Intelligence (Cognition)Intelligence (Cognition)

Intelligence = ability to gather and use info in Intelligence = ability to gather and use info in productive waysproductive ways

Fluid – ability to solve abstract problems and Fluid – ability to solve abstract problems and gain new knowledgegain new knowledge

Crystallized – Using knowledge gathered Crystallized – Using knowledge gathered over time. over time.

Fluid decreases w/age. Fluid decreases w/age. Crystallized hold steady or increases. Crystallized hold steady or increases.

Should (Spearman)Should (Spearman) ThurstoneThurstone Go (Guilford)Go (Guilford) Get (Gardner)Get (Gardner) Green (Goleman)Green (Goleman) Shoes (Sternberg)Shoes (Sternberg)

Spearman – Intelligence can be expressed Spearman – Intelligence can be expressed by a single factor. by a single factor.

Uses statistics to correlate s and g. Uses statistics to correlate s and g. Single factor = gSingle factor = g

Spearman – Intelligence can be expressed Spearman – Intelligence can be expressed by a single factor. by a single factor.

Uses statistics to correlate s and g. Uses statistics to correlate s and g. Single factor = gSingle factor = g

Thurstone Thurstone – Intelligence is made up of SEVEN main abilitiesIntelligence is made up of SEVEN main abilities– These include reasoning, memory and verbal These include reasoning, memory and verbal

comprehensioncomprehension

Guilford Guilford – Intelligence is made up of OVER 100 abilitiesIntelligence is made up of OVER 100 abilities

GardnerGardner– Theory of multiple intelligencesTheory of multiple intelligences

LinguisticLinguistic Logical- mathematicalLogical- mathematical SpatialSpatial MusicalMusical Bodily-kinestheticBodily-kinesthetic InterpersonalInterpersonal IntrapersonalIntrapersonal NaturalistNaturalist

GolemanGoleman– EQ: Emotional IntelligenceEQ: Emotional Intelligence– Correlates to Gardner’s inter and intra personal Correlates to Gardner’s inter and intra personal – People need both IQ and EQ to be successfulPeople need both IQ and EQ to be successful

Sternberg’s Triarchic theorySternberg’s Triarchic theory

Componential – Compare, contrast and analyze

Contextual or Practical aka Street smarts -

Experiential or creative – use knowledge in new and innovative ways

Stanford –BinetStanford –Binet WeschlerWeschler

– WPPSI ( under 4)WPPSI ( under 4)– WISC (ages 6 – 16)WISC (ages 6 – 16)– WAIS (adults)WAIS (adults)

Piaget’s Theory:Piaget’s Theory: Adolescent was in formal Adolescent was in formal operational stage of cognition where thought is operational stage of cognition where thought is more abstract & adolescents are no longer limited more abstract & adolescents are no longer limited to actual, concrete experiences as anchors for to actual, concrete experiences as anchors for thoughtthought

They can now conjure up make-believe situations They can now conjure up make-believe situations & events that are hypothetical possibilities & then & events that are hypothetical possibilities & then try to reason logically about themtry to reason logically about them

In this stage: adolescent has ability to develop In this stage: adolescent has ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses to solve problems as hypotheses, or best guesses to solve problems as in algebraic equationin algebraic equation

They systematically deduce, or conclude best They systematically deduce, or conclude best path to follow in solving equationpath to follow in solving equation

Adolescent Egocentrism Adolescent Egocentrism

Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents which is reflected in their belief that others are as which is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are & in their sense of interested in them as they are & in their sense of personal uniqueness personal uniqueness

David Elkind proposes two types of David Elkind proposes two types of social thinking:social thinking: imaginary audience:imaginary audience: a belief that they are ‘on a belief that they are ‘on

stage’ and that their every act is being viewed by stage’ and that their every act is being viewed by an imaginary audiencean imaginary audience

personal fable:personal fable: sense of uniqueness making sense of uniqueness making them feel that no one can understand themthem feel that no one can understand them

Information Processing in Information Processing in AdolescentsAdolescents

Ability to process information improves in areas Ability to process information improves in areas of memory, decision making critical thinking & of memory, decision making critical thinking & self-regulatory learningself-regulatory learning

Robert Sternberg found that solving problems, Robert Sternberg found that solving problems, such as analogies, requires individuals to make such as analogies, requires individuals to make continued comparisons between newly encoded continued comparisons between newly encoded information & previously encoded informationinformation & previously encoded information

Adolescents probably have more storage space Adolescents probably have more storage space in short-term memoryin short-term memory

Adolescent Cognitive Adolescent Cognitive CapacitiesCapacities

Adolescents have:Adolescents have: Increased speed, automaticity & capacity of information Increased speed, automaticity & capacity of information

processingprocessing More breadth of content knowledge,More breadth of content knowledge, Increased ability to construct new combinations of Increased ability to construct new combinations of

knowledgeknowledge Greater range for applying or obtaining knowledge Greater range for applying or obtaining knowledge Capacity to set goals for extending knowledgeCapacity to set goals for extending knowledge Awareness of their emotional makeup to: periodically Awareness of their emotional makeup to: periodically

monitor their progress, fine-tune their strategies, evaluate monitor their progress, fine-tune their strategies, evaluate obstacles & make adaptationsobstacles & make adaptations