / regeneration

Source: Gasunie Research, NL

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”House of tomorrow”

Customer Customer –– Utility relationshipUtility relationship

- Is it realistic to assume that a single customer/houseowner can design, invest and maintain the complex energy systems of the future in his own house?

✔ The Customer buys Comfort on a contract of sufficient time frame- desired room temperature- no. of residents, no. of bathrooms/showers etc.- stoves, washing machines, fireplace etc.

➠The customer pays only a monthly Energy bill

✔ The Energy utility designs, invests, operate and maintain the customer’s energy system

➠Possible to optimize the system in a wider context (house, area, region…)

➠Need for advanced tools to optimize such customer relations

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The Norwegian Power Quality projectThe Norwegian Power Quality project1993 1993 -- 20012001

Activities:

✔ Measuring methods and instrumentation

✔ Measurement campaign and national database (including analysis of data)

✔ Solving practical PQ-problems

✔ Power electronics related to PQ

✔ Correlation between lightning activity and PQ

✔ Individual contracts regarding PQ between customers and utilities

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Power Quality in the Norwegian NetworkPower Quality in the Norwegian Network

Trends for Total Harmonic DistortionTrends for Total Harmonic Distortion

*) the data covers only the first half of 2000

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

01993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 *)

% THD

All measurementpoints

Points with measure-ments every year

Points with continuous measurements

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Energy Research

Power Quality in the Norwegian NetworkPower Quality in the Norwegian Network

VVoltageoltage sagssags

0

5

10

15

20

25

10 -

100

ms

0.1 -

0.5 s

0.5 -

1 s

1 - 3

s

3 - 2

0 s

20 -

180 s

99 - 100 %60 - 99 %

30 - 60 %10 - 30 %

Mean annual number of voltage sags for low voltage networks (230-400 V)

Relative voltage sag

Duration

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Power Quality in the Norwegian NetworkPower Quality in the Norwegian Network

TTransient overvoltagesransient overvoltages

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 - 0.005

0.005 - 0

.01

0.01 -

0.1

0.1 - 1

1 - 10

10 - 100

5.0 - 10.03.0 - 5.0

2.0 - 3.01.5 - 2.0

1.0 - 1.5

Mean annual number of transients in low voltage networks (230-400 kV)

Amplitude [pu]

Energy content (Voltsec. integral)

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Energy Research

Power Quality in the Norwegian NetworkPower Quality in the Norwegian Network

VVoltageoltage sagssags

Country No. of voltage sags

No of short interruptions

Total no. of events

USA 66.2 8.5 74.6 Norway 91.9 18.0 109.8

Italy 279.8 58.2 338.0

Comparison of mean annual numbersfor high voltage distribution networks (11-22 kV)

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Energy Research

Analysis of energy distribution systems with multiple energy carriers

MethodologyMethodology

➠ AIM: develop a flexible tool for analysis of complex energysystems with multiple energy carriers

✔ generate system model with standard modules for transport channels, energy conversion processes and storage capacity

✔ connection to superior system model through simple and uniform set of linear variables

✔ superior system analysis in a general network model

✔ attributes like aesthetics, noise, impact on nature etc included through a new variable ”Energy Quality”

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Case A: Energy supply to hospitalCase A: Energy supply to hospital

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System System modelmodel for hospitalfor hospitalRESOURCES END

USE

EL

HEAT

STEAM

BOILER 1

EL

GAS TRSP

DISTRICTHEATING

STORAGE

COGEN 2

COGEN 1

HP 1 HP 2

HEAT EXCH 1

AC SYSTEM

DH SYSTEM / PIPELINE

BOILER 2

STEAM SYSTEM / -PIPEGAS

GAS PIPE

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Energy Research

Network model for hospitalNetwork model for hospital

ELEL

SOURCES SINKS

HEAT

STEAM

DISTRICTHEATING

GAS PIPE

GAS TRSP

T1 T2 T3 T4

T5 T6 T7 T8

T9 T10

T11 T12 T13

P1 P2

P3

P4 P5 P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

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Case B: Distributed energy from biomass and wasteCase B: Distributed energy from biomass and waste

RESOURCES

LAND FILL

COUNTY

COMPANY

WASTE

TRANSPORT

STORE 1

FORESTRY

FARMING

DISTR HEATING

CHIPS / WOODCOGEN 4

PELLETS STORE 3 COGEN 3

LAND FILL GAS

COGEN 2

STRAW / PLANTS /

PEAT / WASTE

STORE 4 LOCAL COGENPRE-PROC

PRE-PROC

EL GRID

COGEN 1

TRANSPORT

STORAGE PWF LOCAL COGEN

TRANSPORT

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COUNTY

SOURCES

COMPANY

FORESTRY

LAND FILL

FARMING

P1

T1

T2

P3

P2

T4P4

T5

T6 T7

T8

T9 T10

P6

P5

P7

P8

P9 P10

P12

P11

P14

P13

P16

P15

EL

HEAT

EL

HEAT

P18

P17

P20

P19

1

7

43

5

2

8

9

10

11 12

14

13

15 16 1817

Distributed energy from biomass and wasteDistributed energy from biomass and waste

DISTR. HEATING

EL. GRID

SINTEF Energy Research

Energy Research

Integrated Energy Systems with Multiple Energy Carriers

SummarySummary

➠ Currently a rapid development in energy distribution systems

➠ New technologies for energy transport and conversion are introduced

➠ More complex energy systems to design and operate

➠ Interface issues between existing and new technology must be addressed

➠ An overall system perspective is necessary

➠ More flexible and comprehensive tools are needed