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Intelligence Module 24

Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

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Page 1: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Intelligence

Module 24

Page 2: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

IntelligenceIncludes:• capacity to learn from experience• ability to solve problems• capacity to reason clearly

Robert Sternberg, 1997, “[intelligence is]...the mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments.”

Page 3: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Alfred Binet• commissioned in 1904, by the French

government to study the problem of determining children’s intelligence.

• collaborated with Theodore Simon• set out to measure mental age, a

chronological age typical of a child’s performance at a certain level

• was successful in creating a series of questions to discern intellect

Page 4: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Lewis Terman of Stanford University

• revised Binet’s intelligence test• adapted some of the original and

added others• established new age norms• extended the upper range from

teenagers to “superior adults”• called it the Stanford-Binet

Page 5: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

What is an IQ?

It’s an idea developed by German psychologist William Stern

IQ = ___mental age_____ X 100chronological age

Average IQ score = 100Thus, if a 8 year old child tests with a mental

age of 10, her I Q would be 125.

Page 6: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Factor Analysis

This is a way of identifying clusters of test items that measure a common ability.

Examples: verbal, spatial, reasoning, social, leadership ability

Page 7: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Robert Sternberg -Three aspects of Intelligence

1. Analytical = academic problem-solving, a single right answer

2. Creative = novel ideas, reacting to novel situations

3. Practical = required for everyday tasks, need multiple solutions

Page 8: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Creativity - Sternberg“The ability to produce ideas that are both novel

and valuable.”

Five components of creativity:

1. Expertise –base of knowledge

2. Imaginative thinking skills – ability to see things in a new way.

3. Venturesome personality – tolerance for ambiguity and risk

4. Intrinsic motivation – internally motivated

5. Creative environment - support

Page 9: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Howard Gardner

• intelligence comes in different “packages”

• accounts for the savant syndrome (low score on IQ tests, high ability, even brilliance, in one area).

• we have multiple intelligences

Page 10: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Mental RetardationLevel Typical

Intelligence Scores

Percentage of Persons w/Retardation

Adaptation to Demands of Life

Mild 50-70 85% up to 6th grade academic, some social and vocational

Moderate 35-49 10% 2nd grade, sheltered workshops

Severe 20-30 3-4% talk, simple work tasks, but not self-supporting

Profound Below 20 1-2% Require constant aid and supervision

Page 11: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Test ConstructionTerminology:

Standardization – comparing scores to a pretested, representative group

Reliability – test-retest constancy

Validity – the test must measure what it says it will measure

Content validity – measuring the specific pertinent behavior

Page 12: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Emotional Intelligence - Gardner“The ability to perceive, understand, and manage

emotions.”

Self awareness empathy

Delay gratification handle others

Self-control

Page 13: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Assessing Intelligence

• WAIS – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale• WISC – Wechsler Intelligence Scale for

Children• Created by David Wechsler• Gives a Verbal and Performance score, great

differences between the two may indicate a learning disability or other problem/

Page 14: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Test Construction

• Criterion – what the test is designed to predict

• Predictive validity - the test’s ability to predict future achievement (also called criterion-related validity)

Page 15: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

How well do aptitude tests predict success?

• They are highly predictive in the early grades, but not as we get older.

• The best predictor of future grades is past grades!!

• The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.

Page 16: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Genetics and Environment

Page 17: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Genetic Influences on IQ• Identical twins have almost identical IQ

scores - raised apart or together.• The gene on chromosome 6, is found in

about 2/3 of children with very high IQ scores.

• Smarter mice have been produced by injecting an extra gene into fertilized eggs.

• Adopted children resemble their adopted parents less and less with age.

Page 18: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Environmental Influences on IQ

• Fraternal twins score more alike than other siblings.

• Genes and environment interact to shape the brain.

• Severe disadvantage deeply harms children.

• Programs like Head-Start have immediate positive effects that are reduced over time.

Page 19: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Education

• Education and intelligence enhance each other.

• It pays off in increased earnings later in life.

• IQ scores rise during the school year and fall during the summer.

Page 20: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Ethnic Similarities and Differences

• In the U.S. there is a gap in average IQ scores between whites, blacks, and Hispanics.

• Other countries also have IQ score differences among different ethnic populations.

• Differences may be due to the environment.

Page 21: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Gender Similarities and Differences

• No overall difference in gender IQ scores• Girls are better spellers.• Girls are more verbally fluent.• Boys are more often in special education.• Boys talk later, stutter more, have difficulty

with reading more often.• In high school, boys underachieve more often

then girls by a 2:1 ratio.

Page 22: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

What about math?• In math grades the typical girl equals or

surpasses the average boy.• Females have the edge in computation.• Males have the edge in problem solving.• Males can quickly rotate 3D objects in their

minds.• More western males score at the top, but

females score equally in the east.• Exposure to male hormones increases spatial

ability.

Page 23: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

What about emotion?

• Women are better “emotion detectors” than men

• Myers speculates that because women need to read the emotions of their infants and would-be lovers, they have developed more empathy.

Page 24: Intelligence Module 24. Intelligence Includes: capacity to learn from experience ability to solve problems capacity to reason clearly Robert Sternberg,

Bias

• IQ tests are biased in the sense that they detect genetic differences and cultural, environmental factors.

• Gender and racial bias are also factors in teaching and testing.

• Sometimes IQ tests are wrongly used to discriminate.