INTELLIGENT WIRELESS VIDEO CEMERA USING COMPUTER

INTELLIGENT WIRELESS VIDEO CEMERA USING COMPUTER

CONTENTSABSTRACTList of FiguresChapter No Chapter Name Page No 1 INTRODUCTION 2 INFRARED TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 2.1.Sensing Circuit3 TRANSMITTER SECTION 3.1. Block Diagram 4 BASIC OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE 4.1.Infrared LED 5 PERSONAL COMPUTER 5.1. Driving Of Stepper Motor 6 STEPPER MOTOR 7 REMOTE SENSING 8 SOLID STATE IMAGER 9 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES CONCLUTION

ABSTRACTThe intelligent wireless video camera described in this is designed using wireless video monitoring system, for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the restricted zone. This type of automatic wireless video monitors is quite suitable for the isolated restricted zones, where the tight security is required.The principle of remote sensing is utilized in this, to detect the presence of any person who is very near to reference point with in the zone.A video camera collects the images from the reference points and then converts into electronic signals. The collected images are converted from visible light into invisible electronic signals inside a solid-state imager. These signals are transmitted to the monitor, In this for the demonstration purpose three reference points are taken. Each reference point is arranged with two infrared LEDs and one lamp. This arrangement is made to detect the presence of a person who is near the reference point. The reference point is nothing but restricted area, when any person comes near to any reference point, then immediately that particular reference point output will become high and this high signal is fed to the computer. Now the computer energizes that particular reference point lamp and rotates the video camera towards that reference point for collecting the images at that particular reference point. To rotate the video camera towards interrupted reference point, stepper motor is used. The present wireless video camera described in this is designed using wireless video monitoring system, for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the restricted zone. This type of automatic wireless video monitors is quite suitable for the isolated restricted zones, where the tight security is required. Once upon a time much importance is not given for the security system. But as we see today lot of terrorism has grown up across the country and need has aroused to develop different types of security systems for various applications to safe guard the zones of various types like, military zones, railway yards, scrap yards, borders etc., this kind of automatic video monitoring systems can be installed at indo-pak borders, where the terrorists are crossing borders. In fact our country is spending lot of its revenue to safe guard the borders. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONTracking and recognizing objects using video sequence is an important topic in computer vision field and has a variety of potential applications. Many researchers have proposed actual applications with this research problem. In A. Pent land proposed a wearable device that sees people using an image sensor and understands the environment so that computer can act or respond appropriately without detailed instructions. In Mahonen proposed a wireless intelligent surveillance camera system that consists of a digital camera, a CPU or DSP for image processing, and a wireless radio modem. Unlike a multimedia system, the output of a surveillance system is not always an image sequence, but could also be the positions of humans, image content features and so on. Therefore, the architecture of video surveillance system should differ greatly depending on what its objective and outputs are. Several other researchers proposed varieties of embedded image processing systems. Even in systems combined with a PC, many of the applications embed the image processing part in their camera modules. Some of the reasons for this decision are: i) difficulty or high cost concerning transforming a huge amount of video data; ii) restriction with respect to the size or weight of the component; and iii) requirement for a real-time solution. In Shirai at el. proposed a real time surveillance system. They used a linear array processor consisting of DSP boards and I/O boards, which perform TV images in real-time. The I/O board digitizes an NTSC analog signal as an array of 8 bit unsigned integers and transfers them to the DSP boards. The I/O board also functions as the video signal output for display. The I/O board converts the stored image data processed in the DSP board into an analog video signal. Each DSP board has two DSP chips (TI TMS320C40) that is a 32 bit floating point processor, runs on 50MHz clock speed, and transfers one background memory per clock cycle. These DSP processors are connected in tandem on the DSP boards, forming a linear array, and are capable of performing independently. They used four board connected serially to compute the pixel velocity using the optical flow method.

The optical flow method is adopted in order to compute the image motion using the spatial gradation in the image and the temporal intensity 3 difference of image sequence. Each four board performs spatial filtering, temporal filtering, velocity calculation and display processing respectively in this order and the last board outputs the velocities. In previous research Sato and Aggarwal have proposed a real-time surveillance system that recognizes human interactive activities using a side-view image sequence. The system recognizes humans based on the pixel velocities extracted using temporal spatio-velocity transform. The system consists of a single monochrome video camera, a video capturing device and a PC. When it turns to an actual application, the system makes use of several cameras. This is due to the small observation range of the single system. This causes several problems: (i) several PCs are required because one PC can manage up to two cameras; and (ii) synchronization between small system sets is difficult. To overcome problem (i), I propose an embedded system that performs the fundamental image processing part (that is human segmentation processing) and sends the resulting data to a PC. FIG:INTELLIGENT WIRELESS VIDEO CEMERA

CHAPTER 2 INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVERThis section is designed for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the restricted zone within the range. It is basically an infrared proximity detection system. Here high efficiency IR-LED is driven by PNP Transistor SK100 with a modulating frequency of about 10KHz. This frequency is available from Pin 5 of LM 567 IC (versatile PLL tone decoder IC). The 47W resistor connected in series with the IR LED limits the IR-LED current. The basic function of the detector circuit is by radiating energy into space through IR LED and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object. The reflected energy that is returned to the receiving LED indicates the presence of a person who is within the range. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and re-radiated in many directions. The radiation directed back towards the system is collected by the receiving LED causes to produce a high signal at Pin No.8 of LM567 IC. The output of the receiver is fed to the computer. Whenever the computer receives a high signal from the reference point, the computer drives the stepper motor through the driving transistors and rotates the motor towards that particular reference point. Three similar circuits are designed for the three different reference points. 2.2 SENSING CIRCUIT: FIG:SENSING CIRCUIT CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITTING SECTION 3.1. Block Diagram:

VHF OSILLATORAMPLIFIER STAGEDRIVER STAGE

INTELLIGENT WIRELESS VIDEO CEMERA USING COMPUTER

YOGANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE Dept of ECEPage 4

FIG: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER SECTION The output of the video camera is fed to this transmitter, for transmitting the video signals in amplitude modulation. The video signal coming out of video camera is nothing but pure composite video signal and this signal is fed to this AM transmitter. The transmitter circuit generates a continuous frequency of 100MHz approximately, which is used to form a permanent link between the transmitter and receiver, and this is known as carrier frequency. The output of video camera is fed to this carrier input as a modulating wave. This is a frequency modulated radio transmitter. The radiating power of the transmitter is less than 20mw, so that the range between transmitter and receiver can be less than 25 feet.The AM transmitter consists three sections namely(1) VHF Oscillator (2) Driver Stage or Modulator (3) Final Amplifier Stage.The output of the VHF oscillator is treated as carrier and the same is fed to the modulator section. The output of the VHF oscillator is fed to collector and the final output taken from the emitter of the PNP transistor of the modulator section. Since it is a PNP transistor there wont be any phase reversal (1800 phase shift), because this transistor is configured in common base mode. Therefore finally at the output of this stage, a perfect AM wave can be obtained. In the amplifier section 2 N 3866-NPN Transistor is used to amplify the input signal.

The carrier is designed for transmitting the picture details. At the receiving end, a small television set of 4 screen is used to display the picture caught. In this way using this wireless video camera we can detect the entry of unauthorized persons especially in case of military to detect our enemies crossing the border.

FIG:Complete circuit diagram of transmitter

CHAPTER 4 BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLE The video surveillance unit is designed for the widest possible viewing range and portability. The unit consists of a Stepper Motor, which drives the camera towards reference points automatically by the computer and a transmitter

transmits the images collected by the camera to a distant end. Thus a automatic controlled wireless camera is very useful for surveillance of places where the particular location makes it inconvenient or impractical for a wired operation of the unit. The robotic action made by the stepper motor is attached to the camera allows surveillance of maximum area with one single camera. Such setup can be very flexible to the user and can save valuable company resources. There are several types of security systems existed in the Market; one of the most common security systems is CCTV (Closed Circuit Television). The CCTV consists Video Surveillance Camera used as security-monitoring device plays a major roll in security systems. One reason for this is the fact that a picture is worth then a thousand words. This is especially true in a court of law where an eyewitness is required who can place the criminal at the scene of a crime.

CCTV systems are also helpful in the residential security Market. They allow homeowners to see their callers, thus establishing their identity before they open an outside entrance door. This is an important feature too, because other wise, they might open their door to a criminal. The Infrared sensing circuit consists of two infrared LEDs for transmitting the signal as well as receiving the signal. The signal transmitted by the transmitting LED omits the signal in a line like laser beam, the radiated signal from the transmitting LED is invisible and harmless. Whenever the human body interrupts the transmitting signal, there the signal is reflected and this reflected signal is received by the infrared receiving LED.

FIG: Basic Operation Principle

4.1. Infrared LED:Alight-emitting diode(LED) is a two-leadsemiconductorlight source that resembles a basicpn-junctiondiode, except that an LED also emits light.When an LED's anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at least the LED's forward voltage drop, current flows.Electronsare able to recombine withholeswithin the device, releasing energy in the form ofphotons. This effect is calledelectroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energyband gapof the semiconductor.

FIG:STRUCTURE OF IR LED An LED is often small in area (less than 1mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape itsradiation pattern. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[9]the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across thevisible, ultraviolet, andinfraredwavelengths, with very high brightness.Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form ofseven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse asaviation lighting,automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting,traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat management than compactfluorescent lampsources of comparable output.LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.Application:FlashingUsed as attention seeking indicators without requiring external electronics. Flashing LEDs resemble standard LEDs but they contain an integratedmultivibratorcircuit that causes the LED to flash with a typical period of one second. In diffused lens LEDs this is visible as a small black dot. Most flashing LEDs emit light of one color, but more sophisticated devices can flash between multiple colors and even fade through a color sequence using RGB color mixing.Bi-color LEDTwo different LED emitters in one case. There are two types of these. One type consists of two dies connected to the same two leadsantiparallelto each other. Current flow in one direction emits one color, and current in the opposite direction emits the other color. The other type consists of two dies with separate leads for both dies and another lead for common anode or cathode, so that they can be controlled independently.Tri-colorThree different LED emitters in one case. Each emitter is connected to a separate lead so they can be controlled independently. A four-lead arrangement is typical with one common lead (anode or cathode) and an additional lead for each color.RGBTri-color LEDs with red, green, and blue emitters, in general using a four-wire connection with one common lead (anode or cathode). These LEDs can have either common positive or common negative leads. Others however, have only two leads (positive and negative) and have a built in tinyelectronic control unit.Decorative multicolorIncorporate several emitters of different colors supplied by only two lead-out wires. Colors are switched internally simply by varying the supply voltage. (In a cheap 'Melinera' garden lamp supplied by OWIM GmbH & Co KG in 2013 the LEDs are within a clear casting of 5mm diameter, 10mm long which encapsulates 3 LEDs which change between red, green and blue as the DC supply varies between about 2 volts and 3 volts).Alphanumericavailable inseven-segment,starburstanddot-matrixformat. Seven-segment displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all letters. Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but rising use ofliquid crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.Digital RGBThese are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data in, data out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in adaisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others. They are used in strings for Christmas and similar decorations. Two types available as of February 2014 use chips designated WS2811 and WS2812.

CHAPTER 5 PARSONAL COMPUTER The computer is playing a major role in this .The main function of the computer is to identify the interruption made by the person, where exactly the signal is interrupted, at which reference point identifying the point and displays the information on the screen. The other major function of the computer is to drive the stepper motor. This block is also responsible for identifying the reference point. Here any normal configuration computer can be employed. The software program defining the operations for the computer is written in C language. The output of the obstacle sensor is fed to the computer through the parallel port. The original purpose of Parallel port was to enable communication between a PC and a peripheral. Another use that has become very popular is transferring information or receiving the information. In this project work the received information from the detector circuit is used to drive the motor. Which is useful for the system for identifying the interrupted reference point. With the help of associated software written in C language the received information can be displayed on computer screen. A computer is an electronic device, which processes information under the control of a set of instructions called program. It has the ability to accept the data, execute the program, and perform mathematical and logical operations on data. The result of the operations can be reported through output. Infact, a computer is a complete system in itself. The computer as a system is a combination of Hardware and Software components that jointly offer the necessary services to the user.

The computer reads the data received through parallel port and can store the data; the same data will be displayed on computer screen. The program contains instruction about what has to be done with the data. The CPU executes the programs stored in the main memory by performing fetch instruction from memory and right data either to a memory location or on an output device. The main components of the CPU are, ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit), and a set of registers. The control unit is responsible for the moment of data and instructions in and out of the memory and CPU. It is also responsible for the decoding of an instruction and determining as to what is desired by the same. The complete electronic Hardware is interfaced with parallel port.

5.1. DRIVING OF STEPPER MOTOR:To drive the stepper motor in both the directions (clockwise or anticlockwise) the system is programmed to produce the pulses in a sequence at four different outputs, these sequential programmed outputs energizes the motor windings one after another in a sequence. To drive the motor in clockwise, the sequence starts from top to bottom, similarly to drive the motor in anti-clockwise the sequence starts from the bottom to top. Like wise the motor rotates in both the directions. The output of the computer through parallel port is used to drive the switching transistors; finally these switching transistors drive the stepper motor. These transistors provide the required current to energize the motor. The stepper motor used in this project work is capable to drive up to 3Kg loads, i.e., the holding torque is 3Kg. The output of the computer is also used to drive the three relays and one buzzer. Whenever any human body interrupts any reference point, the computer energizes the alarm at the same time the computer energize the corresponding relay also. These relay contacts are used to energize the three different lamps corresponds to the three reference points independently. The circuit diagram of stepper motor driven by the computer is shown below.

FIG:CIRCUIT DIAGRAMOF STEPER MOTOR DRIVE BY COMPUTER

CHAPTER 6 STEPPER MOTOR Operation DC brush motors rotate continuously when voltage is applied to their terminals. The stepper motor is known by its important property to convert a train of input pulses i.e. a square wave pulse into a precisely defined increment in the shaft position. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which magnetically attracts the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.TYPES: TWO PHASE STEPPER MOTOR:There are two basic winding arrangements for the electromagnetic coils in a two phase stepper motor: bipolar and unipolar.Unipolar motorsA unipolar stepper motor has one winding with center tap per phase. Each section of windings is switched on for each direction of magnetic field. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very simple (e.g., a single transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a phase, the center tap of each winding is made common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase motor. Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads. A stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive transistors in the right order, and this ease of operation makes unipolar motors popular with hobbyists; they are probably the cheapest way to get precise angular movements.Bipolar motorBipolar motors have a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be reversed in order to reverse a magnetic pole, so the driving circuit must be more complicated, typically with anarrangement (however there are several off-the-shelf driver chips available to make this a simple affair). There are two leads per phase, none are common.Static friction effects using an H-bridge have been observed with certain drive topologies.Dithering the stepper signal at a higher frequency than the motor can respond to will reduce this "static friction" effect.Because windings are better utilized, they are more powerful than a unipolar motor of the same weight. This is due to the physical space occupied by the windings. A unipolar motor has twice the amount of wire in the same space, but only half used at any point in time, hence is 50% efficient (or approximately 70% of the torque output available). Though a bipolar stepper motor is more complicated to drive, the abundance of driver chips means this is much less difficult to achieve.An 8-lead stepper is wound like a unipolar stepper, but the leads are not joined to common internally to the motor. This kind of motor can be wired in several configurations: Unipolar. Bipolar with series windings. This gives higher inductance but lower current per winding. Bipolar with parallel windings. This requires higher current but can perform better as the winding inductance is reduced. Bipolar with a single winding per phase. This method will run the motor on only half the available windings, which will reduce the available low speed torque but require less currentHIGHER FACE STEPPER MOTOR: Multi-phase stepper motors with many phases tend to have much lower levels of vibration,although the cost of manufacture is higher. These motors tend to be called 'hybrid' and have more expensive machined parts, but also higher quality bearings. Though they are more expensive, they do have a higher power density and with the appropriate drive electronics are actually better suited to the application. Computer printers may use hybrid designs.

FIG:STEPPER MOTOR

CHAPTER 7 REMOTE SENSING Remote sensingis the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast toin situobservation. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in theatmosphereandoceans) by means ofpropagated signals(e.g.electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into active remote sensing, when a signal is first emitted fromaircraftorsatellites)or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely recorded.Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding areas. Reflectedsunlightis the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors include film photography,infrared,charge-coupled devices, andradiometers. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target.RADARandLiDARare examples of active remote sensing where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, speed and direction of an object. FIG: REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoringdeforestationin areas such as theAmazon Basin,glacialfeatures in Arctic and Antarctic regions, anddepth soundingof coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during theCold Warmade use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed.Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of theelectromagnetic spectrum, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such asEl Nioand other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas of theearth sciencessuch asnatural resource management, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas.

CHAPTER 8 SOLID STATE IMAGER In a solid-state image pickup device this invention, in order to satisfactorily detect optical signals over a wide spectrum range from a visible light range to an invisible light range, a photoelectric conversion element for converting an optical signal in the invisible light range into an electrical signal, and photoelectric conversion elements for converting an optical signal in the visible light range into an electrical signal are formed on a common semiconductor chip. A solid-state image capturing device includes a first detecting unit for detecting a first wavelength component and a second detecting unit for detecting a second wavelength component which has a longer wavelength than at least the first wavelength component and wherein in a depth direction, an active region where a first type dopant of the second detecting unit is located is deeper than an active region where a first electroconductive type dopant of the first detecting unit is located. A signal processor modifies an output signal from at least one detecting unit based on a received signal quantity at another detecting unit and a type of filter above at least one of the detecting units.

FIG:SOLID STATE IMAGER RELAY CIRCIUT

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a solid-state image pickup device such as an optical sensor used in an image information processing apparatus such as a facsimile apparatus, an image scanner, a copying machine, an image sensor, or the like and, more particularly, to a solid-state image pickup device which converts not only visible light but also light in a invisible light range into an electrical signal.2. Related Background Art As a conventional solid-state image pickup device, a charge-coupled device (CCD) type device, a MOS type device, or an amplification type device in which a capacitive load is connected to the emitter of a phototransistor (U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,469 to Tadahiro Omi and Nobuyoshi Tanaka) is known.Recently, solid-state image pickup devices have been used in various applications, and demand has arisen for a solid-state image pickup device having novel functions. For example, recognition of a invisible image and reproduction and recording of the recognized image are required in addition to requirements for realizing a color copying machine with high image quality.Such an image, i.e., a invisible light image includes, for example, an image formed by an ink having properties for absorbing infrared rays. In general, a sensor for detecting invisible light is an independent device, and when it is used together with a sensor for detecting visible light, a new design concept is required.The present inventors found, as a basic design concept, a technique for monolithically forming a visible light sensor and a invisible light sensor on a single semiconductor chip.However, the above-mentioned techniques have room for further improvement. CHAPTER 9 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES: The substantial increase in the use of security cameras has been prompted by an increase in crime rates. It is portable one so it can carried to any part of the world. Wireless Internet Security cameras, on the other hand, provide video feed to the source via radio signals. Wireless Internet Security cameras are quite easy to setup. Since they do not require any wiring, users will not have to bear any additional setup costs.

DISADVANTAGES: It more expensive. The motor winding when it is energized, it consumes350 mA approximately. In this as we are using aurdino software it is difficult

CONCLUTIONSo by using this intelligent wireless video camera we can safeguard our properties, thing and also our life. Once upon a time much importance is not given for the security system. But as we see today lot of terrorism has grown up across the country and need has aroused to develop different types of security systems for various applications to safe guard the zones of various types like, military zones, railway yards, scrap yards, borders etc., this kind of automatic video monitoring systems can be installed at indo-pak borders, where the terrorists are crossing borders. In fact our country is spending lot of its revenue to safe guard the borders. By installing this type of security systems everywhere at critical points, lot of revenue can be saved by minimizing the manpower.

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