Inter-Parliamentary Union Geneva Centre for the Democratic …€¦ · Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Inter-Parliamentary Union

Geneva Centre for the DemocraticControl of Armed Forces

Inter-Parliamentary Union

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;'/Iff If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwg M Joj;flos tyf nf]stflGqs

;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf !*!

cWofo @% – ;'/Iff If]qdf nf]stflGqs d"No k|j4{g !*#

cWofo @^ – ;'/Iff If]qdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg !(*

cWofo @& – clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf / Goflos lj/f]w @)@

v08 *

ef}lts ;|f]tx¿M

xltof/ x:tfGt/0f / vl/bsf] k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg @!!

cWofo @* – xltof/ / ;}Go aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg vl/b @!#

cWofo @( – xltof/sf] Jofkf/ / cf];f/k;f/ @@)

O{G6/ kfln{ofd]G6/L o"lgog -cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3_ @#^

h]g]ef ;]G6/ km/ 8]df]qm]l6s sG6«f]n ckm cfd{8, kmf]];]{; @#*

aS;x¿sf] ;"rL

aS; g+= ! cfhsf cGo r'gf}tLx¿ ;dflji6, PSnf] jf ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff=== $

aS; g+= @ ljleGg ;'/Iff Joj:yfx¿ ^

aS; g+= # ;'/Iff If]q;DaGwL /fHosf d'Vo c+usf ;Defljt sfo{x¿ !#

aS; g+= $ ;'/Iff If]qsf] nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{d"Nosf ?kdf ;'zf;g !$

aS; g+= % /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ M !(

aS; g+= ^ k|ToIf nf]stGq, cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg / cGo k|d'v;D´f}tfx¿ M :jL6\h/Nof08sf] cg'ej @*

sf]7f g++= & Nofl6g cd]l/sdf gful/s ;dfh M #@

aS; g+= * gofF k|sf/sf o'4x¿ M k|]; :jtGqtfsf nflu sl7g ;do #$

aS; g+= ( ;]K6]Da/ !!, @))! kl5sf] k|]; :jtGqtf #^

aS; g+= !) ;+;bLo j]e;fO6x¿ #&

aS; g+= !! ;+;b / ;~rf/ #(

aS; g+= !@ zflGt k|lqmofdf n}lËstf $#

aS; g+= !# zflGt kl/rfng / k|lqmofdf n}lËs b[li6sf]0f $$

aS; g+= !$ ;}Go dlxnf sd{rf/L ansf] Ifdtf M gf6f] d'n'sx¿sf] pbfx/0f $^

aS; g+= !% n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] Ps c+usf ?kdf ;'/Iff gLltdf dlxnf;xeflutf $&

aS; g+= !^ ;'/Iff If]qdf dlxnf ;dfj]zLn] NofPsf gofF cfofd / r'gf}tLx¿ $*

aS; g+= !& ;]gf gePsf /fi6«x¿ %#

aS; g+= !* /Iff ;'wf/ M p2]Zo s] < %$

aS; g+= !( blIf0f clk||msfdf gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjog lglDt ;]gfsf] k|of]u %&

aS; g+= @) s]xL 5flgPsf /fi6«sf cGo ;}Go OsfO{sf pbfx/0fx¿ ^!

aS; g+= @! nf]stflGqs k|x/L sfo{ -kf]lnl;ª_sf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ M ^#

sf]7f g+= @@ vt/gfs ljs[lt / kl/l:yltx¿ ^$

sf]7f g+= @# Ol/l6«ofdf k|x/L sfo{ M Ps ;zQm gd"gf ^%

aS; g+ $# zlQmsf] cfwf/ !@%

aS; g+= $$ ;]K6]Da/ !! sf] 36gfk|lt /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|ltlqmof !@*

aS; g+= $% cft+sjfblj?4sf] n8fO{+ !#!

aS; g+= $^ JolQmut tYof+ssf] :jrflnt k|zf]wgsf qmddf JolQmsf];+/If0f dxf;lGw -O6LP; g+= !)*_ !$@

aS; g+= $& zflGt lgdf{0f, zflGt sfo{, zflGt sfof{Gjog,zflGt :yfkgf M s]xL cfjZos JofVof !$%

aS; g+= $* k6s k6s u/]/ /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt :yfkgf sf/jfxL cufl8a9fpg' !$(

aS; g+= $( zflGt cleofgdf hjfkmL sf/jfxLdf zlQm k|of]usf] lgod !%)

aS; g+= %) zflGt:yfksx¿sf nflu /fi6«;+3n] lbg] k|lzIf0f !%@

aS; g+= %! ah]6M nf]stflGqs zf;gsf] d'Vo cf}hf/ !%&

aS; g+= %@ lsg ;+;b ah]6df ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL x'gk5{ < !%(

aS; g+= %# s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ljZjsf If]q /vf; /fi6«sf] /Iff vr{ !^)

aS; g+= %$ of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|0ffnL !^#

aS; g+= %% /Iff ah]6sf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ M :k]gsf] @))@ sf] /Iff ah]6 !^%

aS; g+= %^ kf/bzL{ ;'/Iff ah]6sf nflu d'Vo Jojwfgx¿ !^&

aS; g+= %& ;'/Iff ah]6df # txsf] jlu{s/0f !^*

aS; g+= %* ;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ah]6 lgoGq0fdf jfwf k'¥ofpg]d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ !&)

aS; g+= %( blIf0f k"jL{ o'/f]ksf vf; /fi6«df ah]6sf] cEof;-;g\ @))! cg';f/_ !&!

aS; g+= ^) dxfGofoflwjQmf !&%

aS; g+= ^! a]nfotsf] ;'/Iff If]qdfly ;+;bsf] lgu/fgLdf a]nfotsf]/fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{nosf] e"ldsf !&^

aS; g+= ^@ hlh{ofsf] ;+;b / ah]6 lgoGq0f !&*

aS; g+= ^# ;z:q ansf Joj;flos sd{rf/L ;+3sf ;b:osf]clwsf/;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL l;kmfl/; kl/ifb !*^

aS; g+= @$ ;+;b / u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf nflu ljlgof]lht ljz]if /sd Mch]{lG6gfsf] pbfx/0f ^*

aS; g+= @% uf]Ko b:tfj]h;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldltsf s]xL cEof;x¿ &)

aS; g+= @^ lghL ;'/Iff tyf ;}lgs sDkgL / nf]stGqsf ;+efljt vt/fx¿ &^

aS; g+= @& ;+;b\n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{sf nfluk|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;+oGq jf pkfox¿ *$

aS; g+= @* ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;b}j ;lqmo /xg] /0fgLltM *&

aS; g+= @( ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf ;+;bLo ljz]if1tf clej[l4sf] nflu cfjZos;+oGq / cEof;x¿ M s]xL ;'emfj *(

aS; g+= #) ;+;bLo ;+oGqsf] ;fdfGo emnsx¿ / sfo{sf/Lpk/ lg/LIf0fsf]k|lqmof ;fdfGo ax; (@

aS; g+= #! k|efjsf/L k|Zgx¿af/] ;'emfj ($

aS; g+= #@ ;+;bLo hfFra'em ;ldltsf d"n ljz]iftfx¿ (^

aS; g+= ## Sofg8fnL ;]gfnfO{ ;f]dflnofdf v6fOPsf] ;DaGwdf ul7thfFra'em ;ldlt M ;'/Iff dfldnfdf ;+;bLo k|ltj]bgn];j{;fwf/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f M (*

aS; g+= #$ k|lt/Iff / ;'/Iff dfldnfdf ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] ug{;Sg];DefJo k|d'v sfdx¿ !)@

aS; g+= #% gj]{lhog ;+;b\ -:6f]l6ª_ sf] ljb]z dfldnf / k|lt/Iff;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s !)#

aS; g+= #^ cDa'8\;Dofg !)%

aS; g+= #& s]xL 5fflgPsf b]zsf ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff;DaGwL cDa'8\;Dofgsf]emns !)&

aS; g+= #* ;z:q kmf}h;DaGwL hd{g ;+;bLo sld:g/ !)(

aS; g+= #( ch]{lG6gfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f !!!

aS; g+= $) oftgflj?4sf] cle;lGwsf] P]lR5s k|f]6f]snn] ;'/Ifflgsfosf]kl/;/df e|d0f ug]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ lj:t[t u5{ . !!@

aS; g+= $! ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfM p2]Zo / l;4fGt !!(

aS; g+= $@ ;'/Iff / nf]stGq b'j}sf] ;+/If0f !@#

aS; g+= ^$ hd{g ;z:q andf g]t[Tj ljsf; / gful/s lzIff MæOg]/] km'x'?ËÆ (Innere Fuhrung) sf l;4fGtx¿ !()

aS; g+= ^% sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf !(@

aS; g+= ^^ ;'/Iff If]qsf] /fhgLlts–;}lgs kIfx¿;DaGwL cf]P;;LOlcfrf/;+lxtf -!(($_ M k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ !($

sf]7f g+= ^& sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg M ;+;bsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ a'Fbfx¿ !(*

aS; g+= ^* ljZjdf ;}lgs ;]jf @)#

aS; g+= ^( clgjfo{ etL{sf nflu x}/fgL @)%

aS; g+= &) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u lg0f{o !((*÷&& M;}lgs ;]jfdf Goflos lj/f]w @)*

aS; g++= &! j}slNks ;]jf M :jL6\h/Nof08sf] ;Gbe{ @)(

aS; g+= &@ ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿n] xltof/ vl/b k|lqmofdf lsg Wofg lbg'k5{ < @!$

aS; g+= &# sdhf]/ jf låcyL{ xltof/ vl/b gLlt jf cToGt uf]Ko xltof/vl/b k|lqmofn] o:tf] ;Defjgf lgDTofpg ;S5===== @!%

aS; g+= &$ ;}Go vl/bdf g]b/NofG8 ;/sf/sf] gLltM ;+;bLo;'kl/j]If0fsf cfofd @!&

aS; g+= &% xltof/ cf];f/k;f/ M kl/efiff @@)

aS; g+= &^ xltof/ cf];f/k;f/sf If]qLo Joj:yfx¿ @@@

aS; g+= && xltof/ k|ltaGw :t/Lo agfpg] k|lqmof M ;+;b\n] ug{;Sg] @@%

aS; g+= &* a9L ePsf] xltof/x¿sf] Jofkf/M lg/:qLs/0fsf] gsf/fTds kIf @@&

aS; g+= &( ;fgf xltof/sf] cg'dflgt Jofkf/sf] cfFs8f @@*

aS; g+= *) ;fgf / xn'sf xltof/sf] cglws[t Jofkf/lj?4 /fi6«;+3sf]sf/afxL sfo{qmd M ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿sf nflu s]lGb|t a'Fbfx¿ @@(

aS; g+= *! xltof/ lgof{t lgoGq0fdf ;+;b\sf] e"ldsf M o'/f]k]nLd'n'sdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf @#!

1

efu !

ljsl;t ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff / stf{x¿M;+;bx¿n] ;fdgf u/]sf r'gf}tL

cfO lk o" / l8Sofkm– ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f, @))# cfO lk o" / l8Sofkm– ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f, @))#

cWofo – !

kl/jt{gzLn ljZjdf kl/jlt{t ;'/Iff

ljut bzsotf ljZj ;'/Iff l:yltdf gf6sLo kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . k'/fgfvt/f clxn] cl:tTjdf 5}gg\, ltgLx¿sf] ;§fdf gf}nf / qf;bLk"0f{ vt/fx¿ljBdfg 5g\ . o;n] ;'/Iff, åGå / zflGt;DaGwL ljBdfg d'2fdf gofF cjwf/0ffnfO{a9fPsf] 5 .

nf]stGqdf zflGt tyf ;'/Iff

;a} åGån] zflGt tyf ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL v8f ub}{gg\ . k|To]s ;dfhdf Jofksd'2fx¿df k|lt:kwL{ / k|foM k|ltkIfL wf/0ff ljBdfg x'G5g\ . nf]stGqdf cleJolQm:jtGqtfn] hgtfnfO{ o:tf b[li6sf]0f cfkm\gf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ phfu/ug{] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . jf:tjdf oL lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿n] ;fj{hlgs5nkmndfkm{t\ o:tf d'2f / ;jfnx¿nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnG5g\, h;df;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] Jofks 5nkmn u5{g\ . of] k|lqmofn] nf]stGqx¿nfO{ åGå;dfwfg / pko'Qm ;dembf/Lsf nflu ;an agfpF5, h;nfO{ ;fdfGotM ;dfhsf];dy{g x'G5 . k|foM ;lqmo k|hftflGqs ;+:yfx¿sf] cefjdf tgfj lgoGq0faflx/ k'Ug' / lx+;fTds åGådf kl/jt{g x'g' cgf}7f] dflg++b}g . cfkm}+df åGå ;dfwfgsfcleGg ;+/rgfsf sf/0f nf]stGq zflGt tyf ;'/Iffsf nflu ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 .

o; ;DaGwn] o;sf] >]i7tfnfO{ yk k'i6L u5{ M cfd?kdf s] dfGotf 5 eg];'/Iff cfkm}+df nIo xf]Og, tyflk oyfy{df o;n] hgsNof0fsf] clej[l4df ;xof]uk'¥ofpg' k5{ . nf]stGq k|efjsf/L ;+;bdf lge{/ x'G5, o;n] o; ljrf/sf nfluJojxfl/s cy{ af]w u/fpg'k5{ M

…;d'bfo, If]q, /fi6«, /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Tolta]nf dfq} cy{k"0f{ aG5,hlta]nf o:tf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfaf6 jf:tljs ;fj{ef}d;Qf cg'k|fl0ftx'G5g\– Tof] eg]sf] dfgjsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf xf] .Ú –EofsfNe x\ofe]n

2 3

cfO lk o" / l8Sofkm– ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f, @))#cfO lk o" / l8Sofkm– ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f, @))#

/fHo ;+/If0f s]lGb|t /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf JolQm / ;d'bfo klxnf] k|fyldstf æag]kl5Ædfgj ;'/Iff x'G5 . Jojxf/df, o;n] /fHox¿nfO{ ;'/Iff lj?4sf r'gf}tLx¿dfcfkm\gf] hjfkmb]xL Jofks agfpg dfu{bz{g u5{, lgDg ljifox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ M

t /f]syfd sfo{ M åGå /f]syfdsf kxnx¿, h:t} hgs]lGb|t åGå ;dfwfg tyfzflGt :yfkgf;DaGwL sfo{x¿Ù

t x:tIf]k M cGo k|of; ljkmn ePsf] r/d l:yltdf 7"nf] hf]lvddf k/]sf;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hf]ufpg cfGtl/s åGådf x:tIf]k ug'{Ù

t k|ltlqmofTds sfo{ M o'4 k|efljt gful/ssf lglDt u[xo'4sf qmddf jf o'4pk|fGt ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ /fxt sfo{ cTofjZos x'G5 . o;df lj:yflktJolQmsf nflu lzlj/ lgdf{0f, z/0ffyL{sf nflu z/0f jf /fxt sfo{ k5{g\ .

;}lgs ;'/Iffb]lv lj:t[t ;'/Iff;Dd

s8f ;}lgs cjwf/0ffsf] 7fpF leGg …dfgj ;'/IffÚ s]lGb|t ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffn]lnO/x]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff;DaGwL d'2fdf cGo u}/–;}lgs kIf ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvLJofks ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff ckgfpg' kg]{ ;xdlt ;a}sf] 5 . -x]g'{xf];\ aS; g+= !_

aS; g+= !

cfhsf cGo r'gf}tLx? ;dflji6, PSnf] jf ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff===r /fhgLlts r'gf}tLx¿ h:tf] cfGtl/s /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, c;kmn /fHox¿,

cft+sjfb / dfgjclwsf/ xgg\Ùr cfly{s r'gf}tLx¿ h:tf] ul/aL, ;DkGg / ljkGg b]zx¿ aLrsf] a9\bf] b"/L,

cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s dGbL, cfly{s?kdf ;an /fHosf] k|efj jf cl:y/l5d]sL /fHo / c?sf] ;jf{lwsf/sf] pNn+3gÙ

r jftfj/0fLo jf dfgj–l;lh{t r'gf}tLx¿ h:tf] kf/df0fljs Wj+z, ljZjkof{j/0fLo kl/jt{gx¿, hldg jf hn IfoLs/0f, vfgf / cGo ;|f]tx¿dfsdLÙ

r ;fdflhs r'gf}tLx¿ h:t} cNk;+Vos÷ax';+Vossf åGå, clws hg;+Vof,;+ul7t ck/fwx¿, nfu" kbfy{sf] cGt/f{li6«o t:s/L, cj}w Jofkf/,clgolGqt cfd cfk|jf;g / /f]ux¿ .

Jofks ;'/Iff Ph]G8fsf] kmfObf eg]sf] o;n] ;'/Iff vt/fsf] l:yltdf Jofks;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt / To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos ;+oGq k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;sf]a]kmfObf eg]sf] /fHo / gful/snfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ qmddf j}wflgs an k|of]u ug]{ jfan k|of]usf] r'gf}tL lbg] ;a} ;'/Iff ;+u7gx¿ nufotsf ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿ ;dfhsfu}/–;}lgs If]qdf ;lqmo eP eg] w}/} zlQmzfnL x'g ;S5g\ . o;afx]s ;'/IffIf]q;Fu oL gofF r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ cfjZos ljz]if1tf gx'g ;S5 .

/fHosf] cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffb]lv /fHox¿ aLrsf] ;'/Iff ;xof]u

/fli6«o ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffnfO{ /fli6«o …:jfjnDagÚaf6 dfq xfl;n ug{ ;ls+b}g, a?/fHox¿aLr ;'/Iff ;xof]usf] cfjZostf w]/} cl3b]lv ePsf] xf] . !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf…zlQm ;Gt'ngÚsf] cjwf/0ff dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf nLu ckm g];G;/ o;sf] pQ/flwsf/L ;+:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3h:tf ;'/Iff ;+u7g, gf6f]h:tf ;fd'lxsk|lt/Iff ;+u7g;d]t kmi6fP .

lzt o'4sf] ;dflKtkl5 cfGtl/s åGåx¿ a9]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cft+sjfbzLif{ ;dfrf/ alg/x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fn] /fHox¿aLr ;'/Iff If]qdf ;d]tcGt/lge{/tfnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 . cr]n s'g} Pp6f b]zdflysf] ;'/Iff r'gf}tLn] Pp6fIf]q jf k"/} ljZjsf] zflGtnfO{ ;lhn} laufg{ jf cl:y/ t'Nofpg ;S5 . ;'/IffPh]G8fnfO{ Jofks agfpg] nufotsf] of] gofF oyfy{n] cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iff ;xof]udfyk ult k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

4 5


aS; g+= @

ljleGg ;'/Iff Joj:yfx¿

) ;fd'lxs k|lt/Iff Mb'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L /fHox¿n] afx\o cfqmd0fsf a]nf Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]uug{] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ ;fd'lxs k|lt/IffnfO{ ;lGwåf/f kl/eflift ul/Psf]x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf pNn]Vo pbfx/0f gf6f] / cd]l/sL/fHox¿sf ;+u7g x'g\ .

) ;fd'lxs ;'/Iff Mo; k|0ffnLdf ;d'bfon] an k|of]unfO{ kl/Tofu u/]sf x'G5g\ / cfkm\gf] ;fd'bfosf]s'g} ;b:odfly an k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfdf ;xof]u u5{ . of] cGt/f{li6«ozflGt e+u ePsf a]nf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;zQm k|ltlqmof JoQm ug]{ k|0ffnLxf] . ;fd'lxs k|lt/IffeGbf leGg ;fd'lxs ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ;d'bfo leqaf6 ul/g]cfqmd0f lj?4 lgb]{lzt x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;fd'lxs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf]HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo j8fkqsf] wf/f $! / $@ cGtu{tcGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] zflGt e+u ug]{lj?4 bafa l;h{gf u5{, h'g u}/–;}lgsbjfj jf ;}lgs ansf] k|of]u x'g ;S5 .

;|f]t M SIMMA, Bruno: The Charter of the United Nations, 1995

) ;xof]ufTds ;'/Iff M;xof]ufTds ;'/Iffn] ;fd'lxs ;'/IffnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] Jofks cjwf/0ff;Fu hf]8\g]sfd u5{ . o;nfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5, æ;'/Iffsf] Jofks cjwf/0ff,h;sf] If]q jx'cfoflds x'G5Ù lgif]w xf]Og cfZj:t t'NofpF5Ù c;dfj]zLxf]Og ;dfj]zL x'G5Ù ;b:otfdf aGb]h ub}{gÙ låkIfLotfsf] ;§fdf jx'kIfLotfsf]kIfkf]if0f u5{Ù u}/–;}lgs ljifodf ;}lgs ;dfwfg vf]Hb}gÙ /fHox¿nfO{ ;'/Iffk|0ffnLsf k|d'v stf{x¿ dfG5Ù t/ u}/–/fHo stf{x¿n] v]Ng;Sg] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u5{Ù cf}krfl/s ;'/Iff ;+:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf cfjZos7fGb}g, t/ eO/x]sfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{gÙ / dflysf ;a}n] jx'kIfLo cfwf/df;+jfbsf] afgL l;h{gf ug]{ d"Nodf hf]8 lbG5g\ .Æ

;|f]t M EVANS Gareth: Cooperating for Peace, 1993

æ;fd'lxs ;'/Iff Joj:yfÆ ;xof]usf] ;a}eGbf Jofks k|efj kfg]{ kl/kf6L xf] .o;afx]s, cf}krfl/s jf x:tIf]ksf/L ;}lgs ;+u7gafx]s låkIfLo jf jx'kIfLo;Demf}tf cg'?ksf ;~hfndfkm{t\ ;xcl:tTj;lxtsf Go"g ;'/Iff ;xof]u ljBdfg/xG5g\ .

;'/Iff ;xof]u ;+u7g, vf;u/L ;fd'lxs k|lt/Iff ;+u7gdf ;xefuL x'g] lg0f{oaf6b]zsf] ;'/Iff l:yltdf ;zQm k|efj k5{ . l;4fGttM o:tf] ;xof]un] r'gf}tLlj?4sf] ;fd'lxs …anÚsf ?kdf /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ clej[l4 u5{ . ;b:otfsfnflu cjZo g} d"No r'sfpg' kg]{ x'G5 M Pp6f b]zn] u7aGwgsf p2]Zo /cfjZostfnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug{ gtdits x'g'k5{, Tof] a]nf p;n] /fli6«o ;'/IffgLltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ ljsNk ;Lldt x'g hfG5 . o;afx]s, gLlt–lgdf{0f k|lqmofcf+lzs?kdf /fli6«o :t/af6 cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;g]{ ePsf]n] o;af6 ;+;bLo;'kl/j]If0fdf k|efj kg{ hfG5 .

6 7


cWofo – @

;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;fGble{stf

cfd ljZjf; s] 5 eg] ;'/Iff gLlt sfo{sfl/0fLsf] …:jfefljsÚ sfo{ xf] lsgeg]pgLx¿;Fu cfjZos 1fg x'G5 / o;df tTsfn} sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ . ;+;bsf] ljz]ifu/L w]/} ;do nfUg] k|lqmof / cfjZos ljz]if1tf tyf ;"rgfdf k"0f{ kx'Frsf]cefjn] ubf{ ;'/Iff d'2fx¿df Jojxf/ ug{ sd pko'Qm dflgG5 . tyflk, s'g} klggLltut If]qdf sfo{sfl/0fLsf] ;dLIff tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu ;+;bnfO{ kTof/ul/G5 . ;'/Iff dfldnfdf o:tf] ;'kl/j]If0f lsg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, o;sf slDtdfrf/ sf/0f 5g\ M

tfgfzfxL zf;gaf6 hf]ufpg nf]stGqsf] hu

k|mfG;]nL k"j{ k|wfgdGqL hh{;\ Sn]dg:opn] s'g} a]nf eg]sf lyP– æo'4 eg]sf];]gfnfO{ ;'Dkg' kg]{ Psbd} uDeL/ d'2f xf] .Æ o; cleJolQmn] ljgf]bk"0f{ kIfafx]s hgk|ltlglwdf ;jf]{Rr clwsf/ cGt/lglxt x'G5 / pgLx¿sf] lgoGq0faf6/fHosf] s'g} klg If]qnfO{ g5f]Psf] x'Fb}g eGg] tYo :d/0f u/fpF5 . ;+;bLolgoGq0f ljgfsf] ;'/Iff If]q, ljz]if u/L ;]gf ePsf] b]znfO{ ck"0f{ nf]stGq jflgdf{0ffwLg nf]stGq dflgG5 .

k|l;4 cd]l/sL ljåfg\ /f]j6{ P 8fnsf cg';f/, æ/fhgLltdf cToGt cfwf/e"ttyf lg/Gt/tfsf] ;d:of eg]s} tfgfzfxLkgaf6 hf]lug' xf] .Æ ;'/Iff If]qn]/fHosf] d'Vo sfo{ jxg u5{, sfo{sfl/0fLsf] zlQm k|lt;Gt'ngsf nflu lgoGq0ftyf ;Gt'ng k|0ffnL cfjZos 5 . To;}n] ;'/Iff If]q dflysf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f/fHo txsf] zlQm–afF8kmfF8sf nflu geO{ gx'g] tTj xf], olb of] k|efjsf/L ePdfsfo{sfl/0fL jf /fi6«ktLo clwsf/sf ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u5{ .

hgk|ltlglwTj lagf s/ nufpg kfOGg

cBflk sfo{sfl/0fLdfly ;+;bLo lgoGq0fsf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq dWo] ah]6Ps xf] . klZrd o'/f]kdf klxnf] clwj]zgsf] ;'?s} lbgb]lv gLltut ljifodfcfkm"n] af]Ng kfpg'kg]{ dfu u/]sf lyP, pgLx¿sf] bfjL lyof]– æhgk|ltlglwTjlagf s/ nufpg kfOGg .Æ ;'/Iff If]qsf ;+u7gx¿n] /fli6«o ah]6sf] pNn]Voc+z k|of]u ug]{ ePsfn] ;+;bn] /fHosf] ;Lldt ;|f]tsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L /bIftfk"j{s b'a} lsl;dn] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;'/Iff d'2fx¿sf nflu sfg'gL ;Ldf lgwf{/0f

Jojxf/df sfo{kflnsfn] ;'/Iff d'2fx¿df sfg'gL d:of}bf u5{ . tyflk, ;+;b;b:ox¿n] oL d:of}bfx¿sf] ;dLIffsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ .;'/Iff;DaGwL gofF cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|:tfljt sfg'gL Joj:yfdf kof{Kt k|ltlalDatug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg] nfu]df pgLx¿n] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ug{ ;S5g\ . o;afx]s,sfg'g d[t cIf/dfq gagf];\ a? k"0f{ sfof{Gjog xf];\ eg]/ x]g]{ bfloTj ;d]t;+;bnfO{ 5 .

;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu k'n

sfo{sfl/0fL gful/s k|fyldstfsf ;'/Iff d'2fx¿k|lt cfjZostf cg'?k k"0f{;r]t gx'g ;S5 . ;f+;bx¿ ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{df x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿sf]b[li6sf]0fnfO{ oyf]lrt?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] l:yltdf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;+;bdfgful/s rf;f]sf ljifonfO{ p7fpF5g\ / ;'/Iff sfg'g tyf gLltx¿df of] k|ltlalDateP÷gePsf] x]5{g\ .

;'/Iff If]qdf ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf r'gf}tLx¿

;'/Iff If]qsf slDtdf tLg kIfn] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf jf:tljs r'gf}tLnfO{k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ M

8 9


√ ;'/Iff sfg'gn] ;'/Iff If]qsf] kf/blz{tf clej[l4sf] k|of;df cj/f]w ug{;S5g\ . ljz]ifu/L cf/lDes nf]stGq jf åGåpk|fGtsf b]zx¿df ;'/Iffsfg'gn] ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ ;Lldt jf vt/fdf kfg{ ;S5g\Ù;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cefjdf o:tf] x'g ;S5 .

√ ;'/Iff If]q Psbd} hl6n If]q xf], h;df ;+;bn] xltof/ vl/b, xltof/lgoGq0f / ;}lgs OsfO{x¿sf] tTk/tf÷tof/Lh:tf d'2fx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0fug'{k5{ . ;a} ;f+;bx¿df oL d'2fnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ k|ofKt1fg tyf ljz]if1tf x'Fb}g . g t pgLx¿;Fu cfkm"nfO{ ljsf; ug{ ;do /cj;/ g} x'G5, lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] ;+;bLo kbfjlw lglZrt x'G5 / b]zleqtyf aflx/sf ljz]if1 ;|f]t;Fusf] kx'Frsf] sdL x'g ;S5 . ;bgsf] cjlwlglZrt ;dosf nflu dfq x'G5 g t b]zleq lj1 ;fwg / ;|f]t g} x'G5 /d'n'saflx/ klg o:tf] ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g;S5Ù

√ cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iff ;xof]udf dfq hf]8 lbP/ o; k|lqmofdf ;+;bnfO{ j]jf:tful/of] eg] b]zsf] ;'/Iff gLltsf] kf/blz{tf tyf nf]stflGqs j}wflgstfdfk|efj kfg{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf ;+;bn] ;'emfj k|bfg ug{,jx;df ;xefuL x'g tyf ;'kl/j]If0f / lg0f{osf nflu ;Ifd x'g'k5{ .

cWofo – #

;+;b tyf /fHosfcGo ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj

;femf bfloTj

;'/Iff dfldnfdf ;+;b / ;/sf/sf leGg e"ldsf eP klg ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;';+rfngdfpgLx¿sf] ;femf bfloTj x'G5 . ;femf bfloTjsf] of] cjwf/0ff /fhgLlts tyf;}Go g]tfx¿aLr ;d]t nfu' x'G5 . oL b'O{ kIfn] Ps csf{nfO{ k[ys nIo af]s]sflj/f]wLsf ?kdf x]g'{ x'Fb}g, h;n] k[ys–k[ys nIox¿ c+uLsf/ u/]sf x'g\ . o;ljkl/t, k|efjsf/L, lj:t[t / hgs]lGb|t ;'/Iff gLlt xfl;n ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ Pscsf{sf] cfjZostf k5{ . nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fdf /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ / pRrkb:y ;}lgs clws[tx¿aLr ljZjf;, v'nf ;+rf/ / cfk;df ;dfj]zL cfwf/df;+jfb x'g'k5{ . o:tf] lgoldt ;+jfbn] /fhgLlt1x¿ / ;}Go g]tfx¿nfO{ pbfl;gx'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 / :yfloTjnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ cltl/Qm nfe k|fKt x'G5 .

e"ldsfsf] af“8kmf“8

/fHosf tLgj6f c+ux¿ sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdfd'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ . aS; g+= # df sfo{sfl/0fLsf tLg d'Vo stf{x¿–/fi6«fWoIf, ;/sf/ / ;fdfGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] j0f{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .tflnsfsf] p2]Zo k|To]s b]zsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cnu eP klg ;Defljt/fhgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg' xf] . ctM o;n] ;a}b]zsf] l:yltnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bfaL ub{}g .

o;afx]s, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf tyf sfo{kflnsf, gful/s ;dfhn] ;'/IffgLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf dxTjk"0f{ cgf}krfl/s of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\,

10 11


;fy} ;+rf/ dfWodn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /fHosf stf{x¿sf] lgot / sfo{sf] hfgsf/Llbg of]ubfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . -x]g'{xf];\ efu &_

cGtdf, b'O{ ;+:yfut stf{x¿n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / To; adf]lhdsf] ah]6sfof{Gjogdf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\, tL x'g\ cDa'8\;Dofg-x]g'{xf];\= efu !^_ / dxfn]vf k/LIfs -x]g'{xf];\ efu @$_ .

/fhgLlts hjfkmb]xL

;'/Iff ;]jfx¿ /fHosf k|To]s k|d'v c+ux¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'k5{ M

√ sfo{kflnsfn] ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / :yfgLo txsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0f u5{,;'/Iff ;]jfx¿sf] ah]6 ljlgof]hg, ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g / ultljlwsf lglDtk|fyldstf lglZrt u5{ .

√ Joj:yflksfn] ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿nfO{ kl/eflift tyf lgoldt ug{ sfg'g kfl/tu/]/ / To; cg';f/sf] ah]6 ljlgof]hgdfkm{t\ ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f u5{ .o:tf] lgoGq0fdf ;+;bLo cDa'8\;Dofgsf] :yfkgf jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf]l;sfotdfly cg';Gwfg ug{ :yflkt x'g ;Sg] cfof]u;d]t ;dfj]z x'g;S5 .

√ Gofokflnsfn] ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f / sd{rf/Lx¿sf u}/–sfg'gL sfo{b'a}sf nflu cfjZostf cg';f/ b]jfgL tyf kmf}Hbf/L k|lqmofdfkm{t\ sf/jfxLu5{ .

aS; g+= #

;'/Iff If]q;DaGwL /fHosf d'Vo c+usf ;Defljt sfo{x¿

12 13


√ /fHo ;dfhsf] Psdfq To:tf] stf{ xf] hf];Fu zlQm Psflwsf/sf] j}wflgstfx'G5Ù ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿ j}wflgs nf]stflGqs lgsfok|lt hjfkmb]xL x'G5g\Ù

√ ;+;b ;fj{ef}d x'G5 / sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ;'/Iff tyf /Iff gLltsf] ljsf;,sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgsf nflu hjfkmb]xL agfpF5Ù

√ ;+;b;Fu /Iff tyf ;'/Iff vr{sf] clVtof/L lbg] tyf 5fgjLg ug]{ clåtLo;+j}wflgs e"ldsf x'G5Ù

√ ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff jf o'4sfnsf] 3f]if0ff 3f]if0ff / lkmtf{ lng] qmddf;+;bn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ -x]g'{xf];\ efu !*_ .

√ ;'zf;gsf l;4fGtx¿ -x]g'{xf];\ aS; g+= $_ / sfg'gsf] zf;g ;/sf/sf ;a}c+ux¿ / ;'/Iff If]qx¿df ;d]t nfu' x'G5Ù

√ ;'/Iff If]qsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g -b]jfgL jf kmf}hbf/L;DaGwL cgfrf/_ pNn+3gsf nflu JolQmut ?kdf cbfntk|lt hjfkmb]xLx'G5g\Ù

√ ;'/Iff If]qsf ;+:yfx¿ /fhgLltdf tyi6 x'G5g\ .

aS; g+= $

;'/Iff If]qsf] nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ d"Nosf?kdf ;'zf;g

æ;'zf;g cg'dfgof]Uo, v'nf / k|ultzLn gLlt–lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs enfOsf]clej[l4, sfg'gsf] zf;g, kf/bzL{ k|lqmof, ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf gful/s;dfhsf] ;zQm ;xeflutfsf nflu Joj;flos u'0f;lxtsf] sd{rf/LtGqåf/f3gLe"t x'G5 . -csf{]lt/_ s'zf;g :j]R5frf/L gLlt–lgdf{0f, hjfkmb]xLljlxgsd{rf/LtGq, sdhf]/ jf cGofok"0f{ sfg'g k2lt, sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u,;fj{hlgs hLjgdf c;+nUg gful/s ;dfh, Jofks e|i6frf/sf ljz]iftfo'Qmx'G5 .Æ

;|f]t M World Bank, 1994, Good Governance: The World Bank's Experience Washington

dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ /fHosf tLg c+usf e"ldsf b]zcg'?k km/s x'g;S5g\ . ;Fw}el/ zflQm afF8kmfF8 k|0ffnLsf] pkl:ylt dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5, h;n];'/Iff If]qdf /fhgLlts b'?kof]u x'g glbO{ ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f k|bfg u5{ . o;tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ w]/} b]zsf ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff dfldnfdf lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsflgjf{x u/]sf x'G5g\, ;+;bnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0f clwsf/ / ;|f]tn] ;lHhtu/fpg' plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . gofF ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx¿ -x]g'{xf];\ efu !_ n];fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf k'gM kl/eflift ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ ePsf]n]of] a9\tf dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

nf]stflGqs tyf ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf l;4fGtx¿

nf]stflGqs tyf ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f If]qsf ;j{dfGo cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 5}gg\,ha ls ;'/Iff tyf /IffnfO{ /fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qf If]qdf kg]{ 7flgGYof] . s]xL If]qLodfkb08 cl:tTjdf 5g\, pbfx/0fsf nflu cf]P;;LO cfrf/;+lxtf -yk hfgsf/Lsfnflu x]g'{xf];\ aS; g+= ^^_ . nf]stflGqs gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw;DagwL s]xLyk l;4fGtx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

14 15


16 17

efu @

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf];'kl/j]If0f


cWofo – $

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df

cGtj{:t'

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] ;'/Iff k|ltsf] ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f / To:tf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfs;/L xfl;n ul/g]5 eGg] lgwf{/0f u5{ . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltdf ;'/Iff If]qsfk|d'v lg0f{ox¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\, h;n] /fHo / ;dfhsf cfGtl/s tyf jfXo;'/IffnfO{ k|efljt kf5{ . of] gLlt ;'/Iffk|lt lnOPsf] b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t x'G5,o;n] ;}Go l;4fGtnfO{ lgb]{lzt u5{ / /fHo kIf ag]sf cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo;+/rgf cGtu{t lgodx¿ tof/ u5{ . t;y{ of] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf /k|fyldstfdf dfq cfwfl/t x'Fb}g, a? of] ljleGg jfx\o tTj, bjfj / k|lta4tfx¿åf/fk|efljt x'G5 . h'g;'s} cj:yfdf of] d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg jf j8fkqdf pNn]lvtd"No tyf l;4fGt cg'?k x'g'k5{ .

aS; g+= %

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt;DaGwL k|Zgx? M

hgk|ltlglwx¿n] /fli6«o ;'?Iff gLlt;DaGwL b:tfj]hdflysf] jx; jf :jLs[ltsfqmddf jf To;nfO{ ljz]if kl/l:yltdf nfu' ug]{;DaGwL jx;sf qmddf lgDgs]xL jf ;Dk"0f{ k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ Mü s:tf] lsl;dsf] r'gf}tL tyf hf]lvdaf6 ;dfhnfO{ arfpg' k5{ < s:tf]

/ s;sf] d"NonfO{ hf]ufpg' kb{5 < / o;kl5 s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;'/Iffsf]cfjZostf 5 <

ü /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltdf ;+ul7t ck/fw jf cftÍjfbh:tf ;'/Iff;DjGwLgofF hf]lvdx¿sf] k/LIf0f ;dfj]z x'G5 <

ü slt ;'/Iff kof{Kt x'G5 <ü /fli6«o ;'/Iff s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 < u7aGwgdf ;+nUg eP/ < t6:y

/x]/ <

18 19


ü /fli6«o ;'/Iff anåf/f s:tf] lsl;dsf] kl/rfng x'g'k5{ < s]an /Iff;DaGwLkl/rfng, jf pgLx¿ zflGt :yfkgfdf kl/rflnt x'G5g\ <

ü ck]lIft ;'/Iff tx;Dd k'Ug s:tf ;fwgsf] cfjZostf 5 / s'g If]qnfO{;+nUg ug'{ cfjZos 5 < / slxn];Dd / s'g zt{ cGtu{t <

ü ;'/Iff gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg slt ;dodf x'g'k5{ <ü s;/L ;'/Iff gLlt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo tyf dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g /

l;4fGt cg'?k /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ <ü ljQLo tyf cy{;DjGwL s:tf] k|efj k5{ / s/bftfx¿ slt;Dd ltg{

tof/ x'G5g\ <ü k//fi6« ;DaGwdf / If]qLo :yfloTjdf ;'/Iff gLlt tyf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf]

s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 <ü cfd ;+xf/sf xftxltof/ ;DaGwdf s:tf] jf:tljs l:ylt / efjL /fli6«o

/0fgLlt /x]sf 5g\ <

lgodfg';f/, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt nfu' ubf{ /fHosf w]/} lgsfo, ljefusf gLltb:tfj]hsf] ;+nUgtf x'G5 . t;y{, /fHon] ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;fGble{s ;a} stf{ /kIfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ lj:t[t /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt agfpg' cfjZos 5 . o:tf]b[li6sf]0fn] ;/sf/nfO{ cleGg / PsLs[t?kdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL kIfdf Jojxf/ ug]{cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . cft+sjfb tyf cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwh:tf slyt gofF hf]lvdsfnflu of]hgfj4 k|of; cfjZos x'G5, oL gofF r'gf}tL] ;fdgf ug{ ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf];+nUgtf cfjZos x'G5 M ;]gf, cy{ dGqfno, k|x/L, ;Ldf /Ifs / u'Ktr/ ;]jf .

;+;bsf] ;+nUgtfsf] dxTj

dfly pNn]lvt k[i7e"ld / hgtfsf :jfy{ tyf cfsf+IffnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{;+;bsf] cleofgnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;'/Iff gLltsf] th'{df / ;+;båf/f To;nfO{kf/bzL{ lsl;dn] kfl/t ug{ ;+;bLo ;+nUgtf y'k|} cfwf/x¿ 5g\ M

ü /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] hgtfsf] hLjg, d"No / sNof0fdf k|efj kfg]{ ePsf]n]sfo{sfl/0fL / ;]gfnfO{ dfq lg0f{o ug{ 5f]8\g' x'Fb}gÙ

ü /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] ;]gf, o;sf k'?if tyf dlxnf ;'/IffsdL{sf] eljZodfdxTjk"0f{ k|efj kf5{Ù

ü /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf k|d'v ljQLo k|efj x'G5g\, To:t} k|efj s/bftfsf]/sddf x'G5Ù

ü cfly{s nfut cltl/Qm ;'/Iff pkfox¿n] gful/s :jtGqtf / d'lQmdfcj/f]w u5{g\ / nf]stGqd} vf; c;/x¿ kf5{g\ .

ü t;y{ ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ h'g;'s} ;dodf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g vf;u/Lrf/ h]g]ef dxf;lGw tyf b'O{ ;lGwkq, / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g vf;u/Ldfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq / cGt/f{li6«o gful/s tyf /fhg}ltsclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw cg'?k kl/rflnt x'g]df ;+;b ;'lglZrt x'g' cfjZos5 . kl5Nnf] vf; clwsf/x¿ h'g;'s} cj:yfdf cj?4 ug{ kfOGg . kl/R5]b!*–@) ;d]t x]g'{xf];\ .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df r/0fdf ;+;bsf] e"ldsf

hxfF;Dd ;+;bsf] rf;f] 5, Tof] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt;DaGwL ax;sf] Pp6f cj;/dfqx'g'x'Fb}g a? o;sf rf/ r/0fdfkm{t\ ljsl;t k|lqmof x'g'k5{ M ljsf;, lg0f{ok|lqmof, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍg . of] gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf sfo{sfl/0fLsf]bfloTjk|lt s'g} x:tIf]k x'g'x'Fb}g, Tof] k|lqmof ;s];Dd kf/bzL{ / ;xeflutfd"nsx'g'k5{, ;'/Iff If]q :jod\ / ;}lgs dftxtsf cf}Bf]lus If]q nufot ;a} 7fpFdfrflx+bf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{sf ;fy} s;}sf] bjfj jf k|efjaf6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5 .

;f+;bx¿n] hgtfsf] ;'/Iff rf;f] tyf ck]Iffk|lt sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ ;r]t t'Nofpg;a} r/0fdf cfkm"nfO{ pknAw ;+oGqsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ M df}lvs tyf lnlvt k|Zg,k|:tfj, hfFr, ;'g'jfO ;ldltsf] rog, æZj]tkqÆ, dGqL tyf ljefudf k|ltlglwTj .-;'/Iff If]qdf nfu' ;+;bLo ;+/rgfsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ kl/R5]b !$ ;d]t_

ljsf;

;a} ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf gofF /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df r/0fdf ;+;bsf] ;Lldte"ldsf x'G5 . k|f/lDes r/0fdf of] sfd ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt ljefu / lgsfox¿n]

20 21


ug'{k5{ ah]6;Fu To;sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw x'g'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs ;dy{gsf] lj:tf/tyf j[l4sf nflu / cGtdf cg'df]lbtsf] j}wflgstfsf nflu ;+;bn] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . t;y{, ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt d'2f;DaGwL ;+;bLo5nkmnx¿df kf/blz{tf h?/L 5 / ;+;bLo 5nkmn / ;'g'jfOsf nflu hgtf /;+rf/ dfWodsf] kx'Fr Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

sfof{Gjog

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;Gbe{df ;+;bsf] lhDd]jf/L gLlt b:tfj]h jf ah]6sf] :jLs[ltkl5k"/f x'g] xf]Ogd" o;sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{ plQs} tTk/tfsf nflunfu' x'g'k5{ . sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf ;+;bn] cfkm";Fu /x]sf ;a} ;+oGqx¿ k|of]uu/L ;/sf/sf sfdsf/jfxLdf k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ -x]g'{xf];\ kl/R5]b !$_ / c?;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 -h:tf] /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{no,x]g'{xf];\ kl/R5]b @$_ lng'k5{ . ljz]if u/L ah]6 Joj:yfdf bjfj lbP/ ;+;bn]cfˆgf] k|efj lj:tf/ ug{ ;S5 . ;+;bn] n]vf sfof{nosf] sfo{bIftf tyfk|efjsfl/tfsf cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{nosf] Joj;flostyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg ug'{k5{ .

;+;bn] dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gsf] ;dodf jf ;/sf/L sfdsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu ;+s6kbf{ x:tIf]k ug{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fx¿ M ljb]zdf ;]gf k7fpFbf -kl/R5]b @@x]g'{xf];\_ jf ;+s6sfnLg 3f]if0ff -kl/R5]b !* x]g'{xf];\_ . To; cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n]uDeL/ q'6L u/]df ;+;bn] x:tIf]k ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] l:yltdf ;+;bn] k|foMk|Zgx¿ p7fpg] u5{, t/ cToGt uDeL/ d'2fdf o;n] ljz]if 5fgjLgsf] cfb]zlbG5 .

d"NofÍg tyf l;lsPsf] kf7

nf]stflGqs jftfj/0fdf cfkm"n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] gLltsf] cf}lrTosf] ;dLIff ug]{ /u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds b'a} lsl;dsf] d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg ;+;bdf k]z ug'{;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . hxfF;Dd ;+;bsf] ;DaGw 5, lgwf{l/t ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf]sfof{Gjog;DaGwL tYof+s tyf sfo{bIftf;lxtsf] d"NofÍg h?/L 5 . oBlk o;f]

u5{g\ . To;afx]s ;+;b / o;sf ;b:ox¿n] k|rlnt ;'/Iff gLltn] hgtfsfOR5f tyf ck]Iff k"lt{ x'G5 egL ljZj:t t'Nofpg / cfjZos k/]df o;sf]kl/dfh{gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ .

;fdfGotM ;+;bsf] e"ldsf cfkm"df k|:t't sfuhft :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug{d};Lldt x'g' x'Fb}g . o;sf] lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] tof/ kf/]sf]gLlt b:tfj]h / ljw]os ;+;bsf] ljljw b[li6sf]0f k|ltlalDat x'g] u/L k|lqmofdfyk of]ubfgsf nflu klxNo} k|:t't ug'{k5{ . o;af6 gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDesk|lqmofd} hgcfsfª\Iffsf] k|ltlglwTjdfq x'g] xf]Og ;+;bdf :jLs[ltsf nflu gLltb:tfj]h k|:t't x'Fbf ;s/fTds jftfj/0f / ax; k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . /fi6«sf] pRrrf;f]df ;+;bsf] ax'dt / ljkIfL zlQmeGbf dfly p7\g'k5{ / /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltb:tfj]h afrgdf s'g} cj/f]w cfpg' x'Fb}g . o:tf] efjgf cleJoQm x'g ;s]df;+;bn] o;df k|:t't b:tfa]hdf kl/jt{gsf] k|:tfj ug{ ;Ifd ;Ifd x'g]5 .

lg0f{o k|lqmof

;+;bn] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] r/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 / v]Ng'k5{, ljz]ifu/L/fli6«o ;'/Iff b:tfa]h ;+;bdf k'u]kl5 of] æ;+;bsf] ;DklQÆ x'G5 / o;df k|ToIfbfloTj x'G5 . t;y{ b:tfj]haf/] uxg cWoog ug{ kof{Kt ;do lbg' k5{ / lg0f{olbg xtfl/g' x'Fb}g .

;+;bn] ;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] gofF gLlt jf ljw]osdf :jLs[lt jf c:jLsf/ /kl/jt{gsf] ;'emfj lbg ;S5 . Psk6s km]l/ o; r/0fdf cfkm"df k|:t't b:tfj]hdflrQ ga'em] k|:tfljt kl/dfh{gsf] nflu ;lqmo x'G5 / s]xL k|efjsf nflu kxnu5{ . of] kl/R5]bsf] ;'?df g} ;+;bLo jx;df s:tf k|Zgx¿ p7fpg] / lg0f{ok|lqmofdf s] ug]{ eGg] pNn]v 5 .

of] r/0fdf ah]6 lgdf{0fdf ;+;bsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj /xG5 . -c? ;"rgfsf nflucfly{s ;||f]taf/] efu ^ x]g'{xf];\_ . ;+;bn] 5nkmnsf nflu 5'§} ;ldlt u7g u/]// k"0f{ ;'/Iff gLlt ah]6sf ;fy;fy} ;'/Iff ah]6 Joj:yfdf dtbfg u/]/ of]k|efjnfO{ c? j[l4 ug{ ;S5 . k/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ;'/Iff of]hgfx¿nfO{ kl/eflift

22 23


ug{ l9nfO eP tfklg k|rlnt gLltnfO{ dfGotf lbg / gf}nf] gLlt th'{dfug{;d]t o;df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . hxfF gful/s ;dfh a9L ultzLn 5ToxfF u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf tkm{af6 klg cfˆg} d"NofÍg x'g] ub{5 . pbfx/0fsfnflu zflGt ld;gx¿sf] d"NofÍg, k|d'v tyf vlr{nf xltof/ k|0ffnLsf ;fy} /IffdGqfnosf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf -vf;u/L clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf_ 5g\ . ;+;bn] ljz]ifsfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0fsf nflu k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg;d]t ;S5 .

;f+;bsf ?kdf tkfOFn] ug{ ;Sg' x'g]5

;'/Iff gLlt♦ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, ;+rfng l;4fGt, /Iff of]hgf / jh]6 dfuaLrsf]

tfls{s ;DaGwaf/] lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .♦ olb ;Dej x'G5 eg] t'ngfof]Uo kl/l:yltdf ljz]ifu/L c? d'n'sdf

k|o'Qm gLltsf] ;fGble{stf /÷jf sfo{If]qdf o;sf] xfn}sf] ljsf;qmdsf];Gbe{cg'?k ;+;bdf k|Zg p7fpg'xf];\ M x]g'{xf];\ cg'R5]b ! ;'/Iff gLltsf]ljsf; / o;sf stf{x¿ .

♦ ;+;bn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df, lg0f{o k|lqmof, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgk|lqmof, ;+;bsf] e"ldsfsf rf/ r/0fsf rqmsf] kl/efiffsf] ;+;bn] sfg'glgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .

;fGble{s k|Zgx?/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ kl/eflift / k'gM kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf aS; g+= %v08df pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf+z k|Zgx¿ æ/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltaf/] k|Zgx¿Ædflysf] ;+jf]wgdf ;'lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .

cWofo – %

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt /cGt/f{li6«o lgodx¿

cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtx? M

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ ljsNknfO{ slxn]sfxL+;Lldt / slxn] lj:tf/ u5{g\ . ljZjsf clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf;b:o 5g\ / ltgLx¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkq;Fu cfj4 5g\, wf/f @=# / @=$eG5 M

æ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff / GofonfO{ hf]lvddfgkf/L cfkm\gf cfGtl/s ljjfbnfO{ zflGtk"0f{?kdf ;dfwfg ug]{5g\ .Æ

æ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿ cfkm\gf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwx¿df s'g} klg /fHosf]k|fb]lzs cv08tf jf /fhgLlts :jtGqtf lj¿4 cyjf ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf p2]Zox¿;Fu gldNg] cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 wDsL jf zlQmsf]k|of]u ug{af6 cnu /xg]5g\ .Æ

o; cltl/Qm, y'k|||} cGt/f{li6«o k/Dk/fut l;4fGtx¿n] ;Gbe{ 9fFrf pknJwu/fPsf 5g\ . /fHox¿aLr ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw / ;xsfo{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf]l;4fGt-!(&)_ af/] ;fwf/0f ;efsf] 3f]if0ff @^@%-xxv_nfO{ j8fkqsf] cflwsfl/sJofVof dflgG5 / To;sf/0f ;a} ;b:o /fi6«sf nflu aGwgsf/L 5 . o; 3f]if0ffdf;dfg dxTjsf lgDg cf7 cljefHo l;4fGtx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ M

klxnf]] l;4fGt wDsL jf zlQmsf] k|of]u ug{af6 /f]s

bf];|f] l;4fGt cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg

t];|f] l;4fGt ;LdfIf]qsf] cg'Nnª\3g / /fHosf] k|fb]lzs cv08tf

24 25


ljleGg /fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iff ;lGw cg'df]bg ug'{sf] cf}lrTo cGt/f{li6«otyf If]qLo ;'/Iffsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / pgLx¿aLrsf] låkIfLo jf jx'kIfLo ;xof]uclej[l4sf] p2]Zon] cGt/f{li6«o Jojxf/sf l;4fGtnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{ xf] .;fdfGotof, k//fi6« dGqfno dfkm{t\ sfo{sfl/0fLn] jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpF5 .

d}qL, ;xof]u / kf/:kl/s ;}Go ;xfotf;DaGwL låkIfLo ;D´f}tfjf ;lGwx?

/fHosf] ;'/Iff gLltsf] JofVof ubf{ låkIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿n] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsflgjf{x u5{g\ . b'O{ /fHo kIfdfq ;fd]n eO{, To:tf ;lGwx¿sf] k|fjwfgx¿nfO{;Dej eP;Dd cg's"n agfpg] p2]Zon] ;DalGwt /fi6«sf d"Nox¿, kl/l:ylt /cfjZostf adf]lhd ;+jfb x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k"j{ ;f]leot ;+3 /cd]l/sfaLr ePsf] /0fgLlts xltof/ Go"gLs/0f ;lGw -:6f6{_ .

o; k|sf/sf ;lGwx¿ d}qL / cgfqmd0fsfnflu dfq k|of]u geO{ -pbfx/0fsf]nflu ;g\ !((& df /l;of / cfd]{lgofaLr x:tfIfl/t d}qL, ;xof]u / kf/:kl/s;xfotf;DaGwL låkIfLo ;lGw_ ;}lgs ;xof]usf Jojxfl/s d'2fx¿sf ;fy} ljb]zLe"lddf ;]gf tyf z:q kl/rfngsf nflu cg'dlt lbg] s]xL d'2fx¿sf] 6'Ëf]nufpg ;d]t ul/G5 . ;g\ !(() tfsf /l;ofn] cGo k"j{ ;f]leot u0f/fHox¿-o'P;P;cf/_ ;Fu y'k|} låkIfLo ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u¥of] .

oL ;lGwx¿n] cfjZostf k/]sf a]nf 7f]; ;}lgs ;xfotf;d]t ;dfj]z ug{;S5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df, ;g\ !(($ sf] nf]stflGqs ;fem]bf/L;DaGwL j8fkqnfO{;g\ !((@ sf] cd]l/sf–shfs ;Demf}tfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5,h;n] låkIfLo ;}lgs ;DaGwsf] ljsf;sf] dfu{ k|z:t u¥of] .

;du|df, låkIfLo ;lGwx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs ;'/Iff gLlt /]vfÍg ug{, cGo /fi6«;Fud}qL ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ / 7f]; ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu Ps dfWodsf¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut ax'kIfLo ;'/Iff ;lGwx¿df eGbf oL ;lGwx¿nfO{cg'df]bg ug]{ qmddf ;+;bsf] yk lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf /xG5 / jftf{df ;xefuLx'g] clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt kf7x¿ kl/dfh{g ug{ Jofks If]q ;lxtsf ;emfjk]z ug{ ;S5 .

rf}yf] l;4fGt cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt ;'lglZrt;Ldfgfleqsf] cfˆgf] If]qdf zflGt;Fu a:g kfpg] hgtfsf]clwsf/

kf“rf}+ l;4fGt /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}lds ;dfgtf / cfGtl/s dfdnfdf cx:tIf]k

5}7f}+ l;4fGt dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg

;ftf}+ l;4fGt /fi6«x¿aLr ;xsfo{

cf7f}+ l;4fGt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t :jLs[t lgodx¿sf] kfngf

;'/Iff / /Iff;DaGwL jx'kIfLo ;lGwx?

;'/Iff If]qdf pNn]vgLo ;+Vofdf ax'kIfLo ;lGwx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . oL ;lGwx¿nfO{d'Vo u/L lgDg cg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 -of] ljj/0f k"0f{?kdf lbg ;lsb}g,o;n] k|To]s juL{s/0fdf ;lGwx¿sf] pbfx/0fdfq lbPsf] 5 _ M

ljZj ;'/Iff Joj:yf;DaGwL ;lGw M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkq .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx?, h;n] cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/–

cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGånfO{ lgodg u5{ M rf/ h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿, !($(, ;fy} b'O{cltl/Qm ;lGwkqx¿, !(&&

km/s lsl;dsf xftxltof/x? / ltgLx?sf If]q;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx? MPG6L–Jofn]li6s ld;fOn ;lGw, /0fgLlts z:q Go"gLs/0f ;lGw, af?bL ;'?ªdxf;lGw, nf6]nf]Nsf] ;lGw cflb .

;'/Iff d'2f;Fu cf+lzs?kdf ;DalGwt If]qLo ;+u7g lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;lGwx? Mcd]l/sL /fHox¿sf] ;+u7gsf] j8fkq, o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] ;lGw, ;LP;;LOsf] d"nsfg'g -;LP;LO÷cf]P;;LO_, clk|msL o'lgogsf] ljwfosL P]g .

;}lgs ;xof]u tyf cfk;L /Iff ;xfotf ljifos If]qLo ;Demf}tfx? M g]6f] ;lGw,zflGtsf nflu ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tf, 8An'Oo' ;lGw, kf/:kl/s ;xfotfsf nflucGt/–cd]l/sL ;lGw .

26 27


;+;bLo tyf ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutfsf] dxTj

h'g d'n'sdf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg k|lqmofdf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;+;bsf]e"ldsf k|rlnt 5}g, ToxfF pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ h;n]hg;dy{g clej[l4df d2t k'U5 . l;4fGttM nf]stGqdf ;+;bsf] hfgsf/L tyfcg'dlta]u/ sfo{sfl/0fL]n] uf]Ko ;lGw tyf låkIfLo ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ug{ ;Sb}g .lgZro g} /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fi6«sf] ;Ldf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddfgdf c;/k'¥ofpg] cGt/f{li6«o ;D´f}tfx¿ ;+;bLo ax; tyf :jLs[ltsf ljifo aG5g\ .

:jL6\h/Nof08 h:tf s]xL /fi6«df k|d'v ;lGwx¿ hgdt ;++u|xsf ljifo aG5g\ .o; k|sf/, /fi6«sf] j}b]lzs gLltsf] k|d'v kl/jt{gdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfnfO{;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . :jL6\h/Nof08df k|rlnt hgdt ;+u|xn] cg'df]bgnfO{cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 -x]g'{xf];\ aS; g+= ^_ .

aS; g+= ^

k|ToIf nf]stGq, cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx?sf] cg'df]bg / cGo k|d'v;D´f}tfx? M :jL6\h/Nof08sf] cg'ej

:jL6\h/Nof08df ;+3Lo ;+;b, ;+3Lo kl/ifb -;/sf/_ / hgtf cGt/f{li6«o;D´f}tfx¿sf] cg'df]bg k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ub{5g\ . /fi6«sf nflu dxTjk"0f{;D´f}tfx¿ ;+;bLodfq geO{ cfd jx;sf ljifo x'g\ . ;dfhn] hgdt ;+u|xdfkm{t\ ul/g] ;+jfbaf6 ;D´f}tfx¿df cfˆgf cledt /fV5 . o;sf ;fy},hgdtåf/f ;+3Lo kl/ifbnfO{ efjL ;D´f}tfx¿ ;'rf¿ of :yug ug{ cfb]z lbg;S5 . olb ;/sf/n] æ;fd'lxs ;'/Iff ;+u7g cyjf pRr /fli6«o ;d'bfoÆsf];xdlt k|fKt ug{ rfx]df hgdt ;+u|||x cfjZos x'G5 . -;+3Lo ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f !$)=v_


;lGw ;D´f}tfx?Ø ;+;b / o;;Da4 ;ldlt-x¿_nfO{ ljZj:t t'Nofpg'xf];\ M

— ljleGg /fhgLlts em'sfj ePsf ;+f;bx¿nfO{ jftf{ 6f]nL ;b:osf]¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]n] of] jftf{ k|s[of;Fu cfj4 x'G5Ù

— gful/s ;dfh / ljz]if u/L dxTjk"0f{ cg';Gwfg tyf k}/jL ug]{clwsf/jfbL ;+:yfx¿;Fu uDeL/ d'2fx¿df k/fdz{ u5{Ù

— hg;/f]sf/ / rf;f]nfO{ u|x0f ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/;dIfcflwsfl/s / pko'Qm lsl;dn] ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ ;S5 .

k|efj ljZn]if0fØ ;+;bn] ;lGwsf] ;+efljt k|efj -dWod / bL3{sflng b'a}_– /fhgLlts,

cfly{s, ;dflhs, jftfj/0fLo cyjf cGo kIfsf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0fsf]k|:t'lt / 5nkmn ug{ ;S5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

cg'df]bgØ ;lGw cg'df]bg ug{ ;dod} ;+;bnfO{ elgPsf] 5 eGg]df ljZj:t x'g'xf];\ÙØ /fli6«o k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ kl/dflh{t u/L cyjf cfjZostf / ;Defjgf

eP;Dd, cGt/f{li6«o ;D´f}tf;DaGwL ckjfb jf JofVofTds k|fjwfgx¿/fvL cg'df]bg ul/g] ;lGw / /fli6«o sfg'gaLr Ps¿ktf ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

ckjfb tyf JofVofTds k|fjwfgsf] d"NofÍgØ tkfO{sf] /fi6«n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ckjfb / JofVofTds k|fjwfgx¿sf] j}wflgs

lg/Gt/tfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] cfjlws d"NofÍg cg'?k d"NofÍgul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

28 29


jx'n ljz]iftfsf] sf/0f o;n] /fHo s]xL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ cyjf ;Lldt ;d"xx¿sf];fwg xf]Og eGg] ;'lglZrt u5{ .

gful/s ;dfh / ;'/Iff If]q

gful/s ;dfh cGtu{tsf ;d"xx¿ h:tf] k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿, jf}l4s hdft,dfgjclwsf/jfbL u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / gLlt–s]lGb|t u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n];'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt lg0f{o / gLltx¿df k|efj kfg{ ;lqmo bjfj lbG5g\ .

;/sf/n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;z:q an, k|x/L tyf u'Ktr/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs jx;dfu}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] jx;n];/sf/sf] kf/blz{tfnfO{ yk j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?sf]ljlzi6 e"ldsf / of]ubfg

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_ x¿ eGgfn] ;fwf/0ftof lghL, u}/ gfkmfd'vL ;+u7gx¿,ljlzi6 ljifox¿df ;fdflhs ck]Iff / rfxgf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ p2]Zo af]s]sf;+:yfx¿ eGg] a'lemG5 . cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿sf] xsdf, oL ;+:yfx¿ ;/sf/b]lv:jtGq u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ cyjf ;/sf/;Fu cfj4 klg,pbfx/0fsf] nflu, /fHosf] nufgLaf6 .

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] nf]stflGqs / ;+;bLo;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ lgDg k|sf/n] ;jn agfpg ;S5g\ M

P ;+;b, ;~rf/ / hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff If]q, ;}Go ljifo / /Iff;DaGwL d'2fdf:jtGq ljZn]if0f / ;"rgf ljt/0f u/]/Ù

P ;'/Iff If]qleq sfg'gL zf;g / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg /lg/LIf0f u/]/Ù

P { ;du|df, ;dfhnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ /fhgLltsk|:tfjdf /fv]/Ù

cWofo – ^

gful/s ;dfh / ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf

;'/Iff If]q lj:t[t / hl6n aGb}5 . o;n] ;+;bsf] a9\bf] r'gf}tLnfO{ k|ltlglwTju5{ ha ls pgLx¿;Fu ;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L lg/LIf0fdf ;xof]u ug{ kof{Kt;|f]t / bIf sd{rf/Lsf] cefj 5 . kl/0ffdtM ;+;bsf] e"ldsfdf ;xof]u ug{ljleGg cËx¿ cl:tTjdf cfPsf 5g\, oBlk ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg];jf]{Rr bfloTj ;+;b;Fu oyfjt\ 5 . gful/s ;dfh / ;+rf/ dfWod b'a}n] ;'/IffIf]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fdf ;+;båf/f lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf /xL of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh

gful/s ;dfh eGgfn] Psflt/ /fHo ;+:yf / csf]{lt/ JolQmsf] lghL hLjg /;d'bfoaLrsf :jfoQ ;+u7gx¿nfO{ a'emfpF5 . gful/s ;dfhleq j[xt\ tyfljljw lsl;dsf :j]lR5s ;+u7g / ;fdflhs cleofg÷cfGbf]ngx¿ kb{5g\,h:tf] km/s ;fdflhs :jfy{ / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 7"nf ;+Vofsf;+u7g tyf ;d"xx¿ . tnsf cg'R5]bx¿n] gful/s ;dfhn] lsg ;'/Iff If]qsf]pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{, of] e"ldsfn] s] ;d]6\g]5 /;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fdf gful/s ;dfhn] s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 eGg] af/] pNn]vug]{5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh / nf]stGq

gful/s ;dfh cleJolQm / nf]stflGqs k|lqmof b'a}sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5 /:yflkt nf]stGq ;~rfng ug{ o;n] alnof] / Jofks e"ldsf v]N5 . o;n]/fhgLlts g]t[Tjx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vr{ / /fHosf gLltx¿af/] lg0f{o ubf{ ljleGglsl;dsf dfu / rfxgfsf ljifodf Wofg lbg ;lqmo¿kdf ;DemfpF5 . To;sf/0f;lqmo gful/s ;dfh nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . gful/s ;dfhn]Psflwsf/jfbsf] k|ltsf/ u5{, /fHosf] zlQmnfO{ ;Gt'lnt u/fpg] Ifdtf / o;sf]

30 31


P tflnd / sfo{zfnfåf/f ;+;bLo bIftf / Ifdtf clej[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofP/Ù

P ;/sf/L ;'/Iff gLlt, /Iff jh]6 / ;|f]tsf] 5gf}6 / pknAwtfdfly bIfj}slNks b[li6sf]0f /fv]/, ;fj{hlgs jx;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/ / ;+efljtgLltut ljsNk tof/ kf/]/Ù

P /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt lg0f{ox¿ / ltgLx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] t/Lsfsf nflu;'emfj lbP/ pknAw u/fP/Ù

P hgtfnfO{ lzlIft agfP/ / ;fj{hlgs j[Qdf j}slNks jx;x¿sf] ;xhLs/0fu/]/ .

Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf gful/s ;dfhåf/f ul/Psf] x:tIf]kn] ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0fug{ u};; / cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿n] v]Ng;Sg] lj:t[t e"ldsfaf/] k"0f{ lrq0f u/]sf]5 . -x]g{'xf];\ aS; g+= &_

sf]7f g++= &

Nofl6g cd]l/sdf gful/s ;dfh M

gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7gx?sf] e"ldsf / dxTjdfly PsJojxfl/s pbfx/0f

;g\ !(*) / !(() sf] cGTolt/ Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf gjlgjf{lrt gful/s;/sf/n] ;]gfsf] k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ ePkl5 gful/s / ;}lgsaLr ;+jfbnfO{ ;'wf/ug]{ p2]Zon] y'k|} gful/s ;dfh u7g eP . oL jftf{x¿n] ;}Go zlQmsf]k[ysLs/0fnfO{ tf]8]/ gful/s ;dfh, lgjf{lr{t clwsf/Lx¿ / ;}lgs pRrkb:yaLr k]zfut cfbfgk|bfg k|lqmof z'¿ ug{ d2t u¥of] . To; ;dob]lv g}oL ;d"xx¿n] k|foM gful/s ljz]if1sf ¿kdf, ;'/Iff / /Iffdf k|fljlws ;xof]u/ ;}Go gLltx¿ clg jh]6 lgoGq0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

pbfx/0fx?Pp6f pbfx/0f ch]{lG6gL ;d"x P;Ocf/ Pg @))) xf] . ;g\ !(() sf] ;}lgsljb|f]x k|of;kl5 :yflkt P;Ocf/ Pg @))) ;'¿df gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿,

/fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ / ;}lgsaLrsf] ;+jfbdf ;'wf/ ug]{ 7fpFsf] ¿kdf ljsf;eof] . oL jftf{x¿n] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/], h;af6 ljwflosfsf] dxTjk"0f{kIfx¿sf] vfsf lgdf{0f / d:of}bfsf nflu P;Ocf/ Pg @))) n] gful/sof]ubfg pknAw u/fof] / To;n] kl5 uP/ ;kmn ;'/Iff gLltsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fu¥of] .

To:t} 8f]d]lgsg u0ftGqdf km\nf:sf]sf] Ps cËsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf ;'/Iff/ /Iff ljz]if1x¿n] k|x/L k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] ljw]os ljsf; ug{ ;]gf;Fusfd u/]sf lyP / kl5 ljw]os cg'df]bgsf a]nf sfo{kflnsf / s+u|];nfO{;Nnfx lbPsf lyP .

Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf w]/} ;d"xx¿ ;}lgs lqmofsnfkdfly ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ljwflosfsf] dfgjLo tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfdf ;'wf/sf nflu /Iff / ;'/Iff;ldltx¿;Fu glhs /x]/ sfd ub{5g\ .

k]¿sf] OlG:6Ro"6f] 8] :6'l8cf]; kf]lnl6sf]; jfO :6«f6]lh:sf];\ -cfO8LOkLO_;d"xn] s+u|];sf] /Iff ;ldltdf s+u|]; dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿ / pgLx¿sfsfo{stf{nfO{ ;}lgs ah]6 Joj:yfkg / k|zf;g ljifodf k|lzIf0f lbg] ub{5 .

Ujf6]dfnfl:yt km\nf:sf] ;d"xn] s+u|];nfO{ ;}lgs, u'Ktr/ ;'wf/ / ;}lgs;]jf nufotdf k|efj kfg]{ y'k|} sfg'gx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / cg'df]bg ug{df ;xof]uu/]sf] 5 .

gful/s ljz]if1tfsf] cefjNofl6g cd]l/sfdf cem} ;'/Iff / /Iff If]qdf ljz]if1sf] cefj 5 . gful/sljz]if1sf] cefjn]] ;}lgs ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf sfo{sf/L / ljwflosL;+:yfx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . cNksfnsf nflu h] eP klggful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7gx¿n] /fHosf lgsfonfO{ ;xof]u u/]/ / km}lnPsf]gful/s b:tfnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbP/ pQm vf8nnfO{ k'g{ d2t ug{ ;S5g\ .

;+hfno;sf] lglDt P;Ocf/ Pg @))) n] xfn} ;'/Iff / /Iffsf] If]qdf k|lta4 jf}l4shdft / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿sf] If]qLo ;+hfn u7g u/]sf] 5 . cf/OP;8LPPn

32 33


To:tf /fi6«x¿ hxfF ;~rf/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 :jtGq 5}g, ToxfF zf;sx¿n];lhn} ;~rf/nfO{ k|rf/jfhLsf] nflu b'¿kof]u ug]{ a9L ;Defjgf /xG5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf, ;~rf/n] lglZrt¿kdf kf/blz{tf / ;'/Iff If]qsf] nf]stflGqs;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ ;Sb}g .

OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;;Fu}, cflwsfl/s ;"rgf;Dd hgtfsf] kx'Frsf] ;Defjgf lj:t[tePsf] 5 . lat]sf bzs;Dd j[xt\ kf/blz{tf, hgpQ/bfloTj / cflwsfl/s;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo k|j[lQ /xFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . of] k|j[lQnfO{k|f]T;flxt ul/g'kb{5, lsgeg] o;n] Jofks¿kdf ;';"lrt hgtf, dxTjk"0f{ gLltutd'2fx¿df u'0ffTds ;fj{hlgs jx; / cGttf]uTjf c;n zf;gdf of]ubfgk'¥ofPsf] 5 . OG6/g]6sf j]kmfObfx¿ klg 5g\, pbfx/0fsf cltjfbL ;d"xx¿n]km}nfPsf] /+ue]b / ox'bL lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk . xfn}sf s]xL åGbx¿df cGo ;~rf/dfWodx¿, pbfx/0fsf] nflu, /]l8of] :6]zgx¿n] cltjfbL ;d"xx¿nfO{ d~rk|bfg u/L ;dfhsf ljljw ;d'bfoaLr 3[0ffsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ d2tk'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

;'/Iff ;DaGwL d'2fx?sf] ;"rgf ;+sng / ljt/0f

nf]stflGqs tyf ;'zf;gsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;fj{hlgs rf;f]leq /x]sf ;'/Iff ;Da4ljifodf ;"rgf ;+sng / ljt/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ 5 / ;To, tYo /lgikIftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;dfrf/ pknAw u/fpg' p;sf] ;dfgbfloTj xf] .

o;/L ;~rf/n] ;/sf/ / ;+;bsf lg0f{o / gLltx¿ hgtf;dIf JofVof ug{;xof]u u5{, hf] ;';"lrt x'g / /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf af}l4s¿kdf ;xefuL x'gclwsf/;DkGg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;~rf/n] ;'/Iff If]qdf ;fj{hlgs sfof{no:yfkgf, ckgfOPsf] ;'/Iff gLltsf] k|sf/, ljb]zL e"lddf ;]gf kl/rfng, ;}lgsl;4fGt, xltof/ k|flKt, ;lGwx¿ / cGo ;D´f}tfx¿, ;+nUg ;xefuLx¿, efjL;'/Iff r'gf}tLx¿ / tT;DaGwL jx;sf ljifodf hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg]clwsf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . tyflk, uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] xsdf hah{:tL jf:jlgoGq0f -;]G;/l;k_ x'g ;S5 .

(www.ser2000.org.ar) gfds pQm ;~hfnåf/f ;'/Iff / /Iff;Fu ;DalGwt b:tfj]h/ ljw]ossf] 8f6fa]; :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} gful/sx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ /;+:yf e|d0f sfo{qmdsf nflu cfXjfg ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]t M lqmz ;jfl6gL, g]Zgn OG8f]d]G6 km/ 8]df]qm];L, jflz+u6g l8=;L=, @))@

;+rf/ dfWod -ldl8of_

:jtGq ;~rf/n] ;fwf/0ftof hgtf / /fhgLlts k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ hfgsf/ lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;xof]u u5{g\ . /fHosf tLg} cËx¿sf] sfd sf/jfxLdfly ;'kl/j]If0fug]{ sfo{df ;~rf/n] of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs jx;df p7fOg] d'2fsf]cGt/j:t' / u'0f:t/df k|efj kfg{ ;S5, h;sf] k|ltkmn ;/sf/, Joj;fo,k|fl1s / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ k|efj kg{ ;S5 . To; sf/0f :jtGq ;~rf/nf]stGqsf] nflu cfjZos tTj xf] . oxfF aS; g+ * df ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{vf]Hg] kqsf/x¿n] j]xf]g'{kg]{ sl7gfOaf/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|]; :jtGqtfsf]nflu kqsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf geO{ gx'g] kIf xf] .

aS; g+= *

gofF k|sf/sf o'4x? M k|]; :jtGqtfsf nflu sl7g ;do

æljZjsf emG8} ! ltxfO hgtf cem};Dd k|]; :jtGqtf gePsf] /fi6«x¿dfa;f]af; ub{5g\ . -===_ hf] o'4 If]qdf dfl/P, h;nfO{ kqsf/ ePs} sf/0f5'6\ofP/ dfl/Psf] xf]Og / ;+j]bgzLn ljifoj:t'dfly cg';Gwfg / n]v k|sflztu/]s} e/df tyf ;dfhdf JofKt cGofo–cTofrf/, ck/fw, e|i6frf/, 7uLJofkf/ / cGo :jR5Gb Jojxf/x¿sf] lgGbf u/]s} sf/0f ;'lgof]lht¿kdfdfl/Psfx¿aLrsf] km/s xfdLn] 5'6\ofpg' k5{ . gofF k|sf/sf o'4x¿n] ;dfrf/;+sngnfO{ lbgfg'lbg vt/fk"0f{ agfpFb}5g\, h'g k'/fgf lgoldt ;]gfx¿aLrgeO{ hftLo, wfld{s, ;}4flGts cyjf lgs[i6 ck/flws :jfy{x¿sf nflueO/x]sf] 5 . t/, åGbdf dfl/Psf jf 3fOt] ePsf kqsf/x¿ dflysf] xdnf;Fw} ljz'4 b'3{6gf dfq} x'Fb}g . sltko cj:yfdf n8fs'x¿ / lgoldt ;]gfx¿;d]tn] lgotjz pgLx¿sf sd{sf c;'ljwfhgs ;fIfLnfO{ nlIft ug{ ;S5g\;d:of pAhfpg ;Sg] ;fIfLx¿nfO{ lgotk"j{s lgzfgf agfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .Æ

;|f]tM jflif{s k|ltj]bg @))@, l/kf]6{;{ ljycfp6 af]8{;{

34 35


;~rf/ / ;'/Iff;DaGwL d'2fdf sfg'g

;a} d'n'ssf sfg'gn] k|]; :jtGqtfsf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf x'G5g\ . of]l;4fGtnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !( df Joj:yf ul/Psf]5, h;df elgPsf] 5 M

æk|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf 5Ù o; clwsf/cGtu{t ljgf s'g} x:tIf]k ljrf/ /fVg] :jtGqtf / s'g} klg dfWod /;Ldf aGb]hljgf ;"rgf / ljrf/x¿ vf]Hg], k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;+rf/ ug]{:jtGqtf k5{g\ .Æ

oBlk, s;/L o:tf] :jtGqtfsf] k|flKt / ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGo cGt/f{li6«odfu{bz{g geP klg dfly pNn]lvt cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtnfO{ ;'/Iff;DaGwL d'2fx¿dfh:tf];'s} ;Defljt Jofks cj/f]w eP klg o;nfO{ aGb]h a]u/sf] cy{df a'em\g;lsG5 .

aS; g+= (

;]K6]Da/ !!, @))! kl5sf] k|]; :jtGqtf

k|To]]s jif{ d] # df cGt/f{li6«o k|]; :jtGqtf lbj; dgfOG5 . ;g\ @))@ sf]cGt/f{li6«o lbj; ;]K6]Da/ !! sf] cft+sjfbL xdnfkl5 /fi6«x¿n] /fli6«o tyfcGt/f{li6«o ;'/IffnfO{ dha't agfpgsf nflu ckgfpg ;Sg] pkfoaf6 k|];:jtGqtfdf kg{ ;Sg] ;Defljt c;/sf ljifodf s]lGb|t /x\of] .

o; ;DaGwdf o'g]:sf]sf dxflgb]{zs sf]Olr/f] dfT;'/fn] eg]sf 5g\– æcfwf/e"t:jtGqtfsf] cEof; / cft+sjfbsf] ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos Jofks ;'/IffaLrlgZro g} tgfj 5, t/ s'g} klg k|ltcft+sjfb cleofgsf] p2]Zo xfd|f]:jtGqtfsf] ;'/Iff x'g'k5{ .Æ

;|f]tM bL jN8{ ckm kfln{ofd]G6\;, c+s ^, d] @))@, cfOkLo''

;'/Iff d'2fdf ;+;b / hgtfaLr ;~rf/

c;n zf;gsf] l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0f Tolta]nf dfq k|efjsf/Lx'G5 hlta]nf hgtf ;+;bLo txsf] jx;sf nflu v'nf k|d'v d'2fx¿df hfu¿sx'G5g\ .

;'/Iff d'2f;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;+;b / ;/sf/åf/f hgtfsf]nflu ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ;"rgfsf] k||||r'/tf / oyfy{df lge{/ u5{ . ;+;bn] hgtfdfcfjZos ;"rgfsf] tx / u'0ffTdstfdf ljz]if cle¿lr lng'kb{5 h;n] ubf{;d;fdlos kl/l:ylt / ;+;bdf ;DkGg lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] glthf b'a}af/] a'em\g;Sg] x'G5g\ .

clen]vLs/0fdf cfd kx'Fr

;+;bn] ;/sf/L ;xof]u jf PSn}n] ;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿sf] ljifodfb:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf cyjf j]e;fO6 dfkm{t\ ljljw k|sf/sf ;"rgf / b:tfj]hx¿hgtfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;S5 . ;+;bsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;'/lIft ug]{of] g} ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] .

aS; g+= !)

;+;bLo j]e;fO6x?

d], @))@ otf !*) j6f d'n'sdf @ ;o $$ ;+;bLo ;bgx¿ -^$ ;+;bx¿lå;bgfTds_ 5g\ . cfOlko'sf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ !@* d'n'sdf ! ;o ^*j6f ;+;bLo j]e;fO6x¿ 5g\ -s]xL lå;bgfTds ;+;bdf k|To]ssf 5'§f5'§}j]e;fO6 5g\_ . cfOlko'' kl/ifbåf/f d], @))) df :jLs[t æ;+;bLo j]e;fO6sfcGtj{:t' / ;+/rgf;DaGwL lgb]{lzsfÆ cfOlko' j]e;fO6df pknAw 5 Mhttp://www.ipu.org.

36 37


P o;n] gful/ssf] tkm{af6 ;xeflutf / :yfoL ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{Ù

P o;n] ;+;bsf] sfo{k|lt cfd ljZjf; j[l4 u5{Ù

P o;n] s'k|zf;gsf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fsf] nflu cj;/ lbG5 -pbfx/0fsfnflu cDa'8\;Dofgdfkm{t\_Ù

P o;n] sfg'g / ;/sf/L gLltx¿sf] nflu hg;dy{g / j}wflgstf ;'lglZrtu5{, / kmn:j¿k k|hftflGqs :yfloTj x'G5 .

;+;bLo hfgsf/LnfO{ ;+;bLo ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ ;]jfsf] ;'g'jfO tyf ;'kl/j]If0f,6]lnlehg 5nkmnx¿ / ;+;bLo cg';Gwfg ;]jfaf6 ;ldlt ;b:ox¿nfO{ pknAwx'g] ljz]if ;dfrf/ cflbåf/f låkIfLo ;~rf/ clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

aS; g+= !!

;+;b / ;~rf/

æ!!= ;efn] /fli6«o ;+;bx¿nfO{ nlIft dfkb08 xfl;n ug{ cfXjfg u5{ M

!= ;ldlt j}7s nufotsf ;+;bLo sfo{sf] Jofks v'nfkgnfO{ ;'lgZrtug]{, of] k|Zg ;~rf/ gLltsf ¿kdf dfq geO{ nf]stGqsf] lqmofzLntfsfnflu k|ToIf k|efjsf ;fy} dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts k|fyldstf xf]Ù

@= k/Dk/fut ;+rf/ ljlwsf] / gjLg ;"rgf k|ljwLsf] plrt ;b'kof]u ug]{,vf;u/L Ms= ;~rf/ / To;df klg ljz]if u/L ;+;bLo ;+jfbbftfx¿nfO{ pRr

:t/sf] sfo{ jftfj/0f pknAw u/fP/Ùv= 5nkmn afx]s a}7ssf lg0f{o / a}7ssf] sf/jfxLsf cIf/zM

ljj/0fsf] ;L3| k|;f/0f u/]/Ùu= ;j{;fwf/0f / kqsf/x¿;Fu k|ToIf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ug{sf nflu cg–

nfOg ;]jfx¿ l;h{gf u/]/Ù3= ljw]osdf dtbfg ug'{cl3 ;fj{hlgs ax;nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;+;bLo

b:tfj]hdf k"0f{ kx'Fr lbP/Ù#= ;~rf/ ljz]if1x¿sf] k/fdz{åf/f nfeflGjt eP/Ù

;'/Iff If]q;DaGwL d'2fx¿sf] pbfx/0f, h;nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] a'em\g ;Sg] u/Lcfd?kdf k|sflzt ug{ ;lsG5 M

P /0fgLlts dxTjsf b:tfj]hx¿, h:t}, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltÙ

P /Iff jh]6 -uf]Ko sf]ifafx]s_Ù

P ;+;bdf ePsf ;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} k|d'v jx;x¿, lg0f{ox¿, k|:tfjtyf sfg'g cflb ;DaGwL k|]; lj1lKtx¿Ù

P ;'/Iff dfldnf;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ j}7s / jx;sf lg0f{o k'l:tsfx¿ -uf]Koj}7sx¿ jfx]s_Ù o:tf jGb ;'g'jfO{x¿sf] k|ltj]bgdf If]q / ljrf/fy{ k|:t'tljifo k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{Ù

P ;'/Iff d'2faf/] ;+;bLo 5fgjLg;DaGwL k|sfzgx¿Ù

P ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿sf] ;+rfng;DaGwL jflif{s ;+;bLo k|ltj]bg jf ;dLIffx¿Ù

P ;'/Iff If]q;DaGwL cDa'8\;Dofg jf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf k|ltj]bgx¿ÙcDa'8\;DofgnfO{ ljz]if cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bgx¿ k]z ug{] cg'dlt glbOg;S5, t/ k|ltj]bg k|:t'ltsf nflu ;ldlt 5gf}6 ug{ eGg ;lsG5Ù ;/sf/n];+;bdf cDa'8\;Dofg / n]vf k/LIf0f k|lta]bgdfly u/]sf] sf/jfxL 6]a'nug'{k5{ .

P låkIfLo / jx'kIfLo ;Demf}tf;DaGwL hfgsf/LÙ

P ;+;bdf ;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt d'4fx¿df k|To]s ;f+;b jf /fhgLlts;d"xn] ;'/Iff;DaGwL d'2fdf dtbfg u/]sf 5g\ eGg] ;"rgf -h:tf] jh]6,cGt/f{li6«o u7aGwg, clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf d'2f, vl/b_Ù

P ljwfosL ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf .

;+;bLo sfo{df cfd ;+nUgtf lglDt ;xof]u

PskIfLo ;"rgf -;+;b jf ;/sf/af6 hgtf;dIf_ kof{Kt x'Fb}g . ;+;bn];'/Iff;DaGwL dfldnfdf hgtfnfO{ cfkm";Fu ;+jfb ug{ ;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ .låkIfLo jftf{ jf ;+jfb cfjZos 5, lsgeg] M

38 39


$= sfg'gL kf7 u}/–ljz]if1 kf7sx¿sf nflu ;xh} pknAw u/fP/Ù

%= /fhgLlts d'2f klxrfgdf cfkm"x¿nfO{ a9L s]lGb|t ug{ cfjZos sbdrfn]/, pbfx/0fsf] nflu, To:tf If]qx¿ hxfF zL3| lg0f{osf nflusfo{ljlwnfO{ cem ;zQm kfg{ ;lsG5Ù

^= kqsf/ / lgs6 ;/f]sf/jfnf Joj;flos j[QnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/;]jfleq k|f]T;flxt u/]/, ;"rgf ;Dd]ngdf sfg'gL k|:t'lt / To;sf vf;ljz]iftfsf] JofVof u/]/Ù

&= ljwflosL sfo{ljlw / ;+;bLo sf/jfxL;Fu kl/rlt u/fpg] / ;+;b tyfcGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿ aLrsf] ;DaGwdfly kqsf/x¿sf] 1fgnfO{ clej[l4ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+;bLo sfo{;DaGwL sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf u/]/ . :yfgLotyf If]qLo ;dfrf/kq / Dofu]lhgsf kqsf/x¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{Ù

*= OG6/g]6df ;~rf/ ;+hfn l;h{gf u/]/, gful/sx¿nfO{ ;f+;bx¿ / ;+;bLo;"rgf ;]jf b'j};Fu cGt/lqmofTds ;+jfbsf nflu ;Ifd agfP/Ù

(= ljleGg o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿, ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf / Sofg8fdf h:t} ;+;bLoultljlwk|lt k|lta4 :jtGq 6]lnlehg k|;f/0fx¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|f]T;fxgug{;Sg] of]hgf jf gLlt agfP/Ù

!)= hf] k"0f{ :jtGq cfwf/df pRr u'0f:t/sf] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg s8fkl/>d ug]{ / hf] ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{åf/f k/flht x'g] qf;df /x]sf ;~rf/nfO{cfly{s jf cGo dfWodaf6 ;xof]u u/]/ .Æ

;|f]t M o'/f]k kl/ifbsf] ;+;bLo ;efsf] k|:tfj !!$@ -!((&_

nf]stflGqs k2ltsf] bL3{sfnLg :yfloTjsf nflu hg;xeflutfsf] cfjZostfk5{ . ;xeflutfsf] dfqf b]z}lkR5] km/s x'G5 . s]xL ;++;bn] hgtfnfO{ ;ldltsf]j}7sdf ;xefuL x'g cg'dlt lbG5g\ . sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf rf;f] /fVg]x¿sf]nflu jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu of] ljz]if dxTjsf] x'g;S5 . olb o; k|sf/sf] ;xeflutfn] ;ldlt j}7sdf pkl:yt JolQmx¿nfO{x:tIf]k ug{] clwsf/ glbP klg pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt g} d"Nojfg x'G5 .


u}/–;+:yfut stf{åf/f ;'/Iff gLltdf of]ubfgt ;'/Iff tyf ;'/Iff–;DaGwL d'2fx¿df gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿n] u/]sf]

of]ubfgsf] nfe lng ;+;bnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] ;+oGqx¿ pko'Qm cj:yfdf/x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

t To;sf] lglDt pko'Qm ePdf ;'/Iff / ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wgug{ ;Ifd k|lt:kwL{ ;+:yfx¿, u};;x¿ / ;~rf/dfWodx¿nfO{ ;+;bLo;ldlt -x¿_sf] sfo{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ljwfg :jLs[t u/L k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

hg r]tgft ;'/Iffdf k||efj kfg]{ lg0f{ox¿ / ;f] ljifodfly x'g] lg0f{o k||lqmofsf] ;Gbe{df

;+;b;Fu ;lqmo hg;Dks{ gLlt /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

k]|; :jtGqtf / ;'/IffaLrsf] ;DaGwt ;'/Iff d'2fx¿sf] ;Gbe{df sfg'g / Jojxf/df k|]; :jtGqtf sfod ul/Psf]

/ tf]lsPsf] s'g} klg ;Ldfn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGtx¿nfO{e+u gug]{df ljZj:t kfg'{xf];\ .

t oyf]lrt ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf sfg'g lgdf{0f lglZrt ug]{ .

40 41


aS; g+= !@

zflGt k|lqmofdf n}lËstf

ædlxnf cfjZostf / e"ldsfnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ s'g} klg zflGt k|lqmof c:jfefljsx'G5 / :jefj}n] c:yfoL x'G5 .Æ===æåGå kZrft\sf] ;+qmd0fsfndf ;fdflhstyf cfly{s ljsf; k'gM cf/De ug{ dlxnf ;zltms/0f cfjZos 5 .dlxnf klg k'?if h:t} o'4 tyf ;z:q åGå b'a}df leGg tl/sf / leGg If]qdfkLl8t / stf{ ePsf 5g\ . o'4sf a]nf dlxnfx¿n] gofF lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuLeP/ gofF e"ldsf u|x0f u5{g\, ;fw/0ftofM a9L bfloTj jxg ub{5g\ . oLkIfdf ;'wf/x¿ eP klg cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;+rfnssf] zflGt :yfkgf;DaGwL/0fgLlts tof/L tyf sfo{fGjog / åGåaf6 ljsl;t x'g yfn]sf ;dfhx¿ /åGå kZrft\sf] zflGt :yfkgfdf dlxnfx¿ ;LdfGts[t 5g\ .

Gendering Human Security: From Marginalisation to the Integration of Women inPeace –building, 2001, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

aS; g+= !# n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] k|:tj !#@% -@)))_ sf] p4/0fk|:t't u/]sf] 5, h;df dlxnfx¿nfO{ åGå kLl8tsf] ?kdf x]l/g] b[li6sf]0f kl/jt{g-o'4sf] xltof/sf ?kdf lx+;f / anfTsf/_ af6 åGå ;dfwfg, zflGt :yfkgf /zflGt kl/rfngdf k'?if ;/x dlxnfnfO{ stf{sf] ¿kdf x]l/g] b[li6sf]0fsf] dxTjnfO{hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . To:tf] kl/jt{gn] o'4cl3, o'4tfsf / o'4kZrft\ tyf ;z:qåGådf dlxnf / k'?if b'a}sf lqmofsnfk / e"ldsf k|ltsf] x]/fOdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{a'emfpF5 . o;sf] tfTko{, n}lËs ;dfgtf / n}lËs d'2fx¿df /fli6«o tyfcGt/f{li6«o?kdf gLlt JofVof / pko'Qm sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ePsf]a'emfpF5 .

cWofo – &

;'/Iff gLltdf n}lËs b[li6sf]0f

n}lËs ;dfgtf ;fk]lIft ?kdf clxn]sf] ;fj{hlgs rf;f] xf] . o;nfO{ ;'/Iff d'2f;d]tdf dxTj"0f{ cfwf/lznfsf] ?kdf lnOG5, s'g} klg ;z:q åGåaf6 oL jx';+Vosk|efljt x'g]dfq xf]Og z/0ffyL{ tyf cfGtl/s?kdf lj:yflkt JolQmdf dlxnftyf afnaflnsf x'G5g\, t/ dlxnfn] ljZj hg;+Vofsf] cfwf efunfO{ k|ltlglwTju/]sf x'gfn] k'?if;/x clwsf/ ;DkGg / ;'/Iff d'2fsf] ;dfwfgdf of]ubfgug'{kg]{ x'G5 . dlxnf k|ltef / cGt/1fgn] ;'/Iff r'gf}tL ;fdgfsf nflu dfu{bz{gu5{, h'g cTolws hgs]lGb|t x'G5 / dfgjLo ;'/Iff ljlw cg'¿k / bLuf] x'G5 .To;sf/0f ;'/Iff gLltdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] p2]ZonfO{ b'O{ km/s b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{'cfjZos 5 . klxnf], ;'/Iff gLltn] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn d'2fdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ /;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . dlxnf clwsf/, ;Ddfg / lxt ;'lglZrt ug{ :yflkt ;+/rgf/ ;DefJo ;dfwfg k|:t't ug'{k5{ . bf];|f], ;'/Iff gLlt;DaGwL lg0f{o k|lqmofsf];a} tx / ;'/Iff gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf k|j4{g cfjZos5 .

dlxnf / åGå ;dfwfg

åGå ;dfwfg, zflGt kfngf / zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df o'4 tyf ;z:q åGådfk|ToIf ;xefuL k|foM k'?ifx¿sf] dfq rf;f] x'Fb}g . oBlk zflGt jftf{sf] 6]jndfdlxnfsf] pkl:ylt ;Fw} gu0o 5 . o'4 tyf ;z:q åGåsf a]nfdf ;d]t dlxnfx¿n]cfkm\gf] kf/Dkl/s n}lËs e"ldsfnfO{ kf/ ub}{ k'?ifx¿sf] bfloTj klg u|x0f ug'{k5{ . tyflk clxn] dlxnfsf] of]ubfg ug{;Sg] ;Lk, b[li6sf]0f / cGt/1fgnfO{:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . Jojxf/df lg0f{o k|lqmof, åGå ;dfwfg / zflGt kfngfsfo{df dlxnfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf x'gsf] nflu ;dfh / åGå ;dfwfgdf dlxnf/ k'?ifsf] cfˆgf] e"ldsfk|ltsf] kf/Dkl/s ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfpg' k5{ .

42 43


;fy} lgM;z:qLs/0f, ckl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hgdf dlxnf ;xeflutfaf/] pNn]v5 . o;sf s]xL zt{x¿ o; v08sf] cGTodf l;kmfl/;;Fu ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

;+;bLo /Iff ;ldltx¿df dlxnf

ljut @% jif{b]lv cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3 -cfOkLo'_n] /fhgLltdf dlxnf;DaGwL;j]{If0fn] ;+;bLo /Iff ;ldltx¿df dlxnf cem} a[xt–?kdf cg'kl:yt jf Go"gk|ltlglwTj ePsf] tYo k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿n] To:tf ;ldltx¿df k|d'v jfpk–k|d'v clwsf/L jf k|ltj]bssf] lhDd]jf/L la/n} k|fKt u5{g\ eGg' cTo'lQmgxf]nf . ;g\ !((& sf] Pp6f cfOkLo' ;j]{If0f -/fhgLltdf k'?if tyf dlxnf Mnf]stGq cem} lgdf{0ffwLg_ n] s] b]vfpF5 eg], ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿df (& hgfdlxnfx¿ /x]sf] tYofÍ k|:t't u/]sf lyP, s]an # k|ltzt dlxnfn] /Iff ;ldltsf]cWoIftf u|x0f u/]sf lyP . ;fdfGotof, ;Dk"0f{ ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] cWoIftfdf!*=^ k|ltztdfq dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 . of] l:yltnfO{ b'O{ k|d'v tTjn]:ki6 ug]{5 . klxnf], ljZje/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ cem} klg sd x'g' -!$=# k|ltzt,d] @))@ df_ . bf];|f], ;fdfGotM o'4 / zflGt tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL d'2fx¿ k'?ifeGbfdlxnfsf nflu sd ;/f]sf/ ePsf] eGg] dfgl;stf cem} ljZjJofkL?kdf 5 . of]b[li6sf]0f ;d:ofu|:t 5 lsgls o'4n] lgZro g} /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ hg;+VofnfO{k|efljt kf5{, k|foM dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?ifeGbf a9\tf kLl8t agfpF5 .

;z:qdf dlxnf

w]/} /fi6«sf ;z:q andf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf k|zf;lgs, ef}lts / ;xof]u ;]jftxdf ;Lldt x'g' ;fdfGo / k/Dk/f dflgG5g\ . zflGt sfndf dfq geP/slxn]sfxL+ o'4 jf ;z:q åGåsf] a]nfdf yk ;xof]u -Aofs–ck_sf nflu dlxnfsf]pkl:ylt ;fk]lIft?kdf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o; ljkl/t, ;}Go / ;]gf kl/rfngtxdf dlxnf ;+nUgtf clwsf+z xfn} b]lvg yfn] oyfy{dfq x'g\ . ;]gfdfdlxnf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o tyf t'ngfTds:t/df yf]/} tYofÍ pknAw 5g\ . tnlbOPsf] aS; g+= !$ n] pQ/ P6\nflG6s ;lGw ;+u7g -gf6f]_ ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf];]gfdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

aS; g+= !#

zflGt kl/rfng / k|lqmofdf n}lËs b[li6sf]0f;'/Iff kl/ifb -===_

æ&= n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn tflnd sfo{sf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf ;fy} ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo dlxnf sf]if, ;+o'tm /fi6«;+3Lo afn sf]if, / ;+o'tm /fi6«;+3Lo z/0ffyL{pRrfo'tmsf] sfof{no / cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿afx]s ;DalGwt sf]ifx¿ /sfo{qmdx¿n] clËsf/ u/]sf cGo ;+u7gx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] ljlQo, k|fljlws/ ef}lts ;xof]u -nlhl:6s_ :j]lR5s?kn] j[l4 ug{ cfu|x u5{Ù

*= zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] ;xdlt / sfo{fGjogdf ;+nUg ;a} sfo{stf{x¿nfO{n}lËs b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg cfu|x u5{, o; afx]s cGo ljifox¿df, -s_k|df0fLs/0f tyf k'gaf{;sf qmddf, k'gaf{;, ;dfof]hg / åGå kZrft\sf]k'glg{df{0fsf nflu dlxnf tyf aflnsfsf ljz]if cfjZostfx¿d" -v_ :yfgLodlxnfsf] zflGt cleofg, åGå ;dfwfgsf] :yfgLo k|lqmof, zflGt ;Demf}tfsf]sfof{Gjogsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+oGqdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pkfoÙ-u_ dlxnf / aflnsfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrtug]{ dfkb08x¿, ljz]if u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;+ljwfg, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, k|x/L /Gofokflnsf -===_ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .

!%= :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o dlxnfsf ;d"xx¿;Fusf] k/fdz{åf/f ;'/Iff kl/ifbld;gn] n}lËs dxTj / dlxnf clwsf/af/] Wofg lbPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ OR5fcleJoQm u5{Ù -===_Æ

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb k|:tfj !#@% -@)))_ af6 pb[t#! cS6f]a/ @))) df :jLs[t

44 45

k|:tfjgf !#@% -@)))_ sf] ;xdltåf/f, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrjn] cS6f]a/!^, @))@ df ædlxnf, zflGt tyf ;'/IffÆ ljifos k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf lyP .k|ltj]bgdf dlxnf / aflnsfx¿df ;z:q åGåsf] k|efj, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL;+/rgf, zflGt k|lqmof, zflGt / dfgjtfjfbL kl/rfng, k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf]


ü /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j{4gdf ;Dk"0f{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ kl/rfng ug{cfjZostf dx;"; ug'{Ù

ü s'g} cGo c+ux¿sf] ultljlwh:t} ;z:q ansf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ;dfh ljsf;

qmddf k|s6 x'G5 / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ffk|lt ;+j]bgzLn aGb} hfG5 .

aS; g+= !%

n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] Ps c+usf ?kdf ;'/Iff gLltdf dlxnf;xeflutf

;/sf/sf] ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 d"NofÍg ug{;lsG5 . a]OlhËdf ;DkGg rf}yf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngdf/fi6«;+3n] n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtf k|j{4g ug]{ ljZjJofkL/0fgLltsf] ?kdf cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo -O;Lcf]P;cf];L_n]n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ o;/L JofVof u/]sf] 5, æ===s'g} of]hgfj4 sfo{sf;fy} sfg'g, gLltx¿ jf sfo{qmdsf] dlxnf tyf k'?ifnfO{ ;a} If]q / txdf kg]{k|efjsf] d"NofÍg k|lqmof xf] . /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qsf ;a}of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, gLltx¿ tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf d"NofÍgdfdlxnfsf;fy} k'?ifx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ / cg'ejnfO{ cleGg cË agfpg] of] Pp6f/0fgLlt xf], o;af6 dlxnf / k'?if ;dfg?kn] nfeflGjt x'G5g\ / c;dfgtf;Fw} /xFb}g . o;sf] clGtd nIo g} n}lËs ;dfgtf k|fKt ug'{ xf] .Æ

;|f]t M UN ECOSOC Agreed Conclusions 1997/2

;z:q ;]gfdf dlxnfsf] a9\bf] ;+nUgtfn] k/Dk/fut k|lt/IffnfO{ dfgjLo ;'/Iffdf¿kfGt/0f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 M cg';Gwfg, ;"rgf k|ljlwx¿ -a}+lsª;d]t_ / u'Ktr/ sfo{x¿jfx]s slxn]sxL+ ljlw / kl/rfngdf cfjZos kg]{zf/Ll/s an / k|lzIf0fsf] k|fyldstfnfO{ hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . of] k|j[lQn]dlxnfnfO{ gofF cj;/x¿ k|bfg ub{5, ljz]if u/L To:tf d'n'sx¿ hxfF dlxnf /k'¿ifsf] lzIff / k|lzIf0fdf ;dfg kx'Fr x'G5 .

46 47

;fdfGotof clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf /÷jf Joj;flos ;}lgs OsfO{x¿df dlxnf;xeflutf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj jf ;'/Iff If]qleq cfkm}+n] ljsf; u/]/ a9fpg;lsG5 eGg' a9\tf ;'/lIft x'G5 . o;df b'O{ kIf ljBdfg 5g\, h'g Pscsf{df:jtGq?kdf b]lvg ;S5 M


aS; g+= !^

;'/Iff If]qdf dlxnf ;dfj]zLn] NofPsf gofF cfofd / r'gf}tLx?

;'/Iff If]q / ljz]if u/L ;]gf / k|x/Ldf dlxnfsf] a9\\bf] ;+nUgtfn] k|lzIf0f-vf; u/L zf/Ll/s k|lzIf0f_ / cg'zf;g dlxnf / k'¿ifsf nflu ;dfg x'g' k5{of kb}{g eGg] k|Zg pAhfPsf] 5 .

;]gf, /fHosf cGo ;}Go ;+u7gx¿ tyf k|x/Lx¿af6 lgodlgi7fsf ;fylgif]lwt of}lgstfsf kIfx¿sf] nflu klg lgodx¿ cfjZos x'G5 M Ps} tyfkm/s OsfO{x¿ leqsf ljjflxt tyf cljjflxt bDkltx¿sf] ljz]if cfjZostf/ rfxgfsf] ;fy} dft[Tj / lkt[Tj;Fu ;DjlGwt d'2fx¿df ;d]t ljrf/ ul/g'kb{5 .

o; cltl/Qm klx/g / To;sf] ;f}Gbo{tf / of}g cfsif{0fsf d'2fdf k'glj{rf/ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 M k'?if / dlxnfsf nlu kf]zfs ;dfg x'gk5{ < of ;a}cj:yfdf k'?ifh:t} b]lvg' k5{ <

oL If]qx¿n] gofF ljrf/sf] cfjZostf dx;"; u/]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o sfg'gsf;fy} ;]gf, /fHosf cGo ;}Go ;+u7gx¿ / k|x/L lgodx¿nfO{ oL jt{dfgoyfy{ cg'?k kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

zflGt ;]gf kl/rfng / /Iff dGqfnox?df dlxnf

gf6f]n] k|:t't u/]sf] u|LidsfnLg ;dLIff @))! sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ zflGt ;]gfkl/rfngdf ;+nUg dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof låtLo ljZj o'4sf] cGTob]lv ;LdfGt/x]sf] 5 . s]an s]xL /fi6«x¿ Sofgf8f, xË]/L, k|mfG;, g]b/Nof08 / kf]r'{unn]zflGt kl/rfngsf sd{rf/LdWo] % k|ltzteGbf a9L dlxnf ;dflji6 u/]sf5g\ . tyflk /fi6« ;+3sf] cg'ejn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ltgLx¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{;DalGwt gful/sn] /fd|/L g} :jLsf/]sf 5g\ / kl/rfngsf] glthfdf ;sf/fTdsk|efj k/]sf] 5 M pbfx/0fsf nflu n}lËs d'2f / lx+;fnfO{ a9L Wofg lbOg]5 .

/IffdGqL jf pk–/IffdGqLsf] ?kdf dlxnfsf] lgo'ltm cem klg gu0o 5 . cfOkLo'ljZj ;j]{If0fn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] dfr{ @))) df /Iff tyf ;'/Iff dfldnfsf]

lhDd]jf/L k|fKt u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ dGqLx¿sf] !=# k|ltzt / pkdGqLx¿ tyf cGodGqfno :t/Lo clwsf/Lx¿;lxt ;+;bLo ;lrjx¿sf] #=( k|ltzt dfq dlxnfn]k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ . -x]g'{xf];\ cfOkLo' / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf hf/Lu/]sf] /fhgLltdf dlxnf M @))) zLif{s ljZj dfglrq_ .


tYofÍØ k|To]s ;}Go zfvf, /fHosf cGo ;}Go ;+u7gx¿, k|x/L tyf u'Ktr/

;]jfx¿sf ;fy} ltgLx¿sf ;DalGwt tflnd s]Gb|||x¿df dlxnf cg'kft;DaGwL tYofÍsf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . o;afx]s pRr / lg0ff{ostxdf /x]sf dlxnf / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, gf6f] / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfodf ;'/Iffdfldnfdf 5nkmnsf] nflu hfg] tkfOFsf] /fi6«sf] k|ltlglw d08ndf dlxnf;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfg'kflts tYof+ssf lglDt cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .

n}lËstf tyf åGå ;dfwfg / k'glg{df{0f*Ø ;+ej eP;Dd jftf{ 6f]nLdf n}lËs ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ÙØ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf ;z:q åGåaf6 dlxnfn] ef]u]sf] kl/0ffd, zflGt k|lqmofdf

pgLx¿sf] of]ubfg / åGåkl5sf] ;Gbe{df pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf /k|fyldstfnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf :ki6tfsf ;Daf]wgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\Ù

Ø åGåsf] cjlwdf dlxnfn] xfl;n u/]sf] 1fg, cg'ej / ;+;fwgnfO{k'glg{df{0fsf] ;Gbe{df plrt tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

n}lËstf / zflGt ld;g*Ø zflGt kl/rfng / åGå kZrft\sf] k'glg{df{0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] k}/jL

ug'{xf];\ÙØ ;Dej eP;Dd sfg'gdfkm{t\ zflGt :yfkgf sfo{ / cGo cGt/f{li6«o

sd{rf/Lx¿ b'a} ;fF:s[lts ;Dj]bgzLn / n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn tflnd k|fKtePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

48 49


efu #

;'/Iff If]q ;~rfngsfk|d'v tTjx?

Ø dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ug]{ zflGt ;]gf / cGo cGt/f{li6«oclwsf/Lx¿sf] b08 ;hfosf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{xf];\ .

;/sf/Ø /Iff dGqfnodf dlxnf tyf k'¿ifåf/f jxg u/]sf] bfloTjsf] tx ;'lglZrt

ug'{xf];\, pbfx/0fsf nflu laut !) jif{df Tof] ;Gt'lnt lyof]÷lyPg . pRrtx, lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] bfloTjdf dlxnfsf] cj;/ j[l4 ug{ k'¿if ;/x ;dfgsfg'g Jojxf/df ePsf] of gePsf] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .

;+;bØ P]ltxfl;s /÷jf jt{dfgdf ;+;bsf] /Iff tyf ;'/Iff ;ldlt / o;leq

dlxnfn] axg u/]sf] bfloTjsf] ;+/rgf ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .Ø ;ldltn] n}lËs d'2fdf Wofg lbPsf] of glbPsf] af/] yk lg/LIf0f u5{ /

cfjZos k/]df n}lËs ;Gt'ng clej[l4 / ;+jb]gzLntfsf] nflu bjfjlbG5 .

* ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrjsf] k|ltj]bg dlxnf, zflGt tyf ;'/Iff, cS6f]a/ !^, @))@af6 lemlsPsf ;'emfjx¿

50 51


cWofo – *

;]gf

Oltxf;sf ;a} sfnv08df ;}Go ljefusf] pl:ylt /xFb} cfPsf] 5 / o;nfO{cfd?kdf /fHosf] 9fn tyf t/jf/sf ?kdf x]l/G5 . aS; g+= !& n] b]vfPcg';f/ ;g\ @))@ sf] dWo]df ljZjsf s]xL /fi6«x¿df dfq ;}Go ljefu lyPgg\ .

aS; g+= !&

;]gf gePsf /fi6«x?

s]xL /fi6«x¿;Fu ;z:q an 5}g . blIf0f dxf;fu/Lo ;fgf /fHox¿ h:tf]gfp¿, dflNbE;, ls/Ljf;, ;fdf]jf, ;f]Nff]dg cfONof08, t'efn', kfnfp / efg'cft'Ùclg Sofl/laog If]qdf M ;]G6 leG;]G6 / u|]gfl8g;\, ;]G6 ls6\; / g]le;, ;]G6n'l;of, 8f]ldlgsf, u|]gf8f . ;z:q an gePsf c¿ /fi6«x¿df sf]i6fl/sf,cfO;Nof08, df}l/;;, kgfdf, k"jL{ l6df]/, ;f]dflnof -hf] ;]gf u7g k|lqmofdf 5_,c08f]/f, ;g dfl/gf], x}6L k5{g\ . w]/}h;f] oL /fi6«x¿df cw{–;}lgs OsfO{x¿-pbfx/0fsf nflu /fli6«o /Ifs / ;Ldf /Ifsx¿_ /x]sf 5g\ .

;]gfsf sfo{x?

zLt o'4sf] cGTokZrft\ ;'/Iff;DaGwL ljsf;n] ljZjel/sf ;]gfnfO{ Jofksc;/ kf/]sf] lyof] . ;]gfnfO{ gofF sfo{ ;'lDkOof] ha ls pgLx¿sf] k'/fgf] d'Vosfo{nfO{ eg] cs}{ lsl;dn] ug{ elgof] . jt{dfgdf, ;fwf/0ftof ljZjel/sf w]/};]gfx¿ lgDg kfFr sfo{x¿df ;+nUg 5g\ M

P /fi6«sf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / If]qLo cv08tf jf Jofks cy{df gful/ssf]/Iff

P cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;]gf jf zflGt lgof]ux¿Ù

P cfktsfnLg p4f/Ù

52 53


P cfGtl/s ;'/Iff sfo{x¿ -l:ylt lau|]/ c;fwf/0f l:ylt k}bf ePdf sfg'g /Joj:yf kfng sfod /fVg gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjog clwsf/LnfO{ ;xof]uug]{_Ù

P /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf -;fdflhs sfo{_ .

;]gfn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ oL sfo{x¿ /fHocg';f/ km/s x'G5g\ h'g /fli6«o sfg'gL;+/rgf / ;'/Iff ;ts{tfdf lge{/ u5{ .

;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;dfhsf] /Iff

gofF ;'/Iff ljsf; / r'gf}tLsf afjh'b w]/}h;f] ;}lgssf nflu k/Dk/fut sfo{ g}dxTjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5, Tof] sfo{ eg]sf] u[x tyf u7aGwg /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljb]zLxdnflj¿4 /Iff ug'{ xf] . o; sfo{df /fHosf] e"–efu / /fhgLlts ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf]/Iffdfq geO{ j[xt\ cy{df ;dfhsf] ;d]t /Iff ug{' xf] .

zLt o'4 ;dfKt ePotf, /fhgLlts g]tf / ;]gfx¿ /fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qf ljb]zL;]gfåf/f dfq xf]Og cftÍjfb, u[xo'4x¿, ;+ul7t ck/fw, ;fOj/ xdnf /e|i6frf/h:tf c¿ gofF u}/–;}lgs r'gf}tLk|lt ;hu aGb} 5g\ -x]g'{xf];\ aS; g+=!_ . k|foM ;a} ;z:q an xfn /Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg 5g\ . aS; g+=!* n] oL tLg d'Vo ;'wf/ k|lqmofaf/] j0f{g u5{ .

aS; g+= !*

/Iff ;'wf/ M p2]Zo s] <

;g\ !(() b]lv w]/}h;f] ;]gfx¿df tLa|| ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg /fi6«x¿dfljleGg sf/0fn] o:tf ;'wf/x¿ ;DkGg eP . ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]bf{ o:tf ;'wf/sftLg nIox¿ dfq 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

Ø nf]stGqLs/0fclwsf+z ;fDojfb, tfgfzfxL / åGåkl5sf /fi6«x¿df /Iff ;'wf/sf] nIonf]stGqLs/0f xf] M

� nf]stflGqs¿kdf lgjf{lrt /fhgLlts g]t[Tjk|lt ;]gfnfO{ hjfkmb]xLagfpg], gq nf]stGqsf nflu pgLx¿ vt/f aGg ;S5g\ .

� ;]gfsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tnfO{ ;dfhsf cGo If]qx¿sf] cfjZostf;Fu};Gt'ngdf /fVg] .

Ø gofF ;'/Iff jftfj/0f;Fu ;dfof]hg� gofF ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx¿;Fu ;]gfsf] ;+Vof / ah]6 ;dfof]hg ug]{ .� ;]gfnfO{ gofF cleofgsf nflu tof/ kfg]{, pbfx/0fsf] nflu zflGt

;]gf .

Ø cGt/f{li6«os/0f;]gf ca a9L dfqfdf /fli6«o ;Gbe{df dfq xf]Og cGo ljb]zL /fi6«sfOsfO{x¿;Fu} kl/rflnt x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/sf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u tTsfnLgcfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt ld;gx¿ jf bL3{sflng/ ;+:yfut cfwf/df -h:tf] g]6f]_ cyjf låkIfLo jf jx'kIfLo cfwf/df .� ;]gfnfO{ -cflz+s ¿kdf_ cGt/f{li6«o dftxt / ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfx¿

cGtu{t /fv]/� cGo /fi6«sf ;]gf;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg ug]]{ ;DaGwdf pks/0f, tflnd,

efiff, ;"rgf, cfb]z clg lgoGq0f k4lt -cGt/sfo{ k4lt Ifdtf_ df/fli6«o ;]gfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .

:yfoL cGt/f{li6«o OsfO{sf pbfx/0fx¿ M� k|yd hd{g–g]b/Nof08\; sk{;\� jflN6s j6flnog -lny'jflgof, O:6f]lgof, nf6\leof_� kf]lnz–8]lgz–hd{g sk{;\� :nf]eflsof, xFu]/L, /f]dflgof / o'qm]g -l6;f j6flnog_ aLr dN6Lg];gn

OlGhlgo/ j6flnog

54 55


cGt/f{li6«o zflGtdf of]ubfg

;]gfx¿ zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df d'Vo u/L b'O{ sf/0fx¿n] ;+nUg x'G5g\ . klxnf],åGåsf] /f]syfd ug{ / åGå km}lnPsf] v08df x'g ;Sg] If]qLo cl:y/tf, cfly{sc:tJo:ttf / z/0ffyL{x¿sf] clgolGqt k|jfxh:tf ;+efljt c;/nfO{ /f]syfdug{ . bf];|f], åGåu|:t If]qx¿df dfgjLo ;'/Iffdfly of]ubfg ug]{ dfWod aGg /u}/ ;}lgs ;j{;fwf/0fsf] /Iff ug{ . jt{dfg åGåx¿ w]/} lx+;fTds aGb} uPsfn]To;n] u}/ ;}lgs hg;+Vof -;j{;fwf/0f_ nfO{ c;/ kfg{ yfn]otf dfgjLo ;'/Iff,ljz]if t dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg' cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] dxTjk"0f{gLltut p2]Zo x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . zflGt cleofgdf ;xefuL x'Fbfsf] kmfObf eg]sf]o:tf] cleofgn] ;}Go OsfO{nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg / jf:tljs kl/j]zdf cg'ejxfl;n ug{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ .

cfktsflng p4f/

k|To]s /fi6« k|fs[lts jf e"–sDk, af9L, eLif0f cfunfuL jf zx/L Onfsfx¿dfxjfO{ b'3{6gfh:tf dfgj l;lh{t b'3{6gfaf6 k|efljt ePsf jf x'g ;S5g\ .o:tf cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf gful/s clwsf/Lx¿n] cfktsflng p4f/ / cfk"lt{sfo{df ;xof]usf nflu ;]gfnfO{ cfXjfg u5{g\ . ;]gfn] zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{,vfBfGg, lrlsT;f ;]jf / cGo ;|f]tx¿ pknAw u/fpg] / ;~rf/ tyf oftfoft;]jf ;'rf¿ /fVg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ub{5g\ . ;]gfnfO{ o; lsl;dn] cfktsfnLgp4f/ sfo{df kl/rfng ubf{ ;dfhdf pgLx¿sf] ;sf/fTds 5lj aGg uO{nf]slk|o ;dy{gdf j[l4 x'g k'Ub5 .

gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjog clwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;xof]u

s]xL ;]gfn] gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjog clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{ yk sfo{u5{g\ . oBlk ;]gfsf] of] k|of]u cToGt} ljjfb:kb ljifo xf] . ;dfhnfO{ vt/fdfkfg{ ;Sg] To:tf eofgfs r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ gful/s clwsf/L / k|x/Ln] dfq ;fdgfug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] ;}Go ;xfotfsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 . o; k|sf/sf r'gf}tLsfpbfx/0fx¿ cftÍjfbL xdnf, ;+ul7t ck/fw jf cj}w nfu' cf}ifw t:s/L x'g\ .

gful/s sfg'g kfngfdf ;]gfnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ x'g] ;/f]sf/ / vt/fx¿df ;dfj]z5g\ M

P o;n] gful/s lgoGq0f / ;}lgs ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ vt/fdf kfg{ ;Sb5 Ù

P o;n] ckl/xfo{¿kdf ;]gfsf] /fhgLlts/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 Ù

P ;]gfn] c:yfoL¿kdf dfq sfg'g tyf Joj:yf agfpg ;S5, t/ /fhgLlts,;fdflhs jf cfly{s åGå jf cJoj:yfsf] h8nfO{ lgd{"n ug{ ;Sb}gÙ

P ;z:q ;]gfx¿ o'4sf nflu tflndk|fKt x'G5g\ / To;}sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{k|x/L sfo{ jf 3/df /x]sf cfd gful/s;Fu s;/L Jojxf/ ug]{ eGg] ljz]iftflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] x'Fb}gÙ

P k|x/L / ;z:q anaLr sfo{ut xf]8jfhLsf] hf]lvd x'G5 .

aS; g+= !(

blIf0f clk||msfdf gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjog lglDt ;]gfsf] k|of]u

-===_ blIf0f clk|msL /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;]gf -P;PPn8LPkm_ nfO{ c;fdfGo l:yltdfdfq kl/rfng ul/g]5, h:tf], blIf0f clk|msL k|x/L ;+/rgf, jf /fHosf] /fli6«o;'/Iffsf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/ uP/ k"0f{¿kdf ;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'Joj:yf eËePdf -===_ . ;]gfsf] cfGtl/s k|of]u ;+;bLo lgoGq0f dftxt /xg], df}lnsxssf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / sfg'gåf/f ;+rflnt x'g]5 .

;|f]t M “Defence in a Democracy”. White Paper on National Defence for theRepublic of South Africa, May 1996

;fdflhs sfo{x?

;]gf / ljz]if u/L clgjfo{ ;]jfsf l;kfxLx¿n] /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg u5{g\ eGg]dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5, o;df ;a} e"–efu / leGg ;fdflhs k[i7e"ld / hfltsfo'jf -clwsf+z k'¿ifx¿_ n] ;+o'Qm¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . of] ljz]iftM To:tf ck|jf;Lcyjf jx';fF:s[lts ;dfhdf ;To x'G5 hxfF ;]gfx¿n] …d]lN6Ë k6Ú sf] sfo{

56 57


u5{g\ . ;]gfsf] csf]{ ;fdflhs sfo{ eg]sf] hgtfnfO{ z}lIfs cj;/ pknAwu/fpg' xf] . ;Lldt jf s'g} >d ;Defjgf gePsf JolQmx¿ ;}lgs ;]jfdf egf{eO{ nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ . ;]gfsf c¿ ;fdflhs sfo{x¿df, ljz]ifu/L ljsf;f]Gd'v/fi6«sf b'u{d If]qx¿df lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ c'gejL JolQmx¿ k|of]u u/L lzIff,k|fylds :jf:Yof]krf/ jf jftfj/0fLo ljgfz /f]syfd ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿df;xof]u / ;dy{g k5{g\ .

;]gfn] ;dfhdf s;/L ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ eGg] oL ;fdflhssfo{x¿ pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . oBlk, s]xL /fi6«x¿df ;]gfn] ;dfh, cy{Joj:yf //fhgLltdf gsf/fTds¿kdf x:tIf]k u/]sf k|df0f 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s]xL/fi6«x¿df ;]gfn] /fhgLltdf x:tIf]k u/]sf] 5 / ;/sf/nfO{ wDSofPsf] 5 .b'ef{Uojz, cGo s]xL /fi6«df eg] ;]gfx¿ afl0fHo Joj;fodf ;+nUg 5g\, o;n]pgLx¿nfO{ /fHoaf6 cltl/Qm cfDbfgL k|fKt ePsf] 5, o;df s'g} ;'kl/j]If0fx'Fb}g, g nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0f g} .


;]gfsf sfo{x?Ø ;]gfsf sfd sf/jfxLx¿af/] lglZrt x'g'xf];\ M

— sfg'g / ;}lgs lgoddf :ki6 kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5Ù— /fli6«o ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff / gLltaLr Ps¿ktf 5Ù— ;dfhsf] jf:tljs ;'/Iff cfjZostf;Fu ldNbf 5g\Ù— u}/–;}lgs sfo{x¿n] ;]gfsf k|fylds sfo{k|ltsf] tTk/tfdf sdL cfpg

gb]cf];\, h'g /fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] zf;gdfof]ubfg x'g\ .

/Iff ;'wf/Ø ;'wf/ ug{ ;f]+lrPsf] jf lhDdf lnOPsf] kIfdf lj:t[t k|ltj]bg / tT;DaGwL

k|efj ljZn]if0fsf] ljj/0f lj1 ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] k|fKt ug{]df lglZrt ug'{ /o; ;DaGwdf cfjfh p7fpg'xf];\, pbfx/0fsf nflu ;'g'jfO cfof]hgf u/]/ .

gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf ;]gfsf] k|of]ul;4fGttM gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf ;]gfsf] ;+nUgtf jf~5gLo x'Fb}g, t/cGo s'g} ;dfwfg gePsf] l:yltdf ;+;bn] ug'{kb{5 MØ gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf ;]gfsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ :ki6 kl/eflift, lgolGqt

/ Jojl:yt u/]sf] af/] lglZrt x'g'xf];\ M— ;xof]usf] nflu o;nfO{ af]nfpg'kg]{ kl/l:yltÙ— ;+nUgtfsf] k|s[lt / ;LdfÙ— ;+nUgtfsf] cjlwÙ— k|To]s dfldnfdf ;+nUg ug{'kg]{ OsfO{sf k|sf/Ù— ;]gfnfO{ ;+nUg ug]{ / x6fpg]af/] lg0f{o lng;Sg] lgsfox¿Ù— s'g} sfg'g eË jf To; ;Gbe{df dfgjclwsf/ pNn++3g eP ;DalGwt

If]qflwsf/sf] Joj:yf cflb .Ø 3/ vfgtnf;L, kqmfp jf uf]nL rnfpg'cl3 clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6

:jLs[lt lng jf kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L ug{ sfg'g agfpg'xf];\ .Ø ;+;bLo jf c¿ k|sf/sf ;+oGqx¿ 5g\ eGg]af/] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ h;n]

gful/s sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf ;]gfsf] ;+nUgtf / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gtyf dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g / l;4fGtaLr Ps¿ktf /x]sf] ;'lglZrt u/f];\ .

58 59


cWofo – (

/fHosf cGo ;}Gos[t ;+u7gx?

æcb/ :6]6 ldln6L/fOH8 c/ugfOh]zG;Æ -ca pk|fGt OSMOs elgg]5_ cyf{t\æ/fHosf cGo ;}Go ;+u7gx¿Æsf] zflAbs cy{ leGg k[i7e"ld / k|of]u ePsf/fi6«x¿ cg';f/ km/s x'g ;S5 . h'g;'s} cj:yfdf lghL ;}Go ;+u7gx¿af6OSMOs nfO{ cnu ug'{k5{ . n08gl:yt OG6/g]zgn OlG:6Ro'6 ckm :6«f6]lhs:6l8h -cfOcfOP;P;_sf cg';f/, OSMOs -slxn]sxL+ cw{–;}lgs ;+u7gsf?kdf ;d]t lng] ul/G5_ sf] cjwf/0ffdf æh]G8fd]{/LÆ -gendarmerie k|mfG;sf];z:q k|x/L an_, eG;f/ ;]jf / ;Ldf /Ifs;d]t ;d]l6G5g\, olb oL ;}lgsx¿nfO{;}Go o'4snfsf] k|lzIf0f lbOG5, ;}Go ;]jfh:t} xftxltof/n] ;';lHht agfOPdf/ o'4sf] a]nf ;}Go clwsf/Lsf] dftxftdf kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5 eg] .

;+;f/sf k|foM ;a} /fi6«x¿df ;]gfsf cltl/Qm OSMOs cl:tTjdf 5g\ . oL;+u7gx¿sf] ;]gf;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw x'G5 / s'g} a]nf ;]gfn] logLx¿nfO{pks/0f, ;}lgs cfwf/ If]q;Dd kx'Fr, k|lzIf0f / ;xof]u k|bfg u5{ .

w]/} cj:yfdf OSMOs x¿n] gful/ssf ljleGg ultljlwx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{sfo{df -k|x/Lsf] sfo{_ cg'ko'Qm lsl;dn] ;}Go k|ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] /÷jf dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gdf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . OSMOs nfO{ o;/Lk|of]u ubf{ gful/s k|x/L / ;z:q ;]gfaLrsf] km/s d]l6g ;Sg] ePsf]n] logLx¿sf]e"ldsf / :yfgsf] k|i6 JofVof ug'{k5{ . cfGtl/s ;'/Iff sfo{ ;~rfng / kl/rfngdf

logLx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ x6fpg' >]o:s/ x'G5 . o;sf lglDt ;+;bn] pko'Qm

sfg'g agfpg'kb{5 / ;/sf/sf sfdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{k5{ . /fi6«klt jf k|wfgdGqLn]OSMOs sf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cg'dlt lbg'k5{, /fHoåf/f nufgL ul/Psf] s'g}klg ;]gfnfO{ ;+;bn] lgu/fgL ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yfn] ubf{ dfq xf]Og, ltgLx¿sf]Jofks / clgolGqt k|of]usf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfsf sf/0fn] xf] .

60 61

aS; g ·= @‘

s]xL 5flgPsf /fi6«sf cGo ;}Go OsfO{sf pbfx/0fx¿

/fi6« ;z:q ;]gfdf ;lqmo s"nhjfg ;·Vof

/fHosf cGo ;}Go ; ·u7gdf cfj4hjfg ; ·Vof

/fHosf cGo ;}Go OsfO{sf lsl;d

lkmgNof08 ˛2,4‘‘ ˛,≤‘‘ ;Ldf /Ifs cd]l/sf 2˛,^°,’‘‘ °˛,‘‘‘ l;len Po/ k]6«f]n ?;L dxf;·3 2‘,‘≤,2‘‘ ≤,@˛,‘‘‘ ;Ldf /Ifs, u[x dGqfno

;]gf, ?;L dxf; ·3sf] /Iffy{ an, ;·3Lo ;Í/Iff ;]jf, ;·3Lo ;"rgf tyf ;·rf/ Ph]G;L, /]Nj] ;]gf cflb .

df]/Ssf] 2,◊’,°‘‘ ≤@,‘‘‘ h]G8fd]{/L, kmf];{ clShn/L cflb

k|mfG; @,◊≤,≤˛‘ ◊≤,◊°‘ h]G8fd]{/L O6fnL @,°‘,^‘‘ @,°@,°‘‘ ljz]ift u/L …sf/fljlgo/LÚ, /

u[x dGqfnosf] ;fj{hlgs ;Í/Iff uf8{

6sL{ ^,‘◊,4‘‘ @,@‘,@‘‘ h]G8fd]{/L÷/fli6«o /Ifs, t6Lo /Ifs -sf]i6 uf8{_

aÍls{gfkmf;f] 2‘,‘‘‘ ≤,≤°‘ h]G8fd]{/L, ;]So Í/L6L sDkgLx¿

lrnL ’4,‘‘‘ @◊,°‘‘ …sf/fljlgo/f]hÚ u0ftGq sf]l/of

^,’˛,‘‘‘ ˛°,‘‘,‘‘‘ gful/s /Iff ;]gf / ;dÍGb| t6Lo k|x/L -df/L6fOd k Íln;_

OG8f]g]l;of @,◊4,‘‘‘ 2,◊°,‘‘‘ k|x/L nufot ;dÍGb|L k|x/L -dl/g kÍln;_ / :yfgLo ;}lgs ;xfos an -nf]sn ldln6/L clShn/L kmf];{_

;|f]t M IISS, The Military Balance 2000-2001, London


/fHosf cGo ;}Gos[t ;+u7gsf sfo{x?

OSMOs n] ;DkGg ug]{ ljleGg sfo{x¿ dWo] s]xL tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M

P ;Ldf lgoGq0fsf ;fy} j:t't tyf dfgj t:s/LÙ

P b+uf lgoGq0fÙ

P cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg'sf ;fy} /fi6« k|d'v /cf0fljs e§Lh:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfsf] ;'/Iff ug'{ .


s[kof ;DalGwt v08sf cl3Nnf / To;kl5sf efux¿df x]g'{xf];\ hf] oyf]lrtkl/jt{g;lxt ;Dk"0f{¿kdf nfu' x'G5g\ .

cWofo – !)

k|x/L ;+/rgf

nf]stGqdf k|x/L

k|x/L ;w}F ljlwsf]]]]] zf;g cGtu{t ;+rflnt x'g'k5{ . ltgLx¿ ToxL sfg'gn]afFlwPsf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ ltgLx¿n] g} nfu' ug'{k5{ / To;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ .o;jfx]s, ;/sf/L jlsnsf] sfof{no, Gofokflnsf jf b08zf]wg;DaGwLJoj:yfh:tf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf cGo ;+yfx¿eGbf leGg lsl;dsf] e"ldsfk|x/Lsf] 5 / x'g'k5{ . ;'zf;gsf] kl/k|]Ioaf6 ;a} /fHon] JolQmut :jtGqtf /dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{k5{ . nf]stGqdf gful/sn]k|x/Laf6 lgikIf, k"jf{u|x/lxt tyf ck]lIft Jojxf/sf] cfzf ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf]x'G5 . hgtfk|lt k|x/L ansf] Jojxf/nfO{ /fi6«sf] nf]stflGqs u'0f:t/sf] k|d'v;"rs dWo] Ps dfGg ;lsG5 .

aS; g+= @!

nf]stflGqs k|x/L sfo{ -kf]lnl;ª_sf d'Vo ljz]iftfx? M

Ø k|x/L ;]jfn] ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ / k]zfut cfrf/;+lxtf cg'¿k;~rfng x'g'k5{Ù

Ø nf]stflGqs k|x/Ln] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ hgtfnfO{ k|efjsf/L;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ k|oTg ug'{k5{Ù

Ø k|x/L hjfkmb]xLtfdf kf/blz{tf cfjZos 5 / o;sf nflu ;'kl/j]If0f;+oGqsf ;fy} cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o lgoGq0f x''g'k5{Ù

Ø nf]stflGqs k|x/L sfo{ eg]sf] tnb]lv dflysf] k|lqmof -a6dck k|f];];_xf], k|To]s JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / ;/f]sf/k||lt Wofg lbFb}pgLx¿sf] ljZjf;, ;dy{g / ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ug'{ xf] . To;}n] of] kf/blz{tf/ ;Djfbdf lge{/ /xG5 . w]/} /fi6«df :yfgLo cfjZostf cg'?k kof{Kt /zL3| sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|x/L ;]jfnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ul/Psf] x'G5 .

62 63


ljz]if ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf

k|x/L ;+u7gx¿ sfo{sfl/0fL c+usf pks/0f x'g\ / ltgLx¿n] ;dfhdf cfˆgf]sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ sfg'gL¿kdf an k|of]usf] Psflwsf/ pkef]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .tyflk oxL Ifdtfn] ubf{ ltgLx¿nfO{ /fHon] ug]{ b'Jo{jxf/, lx+;f, dfgjclwsf/sf]bdg / e|i6frf/sf] ;fwg agfpg;Sg] ;Defjgf plQs} /xG5 . nf]stGqdf k|x/L;]jfaf6 k|x/L, /fhgLlt1, sd{rf/L jf :jo+ k|x/L ;+:yfsf] cfkm\g} ;+/If0f xf]Ogo;af6 ;+/lIft x'g'kg{] ;dfhsf] :jfy{ /Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostfk5{ . k|x/L ;+/rgfnfO{ :jtGq¿kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/lbg'k5{, t/ sfg'g / P]gsf] dof{bfsf nflu lgikIftfsf] ;Ddfg ug}{k5{ . k|x/Lclws[tx¿ JoQm / cJoQm k]zfut cfrf/;+lxtfk|lt ;hu / ;dlk{t x'g'k5{ .Joj;flos k|x/L sfo{sf] cfrf/;+lxtf cGtu{t k|To]s JolQmsf] afFRg kfpg]clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ Ps x'g'k5{, ;fy} j}wflgs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu cfjZosk/]dfq an k|of]u ug]{ jrgj4tf / sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] tyf lgwf{l/t u/]sf] cTofjZosk|x/L ;+Vofdfq kl/rfng ug'{k5{ . k|x/Ln] an k|of]u ubf{ ;w}F ;dfg'kfltslgodsf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . jfx\o–/fhgLlts / Goflos–hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL ;+/rgf-x]g'{xf];\ kl/R5]b #_ sf cltl/Qm cfGtl/s cyjf lghfdtL hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL;+/rgfx¿ tof/ ug'{k5{ . Joj;flos k|x/L sfo{ k2ltleq slyt k|x/L b'Jo{xf/sf]cfGtl/s ;dLIff / hgtfsf ph'/LnfO{ ;Fw} :yfg lbg'k5{ .

sf]7f g+= @@

vt/gfs ljs[lt / kl/l:yltx?

æ;'/Iff ansf] cnf]stflGqs zf;gn] ;'/Iff k|fyldstfdf ljs[lt;d]t Nofpg;S5 . clwsf+z /fi6«df ;}lgs ;'/Iffk|lt kIfkft ePsf ;/sf/n] k|x/Lansf] ;}lgsLs/0f u5{g\ -o;n] ;]gf;Fusf] leGgtfnfO{ yk c:ki6 agfpF5_jf hgtfsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] cjd"Nog ub}{ cToGtGo"g ah]6 k|bfg u5{g\ . ljz]if u/L sd cfo ePsf /fi6«sf k|x/L / cGo;'/Iff andf hLljsfsf nflu d'l:snn] k'Ug] tna, ;Lldt jf ljgf k|lIf0f,e|i6 Joj:yfkg / pRr b/sf] lg/If/tf kfOG5 .Æ===æk|foM lzz' nf]stGqdf

lgjf{lrt g]tfx¿ kbdf l6ls/xg ;}Go OsfO{ nufotsf ;'/Iffdf lge{/ u5{g\,lsgeg] tL lgsfox¿ ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ . ToxL sf/0f,g]tfx¿n] ;]gfsf] hjfkmb]xLkg / v'nfkgsf] k|ToIf lj/f]w ug{ ;S5g\ lsgeg]pgLx¿ cfˆgf] :jfy{k"ltsf nflu o;sf] zlQmdf lge{/ u5{g\ .Æ

-dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))@_

:yfgLo kxn

k|x/L ;]jfsf] nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fdf cgf}krfl/s …a6d–ckÚ -tnb]lv dfly_;+oGqåf/f clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5, h:tf] :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t dfgj clwsf/;+u7g k|x/L anx¿nfO{ hgljZjf; k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u x'g ;S5g\ . gful/s;'kl/j]If0f lgsfox¿n], h:tf] k|x/Llj¿4sf ;fj{hlgs u'gf;f ;'Gg :yflktcDj'8\;Dofgn] pgLx¿n] ;]jf ul//x]sf] ;d'bfok|ltsf jfx\o hjfkmb]xL jf]wu/fpF5 . gful/s ;dfh / :yfgLo g]tfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L u7g ul/Psfk||||fGtLo ;'/Iff kl/ifbx¿ :yfgLo k|x/L ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|efjsf/L ePsfpbfx/0f 5g\ . k|x/L, u'Ktr/ lgsfo / ;]gfaf6 ;r]ts tyf gful/s ;dfhsfkx/]bf/ ;d"xnfO{ x}/fgL x'gaf6 hf]ufpg sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

sf]7f g+= @#

Ol/l6«ofdf k|x/L sfo{ M Ps ;zQm gd"gf

k|x/L ;+u7g / o;sf] jftfj/0faLr ;Fw} s]xL xb;Dd jx'cfoflds ;DaGwx'G5 . of] ;DaGw ;+u7gsf b'O{ k|d'v kIfdf s;/L Jojxf/ ul/G5 eGg]cfwf/df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 M tL sfo{x¿ x'g\ M sfg'g kfngfsf nflu k|x/Lansf] k|of]u / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf . Ol/l6«of h:tf slyt ljsf;f]Gd'v/fi6«x¿ of] ;Í6 c? 68\sf/f] 5 . Oyf]lkoflj¿4 #) jif{ nfdf] d'lQm ;+u|fdaf6u'h|]sf] of] /fi6«df k'gM ;g\ !((* / !((( df k'gM ;'¿ ;+3if{ cem} 6'lËPsf]5}g . () sf] k|f/Dedf k"j{ d'lQm ;]gfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L s/La %,))) ;+Vofsf]k|x/L ansf] k"lt{ ul/of] . o;f] ug'{sf] ;fdfGo sf/0f lyof] M ;/sf/n] cfˆgf

64 65


k"j{ of]4fsf] kfngkf]if0f ug'{ lyof] . To;dWo], s]xL g]t[Tjstf{x¿ k|x/L k[i7e"ldsflyP, h;n] k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ol/l6«of / Oyf]lkofdf clws[tsf] ?kdf ;]jf u/]sflyP .ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf ljleGg lsl;dsf k|fljlws ;xof]u cltl/Qmk|x/L k|lti7fg ejg lgdf{0f, z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ;a}df 8r ;/sf/sf];xof]u /x]sf] lyof], h;df bftfx¿ / b]zleqsf k|d'v k|efjzfnL JolQmx¿n]slDtdf s]xL ;fF:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf k|i6 dx;"; u/] . ;}Go ;]jfdf/lx;s]sf JolQmx¿df an k|of]uaf/] leGg wf/0ff lyof], vf; lsl;dsf] d}qLk"0f{k|x/L -Olª\uln; aaL_ eGbf leGg . 8r ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf Ol/l6«of k|x/Lanleq ;'¿ ul/Psf] ;fF:s[lts kl/jt{g;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo Go"gtdan k|of]uåf/f nf]stflGqs k|x/Lsfo{nfO{ dx;"; u/fpg' lyof] .;|f]t M Casper w. Vroom, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands, involved in the cultural

change project of the Eritrea Police Force, 2002.


nf]stflGqs ;+/rgfØ ljlwsf] zf;g cGtu{t k|x/L ;~rfngnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .Ø k||x/L cfrf/;+lxtf cg'¿k ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\, h;af6

gful/sn] pgLx¿af6 lgikIf, k"jf{u|x/lxt / ck]lIft Jojxf/ k|fKt ug{;s"g\ . o; ;Gbe{df tkfO{n] /fHon] sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿sfnflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cfrf/;+lxtf -!(&(_ sf] kfngf ug]{df ;'lglZrtug'{xf];\ M x]g'{xf];\ sf]7f g+= ^% .

k|lzIf0fØ k|x/Lsf] Joj;flos lzIff / k|lzIf0fn] Go"gtd an k|of]uåf/f ;fj{hlgs

zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;lsg] nIo lnPsf] af/] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\, /To;sf nflu ljz]if u/L nf]stflGqs / g}lts d"No, dfgj clwsf/ tyfn}lËs ;+j]bgzLntf / k|lzIf0fnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{xf];\ .

ljQLo, dfgjLo tyf ef}lts ;|f]t;DaGwL v08 ̂ , &, * df ul/Psf l;kmfl/;x¿;d]t x]g'{xf];\ .

cWofo – !!

uf]Ko tyf u'Ktr/ ;]jfx?

u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿ -slxn]sxLF æ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿Æ;d]t elgG5_ s'g} klg /fHosfk|d'v cË x'g\, h;n] /fHo tyf ;dfhsf] ;'/Iff / o;sf k|d'v :jfy{ /Iff;DaGwL;fGble{s ;"rgfsf] :jtGq ljZn]if0f k|bfg u5{ . tyflk, pgLx¿ sfo{sfl/0fLc+ux¿df lge{/ /xG5g\, ;+;bn] pgLx¿sf ultljlwsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf v]N5 .

cGt/f{li6«o cftÍjfb, nfu' cf}ifw cf];f/k;f/, t:s/L, ;+ul7t ck/fw / u}/sfg'gL a;fOF;/fOaf6 cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf pTkGg gofF r'gf}tL tyf vt/fx¿n]ubf{ u'Ktr/L sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{ cfjfh pl7/x]sf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L, ;]K6]Da/ !!sf] 36gfkl5 ;Ifd u'Ktr/ ;]jf cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . cfqmd0f kl5sfdlxgfx¿df w]/} /fi6«sf ;/sf/x¿n] u'Ktr/ ;]jfnfO{ Jofks clwsf/ k|bfgu/]sf 5g\, h:t} OG6/g]6, 6]lnkmf]g / ̂ ofS; ;+rf/sf] jfo/6\oflkª\u -uf]Ko¿kdf;+jfb / ultljlw yfxf kfpg] ljlw_ -x]g{'xf];\ cftÍjfbaf/] kl/R5]b @)_ .

gofF k|ljlwx¿n] lgu/fgL, ;'/fsL / ;Defljt z+sf:kb JolQmsf] lu/km\tf/LIfdtf a9fPsf 5g\ / cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o b'a} u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿ aLrsf] ;xof]udfJofks lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tfl/t zlQmn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLotyf dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g / l;4fGtdf k|lts'ntf l;h{gf gu/f];\ eGg]df ;+;bn];'lglZrt t'Nofpg' k5{ .

u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf] k|s[lt

u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf] jf:tljs k|s[lt eg]sf] ;"rgf ;+sng / ljZn]if0f xf] . o:tf]sfo{df pRr :t/sf] uf]kgLotf cfjZostf x'G5 . csf{lt/ cfGtl/s /fhgLlts;Gb{edf oL ;"rgf b'?kof]u x'g;Sg] vt/f plQs} x'G5 . u'Ktr/ ;]jf o;n]arfpg' kg]{ ;dfh / /fhg}lts Joj:yfsf nflu vt/gfs x'g ;S5 . To;sf/0f,

66 67


sfo{sf/L lgoGq0fsf cltl/Qm u'Ktr/ ;]jfdf :ki6 nf]stflGqs / ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fcToGt cfjZos 5 . ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f Joj:yfn] dfq sfo{kflnsf jfJoj:yflksfnfO{ cfˆgf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu u'Ktr/ ;]jf b'¿kof]uug{af6 /f]Sg ;S5 .

nf]stGqdf u'Ktr/ ;]jf k|efjsf/L, /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y -lgikIf_, k]zfutcfrf/df b[9, sfg'gL efjgfaf6 ;~rflnt x'g'kb{5 / ;+j}wflgs–sfg'gL d"NodfGotftyf /fHosf nf]stflGqs cEof; d'tfljs x'g] k|oTg ug'{k5{ .

u'Ktr/ ;+/rgfsf] nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] yfngL :ki6 tyf lj:t[t sfg'gL;+/rgfaf6 x'g'k5{, ;+;bLo cg'df]bgaf6 /fhsLo dfGotf cg'?k u'Ktr/ ;+u7g:yflkt x'g'k5{ . o;sf] dfGotfdf ;]jfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldf, o;sf] ;+rfng ljlw/ o;nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] dfWod yk pNn]v x'g'k5{ .

aS; g+= @$

;+;b / u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf nflu ljlgof]lht ljz]if /sd Mch]{lG6gfsf] pbfx/0f

/fli6«o u'Ktr/ sfg'g g+= @%=%@) -@& gf]e]Da/, @))!_ wf/f #& M æ/fli6«ou'Ktr/sf ljleGg cËx¿sf nflu æljlgof]lht ah]6Æsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyflgoGq0f ug{ /fli6«o sFu|];sf] lå;bgfTds ;ldlt ;dy{ 5 . of] p2]ZosflglDt /fli6«o sFu|];sf] lå;bgfTds ;ldltn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ h'g;'s}P]g sfof{Gjog ug{ ;S5, ljz]iftM M

!= sfo{sfl/0fL zlQmn] sFu|];nfO{ k7fpg] /fli6«o ah]6 sfg'gsf] 5nkmndfefu lng' / x:tIf]k ug'{ . of] p2]Zo;lxt, sfo{sfl/0fL zlQmn] ;Dk"0f{cfjZos b:tfj]hx¿ k7fpF5, ljz]if u/L, s_ If]qflwsf/åf/f sfof{Gjogul/Psf] ;+/lIft, uf]Ko, ljZj;gLo / ;Lldt kx'Fr ePsf ah]6x¿sf]kl/lzi6 . -v_ vr{sf] p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / k|of]hg ;+nUg ul/Psf] kl/lzi6 .

@= o; sfg'g cg';f/sf ;Dk"0f{ u'Ktr/ lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]usf nflu cfXjfgug'{, hf] cfˆgf sfd;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ tYofÍ, k[i7e"ld / k|ltj]bg pknAwu/fpg afWo x'G5g\ . cfjZostfsf] Tof] l:yltsf wf/f #( df pNn]lvttYofÍ / b:tfj]hx¿ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 .

#= ah]6 sfg'gsf] p2]Zocg';f/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]af/] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ .

$= oL kIf ;dfj]z u/L /fli6«o sFu|]; / /fi6«kltsf] nflu jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ug'{, M s_ u'Ktr/ lgsfox¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogsf]ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍgÙ -v_ lå;bgfTds ;ldltn] hf/L u/]sf] ;'kl/j]If0ftyf lgoGq0f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljj/0fsf ;fydf cGo s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ug{ rfx]df ltgLx¿nfO{ klg /fVg] .Æ

;|f]t M Law No 25.520 on National Intelligence of Argentina, 27 November 2001.

clwsf+z /fi6«n] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltsf ¿kdf s]xL xb;Dd ljlwjt\ ;'kl/j]If0fsfof{Gjog u5{g\ . /Iff tyf ;z:q an ;ldlth:tf klxNo} ljBdfg ;+;bLo;ldltx¿sf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/ ug{ slxn]sfxL+ u'Ktr/ dfldnf ;dfj]z ul/G5 .cGo /fi6«x¿df, ;+;bn] u'Ktr/ tyf uf]Ko ;]jfsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf ljz]if s]lGb|teO{ ;+;bLo ;ldlt jf pk–;ldltx¿ :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltnfO{ ;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'k5{, u'Ktr/;]jf-x¿_sf k|d'vx¿sf] lgo'lQm / ah]6 ;'kl/j]If0fsf] e"ldsf x'g'k5{ -x]g'{xf];\aS; g+= @$ df ljz]if sf]if_ .

o; cltl/Qm jf Ps ;Ifd ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] cefjdf s]xL d'n'sn] sfo{sfl/0fLzfvf jf dGqLkl/ifbeGbf aflx/ cf}krfl/s?kdf u'Ktr/ ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltx¿:yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . dGqLkl/ifb tyf sfo{sfl/0fL :t/sf ;'kl/j]If0f lgsfox¿;fdfGotof Joj:yfkg jf k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\ / oL lgsfox¿cfkm"n] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ lgsfoaf6 ljleGg /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;+;bLo;ldltx¿ eGbf sd :jtGq x'G5g\ .

68 69


aS; g+= @%

uf]Ko b:tfj]h;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldltsf s]xL cEof;x?

Ø olb cfjZos ePdf ;ldltn] uf]Ko j}7s u5{ .Ø ;ldltn] ;+;bsf] k"0f{ a}7s -Kn]g/L_ k|ltj]bg k]z u5{ / To;kl5 ;fj{hlgs

jx; x'G5 -uf]Ko g/x]sf ljifox¿df_ .Ø ;ldltnfO{ h'g;'s} ;"rgf dfu ug]{ clwsf/ eP klg jt{dfgdf ;~rfng

eO/x]sf] s'g} klg sf/jfxL cyjf To;df ;+nUg s'g} klg u'Ktr/ ;]jf /To; cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 .

Ø o:tf] ;"rgfn] ;fj{hlgs enfO x'G5 eGg] nfu]df ;ldltn] -tf]lsPsf]ax'dt cyjf ;fdfGo ax'dtåf/f_ lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5 k|sfzg u5{ .

Ø ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ dfu ul/Psf] ;"rgfdf dfq} ;Lldt ub}{g . o;sf] cfˆg}kxndf, u'Ktr/ ;]jf;DaGwL lhDd]jf/ dGqL-¿_n] ;ldltnfO{ ;"rgf pknJwu/fpg'k5{, h'g ;"rgfn] ;Dk"0f{ jf:tljstf a'‰g ;lhnf] x'G5 .

nf]stGqdf u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf ;Ldfx?

u'Ktr/ jf uf]Ko ;]jfsf] ;'kl/j]If0fsf] :j?k lgwf{/0fdf /fHosf] sfg'gL k/Dk/f,/fhgLlts Joj:yf / P]ltxfl;s tTjx¿n] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,a]nfotL d'n'sL P]g (British Common Law) k/Dk/faf6 k|efljt s]xL /fi6«n];'kl/j]If0fsf] Goflos kIfnfO{ dxTj lbg nfu]sf 5g\ . o; ljkl/t, o'/f]k]nLdxfb]z / tL /fi6«x¿ h;n] cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf] s'g} ljGb'df bdgsf/L k|x/LzlQmsf] cg'ej ul/;s]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n] Joj:yflksfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ¿rfpgyfn]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / ;+3Lo Gofloszfvfx¿df ;'kl/j]If0f lgoGq0f ;+oGq /x]sf] 5 . s]xL nf]stflGqs /fi6«x¿n]clwsf/ b'?kof]u / ;/sf/L sfdsf] u'gf;f]af/] ;'Gg] tyf 5fgljg ug]{ ;/sf/L jfcw{ ;/sf/L lgsfo cDa'8\;Dofg :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ u'Ktr/ ;]jflj?4sf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g;DaGwL cleof]usf] cg';Gwfg ug{ / o;sf]kl/0ffd ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L u/fpg clwsf/;DkGg agfOPsf] x'G5 . -x]g'{xf];\kl/R5]b !^ df cDa'8\;Dofg_ .

If]q

u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f If]q k|foM ;Lldt x'G5 . of] ultljlwsf k|sf/-cfGtl/s÷k|lt u'Ktr/ jf j}b]lzs u'Ktr/_ jf ljlzi6 ;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿-;+rfng k|lqmofx¿, uf]Ko sfo{_ df ;Lldt x'g ;S5 .

;+;bdf v'nf jf uf]Ko 5nkmn

;fdfGotM nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf u'Ktr/ ;'kl/j]If0f /fHosf] cGo If]qsfultljlweGbf sd v'nf / ljsl;t x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;+;bLo u'Ktr/;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltsf ljifodf x'g] ;fj{hlgs 5nkmndf v'nf ljj]rgf / ljrf/ljdz{sd x'G5 / o;df ;+nUg ;+;b ;b:ox¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] uf]Ko k|s[ltsf;"rgfsf] /Iffsf lglDt ljz]if zky lng nufOG5 . vf; k|sf/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f:j¿k ckgfP klg nf]stflGqs ;dfhn] Psflt/ lgoldt ;'kl/j]If0f dfkm{t\plrt sfg'gL Jojxf/ / ;+u7gsf] hjfkmb]xL ;'lglZrt / csf]{lt/ /fli6«o ;'/Iffhf]ufpg logLx¿sf] uf]kgLotf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ logLx¿aLr ;Gt'ngsfod ug{ vf]H5g\ .

sfo{ ljefhg

u'Ktr/ lgoGq0fsf] ;+/rgfTds dfWod eg]sf] Pp6} ;+u7g jf lgsfosf] u'Ktr/sfo{dflysf] Psflwsf/ x6fpg' xf] . ljleGg u'Ktr/ ;+u7gx¿ tyf tbg'¿ksf5'§f–5'§} ;+/rgfx¿ h:tf] ;z:q an / k|x/L, cyjf cfGtl/s jf ljb]zL u'Ktr/;]jfx¿ j[l4 eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] j[l4n] bIftfdf sdL clg sd{rf/LtGqsf]k|lt:kwf{nfO{ a9jf lbg] u5{, t}klg ;fdfGotof nf]stflGqs lgoGq0fsf] nflua9L ;xfos l;4 x'g] 7flgG5 . To;sf/0f, w]/} /fi6«df cfGtl/s / ;}lgs u'Ktr/Lsfnflu 5'§f5'§} ;]jf 5g\ . nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of] leGgtfpko'Qm b]lvG5, t/ o;n] uf]Ko ;"rgf ;+sng / ljZn]if0f sfo{nfO{ v08Ls/0fub{5, h'g cd]l/sfdfly cftÍjfbL xdnfkl5 of] kIf ljz]if¿kn] ;d:ofu|:taGg k'Uof] .

70 71


u'Ktr/ sd{rf/Lsf] k|lzIf0f

k|lzIf0f / u'Ktr/ ljz]if1x¿sf] Joj;flos ;+/rgf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] k|d'v kIf xf] .ljz]if u/L, o:tf k|lzIf0fsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿ k]zfut k|lta4tf / nf]stflGqsd"NodfGotf tyf dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tfsf ;fy} gful/s lhDd]jf/L jf]wu/fpg' x'g\ . nf]stflGqs ;dfhn] u'Ktr/ ;]jfdf ;]gfsf] k|e'Tj g/xf];\ eg]/gful/s÷u}/ ;}lgsnfO{ k|lzIf0f / /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ k|oTg u5{ .

;fdu|Lsf] uf]kgLotf eË

csf]{ ;+/rgfTds tTj Tof] xf] h;n] hjfkmb]xL / lgoGq0fnfO{ ;xh agfpF5 tfls lglZrt ;dofjlwkl5 u'Ktr/ ultljlw;DaGwL ;"rgfdf hgtfsf] kxF'rsf];Defjgf /xG5 . o;nfO{ ljwflosL ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf / tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwdfuf]Ko ;fdu|Lx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ lgodåf/f k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . of] l9nf] u/L x'g]kf/blz{tf / hgtfsf] clGtd 5fgljgn] nf]stflGqs lgoGq0fnfO{ ;xh agfpg;S5 -x]g'{xf];\ kl/R5]b @!_ .


;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f ;+oGqx?Ø tkfO{sf] ;+;bdf ;Dk"0f{ u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ ljz]if

cfb]z;lxtsf] Ps ;ldlt jf pk–;ldlt tf]Sg'xf];\ . -t'ngfsf nflu;+;bLo ;ldlt ;DaGwL kl/R5]b !% x]g'{xf];\_ .

Ø ;ldltsf] cfb]znfO{ :ki6¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] / ;Dej eP;Dd sdk|ltjGw nufOPsf] x'g'k5{ / ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfjZos ;"rgftyf ljz]if1tfdfly kx'Fr 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

Ø ;+;bLo ;ldltn] sf/jfxL ug]{ / cfkm\gf lg0f{o, lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;x¿sf]cfjlws k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;Sg];d]t agfpg'xf];\ .

nf]stflGqs tyf sfg'gL ;+/rgfØ u'Ktr/ ;]jf;DaGwL sfg'gn] lgDg ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt u/]]sf] 5 eGg]

lglZrt ug'{xf];\ M ltgLx¿sf] x}l;ot, sfo{If]q, ;~rfng, ;xof]u, sfdsf/jfxL, k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ st{Jo / u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ljifodfkl/eflift ug'{k5{ . o; cltl/Qm, ;"rgf k|fKt ug{{ ljz]if k|lqmofsf] k|of]uug]{ / JolQmut ljj/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf clen]vx¿ /fVg] sfo{ tyfu'Ktr/ ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kbLo x}l;otnfO{ klg sfg'gn] Jojl:ytu/]sf] 5 .

Ø u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿ /fhgLlts¿kn] t6:y 5g\÷5}gg\ / k]zfut cfrf/;+lxtfcg'?k nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf k|ltsf] k|lta4tf / gful/s lhDd]jf/Laf]w ;lxt ;~rfng ePsf 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{xf];\ .

Ø ;+;bLo u'Ktr/ ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltn] u'Ktr/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] nf]stflGqsl;4fGt / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'gL lzIff k|flKtnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ sf/jfxLug'{xf];\ .

Ø ;+;bn] /fHosf tLg zfvfx¿nfO{ ;xof]uL e"ldsf k|bfg ug]{ sfg'g lgdf{0fug'{k5{, h'g o;k|sf/ 5 M— u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf sfdsf/jfxL / k|fyldstfaf/] clGtd lhDd]jf/L

sfo{kflnsfsf] xf]Ù

72 73


— ;+;bn] To;;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f u5{, jh]6 -cfo Joo_, ;/sf/sf]e"ldsf / u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf ultljlwx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f u5{Ù ;+;bn] rfn'u'Ktr/L sfo{df slxNo} x:tIf]k ug'{ x'Fb}gÙ

— u'Ktr/ ;]jfn] lghL ;DklQ÷jf ;~rf/dfly x:tIf]k ug{ vf]h]dfGofokflnsfn] kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L ub{5 / oL ;]jfx¿ sfg'g;Ddt ;~rflntePsf 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] ;'kl/j]If0f u5{ .

kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/LØ sfo{kflnsfåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] ;fdfGo u'Ktr/ gLltaf/] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f

;ldlt;Fu k/fdz{ lnOPsf] jf To;af/] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 eGg] ljifodf;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

Ø ;+;bLo u'Ktr/ ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] uf]kgLotf / k|efjsfl/tfsfod /fVb} u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿ sfg'gL, plrt / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ t/Lsfn] ;+rflntx'G5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\d" o;df cGo s'/fsf ;fy} jfo/ 6\oflkª\usf]sfg'g Joj:yf ;dfj]z x'G5 .

Ø u'Ktr/ lgsfosf ultljlwaf/] ;ldltnfO{ Jofks ;'lrt ul/Psf] /u'Ktr/ tyf uf]Ko ;]jfsf k|d'vx¿sf] lgo'lQm;DaGwL e"ldsf ;'lglZrtug'{xf];\ .

uf]kgLotf ;DaGwL d'2fx?Ø k|ToIf / ck|ToIf¿kdf u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿sf] hjfkmb]xL tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf]

dxTjk"0f{ dfWod eg]sf] ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL sfg'g xf] eGg] lglZrtug'{xf];\ .

Ø uf]Ko /sdx¿sf] ;DaGwdf uf]kgLotf / hjfkmb]xLaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ljz]if n]vf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{xf];\ .

Ø Ps k6s uf]Ko eO;s]sf ;fdu|L ;fj{hlgs ug{ ePsf] l9nfO / To;;DaGwLdfkb08x¿sf] Joj:yf sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ lglZrt ug'{, jfl9nfO ePsf] kf/blz{tf ;Defjgf a9fpg'xf];\ . tL k|ltj]bgx¿sf] zLif{snfO{cfjlws¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ug{'k5{ h;df ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL sfg'gLJoj:yfdfkm{t\ kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

-x]g'{xf];\ kl/R5]b @) cft+sjfb / v08 ^ cfly{s ;|f]t_

cWofo – !@

lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx?

/fHonfO{ ;]gfsf] j}w k|of]udf Psflwsf/ x'G5 / Psdfq ;'/Iff k|aGwssf] x}l;otn]cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / jfx\o vt/fx¿af6 /Iff ug]{ pQ/bfloTj p;nfO{ x'G5 . oBlk,xfnsf jif{x¿df cfGtl/s åGå j[l4n] ;'/Iff sfo{x¿df lghLs/0fsf gofF k|j[lQb]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL u}/–/fHo ;'/IffsdL{x¿ k'gM cl:tTjdf cfPsf 5g\ /pgLx¿n] ;'/Iff If]qnfO{ nf]stflGqs ¿kn] lgoGq0f ug]{ k/Dk/fut :j?knfO{r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g\ .

;g\ !(() b]lv lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿sf] cTolws j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .tLdWo] jx';+VosnfO{ tLg d'Vo ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M ef8fsf ;]gf,lghL ;}lgs sDkgL / lghL ;'/Iff sDkgL . oL stf{x¿sf ultljlwdf /fHo;+oGqsf] lgoGq0f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLsf sfo{ / vt/fx?

åGåf]Q/ jf slyt c;kmn /fi6«x¿ lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿k|lt cfslif{tx'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] kof{Kt ;}lgs k|lzIf0f / zlQmsf] cefjdf cfkm\gf ;a} gful/s/÷jf ;d"xnfO{ jf ;'/Iff lbg g;s]sf sf/0f jf cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff If]qdf oyfy{nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lx+;fdf /fHosf] Psflwsf/nfO{kl/eflift ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f jf cGt/ b]zLo åGå ;fdgf u/]sf a]nf pgLx¿n]sfo{ u5{g\ .

To:tf] kl/l:yltdf, lghL ;}lgs tyf ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿sf] k|of]un] cNksfnsfnflu ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;S5, ljz]ifu/L /fli6«o Joj;flos ;Lk / k|lzIf0fIfdtfsf] ;'wf/ / slxn]sxL+ cfTdljZjf; j[l4sf nflu . oBlk, aS; g+= @^ dfb]vfP cg';f/ nf]stflGqs k|lqmofdf o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ pRr / jx'cfofldsx'G5 .

74 75


cv08tfdf vnn k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] etL{ ul/G5g\_ nfO{ lj:tfl/t u/]sf] 5 M

æwf/f ! – xfnsf] dxf;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf nflu,

!= ef8fsf] ;}lgs Tof] s'g} klg JolQm xf] hf] M -s_ ljz]if u/L, :yfgLo txdfjf ljb]zdf ;z:q åGådf n8\gsf nflu egf{ ul/G5Ù -v_ JolQmut nfek|flKtsf nflu o'4df efu lng k|]l/t ul/G5Ù jf:tjdf tL s'/fsf] o'4/tkIfn] jf ;f] kIfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L, b:tfdf /x]sf cGo n8fs'sf] kb / sfd;/x tna / ef}lts Ifltk"lt{ ;Ddsf nflu k|lt1f ul/Psf] x'G5Ù -u_ hf] gt åGå kIfLo gful/s x'G5 g åGå/t kIf4f/f lgolGqt If]qsf] afl;Gbf g}Ù-3_ hf] åGåkILfo ;z:q ;]gfsf] ;b:o xf]OgÙ / -ª_ åGå;Fu ;DalGwtgePsf /fHon] cfˆg} ;z:q ;]gfsf ;b:osf] x}l;otn] cflwsfl/s sfdug{ k7fOPsf] xf]Og .

@= ef8fsf ;}lgs Tof] s'g} klg JolQm xf] hf], s'g} cGo kl/l:yltdf M -s_h;nfO{ ljz]if tj/df :yfgLo jf ljb]zdf of]hgfj4 lx+;fdf efu lng]p2]Zon] egf{ ul/G5 h;sf] oL nIo x'G5g\Ù -c_ ;/sf/ ôfSg] cyjf/fHosf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfdf vnn k'¥ofpg]Ù cyjf -cf_ /fHosf] ef}uf]lnscv08tfdf vnn k'¥ofpg]Ù -v_ JolQmut nfe k|flKtsf] OR5f clg k|lt1ful/P cg'¿k ef}lts Ifltk"lt{sf] e'QmfgL lbOg] elgPsf]n] k|]l/t ePsf]Ù -u_h;sf] lj¿4 o:tf] sfo{ lgb]{lzt x'G5 Tof] g /fHosf] gful/s x'G5 g tafl;Gbf g}Ù -3_ Pp6f /fHon] cflwsfl/s sfddf gk7fPsf] JolQmÙ -ª_ h'g/fHodf Tof] sf/jfxL rln/x]sf] 5 To;sf] ;z:q ;]gfdf ;b:o gePsf] .

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu Tof] h'g;'s} JolQm hf] c¿nfO{ etL{u5{, k|of]u u5{, ef8fsf ;]gfnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbG5 jf cfly{s nufgL u5{ cyjfo:tf sfd ug{ jrga4 x'G5 cyjf o:tf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ sf]l;; ub{5 eg]To;n] uDeL/ ck/fw u/]sf] 7xl/G5 . oBlk, s]xL dfldnfdf ;/sf/n] g} ljb]zL;}lgs ljz]if1x¿nfO{ ljz]if sfo{sf nflu ef8fdf lnG5g\ -h]6 kfOn6x¿,k|ltcftÍjfbL sfo{x¿ cflb_ .

;fj{hlgs tyf nf]stflGqs ljlwaf6 lgjf{lrt ;+:yfx¿, ;j{k|yd æk|fksÆ /fHosf;Dk"0f{ ;+;bx¿nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0fsf] k|ofKt / ;Ifd ;+oGq cfjZos x'G5 / /fHo;'/Iff ;+oGqdf dfq xf]Og ef8fsf ;]gf÷;'/Iff ljz]if1df ;d]t nf]stflGqslgoGq0f x'g'k5{ .

aS; g+= @^

lghL ;'/Iff tyf ;}lgs sDkgL / nf]stGqsf ;+efljt vt/fx?

Ø lghL ;'/IffsdL{x¿n] s]xL xb;Dd ;}lgs tyf ;'/Iff If]qdf l:y/tf Nofpg;S5g\ t/ cGTodf s]xL ;/sf/x¿n] cfGtl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu;}lgs zlQmdflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ k|d'v pkfosf ¿kdf lng ;S5g\ .

Ø ljb]zL ljz]if1x¿ lgo'Qm ubf{ cg]sg k|Zgx¿ pAhG5g\, h:tf]– pgLx¿sf]jf:tljs ;}lgs÷;'/Iff ld;g / cfo–Joosf kIfx¿ -ah]6_ M nf]stflGqstyf ;'zf;gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6, To:tf k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs / ;+;bLoax;df ;Fw} ;Daf]wg ug'{ k5{ .

Ø w]/} h;f] l:yltdf, oL lghL ;'/IffsdL{x¿n] k|ToIf b]lvg] -/ j}wflgs?kdf_ld;g cGtu{t xltof/ bnfnsf] Ph]G6sf ?kdf sfo{ u5{g\ .

ef8fsf ;]gfx?

ef8fsf ;]gfx¿ ;fk]lIft?kdf k'/fgf 36gfsf Ps kIf x'g\ . xfn}sf åGåx¿n]ljZjsf w]/} efudf ef8fsf ;]gfx¿ cem} cl:tTj /x]sf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ .

l8;]Da/ $, !(*( sf] ;fwf/0f;efsf] k|:tfj $$÷#$ åf/f nfu' ul/Psf]] ef8fsf;]gfsf] etL{, k|of]u, cfly{s nufgL / tflnd lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw !(*(sf] wf/f ! df ef8fsf] ;]gfaf/] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . of] dxf;lGw cS6f]a/ @),@))! b]lv nfu" eP klg xfn;Dd w]/} sd /fi6«n] dfq cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . o;dxf;lGwn] h]g]ef dxf;lGw !($( sf] cltl/Qm ;lGwkq ! sf] wf/f $& sf]kl/efiff -vf; u/L tL JolQmx¿sf nflu hf] ljz]iftM lx+;fsf] of]hgfa4 sfo{x¿,;/sf/ ̂ ofSg], cyjf h'g;'s} lsl;dn] /fHosf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cyjf ef}uf]lns

76 77


;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] ef8fsf ;]gf;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bsn]cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf l;kmfl/z u/]sf 5g\ æ;fwf/0f;efn] tL ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«x¿nfO{k'gM lgdGq0ff ug'{kb{5 h;n] clxn];Dd dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg jf cf}krfl/s;dy{g u/]sf 5}gg\ . ;fy}, o;}a]nf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ dxf;lGwsf] ;LdfleqNofpg ltgLx¿sf] /fli6«o sfg'gdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cfu|x ug'{kb{5 .Æ -efu&)_

lghL ;}lgs sDkgLx?

lghL ;}lgs sDkgLx¿ Ps k|sf/sf cfw'lgs / s/kf]/]6 lsl;dsf æef8fsf;]gfx¿Æ x'g\ . To;}n], ltgLx¿ gfkmfsf] nflu sfd u5{g\, pbfx/0fsf] nflu;}lgs ;]jf / k|lzIf0f pknAw u/fpF5g\ cyf{t\ cem oyfy{df, n8fs' / u}/ n8fs"e"ldsfx¿ lgjf{x ub{5g\ . sfg'gL b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ ef8fsf ;]gfx¿sf] ;Lldtkl/efiffdf ltgLx¿ c6fpFb}gg\ lsgls ltgdf ;fdfGotof cjsf; k|fKt ;}lgsx¿x'G5g\ hf] xfn ;'/Iff ;]jfdf ;lqmo 5}gg\ . lghL ;}lgs sDkgLx¿n] JofksIf]qdf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ub{5g\, h:tf]– o'4 / ck/];g sfo{df ;xof]u cyjfk/fdz{, k|lzIf0fb]lv xltof/ pknAw u/fpg], uf]Ko ;"rgf ;+sng ug]]{ jfaGwsx¿sf] p4f/ sfo{ cflb . pgLx¿n] h:tf] lsl;dsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fP klgltgLx¿sf] ;femf ljz]iftf eg]sf] ljz]if u/L åGåsf] l:ylt jf åGåf]Q/ k'gMlgdf{0fsfo{df ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf dfq kl/rfng x'g' xf] .

o; k|sf/sf lghL ;}lgs sDkgLsf] pbfx/0fdf cd]l/sfl:yt PdkLcf/cfO Psxf] . of] Joj;flos ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg] Tof] sDkgL xf] h;n] /Iff;Fu;DaGwL s/f/, /Iff dfldnfx¿df sfg'g nfu' u/fpg] ljz]if1tf / g]t[Tj ljsf;h:tfljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ ;xof]u / ;dy{g u5{ . of] sDkgL ;g\ !(** df e"tk"j{jl/i7 ;}lgs clws[tx¿åf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] / xfn;Dd d'Vo u/L e"tk"j{;}lgs clws[tx¿åf/f ;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .

lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx?

lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿n] Joj;fo / ;DklQsf] ;'/IffnfO{ nlIft u/]/ ;]jfx¿pknJw u/fpF5g\ / o;af6 ck/fw /f]syfddf of]ubfg k''U5 . o;sf/0f klglghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿ htftt} 5g\, t/ jt{dfg k|j[lQn] pgLx¿sf] k|of]uljz]ifu/L åGåu|:t If]qdf a[l4 ePsf] 5, hxfF Joj;foLx¿ /fHon] pknAwu/fpg ;Sg] eGbf a9L g} ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf dx;"; u5{g\ . ltgLx¿ åGåsf];}lgs kIfsf] eGbf ;DklQ / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'/Iffk|lt w]/} ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ eGg]dflgG5 . t/ Jojxf/df eg] sDkgLx¿n] k|foM ;]gf / ;'/Iffljb\x¿nfO{ ld;fpF5g\lsgls oL b'a} ;DalGwt If]qx¿df ;dfg¿kn] dxTjk"0f{ / cfjZos 7flgG5g\ .of] k|j[lQn] lghL ;}lgs / ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿ aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ d]6]sf] 5 .

lghL ;'/IffsdL{x¿sf] a9\bf] dxTj / lj:tf/sf sf/0f nf]stflGqs ;+:yfgx¿,ljz]if u/L ;+;bn] ;'/Iff If]qsf gofF stf{x¿dflysf] ;'kl/j]If0f / lgoGq0fsfnflu Go"gtd dfkb08 ;'lglZrt u5{, cGoyf cfwf/e"t nf]stflGqs l;4fGtx¿vt/fdf kg{ ;S5g\ .

78 79



sfg'gØ ef8fsf ;]gfsf] etL{, k|of]u, cfly{s nufgL / tflnd lj?4sf] ;g\ !(*(

sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf]] kIfdf tkfOFsf] /fi6« ePsf] / dfkb08 cg'?ksfg'g agfPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

Ø lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfg'gL ;+/rgf k|||efjsf/L 5 egLk'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

dfGotf -gd{;_ tyf xltof/ ODafuf]{sf] ;DdfgØ ljb]zsf åGå If]qx¿df lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿n] ;+rfng u/]sf

ultljlwx¿ tkfOFsf] /fi6«sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff /0fgLltsf] ;xdlt cg'?k ePjf gePsf] ;fy} j}b]lzs gLlt cGt{/fli6«o sfg'g, dfGotf / k|:tfjgfcg'?keP÷gePsf] af/] tkfO{sf] ;+;bnfO{ lg/LIf0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

Ø sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿nfO{ o'4 ;fdu|Lk|ltjlGwt If]qx¿ tyf /fi6«x¿df ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt glbg'xf];\ .

kf/blz{tfØ j}b]lzs lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿nfO{ /fli6«o e"–efux¿df ;/sf/sf]

cg'/f]w / ;xdltdf ;~rfng u/]sf] eP klg ;+;bsf] k"j{ hfgsf/L jfcg'dlt lagf ;~rfng ug{ aGb]h nufPsf] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

Ø lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLx¿sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] ah]6 / pgLx¿sf]lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

hjfkmb]xLØ lghL ;'/Iff / ;}lgs sDkgLn] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] sfg'g tyf Jojxf/

:jb]z tyf ljb]z b'a}df ;/sf/nfO{ ;+;bn] hjfkmb]xL u/fPsf] 5 egLljZj:t kfg'{xf];\ .

80

efu $

;+;bLo k/LIf0f dftxt /fli6«o ;'/IffM;t{ / ;+oGq

81


cWofo – !#

k|efjsf/L ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf ;t{x?

;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f ;/sf/ / ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿dfly ;+;b\sf] clwsf/dflge{/ ub{5 . o; ;Gbe{df hgtfsf ;fd'lxs cfsf+Iffx¿ ;+;b\df cleJoQmePsf x'G5g\ . To;cg'¿k ;/sf/sf ljsNk / Jojxf/pk/ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg];+;bLo Ifdtf eGg] a'‰g'k5{ . o;cGtu{t ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg ePsf] gLlt,sfg'g / ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] x]g{;Sg] Ifdtf klg kb{5 . o:tf]clwsf/ s]jn ;+ljwfg / sfg'gåf/f Joj:yf ePadf]lhdsf] dfq geO{ ;+;bLosfo{k|lqmof;DaGwL lgodx¿ tyf k/Dk/fut cEof;åf/f l;lh{t klg x'g ;S5g\ .

;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf ;t{x¿cGtu{t lgDg ljifox¿nfO{lng ;lsG5 M

P :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL clwsf/x¿

P k/Dk/fut cEof;

P ;|f]t / ljz]if1tf

P /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm

;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL clwsf/

;+ljwfg -jf c¿ To:t}_n] g} ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf ;DaGwdf;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfg'gL cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ . d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts,cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k[i7e"ldsf] cfwf/df d'n'slkR5] g} ;+ljwfg km/s km/sx'g] eP klg k|foh;f] ;a} ;+ljwfgdf lgDglnlvt s'/f pNn]v ePs} x'G5 :P sfo{sf/L -pbfx/0fsf nflu /fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL jf /IffdGqL_ g} ;'/Iff

;]jfx¿af/] lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L x'G5g\ .

P To:tf sfo{sf/L clwsf/L ;+;b\k|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ .

82 83


;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] Goflos x}l;ot cToGt pRr x'g] ePsfn] ;'/Iff If]qtkm{sf];+;bLo clwsf/sf] ljifo ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v x'g' jf~5gLo 7x5{ . ;+ljwfgTolt ;xh ¿kaf6 ;+zf]wg ul//xg ldNb}g, To; k|sf/sf] s'g} ;+zf]wg Nofpg'k¥of] eg] ;+;b\sf] clwstd ax'dtn] dfq ug{ ;S5 . t;y{ o;k|sf/sf ;+j]bgzLnIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;+;bLo clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]]{ Pp6f k|efjsf/L pkfo ;+ljwfgn]g} k|bfg u5{ . o:tf clwsf/x¿nfO{ ljz]if sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f u/]/ jf ;+;bLosfo{k|lqmof;DaGwL lgodx¿sf dfWodn] cem ;zQm agfpg ;lsG5 . ;fy};doqmddf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf / hjfkmb]lxtf jxgsf] k/Dk/f Pj+ ;+;bLo;'kl/j]If0f cflbdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ / ljsf; ul/Fb} nluPsf] 5 .

aS; @& df ;+;b\n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f lhDd]jf/L jxg ubf{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]Jofks clwsf/x¿af/] s]xL cfwf/ lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf clwsf+z clwsf/x¿af/]cfufdL cWofox¿df rrf{ x'g]5 .

aS; g+= @&

;+;b\n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{sf nflu k|of]uug{ ;Sg] ;+oGq jf pkfox?

!= ;fdfGo clwsf/x?s= sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wg jf k'gn]{vgv= sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogu= sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:ox¿;Fu ;f]wk'53= sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;+;bLo a}7sx¿df pkl:yt u/fP/

lhDd]jf/L jxg u/fpg]ª= ;}lgs Pj+ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+;bLo a}7sx¿df pkl:yt

u/fO{ lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fpg]r= sfo{kflnsfaf6 sfuhftx¿ k|fKt ug]{5= ;+;bLo hfFra'emsf] sfo{ ug]{h= ;'g'jfO ug]{

@ ah]6 lgoGq0fs= ah]6;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lnlvt sfuhftx¿df kx'Fr,

v= k|lt/Iff / ;'/Iff;DaGwL vr{ sf]ifsf] ;dLIff ug]{ / ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpg]clwsf/,

u= sfo{qmd, kl/of]hgf / To;;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljifx¿odf ah]6lgoGq0f clwsf/,

3= s'g} k|lt/Iff tyf ;'/Iff ah]6 k|:tfjx¿ :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug]{clwsf/

#= b]zaflx/ zflGt ;]gf÷kmf}h k7fpg]–gk7fpg] ;DaGwdf :jLs[t jf c:jLs[tug{ ;Sg] ;+;bLo clwsf/Ms= kmf}h aflx/ v6fpg'cl3 lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfv= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo DofG8]6sf] ;Ddfg ug{' ld;gsf] klg DofG8]6u= ld;gsf] DofG8]63= ;+nUg ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf] hf]lvdª sfdsf] tl/sfr= r]g ckm sdfG85= ld;gsf] ;dofjlwh= ld;gdf vl6Psf ;}lgs;Fu e]6\g kfpg] clwsf/

$= vl/b k|lqmofs= vl/b k|lqmofdf ;+;b\nfO{ k"0f{ ;';"lrt ug'{ sfo{kflnsfsf] st{Jov= 7]Ssf cg'df]bg / c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/u= vl/b k|lqmofsf lgDg r/0fx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg

!_ gofF cf}hf/sf] cfjZostfsf] cf}lrTo v'nfpg],@_ lgdf{0fstf{sf] t'ngf / 5gf]6#_ Ifltk"lt{sf nflu k|fKt k|:tfjx¿sf] d"Nof+sg tyf d"Nodf x]/km]/

jf s6f}tL

s]Gb|Lo k|lt/Iff tyf ;'/Iff gLltM :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/s= ;'/Iff gLltsf] cjwf/0ffv= ;+s6 Joj:yfkg cjfwf/0ffu= ;'/Iffansf] :j¿k3= ;}lgs /0fgLlt÷l;4fGt

84 85


k|lt/Iff÷;'/Iff sd{rf/Ls= sd{rf/L of]hgf :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/v= hgzlQmsf] xb tf]Sg] clwsf/u= pRrkb:y ;}lgs clwsf/ -h:t} k|wfg;]gfklt_sf] lgo'lQmdf :jLs[lt÷

c:jLs[lt jf 5nkmn / ;/;Nnfxsf] clwsf/

k|rlnt cEof;

;a} lsl;dsf Jojxf/ tyf cGt/lqmofx¿ sfg'gåf/f lgoldt ug{ ;lsFb}g .t;y{ ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ klg kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg / ljZjf; h:tf ;fdflhsdof{bfn] k'li6 ub}{ afgL / rfnrngsf] ljsf; ul/g' klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿ ;'/Iffsf ljifodf ePsf gofF k|ult / ljsf;af/]k"0f{ ;';"lrt /xg' / :j–cg's"n ;dodf hg;Dks{df /xg'n] pgLx¿sf] sfdsf]kf/blz{tf / sfg'gL hjfkmb]lxtf dfq k'li6 ub}{g, hgtf;Fu ;Dks{ / jftf{sfnflu klg jftfj/0f aG5 .

;|f]t / ljz]if1tf

;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf ;+;b\sf] Ifdtf ;fdfGo tyf ;do, kl/l:ylt, ljz]if1tfsf]:t/ tyf o;nfO{ k|fKt ;"rgf h:tf sf/s tTjx¿åf/f k|efljt x'G5 .

;do tTj

;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿ Pj+ ;'/Iff If]qdf ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f tyfp;n] lnPsf lg0f{ox¿sf ;DaGwnfO{ ;dod} hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ sfd ;+;b\sf]nflu clt g} lg0ff{os tTj aGg] ub{5 . olb ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] clGtd lg0f{oul/;s]kl5 dfq To;af/] hfgsf/L lbg] u¥of] eg] To;df ;+;b\sf] cfˆgf] bx|f]c8fg /xg ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+;b\n] h] eof] eof], To;sf] g} ;fdgfug{'kg]{ x'G5 / ;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug{'afx]s c¿ ljsNkpm;Fu /xFb}g . /fli6«o ;+s6 jf ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ cToGt ;Lldt

;dodf l56f] 5l/tf] lg0f{o ug{ afWo x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lg0f{o eO;s]kl5dfq ;+;b\nfO{ ;"rgf ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . tyflk ;/sf/nfO{ ;+;b\n] lgwf{/0fu/]sf] k|lqmofeGbf aflx/ uP/ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 eGg] dflgFb}g . hxfF;Ddlgoldt eO/xg] sfo{ / bL3{sfnLg gLltut ljifo 5g\, ltgdf k|lt/Iff vr{,xltof/ vl/bsf] lg0f{o jf k|lt/Iff k'g/fjnf]sg h:tf cTofjZos ljifox¿dfljZn]if0f / 5nkmn rnfpg ;+;b\nfO{ k|z:t ;do lbOg'k5{ .

;dotflnsfg';f/ cf–cfˆgf] sfddf h'lw/x]sf ;f+;bx¿n] ;dosf] rfknfO{;b'kof]u ug{ …s'/feGbf sfd a9LÚ u/L b]vfpg] /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0fsf] nflu lqmofzLn /lx/xg] o; k|sf/sf] /0fgLltaf/]aS; @* df s]xL tTjx¿sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

aS; g+= @*

;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;b}j ;lqmo /xg] /0fgLltM

;f+;bx¿sf] lqmofsnfk k|foh;f] b}lgs 36gfx¿åf/f k|efljt /xG5 . ;fy}pgLx¿sf] /fhgLlts sfo{qmd cTolws dfqfdf ;/sf/åf/f nflbPsf x'G5g\ .;dosf] ult/f]w x6fpg] Pp6f k|efjsf/L pkfo ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf ljifodfPp6f lqmofzLn /0fgLlt ljsl;t ug{' x'g]5 . ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/aGg] o:tf] /0fgLltdf tkl;nsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z x'g ;S5g\ —

ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f M ;+;b\sf ;b:ox¿n] x/xd];f hgtfsf dgf]efjgf /cfjZostfnfO{ cfˆgf] /fhgLltsf] d"n ljifoj:t' agfpg'k5{ .

kl5Nnf] 36gfsf] tfhf ljsf; M ;+;b\sf ;b:ox¿n] /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o;'/Iff / ;fdl/s ljifodf eO/x]sf kl5Nnf 36gfqmdx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L/fVg' cfjZos x'g]5 . o:tf 36gfqmdx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;/sf/L ;Dks{dfWodx¿dfkm{t dfq pknAw x'g] gofF ljZjljBfno, af}l4s hg;d"x h:tfu}/;/sf/L dfWodx¿åf/f klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

ljutsf cg'ejaf6 l;sfO M ;'/Iff If]q;Fu cfa4 ;xefuLx¿n] ljutdf;+rfng ul/;s]sf] sfdsf cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;+;b\n] :jtGq Pj++ /rgfTds;dLIff jf pkfox¿åf/f k|fKt u/L l;Sg] sf]l;; ug{'k5{ .

86 87


lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sg M cfˆgf] ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ cBfjlws ubf{sf avt ;/sf/n]cfˆgf p2]Zo, pknlAw Pj+ l;s]sf kf7x¿nfO{ dxTj lbG5 eGg] s'/fsf]hfgsf/L klg ;+;b\n] /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ .

;"rgf, ljz]if1tf / ;+;bLo sd{rf/L M

;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu ;+;b\leq} jf o;n] b]Vg ;Sg]7fpFdf lglZrt ljz]if1tf Pj+ ;|f]tx¿ pknAw eO/x]sf] x'g'k5{ . o;f] eP klg;+;b\leq} pknAw x'g] ljz]if1tf ;/sf/ jf ;'/Ifflgsfo;Fu ePsf h:tf ljz]if1tfx'Fb}gg\ . sltko cj:yfdf ;+;b\;Fu ;Lldt sd{rf/L x'G5g\, ha ls ;/sf/n]/Iff dGqfno jf ;'/Iff dfldnf x]g]{ cGo dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljZjf;kfPsf] x'G5 . s]xL ;+;b\x¿ h:tf] ls ch]{lG6gL ;+;b\n] cfˆgf] :yfoL ;+oGqsf]¿kdf ;f+;b tyf ;+;b\sf sd{rf/Ln] ;Dks{ ul//xg ;Dej x'g] lsl;dn] ;}lgs;Dks{ sfof{nosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;Dks{ sfof{non] cS;/ ljifout;ldltnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf ;/;Nnfx k|bfg ul//xG5 .

csf]{ s'/f ;f+;bx¿ ;Lldt cjlwsf nflu lgjf{lrt eP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ ha lslghfdtL / h+uLtkm{sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|lt/Iffsf] ljifodf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfdul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;df d"ne"t ;d:of s] xf] eg] ;+;b\ ;/sf/ / ;]gfaf6 k|fKt;"rgfdf k"0f{ ¿kdf lge{/ x'g'k5{ ha ls tL c+ux¿df lgu/fgL /fVg] / lg/LIf0fug]{ cleef/f klg ;+;b\s} xf] . o;n] ubf{ ;f+;bx¿sf lglDt c;xh kl/l:ylt;[hgf x'g] dfq x}g, ;/sf/ / ;]gfnfO{ klg To:tf] cj:yf plQs} c;xh aGghfG5 . o:tf kl/l:yltnfO{ ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+sL0f{ k|j[lQn] cem} a9L k|efljt u/]sf]x'G5 lsgls logLx¿sf] ljz'4 kmf}hL sfo{, ;+:s[lt, lzIff Pj+ uf]Ko ljlw ljwfgg} o;f] x'g'df sf/s tTj ag]sf x'G5g\ .

aS; @( n] ;'/Iff If]qsf ;DaGwdf s;/L ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿df ljz]if1tf clej[l4ug]{ ljifodf s]xL ;'emfjx¿ k]; u/]sf] 5 .

aS; g+= @(

;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf ;+;bLo ljz]if1tf clej[l4sf] nflu cfjZos;+oGq / cEof;x? M s]xL ;'emfjw h'g d'n'sdf cem} Pp6f 5'§} PsfOsf] ¿kdf 5}g . To:tf 7fpFdf ;'/Iff

dfldnfdf ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿sf] ljz]if1tf / 1fgnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;+;bLo;'/Iff÷k|lt/Iff PsfOsf] :yfkgf ug]{ M ;+;b\sf] o:tf] ;ldltnfO{ vl/b,sd{rf/L, vr{ / zflGt cfof]u gfdsf pk;ldltx¿df ljefhg ug]{tkm{klg ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .

w /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;]ldgf/df efu lng], cWoog e|d0fdf hfg],;'/Ifflgsfosf ejgx¿sf] e|d0f -uf]Ko Pj+ hf;';L ;]jf ljifo cWofo!! x]g{'xf];\_ ug]{ / ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ . o;cGtu{th'g d'n'sdf /fli6«o kmf}hx¿ zflGt ;]gfdf ;+nUg ePsf 5g\, To:tfb]zx¿df x'g] ;f+;bx¿sf] e|d0faf6 k|fKt x'g] ;f/ ;'emfj klg k5{g\ .

w ljleGg d'n'ssf ;+;b\sf ;b:ox¿aLr cf–cfˆgf] cEof; / cg'ejx¿cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ . h:t} M cGt/f{li6«o ;+;bLo ;Dd]ngx¿df efu lng] .

w pko'Qm tflnd k|fKt tyf ljljw If]qdf kof{Kt dfqfdf Joj;flos 1fgxfl;n u/]sf ;+;bLo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{' .

w ;DalGwt ljifodf ljz]if 1fg xfl;n x'g ;Sg] tyf tfhf hfgsf/L k|fKtx'g] k':tsfno Pj+ b:tfj]hLs/0f÷cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ nufot ljB't\hl8ttYof+s e08f/sf] ;xh kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g' .

w u}/;/sf/L ;+u7g -pbfx/0fsf] nflu ljZjljBfno, ljz]if1 a'l4hLjL_x¿sf afx\o lj1x¿ jf cjsfzk|fKt ;}lgs clwsf/L -gful/s ;dfhkf7 ^ x]g{'xf];\_ af6 k/fdz{ lng] .

w ;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] b:tfj]h;f+;bx¿nfO{ /fi6«efiffdf pknAw u/fpg] . ;lGw÷;Demf}tfsf] b:tfj]h;Fu}ltgLx¿sf] cg'df]bgsf] cj:yf / ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg klg;f+;bx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

w ;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt @ jf # j6f ljifo jflif{s ¿kdf 5gf]6 u/LTo;df lj:t[t cg';Gwfg ug]{ -pbfx/0fsf] nflu pk;ldltx¿n] of] sfd;Dkfbg ug]{_

w ;'/Iff÷k|lt/Iff dfldnfdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;f+;b\x¿sf] ;j{bnLo ;d"xsf]:yfkgf ug]{ -pbfx/0fsf] nflu M hxfF pko'Qm x'G5 ToxfF b'j}j6f ;bg_o:tf] ;d"xn] ;'/Iffsf] dfldnfdf cgf}krfl/s ly+s 6\of+ssf] sfd u5{ .

88 89


/fhgLlts OR5fzlQm

;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ k|:6 / k|z:t ;|f]t tyf ljz]if1tf eP klg;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0fsf] nflu ;j{q 5'6 lbOPsf] 5}g .

k|efjzfnL ;+/If0f ;'/Iff If]qaf6 ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿sf] /fhgLlts rfxgf, ljleGg;|f]t / ;+oGq gi6 ug]{ x'g ;S5 . /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmsf] cefjn] To;nfO{;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;d:ofsf sf/s oL x'g ;S5g\ –

bnLo cg'zf;g M ;+;b\ ;b:o zlQmx¿sf] rf;f] ;|f]t / ;fwg ltgLx¿nfO{ gi6ug{ ;Qf?9 bnn] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ /fVb5 . ltgLx¿n] hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdfNofpg To;f] ug{ ;S5g\ .

If]qLo rf;f]÷a]jf:tf M clwsf+z b]zx¿df ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf ;'/Iffsf s'/fdfjf:tf ub}{gg\ . ctM clwstd ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿ k'glg{jf{lrt ePsf] cj:yfdfcfˆgf] ;do ;'/Iff;DaGwL dfldnfdf vf;} e"ldsf v]Nb}g eGg] ;f]R5g\ .

;'/Iff cjwf/0ffn] af}l4s If]q;Fu ;+nUg ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ bafadf /fV5 /To;sf] pQ/ v'Nb}g .

o; k|sf/sf] l:yltdf cfPsf] kl/0ffdn] ;+;bLo ;+oGqx¿df lgliqmotf Nofpg;S5, ha of] /fhgLlts lgoGq0f / sfo{sf/L clwsf/df cfOk'U5 / jf:tjdf:SofG8n / cfsl:ds l:ylt zlQmzfnL x'g k'U5 .

t}klg, of] sfg'gL st{Jo / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf], o;sf] p2]Zo / nIosf] ljZn]if0fug'{ s'g} klg ;+;b\ ;b:osf] st{Jo xf] .

cWofo – !$

;'/Iff If]qtkm{ pkof]udf NofOPsf;+;bLo ;+oGqx¿

s'g} klg k|0ffnLdf ;+;b\nfO{ ;"rgfsf ljljw dfWodx¿åf/f lgoGq0f;DaGwLgLlt, k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0f, JolQmsf] ;+/If0f jf p;sf] pGd'lQm tyf Jolerf/ /cGofo lgd{"n kfg]{ cflb ljifodf ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt x'g] u5{g\ . o;cltl/Qm ;+;b\sf;b:ox¿n] cfˆg} lsl;dsf cgf}krfl/s ;+oGqx¿ ljsl;t u/L jf cEof;dfNofO{ o:tf sfg'gL Pj+ j}wflgs ;+oGqx¿sf] p2]Zodf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] pkfo /;+/rgfx¿ klg agfPsf x'G5g\ .

;/sf/af6 ;+;b\nfO{ k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ljlw;Ddt tLgj6f ;/n ;DefJotfx¿x'G5g\ M

P ;+;bLo ax;

P ;+;bLo ;f]wk'5 / k|Zgf]Q/

P ;+;bLo hfFra'em

;'/Iffsf ;jfndf ;+;bLo ax;

;'/Iffsf ljifodf x'g] 5nkmnn] ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfg–k|bfg Pj+ cTofjZos;"rgfx¿sf] ;+sngsf dfWodåf/f tYox¿sf] phfu/ ug{ / ;/sf/sf] dgf]efjgfa'‰gsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . ;fdfGo ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ ;'/Iff gLlt/ ljifox¿af/] lgDg % cj:yfx¿df ;+;b\df 5nkmn x'g ;S5 M

P sfo{sf/Ln] jflif{s /Iff ah]6 k|:t't ubf{sf] qmddf

P ;DalGwt dGqLx¿n] h:tf] ls k|lt/Iff / k//fi6« ljifodf cf}krfl/s jfcgf}krfl/s jQmJo cl3 a9fpFbf

90 91


P /fli6«o k|lt/Iff k'g/fjnf]sg -;dLIff_ ubf{ k|lt/Iff;DaGwL Zj]tkq jfk|lt/Iff;DaGwL cGo /fli6«o b:tfj]h k|:t't ubf{

P s'g} lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePkl5sf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmd NofpFbfsf] avt

P ;+;bLo 5nkmn cfjZos kg]{ cGo dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿ h:tf] ls ;fj{hlgsdxTjsf] s'g} rlr{t 36gf, k|d'v ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/ jf k|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwtljifo cflb

aS; g+= #)

;+;bLo ;+oGqsf] ;fdfGo emnsx? / sfo{sf/Lpk/ lg/LIf0fsf]k|lqmof ;fdfGo ax;

…s]xL d'n'sx¿df ToxfFsf] ;+ljwfgn] sfo{sf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] ;+/IfsTj cfjlwsljj/0f k|:t't ug{'kg]{ cj:yf klg tf]s]sf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] d'n'sx¿df ;fdfGogLltut ljifox¿ :jtM cfjZos k/LIf0fsf ljifo x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} ;b:on]ljz]if ¿kdf k|Zg p7fPsf cj:yfdf dfq ltgLx¿ 5nkmndf cfpg ;S5g\ .Ú

w k|Zgf]Q/…k|Zgf]Q/ eg]sf] k'/fgf] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf ;"rgfsf] k|flKt / lgoGq0fsf]k|of]u ug]{ Pp6f hu]8f sfo{k|lqmof xf] . o;cGtu{t ;+;b\sf] s'g} Pp6f;b:on] s'g} dGqL jf ;/sf/sf] k|d'vnfO{ ;fdfGo gLltut s'/fsf] ;DaGwdfp;sf] ljefun] s] ul//x]sf] 5 eGg]af/]df ;f]wk'5 ug]{ sfd x'G5 .k|Zgf]Q/ k|lqmofsf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\M klxnf]n] ljifoj:t'nfO{;fdfGo 5nkmndf Nofpg] sfd u5{ / bf];|f]n] /fhgLlts clVtof/L k|fKtu/]sf] x'G5 lsgls o:tf] k|:tfjdf ;/sf/n] lbPsf] hjfkm ;bgsf] :jLs[lt–c:jLs[ltdf 6'+uf] nfUg] ub{5 . of] Pp6f clt k|efjsf/L sfo{k|lqmof klgxf], lsgls of] dGqLsf] k|ToIf hjfkmb]lxtf;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 . To;}n] of]Pp6f ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ pkfo dfq geO{ lgoGq0fsf] k|ToIf :j¿k klg xf] .Ú

w :yug k|:tfj…a]nfotL k4lt k|Zgf]Q/sf] k|lqmofaf/] cgle1 }́+ nfU5 . tyflk …:yugk|:tfjÚ k|Zgf]Q/eGbf leGg ¿ksf] b]lvFb}g . ;bgsf] a}7s ;'? ePnuQ}

NofOPsf] :yug k|:tfjn] ;/sf/dfly sltko uDeL/ k|Zgx¿ k|:t't ug]{cj;/ k|bfg u5{, t/ :yug k|:tfjdf dtbfg eg] x'Fb}g .Ú

w ;f]wk'5…;f]wk'5sf] k|lqmofÚ sf] p2]Zo k|zf;gaf6 ;6Ls ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{',x:tIf]ksf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{' / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df b'?kof]ux¿sf]vf]hL / ;dfwfg u/fpg' xf] . ;+;b\;dIf k|:t't ljw]os / sfg'gLk|:tfjx¿sf] hl6n ljifoj:t'sf] ;du| hfgsf/L lng ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]uk'¥ofpg' o;sf] csf]{ p2]Zo xf] . o; k|lqmofn] k|ltkIfLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/sf]sdhf]/Lsf a'Fbf klxNofpg d;nf pknAw u/fpF5 . ;fy} o:tf] k|lqmofsf]kf/blz{tfn] k|ltkIfLx¿nfO{ klg k|zf;gdf cfˆgf] k|efj a9fpg] cj;/lbG5 . o; k|lqmofn] k|l;l4 kfpg' k5fl8sf] tYo s] xf] eg] ;b:ox¿k|Zg ;f]Wg kfpg] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf] / pm ;+;b\sf]Pp6f :jtGq ;b:o /x]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] klg k'li6 u5{ .Ú

w hfFra'em ;ldltx?: -aS; #@ x]g{'xf];\_

-;|f]tM dfOs]n cfdn]/ OG6/kfln{ofd]G6 o'lgog, !(^^ åf/f lnlvt …;+;b\Ú gfds k':ts_

;+;bLo k|Zgx¿ tyf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgf]Q/x¿

k|Zgx¿ lnlvt jf df}lvs b'j} x'g ;S5g\ / logLx¿nfO{ ;+;b\sf] af}l4slqmofsnfksf] Pp6f c+usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fy} ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLsf]k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ kfOg] / Jojxfl/s cEof;sf] Pp6f sfo{k|lqmofsf ¿kdf klgo;nfO{ lnOG5 .

k|Zgx¿n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] Pp6f k|efjsf/L lhDd]jf/Ltkm{ gf6sLo ¿kdf of]ubfgk'¥ofpg ;S5 dfgf}+ ls of] pgLx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .;'/Iffsf ;DaGwdf ;+;bLo k|Zgx¿ eg]sf] ;fdfGotof M

P ;+;b\sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|lt/Iff Pj+ ;'/Iff gLlt tyf ;du| ;'/Iffd'2fx¿af/] ;do ;dodf e/kbf]{ / cBfjlws ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKtug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .

92 93


P ;+;b\n] kfl/t u/]sf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt j}wflgs sfg'gx¿ sfof{GjogdflgoGq0f ug{ ;+;b\nfO{ d2t ug]{ .

P k|lt/Iff / ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿df ljz]iftM hjfkmb]lxtf af]w u/fpg]af/]6]lnlehgåf/f k|;f/0f ul/Psf] jf cGo s'g} dfWodåf/f ;+;b\df 5nkmnsf]nflu k|:t't jf cflwsfl/s /fli6«o k|lt/Iff a'n]l6gdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5eg] To;tkm{ hg;fwf/0fsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] sfo{df d2t ug]{ -:ki6tMeGg'kbf{ ;+;bLo k|Zgx¿sf] ;Dk|]if0fsf] sfo{ ;+;b\sf] If]qleq dfq ;Lldtg/xL o:tf k|Zgx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;s];Dd ;~rf/dfWoddf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,gful/s ;dfhnufot cfd ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Dd k'uf];\ eGg] rfxgf /flvG5_ .

P ;'/Iff ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf] /fhgLlts ljifo;"rLnfO{ k|efj kfg{ /k'gM ;f]rljrf/ ug{sf nflu Pp6f pkof]uL c:q x'g ;S5 .

P k|ltkIfsf ;b:ox¿n] hfGg rfx]sf] ;'/Iff ljifodf jf ;f]af/] pgLx¿nfO{clxn];Dd lrQa'‰bf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . To:tf ;'/Iff ljifox¿dfk|Zg p7fpg kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .

;'/Iff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf+z ;+;bLo ;jfnx¿ cToGt ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ .;+;bLo k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'kg]{ bfloTj ePsf dGqLx¿ hjfkm lbg k|foMlxlRsrfpg] u5{g\ . o;f] x'g'df ;'/Iff If]qsf ultljlwx¿ k|fozM uf]Ko /xg'kg]{wf/0ff klg lhDd]jf/ 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff ljifosf sfuhftx¿ juL{s/0f u/L/flvgfn] klg o;af/] g t ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿ g ;j{;fwf/0f s;}nfO{ klg hfgsf/LpknAw x'g ;S5 .

aS; g+= #!

k|efjsf/L k|Zgx?af/] ;'emfj

w ;du| tof/L M ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg / To;df klg k|fljlws kIfsf] 5eg] t'?Gt hjfkm lbg c;Dej x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;}lgssd{rf/Lx¿;Fusf] cgf}krfl/s ;Dks{ -jf cfkm"df To:tf] 1fg_ eP /fd|f]d2t kfpg ;lsG5.

w c:ki6 efiff M ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] efiff k|:6 5}g eg] klg dGqLn] hjfkm lbFbfklg ckof{Kt hjfkm lbg] x'G5 .

w ;do lgwf{/0f M k|Zg ;f]lwg] ;do / kl/l:yltnufotsf ljifon] k|zf;gn]v]Ng] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] klg ljrf/ ul/g'k5{ .

sfuhft juL{s/0f ug]{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ klg sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] x'G5 .To;sf ;fy} sfuhft juL{s/0f k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{, tf ls s;n] o:tf] lg0f{oug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] 5 slt;Dd lnlvt juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 slt ;do;Dduf]Ko /xg]5 . juL{s/0f ul/g] / gul/g] cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\, :ki6 xf];\ .

hxfF;Dd ;+:yfut ;Gbe{sf] s'/f 5 ;+;bLo k|Zgx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g lgDgfg';f/sftTjx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5g\ –

P hjfkm;Fu ;Gt'i6 x'g g;lsPdf jf c¿ :ki6tfsf] ck]Iff /x]df ;f+;bn]k"/s k|Zg ;f]Wg] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

P k|Zgf]Q/ ;dodf p7]sf ;jfnx¿pk/ 5nkmn k|f/De u/fpg klg ;f+;b;dy{ x'g ;S5 .

P ;f+;b ;b:o :jo+ klg k|Zg ;f]Wg ;Sg] k|lqmofs} Pp6f c+u klg xf]

P ;+;bLo k|Zgf]Q/ ;dodf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ klg ;xefuLsf ¿kdf pkl:ytu/fpg jf /]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf To;nfO{ k|;f/0f ul/lbg ;lsG5 .

P 5nkmndf p7]sf ;Da4 ljifoj:t'x¿sf] k|rf/–k|;f/ / ;Dej ePdf;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr k'Ug] k|;f/0f dfWoddf ;jfn hjfkmsf] k|sfzg .

;'/Iff ljifodf ljz]if ;+;bLo hfFr'aem

sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gsf cltl/Qm ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] ;/sf/sf]gLltsf] k|efjsf/L lg/LIf0fsf sfo{df klg efu lng ;S5g\ . ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf];'kl/j]If0fsf nflu ;+lIfKt ;"rgfåf/f hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsg] / o;df PseGbfa9L ;ldlt klg ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] u/L To:tf] lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg klg k|sfzg

94 95


ul/G5 . ljz]if ;+;bLo hfFra'emsf] clwsf/;lxt Dofb k'hL{ sf6\g] ;fIfL k|df0fa'‰g] clwsf/ klg ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

hfFra'em ;ldltsf k|d'v kmfObf / ljz]iftfx¿

;'/Iff÷k|lt/Iff ljifonfO{ lnP/ Pp6f c:yfoL hfFra'em ;ldltsf] ljz]if dxTj/xg] b]lvG5, h;sf kmfObfx¿ klg c;+Vo x'g]5g\ . ltgdf vf;u/L :P pgLx¿sf] agf]6sf] k|s[ltnfO{ hgtfn] ljz]iftM Pp6f ;sf/fTds /fhgLlts

;+s]tsf ¿kdf x]g]{5g\ .

P logLx¿ ;'/Ifflgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;+j]bgzLn d'2fsf]lj:t[t hfFra'em ug{ ;dy{ Pp6f pko'Qm cf}hf/ x'g ;S5g\ .

P ljz]if ;'/Iff ljifodf ;/sf/L gLltsf] ;+lIfKt d"Nof+sg ug{ kfpg] cg'dltpgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g]5 . pko'Qm 7fpFdf l;+uf] ;bg / ;/sf/nfO{ g} :jLsf/x'g;Sg] u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfo jf k'gM ;anLs/0fsf pkfox¿ k|:tfj ug{klg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .

aS; g+= #@

;+;bLo hfFra'em ;ldltsf d"n ljz]iftfx?

…ljz]if d'2fx¿ cWoog ug{ cg';Gwfg ;ldltx¿sf] u7g ul/g' cfdk|rngag]sf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu hxfF hxfF ;+;b\sf] lgoGq0f dgfl;a /cfjZos b]lvG5 tL 7fpFaf6 ;Da4 ;"rgfx¿ ;+sngsf nflu cfˆgf;b:ox¿nfO{ cx|fpF5 / To;sf] Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dgfl;a b]v]df;bgdf 5nkmndf NofO{ Pp6f lgisif{df k'Ug ;S5 .

;+;b\sf] hfFra'em ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ eg]sf] sfo{sf/Ln] s'g} klg ljifodfrnfPsf] sf/afxLaf/] ;+;b\ k"0f{¿kdf ;"lrt ePsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] Pp6f cGof]Gofl>tg};lu{s l;4fGtcGtu{t g} k5{ .

s]xL d'n'sdf hfFra'em ;ldltx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L hfFra'em ug{ Tolt ;lhnf]5}g . k|fozM cbfntL k|lqmofb]lv afx]s cGo Joj:yfkg, s'g} JolQmnfO{

Dofb k'hL{ sf6L lemsfpg / aofg lbg s/ nufpg ;lsFb}g . ;/sf/Lclwsf/Lx¿n] o;df Jojwfg v8f u5{g\ / hfFra'em ;ldltsf] sf/afxLnfO{lzlyn kf/]/ k|df0f nf]k u/fpg] b':;fx; klg u5{g\ . ;+;bLo hfFra'emnfO{k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsg] Pp6} pkfo 5, Tof] xf] – ;To eGg]5' egL k|lt1fu/fP/ k|df0f lng' .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] hfFra'em ;ldltdf k]; u/]sf] k|df0fn] Pp6f vf;;d:of pAhfPsf] 5, lsgls pgLx¿ dGqL dftxt cf–cfˆgf ljefusf k|d'vx'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿n] ;f]w]sf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkmglbg eg]/ slt;Dd 6fNg ;S5 . To;}u/L -s]xL d'n'sx¿df_ ;DalGwtljefusf] ;xdlt -k|df0f lbg_ hlxn] klg cfjZos k5{, t/ vf]lhPsf] k|df0f;fj{hlgs ;'/Iffsf] alv{nfk 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ g} vt/f Jojwfgk}bf ug]{ vfnsf] 5 eGg] gnfu];Dd To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgnDag klg ul/Fb}g .

of] tYo dgg of]Uo 5 ls Joj:yf h];'s} xf];\ hfFra'em ug{ v8f ePsf];ldlt eg]sf] Pp6f cg';Gwfg ;ldlt jf tYo kQf nfufpg] lgsfoeGbf c¿s]xL xf]Og / p;sf] Psdfq sfd eg]sf] cfkm"nfO{ u7g ug]{ ;+;b\nfO{ ;f]sf]k|ltj]bg k]; ug{' dfq xf] . hfFra'emaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfjZoslgisif{ lgsfNg' ;+;b\sf] cfwf/e"t sfd xf] .

-;|f]tM dfOs]n cfdn]/ OG6/kfln{ofd]G6 o'lgog, !(^^ åf/f lnlvt …;+;b\Ú gfds k':ts_

o:tf hfFra'em ;ldltx¿sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] ltgLx¿sf] u7g xf] .o:tf ;ldltdf k|ltkIfsf ;f+;b\x¿sf] afx'No x'g] u/L u7g ug{ ;lsof] eg]hfFra'emsf] glthf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

hfFra'em;DaGwL clwsf/ ;f/e"t ¿kdf ;+;b}lkR5] / ;ldltlkR5] km/s km/sx'g ;S5g\ . To:tf clwsf/x¿dWo] d"ne"t¿kdf tnsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ lng;lsG5 –

P ;+;bLo hfFra'emsf] ljifoj:t' / If]qflwsf/sf] rog

P ;}lgs cfwf/ lzlj/x¿ tyf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo cfjf; :ynx¿sf]e|d0f -kl/R5]b !& x]g{'xf];\_

96 97


P ;DalGwt ;a}sf] ;"rgfsf] ;+sng h;cGtu{t juL{s[t Pj+ clt uf]Kob:tfj]hx¿ rfx] tL /fi6«klt, ;/sf/L k|zf;g jf ;fdfGo sd{rf/Lx¿af6g} lsg gx'g\

P ;/sf/k|d'v, ;/sf/L k|zf;g jf ;}lgs Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿af6k|lt1f u/fP/ k|df0f lng]

P v'nf jf aGb;q ;'g'jfO sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{

Sofg8fnL l;kfxLx¿nfO{ ;f]dflnofdf v6fOPsf] pk/ ePsf] Sofg8f ;/sf/sf]hfFra'em o;sf] Pp6f pko'Qm pbfx/0f x'g ;S5 -aS; # x]g{'xf];\_

aS; g+= ##

Sofg8fnL ;]gfnfO{ ;f]dflnofdf v6fOPsf] ;DaGwdf ul7thfFra'em ;ldlt M ;'/Iff dfldnfdf ;+;bLo k|ltj]bgn];j{;fwf/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f M

;g\ !((# df Sofg8fnL kmf}hnfO{ ;f]dflnofdf v6fpFbfsf avt ToxfFaf6k|jfx ePsf 36gfsf ;"rgfn] ;d:t Sofg8fnL hgtfnfO{ :tAw kf¥of] .h:tf] ls ;f]dflnofnL xdnfsf/x¿n] a]n]6 x'Pg gfds :yfgsf] Sofg8fnL3]/fleq u/]sf] uf]nLsf08, Sofg8fnL sdfG8f]x¿n] Pp6f lszf]/sf] lx/f;tdfxTof, To;df Pp6f Sofg8fnL l;kfxLsf] cfTdxTof ug]{ k|of; tyf ld;gkms]{kl5 dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ abn]sf], n'sfPsf] cf/f]k cflb . xjfO;]gfsfhjfgx¿sf] cZnLn sfo{x¿sf] lel8of] 6]k ;fj{hlgs . o; 36gfsf]cg';Gwfg ug{ ul7t ;}lgs ;ldltnfO{ ;/sf/n] Sofg8fsf] ;fj{hlgshjfkmb]lxtfk"0f{ ¿kdf axg ug{ g;s]sf] cfwf/df cdfGo u/L Sofg8fnL;+;b\n] hfFra'em P]gcGtu{t Pp6f v'nf ;fj{hlgs hfFra'em ;ldltsf] u7gu¥of] .

sd{If]q / clVtof/L – hfFra'em P]gn] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fIfLlemsfpg], k|df0f a'‰g], ljlzi6 sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg] k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sgug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;fIfL lbg afWo u/fOg ;Sg] clVtof/L g} ;f]dflnofdf

s] ePsf] lyof] / /fli6«o k|wfg sfof{non] s] u¥of] eGg] jf:tljstf 7x/ ug]{k|d'v cf}hf/ ;fljt eof] . v'nf ;qdf ;f]wk'5sf qmddf !!^ hjfg ;fIfLn]Sofg8fnL 6]lnlehgn] b]ze/ k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] sfo{If]q s]jn;f]dflnof geP/ :jo+ Sofg8fnL ;Gbe{ klg hf]l8Psf] / h;df cfb]z hf/Lul/g] k4lt;Fu ;DalGwt tTjx¿ nufot cg'zf;g, Sofg8fnL ;}lgsx¿sf];+rfng k|lqmof / /fli6«o k|lt/Iff ljefun] rnfPsf sf/afxL / lnPsf lg0f{ox¿klg o;leq ky]{ . ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0fsf] bf];|f] efusf ;Gbe{dfsld;gn] ;]gf v6fpg'k"j{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;f]dflnof;DaGwL gf6s d~rgsf]k"j{ k|;+u / d~rgf]Q/ k|;+u ;d]t o;;Fu ufl;Psf lyP .

of] s'g} k/LIf0f x}g – of] hfFra'em k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ljrf/n] ul/Psf]lyPg . oBlk, 36gf ;+:yfut sf/0fx¿sf] hfFra'em tyf s'g} JolQmsf ;DaGwdf/ km]/abnsf ljifodf klxNo} 36]]sf 36gfx¿sf] pQ/ kfpgsf nflu klg ul/g'cfjZos lyof] . hfFra'emsf] klxnf] s]Gb|laGb' ;+:yfut Pj+ ;f+u7lgsJoj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt d'2f Sofg8fnL kmf}hsf] Joj:yfkg tyf /fli6«o k|lt/Iffljefu g} lyof] g ls oL ;+:yfx¿df cfa4 JolQmx¿ . tyflk, To:tf JolQmx¿hf] sdfG8 / Joj:yfkgsf] txdf a;]/ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ pgLx¿klg hfFra'emsf] s]Gb|laGb' geO/xg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .

of] s'g} k/LIf0f x}g – b'O{ jif{ nfdf] o; hfFra'emn] lbPsf] a[xt\ k|ltj]bgdfSofg8fnL ;]gfsf] ;+/rgfut 9fFrf / ;+u7gfTds :j¿kb]lv lnP/ ;f]dflnofld;g tfsfsf] /fli6«o k|lt/Iff ljefu, Sofg8fnL ;]gfdf sdfG8sf] txut:j¿k, ;}lgs ;+:s[lt / g}ltstf;DaGwL ljifodf 5nkmn tyf Sofg8fdf;]gf / lghfdtLaLrsf] ;DaGw cflb ljifoj:t' k|ltj]bgn] cf]u6]sf] lyof] .o;n] Sofg8fnL ;/sf/ / ToxfFsf] ;}lgs ;+/rgf tyf To;sf] sfo{k4lt /gLltdf Jofks ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] /x]sf] l;kmfl/;;lxt 6'+uf]df k'Uof] . oLl;kmfl/;x¿dWo] clwsf+z sfof{Gjogsf k|lqmofdf /x]sf 5g\ .

-;|f]tM k|fWofks 8f= 8f]Ggf ljG:nf], Sofg8fnL ;+;bLo hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|fljlws;Nnfxsf/, !((^_

98 99


cWofo – !%

;+;bLo k|lt/Iff jf ;'/Iff ;ldltx?

;'/Iff If]qsf hl6ntfaLr /fd|f];Fu ljsl;t ePsf] ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] ;/sf/dflyjf:tljs k|efj kfg]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;du|df ;'/Iff dfldnfaf/] ;+;bLob[li6 eGg]lalQs} s'g} Pp6f ;ldltsf] dfq gfd cfpFb}g . ljleGg ;+;b\df w]/}vfn] ;ldltx¿ x'g ;S5g\, ;'/Iff dfldnf;DaGwL . sltko cj:yfdf ltgsf]sfo{If]q Psfk;df ;DalGwt klg x'G5 .

;fdfGotof oL ;ldltx¿ h;sf ;+o'Qm a}7sx¿ klg x'G5g\ . tL o; k|sf/5g\—

• k|lt/Iff jf ;'/Iff ;ldlt -slxn]sfxLF ;'/Iff kmf}h ;ldlt, /fli6«o k|lt/IffPj+ ;'/Iff ;ldlt cyjf afx\o dfldnf ;ldltsf] gfddf tL cfpg ;S5g\_n] ;fdfGotof ;/Iff dfldnf;DaGwL ;a} ljifodf sfd sf/afxL u5{ .h:tf]M ljb]zdf kmf}h k7fpg], ;'/Ifflgsfosf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf, ;}lgsx¿sf],cfly{s nufgL, ha/h:tL ;}GoetL{ tyf vl/blaqmL;Ddsf sfd .

• k//fi6« dfldnf ;ldlt pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf h;n] zflGt :yfkgf ld;gsf;DaGwdf, ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iffdf kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt:jLs[lt lbg] / cGt/f{li6«o÷If]qLo ;+:yfx¿, ;lGw / Joj:yfx¿sf af/]df;/f]sf/ /fV5 .

• ah]6 tyf cfly{s ;ldlt h;sf] sfd ;'/Ifflgsfo / ;+:yfx¿sf nfluah]6sf af/]df lg0f{o lbg'x'G5 . ;ejtM ;fj{hlgs n]vf;ldltn] ;Dk"0f{ah]6sf] n]vf k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5, h;df /Iff ah]6 klg x'G5 .

• u'Ktr/ ;]jf;DaGwL ;ldlt tyf pk;ldlt h;n] leqleq uf]Ko ¿kdf sfdul//x]sf] x'G5 .

• pBf]u / Jofkf/ ;ldlt h;sf] ;'/Iffsf If]qdf xltof/ vl/blaqmL / ltgdfcg'bfg / s/ 5'6 h:Tff ljifodf sfd x'G5 .

• lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;ldltn] ;'/Ifflgsfosf nflu cfjZos lj1fg tyfk|ljlwsf af/]df sfd u5{g\ .

• /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt h;sf] ;/f]sf/sf] If]q k|x/L, ;Ldf ;'/Iff kmf}h / cGo;z:q k|x/L ;+u7g;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

clwsf/ / pkfox¿

;ldltx¿sf] ;+;b\aflx/af6 k|df0fx¿ ;+sng ug]{ jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/df ljljwtf5g\ . s]xL ;+;bLo ;ldlt, h:tf] a]nfotsf] xfp; ckm sdG;sf] tby{ :yfoL;ldltnfO{ cfk}+mn] k|df0fx¿ lng] clwsf/ xF'b}g . ha ls cd]l/sL s+u|];sf;ldltx¿nfO{ afx\o k|df0fx¿ lng] zkycg';f/ c;Lldt clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5 .

s]xL ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] gofF sfg'g ckgfpg jf k|:tfj ug{ ;S5g\, ltgn]eO/x]sf] sfg'gdf ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ sltko ;ldltnfO{ To:tf]clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'Fb}g, ltgnfO{ ;/sf/sf sfd / ah]6;DaGwL 5fglag ug]{ dfqclwsf/ x'G5 .

;ldltx¿nfO{ pknAw ljz]if1tf, Ifdtf, pkfox¿n] ;ldltsf] k|efjsf/Lsfnflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . h:tf], ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿, ;ldltsf sd{rf/L,ltgsf] bIftf, jl/i7tf, :yfloTj, cg';Gwfg ug]{ Ifdtf cflb . ljz]if1tf xfl;nu/]sf jf ;fdfGo, ;+;b\sf] a[xt\ cg';Gwfg lgsfosf] Pp6f efu jf a]Un} cg';GwfgPsfO, tYo / k|df0fdflysf] kx'Fr / cfjZos ;xof]uL sfuhftx¿ k|fKt ug]{Ifdtf / k'g?Tkfbg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ;ldltsf dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . ;ldlt;Fuljz]if1x¿ af]nfpg], 5fglag ug]{, ;'g'jfO ug]{ Ifdtf 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fn]To;sf] k|efjsfl/tf lgwf{/0f u5{ . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu cWofo !$ sf];+;bLo k|lqmof / cf}hf/ -6'n_ x]g{'xf];\ .

100 101


aS; g+= #$

k|lt/Iff / ;'/Iff dfldnfdf ;+;bLo ;ldltx?n] ug{;Sg] ;DefJok|d'v sfdx?

;'/IffgLlt• /Iff dGqfnon] ckgfPsf s'g} klg dxTjk"0f{ gLltx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug'{ /

l/kf]6{ tof/ ug{' .• ;do ;dodf /Iff dGqfnon] cfˆgf gLltx¿ / lhDd]jf/L s;/L nfu" u5{

eg]/ k/LIf0f ug'{ .• /Iff dGqfnon] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] kfngf s;/L ub}{ 5, To;sf]

5fglag ug'{ . h'g;'s} tl/sfaf6 eP klg ;+;b\nfO{ ;"rgfx¿ pknAwu/fpg] ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg' .

• ;'/Iff dfldnf;DaGwL ;'/IffsdL{ / ;fdfGo gful/ssf k'g/fj]bg, u'gf;fx¿5fglag ug{' .

sfg'g lgdf{0f• ;/sf/n] ;+;b\df k]; u/]sf] ljw]osx¿ ljrf/ ug{' / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ .• /Iff dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/Lleq kg] { cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo ;lGw jf

Joj:yfx¿dfly ljrf/ ug{' .• olb pko'Qm nfU5 eg] ;/sf/nfO{ gofF sfg'gsf] k|:tfj ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{

jf cfk}+mn] gofF sfg'g k|:tfj ug'{ .

vr{x?• /Iff dGqfnosf] cg'dflgt ah]6 / jflif{s vr{dfly ljrf/ ug{' .• /Iff dGqfnon] k]; u/]sf k|To]s k"/s ah]6dfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' / yk

ljrf/ ug{ kg]{ l:yltdf ;+;b\;dIf l/kf]6{ k]; ug'{ .• cfjZos ePdf ;Ifd n]vfk/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] sfd ug'{ .

Joj:yfkg / k|zf;g• ;ldltnfO{ pko'Qm nfu]df ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfon] u/]sf dxTjk"0f{

lgo'lQmdfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' . -h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;}lgs clwsf/L jf ;/sf/L;]jfdf lgo'lQm_

• k|lt/Iff lgsfosf cfGtl/s ;+:yfx¿dfly ;+;bsf afx\o ;+:yfx¿cDa'8\;Dofgdfkm{t ljrf/ k'¥ofpg', unt sfdaf/] ;+;b\sf] Wofgfs[i6 ug'{ .

-;|f]t M xfg;8{ ;f];fO6L sld;g cg kfln{ofd]G6«L O:qm'lg6L, a]nfot @))!l/kf]6{df cfwfl/t_

aS; #% df gj]{lhog kfln{ofd]G6n] sfd ug]{ tl/sf pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .

aS; g+= #%

gj]{lhog ;+;b\ -:6f]l6ª_ sf] ljb]z dfldnf / k|lt/Iff ;ldltsf];+o'Qm a}7s

gj]{lhog ;+;b\sf] ljb]z dfldnf / k|lt/Iff ;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s -Ognfh{8sld6L_sf] d'Vo sfd ;/sf/;Fu dxTjk"0f{ ljb]z gLlt, Jofkf/ tyf /fli6«o;'/Iff gLltdf 5nkmn ug'{ g} xf] . 5nkmnx¿ dxTjk"0f{ gLltx¿ clVtof/ug'{cl3 ul/G5 . ljz]iffj:yfdf Ognfh{8 ;ldltn] ;+;b\;dIf l;kmfl/;x¿ug]{ u5{ . Ognfh{8 sld6Ldf ljb]z dfldnf ;ldltsf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿,;+;bsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf -olb pgLx¿ ;ldlt ;b:o 5}gg\ eg]_, k|lt/Iff:yfoL ;ldltsf] cWoIf / lgjf{rg sld6Ln] l;kmfl/; u/]sf a9Ldf !! hgf;Dd;b:ox¿ . ;b:ox¿ lgo'lQm ubf{ ;+;b\df /x]sf] kf6L{x¿sf] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTjnfO{ dxTj lbOG5 . o;} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ lgjf{rg sld6Ln]cfˆgf ;xfosx¿ lgo'Qm u5{, ltgnfO{ uon / labfdf lkmtf{ af]nfOG5 .;ldltsf] a}7s cWoIfn] cfjZos 7fg]df, k|wfgdGqL, ljb]z dGqfnosf]cg'/f]wdf jf ;ldltsf Ps ltxfO ;b:osf] cg'/f]wdf af]nfOG5 . cGoyfpNn]v gu/]sf] cj:yf afx]s Ognfh{8 sld6Lsf] sf/afxL uf]Ko /flvG5 .o:t} tl/sf cGo ;+o'Qm a}7s / ;ldltsf a}7sx¿df ckgfOG5 . ;ldltsfcWoIfn] a}7sx¿sf] sf/afxL uf]Ko /fVg] g/fVg] lg0f{o u5{g\ . Ognfh{8sld6Lsf ^ hgf ;b:ox¿n] cg'/f]w u/]df ;+;bdf ;ldltsf Ph]G8fx¿k|:t't ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;ldltn] tL Ph]G8fx¿ ;+;b\df /fVg] jf g/fVg] af/]dfljrf/ u5{ / ;+;b\sf cWoIfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbG5 . ;+;b\n] Tof] a}7s Sofd/fdf

102 103


/]s8{ ug]{–gug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ug]{ gug]{ lg0f{o u5{ . ;+;b\df ;/sf/L k|ltlglwn]ljrf/ ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj /fV5g\ . ;/sf/L k|:tfjdfly tTsfn 5nkmn ug]{jf To;kl5sf a}7sx¿df Tof] lg0f{o ;+;b\n] ub{5 . k|:tfjx¿ ;/sf/n]ljrf/sf nflu k|:t't ug{ ;Qm}g .Ú

-;|f]t M ;]S;g !#, ?N; ckm k|f]l;8'/ ckm lb gj]{lhog kfln{ofd]G6_


k|lt/Iff d'2fdf sfd ug]{ ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q <• lgDg s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;ldlt / pk;ldltnfO{ k|fKt sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

u/L M– of] :ki6;Fu kl/eflift 5 ls 5}g <– ;ldltnfO{ ;a} If]qdf ulxl/P/ sfd ug{ lbOG5 ls lbOFb}g <– o;n] ;'/Iff dfldnf gLlt / ;'/Iff;DaGwL cGo dGqfnosf] gLlt;Fu

tfnd]n /fV5 ls /fVb}g < h;sf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL cGo k|efj x'G5,h:tf] xjfO{ p•og, hn ;]gf, pBf]u, pmhf{ cfk"lt{ cflb .

Pp6f k|efjsf/L ;+;bLo ;ldlt• ;ldlt jf pk;ldltnfO{ sfg'g / Jojxf/åf/f aS; #$ df pNn]v

ePcg';f/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .• ;ldlt k|lt/Iff, ;'/Iff dfldnf;DaGwL ljz]if sfdsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf]

eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'xf];\, h:tf] M ;'/Iff ah]6, ;}Go hjfg, zflGt ;]gf,;}Go ;fdu|L vl/b .

• ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;"rgf k|jfx gLlt;DaGwL sfg'g agfpg] sfd / k|lt/Iffvr{;DaGwL k|lqmofsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

• ;ldltn] k'Ubf] dfqfdf ;|f]t, ;fwg / ljz]if1;Fu k/fdz{ ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5ls 5}g, ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

• cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;ldltx¿n] ckgfPsf pTs[i6 k|lqmofx¿sf] k/LIf0f /k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\, h;n] ;'/Iff If]qdf ;+;b\sf] Jofks b[li6uf]r/ /fVg;s]sf] xf];\ .

cWofo – !^

cDa'8\;Dofg -cleefjs_

;'/Ifflgsfosf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ :jtGq ;+:yfx¿dWo] cDa'8\;Dofgsf] ljz]if :yfg/xG5 . sltko b]zdf cf]Da;Dofgn] s'–k|zf;gaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;a} vfn];Df:ofdfly lgu/fgL /fVg] sfo{If]q x'G5 / To;}cg';f/ sfd u5{ . sltko b]zdfcGo vfn] lgsfo klg x'G5g\, cfof]u jf ;fj{hlgs u'gf;f] ;ldlt h:tf-gfOh]l/of_ . cGo b]zdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] cDa'8\;Dofgsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]x'G5, h;n] ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fu ;DalGwt sfd u5{ .

aS; g+= #^

cDa'8\;Dofg

cDa'8\;Dofgn] gful/sx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf lg0f{o, k|zf;lgs nfk/jfxL,sfd sf/afxL;DaGwL sfd u5{ . cDa'8\;Dofgsf] sfo{no rnfpg] JolQm;+;b\af6 r'lgG5, /fi6«k|d'v, ;/sf/n] ;+;b\;Fusf] k/fdz{df lgo'Qm u5{ .gful/snfO{ cfˆgf xs clwsf/sf] pNn+3gaf6 arfp ug{', k|zf;lgs zlQmsf]b'?kof]u, c;fjwfgL, wfFwnLk"0f{ lg0f{o / s'zf;gsf af/]df ;r]t u/fP/c;n zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug'{ xf] . o;n] ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxL kf/bzL{ /;/sf/L sd{rf/L gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg] sfd u5{ . cDa'8\;Dofgsf]u7g ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg jf sfg'g agfP/ ul/G5 .

hgtfsf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ cDa'8\;DofgnfO{ ljleGg clwsf/ lbOPsf]x'G5 .!_ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;g oGq sfg'g, lgodfg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/

cg''';Gwfg jf 5fglag ug{ ;S5 .@_ cg;'Gwfgaf6 k|zf;g oGqsf unt sfdx¿ kfOPsf] cj:yfdf To:Tff

sfd aGb ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;S5 .

104 105


#_ ljz]if 36gfx¿df cfˆgf sfdsf] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/nfO{ / u'gf;f] ug]{ KfIfnfO{lbG5 . ;/sf/n] To:tf] lglZrt 36gf;DaGwL l;kmfl/;x¿ l:jsf/]g eg]To:Tff] a]nf ;+;b\nfO{ lbG5 . w]/} h:tf] cDa'8\;Dofgn] jflif{s k|ltj]bgklg tof/ u5{g\, ;+;b\df a'emfpF5g\ / ;fj{hlgs klg u5{g\ .

;fdfGotof cDa'8\;DofgnfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ afWo kfg]{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lbOPsf]x'Fb}g, t/ cDa'8\;Dofgn] kl/jt{gsf lglDt l;kmfl/; u5{ . ;fdfGotyfcDa'8\;Dofgsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo/ If]qdf sfd ug]{ sfo{If]q x'G5 . sltko b]zdf cDa'8\;Dofgsf] sfo{If]qleq Gofokflnsf, k|x/L / ;]gf klg kb{5g\ eg] sltko b]zdf oL lgsfo/flvPsf] x'Fb}g .

-;|f]t M b OG6/g];gn cf]Da;Dofg OlG:6Ro'6 Ogkm/d];g k'l:tsfclkm; ckm lbo'gfO6]8 g];G; xfO sld;g kmf]/ x\o'dg /fO6\;, ôfS;l;6 g+ !(, g];gn OlG;6'o;g

km/ lb k|f]df];g PG8 k|f]6]S;g ckm x\o'dg /fO6\; ._

k|lt/Iff, ;'/Ifflgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt cDa'8\;Dofg

;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt cDa'8\;Dofg Pp6f a]Un} ;+:yfut Joj:yful/Psf] x'G5 . ljleGg b]zdf To:tf cDa'8\;Dofgsf] sfd / sfo{If]q / clwsf/klg km/s km/s x'G5 . h:tf], lkmgNofG8, gj]{, kf]r'{un / hd{gLdf …cDa'8\;Dofgkm/ l8km]G;Ú elgG5 eg] Oh/fondf …ldln6/L ;f]N8;{ sDKn]g sld;g/Ú, Sofg8fdf…cDa'8\;Dofg ckm lb l8kf6{d]G6 ckm g];gn l8km]G; PG8 lb Sofg]l8og kmf];]{hÚelgG5 eg] ci6«]lnofdf …ci6«]lnog l8km]G; kmf];{ cDa'8\;DofgÚ elgG5 .

106 107

IPU and DCAF - Parliamentary oversight of the security sector, 2003

187

aS; g·= ˛

s]xL 5flgPsf b]zsf ;Í/Iff, k|lt/Iff;DaGwL cf]DaÍ;Dofgsf] emns

b]zIfdtf

-slDk]6]G;_ sfd

hjfkmb]lxtf / /fhgLlts ; ·:yfsf ;Gbe{df p;sf]

x}l;ot . ci6«]lnof l8km]G; kmf];{

cf]Da Í;Dofg M dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 lgo ÍlQm

ci6«]lnog ; Í/Iff lgsfoaf6 x Íg] sÍg} klg unt sfd sf/afxL

k|To]s jif{ dGqLdfkm{t ; ·;b\df k|:tÍt ug]{p2]Zon] k|ltj]bg k];ug]{ .

Sofg8f l8km]G; cf]Da Í;Dofg M ;/sf/L lg0f{oaf6 lgo ÍlQm

Sofg8fsf] /fli6«o ; Í/Ifflgsfosf sd{rf/L / Sofg8fnL ;}lgsx¿sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ; Í/Iff ugÍ{ .

lglZrt 36gfdf Sofg8fsf] /fli6«o ; Í/Iff ljefu / Sofg]l8og kmf];{;dIf k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ .cfkm"n] u/]sf sfdsf] dGqL;dIf jflif{sk|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ .t6:y / j:tÍut af]8{ . /Iff dGqfnosf] Joj:yfkgaf6 :jtGq .

gj]{ b cf]Da Í;Dofg km/ l8km]G; M gj]{lhod ; ·;b\cGtu{t .

;}lgsx¿sf] lxt, ; Í/Iff . ljleGg ; Í/IfflgsfoaLrsf] åGå ;dfKt ug]{ /Ps–csf{aLr ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f agfpg e"ldsf v]Ng] .

o;n] ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo;dIf cfjZos ; Íemfj, n]vfhf]vf / cfnf]rgf ug]{ sfd klg u5{ .

cf]Da';Dofg gful/s tyf ;+;b\sf] k|ltlglw ag]/ ;]gfsf] cg'udg ug]{ Pp6f cltl/Qm k|lqmof xf] . ;}lgs


aS; g+= #*

;z:q kmf}h;DaGwL hd{g ;+;bLo sld:g/

;g\ @)%) sf] bzsdf k'gM:yflkt ePsf] hd{g ;Zf:q kmf}hsf] lgoGq0f;DaGwLhd{g ;+;b\df ljz]if vfn] lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;+ljwfgsf] dd{cg';f/Pp6f gful/snfO{ h;/L s]Gb|df /flvG5, To;}u/L ;z:q kmf}hnfO{ klg /flvof] .hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfgdf $% aL, wf/f yk ul/of] . h;df elgPsf] 5 –

…;z:q kmf}hsf ;a}nfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ / kmf}hdf ;+;b\sf] lgoGq0f5 eGg] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg Pp6f ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . of]wf/fsf] sfof{Gjogsf lglDt cfjZos ;a} s'/f …n cg lb kfln{ofd]G6«L sld;g/km/ b cfD8{ kmf];]{;Ú df Joj:yf ul/g]5 .Ú

kfln{ofd]G6«L sld;g/ ;+;b\s} Pp6f c+u xf] / of] ;+;b\sf] ;b:o klg x'G5 .p;n] lglZrt ljifodf ;+;b\ jf k|lt/Iff;DaGwL ;ldltsf] ;'emfjcg';f/cg';Gwfg u5{ / cfk}+mn] kl/l:yltcg';f/ sfof{Gjog klg u5{ .

zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ sld;g/n] /Iff dGqfodfly lgoGq0fug]{ sfd u5{ . p;nfO{ hf]sf]xL ;}lgs jf ;}Go lgsfoaf6 hfgsf/L lng;Sg] / k|df0fx¿df kx'Fr sfod ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5 . p;n]h'g;'s} a]nf hfgsf/Lljgf ;'/Iff;DAfGwL ljleGg lgsfo, d'Vofno, kbflwsf/Lsfsfof{nodf ;'kl/j]If0f cWoog ug{;S5 . h'g;'s} kbsf ;}lgsaf6 cfPsfu'gf;fx¿dfly cg';GwfGf ug{;S5 . ;}lgs ;]jfsf hf] ;'s} sld;g/;dIfph'/L ug]{ x}l;ot /fV5, To;f] ubf{ p;n] cfˆgf] sfo{nosf k|lqmof k'¥ofO/xgkb}{g .

cDa'8\;Dofg M ;]gfdf ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f j[l4 ug]{ ;|f]t

l:j8]gsf] ;}lgs cDa'8\;Dofg pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;g\ !(!% df:yflkt cDa'8\;Dofg gful/ssf] ;]gfk|lt ljZjf; a9fpg Pp6f ;zQm cf}hf/aGg ;Sof] . o;afx]s o;n] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ JolQmut / pgLx¿dfly x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ePsf] cj:yfdf ;'/Iff k|bfg u5{ . ;fdfGotof ;'/Ifflgsfo;DaGwL cDa'8\;Dofgsf]

108 109

cDa'8\;Dofg gful/s tyf ;+;b\sf] k|ltlglw ag]/ ;]gfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ Pp6fcltl/Qm k|lqmof xf] . ;}lgs cDa'8\;Dofgsf] k|d'v sfd cf/f]lkt hyfefjLlg0f{ox¿, unt sfdx¿sf] dGqLsf] tkm{af6 cg';Gwfg ug{' xf] .

/fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf ;}lgs cDa'8\;Dofgsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf b]zcg'';f/ km/skm/s x'g ;S5 . hd{gL / l:j8]gdf k|lt/Iff cDa'8\;Dofg ;+;b\af6 lgo'Qm x'G5/ ;+;b\d} k|ltj]bg k]; u5{ . Sofg8f, Oh/fondf ;]gf;DaGwL cDa'8\;Dofg /IffdGqfno cfk}+mn] u7g u5{ . sltko cDa'8\;Dofgsf] sfof{no ;+;bLo kl/;/d}x'G5, h:tf] hd{g kfln{ofd]G6«L sld;;g km/ b cfd{8 kmf];]{h, aS; #* . sltkob]zdf ;+;b\ kl/;/aflx/ ;+:yfut sfo{nosf] ¿kdf x'G5g\, h:tf] l:j8]g .

gful/s tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ Hf;dfly b'Jo{jxf/ eof], To:tf kLl8tn] 5fglag ug{cDa'8\;Dofg;dIf cfu|x ug{ ;S5g\ . o;afx]s ;f+;bx¿n] g} cDa'8\;DofgnfO{zlQmsf] b'?kof]usf cf/f]kx¿, u'gf;fx¿dfly cg';Gwfgsf gLlDt cg'/f]w ug{;S5g\ . ;fdfGotof cDa'8\;Dofgn] ug]{ cg'';Gwfgx¿df ldgfxf, dfkmL, :yug,sfg'gL ;}lgs bfloTj, ;]jfsf qmddf ;?jf / :yfgfGt/0f, zf]if0f, ;}Go e+u,labf, unt cg'zf;gsf sf/afxL, b08gLo sfo{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;/f]sf//fV5 . olb cDa'8\;Dofgsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 u'gf;f] j:t'ut cfwf/df ;To ;fljteof] eg] p;n] l;kmfl/; u/]/ ;'/IfflgsfonfO{ cfˆgf] lg0f{o kl/jt{g jf k'glj{rf/ug{ eGg ;S5 .

cDa'8\;Dofg / uf]kgLotf

;'/Ifflgsfosf] k|s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] sltko ;"rgf;fj{hlgs ug{ ldNb}g . w]/}h;f] b]zn] cDa'8\;Dofgn] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ Wofgdf/fv]/ s;/L sfd ug]{ eGg] :ki6 sfg'g agfPsf x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotyf, pRruf]kgLotf /fVg'kg]{ cj:yfdf klg cDa'8\;DofgnfO{ cfjZos cg';Gwfg ug{lbOG5, h;cGtu{t ;}lgs cfwf/, ;fGble{s sfuhftsf] lg/LIf0f / 5fglag ug{5'6 lbOG5, lglZrt 36gfdf . t/, cDa'8\;Dofgn] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf kQfnufPsf s'/f ;fj{hlgs ug{ eg] x'Fb}g .


k|d'v pknlAw eg]sf] o;n] ;'/Ifflgsfodf ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f j[l4 ug'{ xf] —k"/} k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf Jofks kf/blz{tfsf] l:ylt lgdf{0f u/]/ . t/ ;}lgs kbLojl/i7tf layf]Ng x'Fb}g .


cDa'8\;Dofgsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf• olb tkfO{+sf] b]zdf cDa'8\;Dofgsf] Joj:yf 5}g eg] :yfkgfsf lglDt

sfd yfNgf];\ .• cDa'8\;Dofgsf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfddf tkfO{+nfO{ cDa'8\;Dofg OG6/g];gnsf]

j]a;fO6 http://www.ombusdmaninternational.com pkof]uL aGg ;S5 .j]e;fO6 dfu{bz{s aGg;S5, ToxfF ;Gbe{;fdu|L / cg'ejx¿ /flvPsf]5 .

k|lt/Iff jf ;'/Iff cDa'8\;Dofg• olb tkfO{+sf] b]zdf To:tf] cDa'8\;Dofg 5}g eg] o;sf] :yfkgf / k|j4{g

ug{ sfd yfNgf];\ .• k|lt/Iff, ;'/Iff cDa'8\;Dofgsf] Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿af6 cfjZos ;"rgf,

ltgsf] cg'ej / ltgn] l;s]sf] kf7 k|fKt ug'{xf];\ .• olb tkfO{+sf] b]zdf s]xL ;dosf nflu k|lt/Iff, ;'/Iff cDa'8\;Dofgsf]

Joj:yf lyof] eg] To;sf] ;t{, ;Gbe{, sfd, sfo{k4ltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg,;+;b\df k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{, To;sf] k|efj, ;|f]t ;fwg / ah]6sf] k'g/fjnf]sgug{'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ cGo b]zsf cDa'8\;Dofg;Fu / tL b]zsf] ;'/Iffl:yltsf] af/]df t'ngf klg ug'{xf];\ .

cWofo – !&

;'/Ifflgsfosf] kl/;/df e|d0f

;fGble{stf

;a} ;f+;b ;'/Iff If]q;DaGwL hfgsf/ x'g' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;}4flGts 1fg,Jojxf/ / :ynut cWoogaf6 vfl/G5, h;n] ;'/Ifflgsfosf cfjZostf /fd|f];Fukl/lrt / cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;f+;bx¿sf] ;'/Ifflgsfosf] kl/;/e|d0fn] b'j} kIfaLr ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f agfpF5, /fhgLlts / ;}lgs g]t[TjaLrljZjf; / Ps–csf{nfO{ a'‰g ;Sg] agfpF5 . o:tf e|d0fn] ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;]gfsfb}lgs ;d:ofaf/] ;r]t u/fpF5 eg] ;]gfdf xfd|f ;d:ofk|lt /fhgLlts g]t[Tj;+j]bgzLn 5 / xfd|f] p2]Zo / k|ultdf k|lta4 5 eGg] efjgf hufpF5 .

aS; g+= #(

ch]{lG6gfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f

/fhgLlt1n] ;]gfsf a]; / PsfOx¿df ljrf/x¿ cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon]e|d0f u/] . e|d0fx¿n] ;z:q kmf}haf/] hfgsf/L kfpg ;xof]u u¥of] / b'O{kIfaLrsf] cljZjf; / å]ifefj sd ug{ ;xof]uL aGof] . ;f+;b / ;z:qkmf}h;Fusf] ;Dks{n] ubf{ kmf}hsf] ;d:of a'emg ;xof]uL aGof] .-;|f]t M kfAnf] sfnf]{; dfl6{g]h, b l/:6srl/ª of b cfD8{ kmf];]{h PG8 b /f]n cem tjf

kfln{ofd]G6M b ch]{6fOg OS;k]l/oG; ._

y'gf / h]nx¿df /flvPsf dflg;x¿ ;'/IffsdL{x¿sf] xft / lgoGq0fdf x'G5g\ .o:tf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿ dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf x/]s kIfsf hf]lvd x'G5g\ .b'ef{Uojz h]n / y'gfdf oftgf, b'Jo{jxf/ Jofks 5 . To;sf/0f To:tf ;+:yfx¿dfljz]ifu/L lgu/fgL / lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . o:tf] l:yltdf ;f+;bx¿ /ljz]if1x¿n] To:tf 7fpFsf] e|d0f ug{{ w]/} pkof]uL x'G5 . e|d0fsf] p2]Zo untJojxf/ vf]tNg] / yk b'?kof]u gxf];\ eGg' xf] .

110 111


aS; $) n] y'g'jf s]Gb|x¿df e|d0f ug]{;DaGwL k|lqmof atfpF5 . oxfF ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf] oftgflj?4sf] cle;lGwsf] cltl/Qm k|f]6f]sn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

aS; g+= $)

oftgflj?4sf] cle;lGwsf] P]lR5s k|f]6f]snn] ;'/Ifflgsfosf]kl/;/df e|d0f ug]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ lj:t[t u5{ .;g\ @))@ l8;]Da/df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] oftgflj?4 / cGocdfgjLo, qm"/, ckdflgt Jojxf/ / ;hfo;DaGWfL Pp6f k|f]6f]sn kf; u¥of] .k|f]6f]snn] /fHox¿n] cfˆgf y'g'jf s]Gb|x¿ :jtGq, /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«oljz]if1x¿sf nflu v'nf ug'{kg]{ afWofTds k|fjwfg /fVof] . kf]6f]snn] ;a}vfn] b'Jo{jxf/ 36fpg ;'emfj lbg] p2]Zon] e|d0f ug{ lbg'k5{ eGof] .

;kmn e|d0fsf ;t{x?

of] eGg}kg]{ x'G5, ;f+;bx¿sf] ;'/Ifflgsfosf kl/;/df ul/g] e|d0f ;DalGwtdGqfnosf] ;dGjodf x'g'k5{ . ck|Tofl;t / ;dGjo gul/Psf] e|d0f k|To'TkfbsaGg ;S5 / To:tf] e|d0fnfO{ ;'/Ifflgsfon] ljZjf;sf] ;+s6sf] ¿kdf lng;S5 . To:t} jl/i7tf ldr]/ e|d0f ul/of] eg] To;n] ;]gfsf] ;fdfGo sfddfc;/ ug{;S5 . e|d0f tof/L;fy ul/g'k5{ / ;a} kf6L{sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutfx'g' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf e|d0fsf ;LdfaGwgx¿ klg x'G5g\ . ;+;bLo ;ldltn];'/Ifflgsfosf clwsf/Ln] hlt b]vfof], Tolt dfq} hfGg a'‰g ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 .o:tf e|d0fn] jf:tljs ;d:of a'‰g]eGbf klg ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf ah]6 dfuh:tf ;d:of dfq cjut u/fpg] cj;/sf ¿kdf lng ;S5g\ . o:tf ;d:ofaf6pkrf/ kfpg tLg lsl;dsf e|d0fk|lt ;xdlt hgfpg ;lsG5 . ;]gfsf];'emfjcg';f/sf] e|d0f, ;+;b\sf] ;'emfjdf e|d0f h'g klxNo} hfgsf/L u/fOPsf]x'G5 / ;+;b\n] 5f]6f] Ps lbgsf] ;"rgfdf e|d0f ug]{ ;'emfj .


;'/Ifflgsfosf] kl/;/ e|d0f ug]{;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f• sfg'gd} ;f+;bx¿n] ;'/Ifflgsfosf] kl/;/ tyf ljb]zdf kl/rflnt ePsf]

cj:yf eP To:tf]df klg e|d0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfsf] lglDt bafa lbg] .• sfg'g gePsf] cj:yfdf klg e|d0fdf ;f+;bx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/Psf 5g\

ls 5}gg\, To;sf] hfFra'em ug]{ . olb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] s'gcfwf/df, s:tf] k|lqmofdf ;f+;bx¿ 5flgPsf] 5, To;sf] k|efj s:tf]k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f hfFra'em ug]{ .

• lgoddf e|d0f ug]{ :yfg ljz]if tf]lsPsf] 5–5}g, Tof] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .— ;'/Ifflgsfosf] s'g If]qdf e|d0f ug{ ;lsG5 .— s:tf] cj:yf / ;t{sf cfwf/df To:tf] e|d0f ug{ ;lsG5 .— ;'/Ifflgsfosf] /fli6«o ;}Go a];df ;+;bLo e|d0f;DaGwL jf:tljs

k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ Vofn ug]{ .• e|d0fkl5 lj:t[t l/kf]6{ ;+;b\, ;ldlt jf pk;ldltdf k]; ul/g]5 eg]/

;'lglZrt ug]{ .• cl3Nnf] e|d0fsf] k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ .• ltd|f] b]zn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] oftgflj?4sf] clw;lGw / o;;Fu hf]l8Psf]

k|f]6f]sn cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g hfFr ug]{ .

;+;bLo e|d0f 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?• ;+;bLo 6f]nLdf Pp6} kf6L{sf ;b:o dfq x'g' ePg . 6f]nLdf ax'dt /

k|ltkIfL bnsf ;f+;bx¿sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g cfjZos 5 .• ;Dej eP;Dd 6f]nLdf n}+lus ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .

e|d0fsf] tof/L• e|d0f k|To'Tkfbs gxf];\ eGgsf nflu /Iff dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf ePsf]

s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;+;b\df k|ltj]bg• e|d0f;DaGwL lj:t[t l/kf]6{ ;+;b\ jf ;DalGwt ;ldltdf k|:t't x'g]5 /

To;dfly ax; ul/g]5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

112 113


• bIf ;'/Iff clwsf/LnfO{ ;dod} cfˆgf wf/0ff /fVg] cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrtug]{ .

k|efj / k|rf/• e|d0f 6f]nLn] tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt pknlAw / ;'emfjx¿

sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ . ;fGble{s agfP/ To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgsug]{ lg0f{o ug{'k5{ .

114 115

efu %

;'/Iff ;]jf;DaGwL sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0fMljz]if l:ylt / ;+rfng


cWofo – !*

ljz]if cj:yfdf /fHo

o'4, cfGtl/s åGå / cGo lsl;dsf ;+s6h:tf s]xL ljz]if cj:yfx¿ 5g\ hxfF/fHon] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljz]if zlQm / tl/sfx¿ ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .To:tf sbdx¿n] ;/sf/sf] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf c;/ gkfg]{ x'g'k5{ .

o'4 / cGo o:tf ;+s6sf] cj:yfn] ;}Go k|ltlqmof jf ;}Go sfg'g 3f]if0ffsf]cj:yfsf] ;d]t dfu u5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;}Go / ;'/Iff If]q w]/} xb;DdcGt{/fli6«o dfgjLo sfg'g h:tf cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGt / k|Tofe"ltk|lt hjfkmb]xL/xG5 / ;fy;fy} nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] lgoGq0fleq /xg'k5{ . dfgjclwsf/nfO{klg ;Dej eP;Dd sfod /fVg' k5{ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn]@))! cu:6df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf]wf/f $ sf] @( g+= a'Fbfdf :ki6 ls6fg ul/lbP cg';f/ lgnDag ug{ gldNg]elgPsf s]xLnfO{ eg] s6f}lt ug{' x'Fb}g .

o'4sf] cj:yf

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkqsf] bkmf @=$ n] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

æ/fi6«;+3sf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\gf] cGt{/fli6«o ;DaGwdf r]tfjgL jfzlQm k|of]u ug]{ 5}gg\ -===_Æ.

o;/L cGo /fi6«lj?4 zlQm k|of]u ug{ s8f /f]s nufOPsf] 5 . ;+;bsf] Pp6fsfo{ eg]sf] sfo{kflnsfn] o'4 jf o'4sf] r]tfjgLsf] k|of]u / åGåsf qmddf o:tfcGt{/fli6«o aGb]hx¿x¿sf] kfngf u/]÷gu/]sf] af/] ko{j]If0f ug'{ xf] .

:jLh/Nof08h:tf t6:y /fi6«x¿n] jfXo ;DaGwdf pTkGg ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{zlQm k|of]unfO{ :ki6 ?kdf c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . slDtdf Ps csf]{ /fi6« hfkfgsf];+ljwfg !($^ n] klg ;]gf /fVg :ki6 aGb]h nufPsf] 5 . x+u]/Lh:tf s]xL cGo

116 117


/fi6«x¿n] o'4 TofUg'nfO{ b'O{ b]zlarsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] dfWodsf] ?kdf k|:t'tu/]sf 5g\ .

o'4sf] ;dodf, ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df lg0ff{os k|lqmofdf ;+;bx¿nfO{slDtdf # km/s tl/sfn] ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 M

!= ;+ljwfgn] o'4 / zflGtsf] 3f]if0ffsf] clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{ lbg ;S5 . sfof{Gjogsf]qmddf cfhsn of] cfjZostf a9L sfNklgs ;fljt x'g ;S5 lsgls o'4ljgf s'g} r]tfjgL ;'? x'g ;S5 / 36gfqmdn] g} ;+;bnfO{ lg0f{odf k'Ug]of]UotfnfO{ aGb]h nufpg ;S5 .

@= ;+ljwfgn] o'4 jf zflGtsf] s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'k"j{ ;+;baf6 l;w}clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ sfo{kflnsfsf] cfjZostfsf] dfu ug{ ;S5 . o:tf]Joj:yfn] o'4sf] 7f]; sfo{df ;+nUg x'g' cufl8 cyjf cem lj:t[t ;}Gox:tIf]k ug'{ cufl8 ;+;bnfO{ 5nkmnsf] nflu df}sf k|bfg u5{ .

#= ;+ljwfgn] o'4df ;+nUg x'g sfo{kflnsfn] ;+;baf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' gkg]{t/ ;+;bnfO{ sfo{kflnsfsf] lg0f{oaf/] hfgsf/L u/fOg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]x'g;S5 . w]/}h:tf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+;bnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]x'G5 .

;+s6sfnLg cj:yf

;+s6sfn jf cGo /fli6«o ;+s6x¿ ljleGg cj:yfdf x'g] u5{g\ . ;+ljwfg /sfg'gL k|fjwfgn] slta]nf ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/] ;}j}wflgs;'Joj:yf jf ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ u/L ;z:q lqmofsnfk ePsf]cj:yfb]lv k|fs[lts k|sf]k, dxfdf/L / cGo /fli6«o cfly{s ;+s6 ;Ddsf s]xLo:tf cj:yfx¿sf] k"j{ lgSof}+n u/]sf] x'G5 .

;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff o:tf c;fdfGo kl/l:yltdf dfq ug{ ;lsG5 / o;n] s]xLk|d'v l;4fGtsf] cg'z/0f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ tfls nf]stflGqs l;4fGtx¿df vt/fgk'uf];\ . o:tf c;fdfGo cj:yfx¿sf] JofVof k|To]s ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yfdf

lge{/ u5{ . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ bnsf] /fhgLlts nIf k"/f ug{;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug{af6 /f]Sg'k5{ . o;afx]s ;+ljwfg / ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿n];}Go s' ;+j}wflgs ?kdf} cj}wflgs ePsf] ls6fg ug'{k5{ .

aS; g+= $!

;+s6sfnLg cj:yfM p2]Zo / l;4fGt

;a} sfg'gL Joj:yfn] ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf cufl8 a9\g ljz]if Joj:yfu/]sf] x'G5 . oBlk, o:tf] ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf cufl8 a9\gs} nflu lgnDagul/Psf jf 36a9 ul/Psf clwsf/x¿¿c:yfoL k|s[ltsf dfq x'g'k5{ / o;sf]p2]Zo ;fdfGo Joj:yfsf] k'g{:yfkgf / df}lns clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f dfq x'g'k5{ .

cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGt;+s6sfnLg j:ynfO{ lnP/ b]lvPsf cGt{/fli6«o l;4fGtx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/;+If]kLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 Mj}wflgstfsf] l;4fGt, h;n] Psflt/ ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yf / To;sf] nflucjnDag ul/Psf pkfo aLrsf] / csf{lt/ ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff / cfGtl/sljwfg;Fusf] ;fdGh:otf;Fu rf;f] /fV5 . of] l;4fGtn] cfGtl/s sfg'gn]cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g :jLsf/ u5{ eGg]df klg ;'lglZrttf vf]H5 .3f]if0ffsf] l;4fGt, h;n] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ul/g'kg]{cfjZostfk|lt nlIft u5{ .;~rf/sf] l;4fGt, h;n] ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf cGo /fi6«x¿sf kIFx¿nfO{;DalGwt ;lGwx¿af/], ;lGwx¿ :ylut u/]/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bgdfkm{t\;+s6sfnsf] cjlwdf dfgjclwsf/sf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .c:yfoLTjsf] l;4fGt, h;n] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffsf] ljz]if k|s[ltk|lt nlIftu5{ / o;sf] ;do;Ldf tf]Sg}kg]{ hgfpF5 .ljz]if cj:yfsf] vt/fsf] l;4fGt, h;n] ;+s6n] oyfy{, jt{dfg / slDtdf;d'bfodfly x'g;Sg] vt/fsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf hgfpF5 .cg'?ktfsf] l;4fGt, h;n] ;+s6sf] uDeL/tf / To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ rflnPsf]sbddf cg?ktf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfk|lt nlIft u5{ .

118 119


cb[Zotfsf] l;4fGt h;n] 36a9 ug{ g;lsg] lglZrt df}lns clwsf/x¿;Fu;DaGw /fV5 .dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+;bsf] nflu of] ljz]if cfjZos 5ls l;w} lju6g jf Joj:yfksLo zlQmdf jf sfo{kflnsfsf] zlQmdfly lgu/fgL/fVg;Sg] clwsf/sf] tLj| s6f}lt u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffsf]klxnf] lzsf/ aGg' x'Fb}g . ;+;bn] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff / cGTo b'a}df e"ldsfv]Ng ;Ifd x'g' cTofjZos 5 .

;+s6sfnsf] j}wflgs k|s[lt;+s6sfnsf] j}wflgs k|s[lt o:tf] x'g'k5{ ls o;df ;+nUg sfo{x¿ h:t}3f]if0ff, To;sf] sfof{Gjog cflb / ;+s6sfnsf] nfu" ePsf] cj:yfdf ckgfOPsfpkfox¿ h:t} s]xL clwsf/x¿df aGb]h cyjf lgnDag cflb ljlwsf] zf;grnfpg] l;4fGtsf] 3]/fleq kg'{k5{ / o;/L lgoGq0fsf ljifo klg x'g\ .

;+;bsf] ;~rfng/fHodf ljleGg zlQmaLrsf] :jtGqtf / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ljlwsf] zf;gsfc+usf ?kdf x]l/G5 . To;}n] ;+;f/e/sf j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿n] ;+;bnfO{ oft ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffdf jf sfo{kflnsfn] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]kl5 o;sf]sfof{Gjogdf lqmofzLn eP/ ;+nUg x'g] df}sf k|bfg u5{ . o;sf] p2]Zo o:tf]ulDe/ cj:yfdf rflng] sbdsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm sfo{kflnsfnfO{ dfq lbgaf6/f]Sg' xf] .

;+s6sfn;DaGwL j}wflgs Joj:yfx?sf] >]0fL;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ rnfpg] k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;}j}wflgs pkfosf] >]0fLdf/fVg cfjZos ePsf cg'ejx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . k|foM Joj:yflksfx¿n]o;sf] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ oBlk c?n] æ;+s6sfn ePs} cfwf/dfs'g} klg zlQmn] Joj:yfksLo sfo{ef/ u|x0f ug{ g;Sg]Æ eGb} 3'dfp/f] kf/fdfo;nfO{ x6fpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

dfgjclwsf/ / ljz]if cj:yfaf/] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ljz]if k|ltj]bs Pn 8]:kf]o'åf/f cGt/Joj:yflksf ;+3 -cfOkLo'_ l;Dkf]lhod cg kfln{ofd]G6, uflh{og ckm Xo'dg /fO6\;\,

a'9fk]:6 !((# sf nflu k|:t't k|ltj]bgsf c+zx?

lb3{sflng / jf:tljs -8LôfS6f]]_ ljz]if cj:yfdf /fHo

;+;bn] s]xL jif{df cyjf bzskl5 klg gjLs/0f ul//xg] s]xL bL3{sfnLg;+s6sfnn] ;'/Iff c+udflysf] hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf g} vt/fdf kg{] cj:yf Nofpg;S5 eg] o:tf ;'/Iff ;+oGqx¿n] nf]stGq g} vt/fdf kg]{ u/L b08xLgtfsf]cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fpg ;S5g\ . o;n] ;+;bnfO{ sdhf]/ / lkmtnf] cj:yfdfk'¥ofpF5 . s]xL /fi6«x¿df sfod o:tf] clgolGqt / jf:tljs -8Lkm\ofS6f]_ljz]if cj:yfx¿n] ;a} jf:tljs lqmofsnfkdf a9L zlQm pkef]u ul//x]sf];'/Iff ;+oGqdflysf] ;+;bLo zlQmnfO{ l;w} vt/f k'¥ofPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .


ljz]if cj:yfdf ;+;b• ljleGg vfnsf ljz]if cj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf JofVof u/]÷gu/]sf]

af/] :ki6 x'g'k5{• ;+;bLo 5nkmn / gljs/0fsf] nflu dtbfg gePsf] v08df o:tf]

;+s6sfn tLg jf 5 dlxgfleqdf cfkm}+ vf/]h x'g'k5{• /fli6«o Joj:yfdf ;+s6sfnnfO{ lnP/ j}wflgstf, 3f]if0ff, ;~rf/,

c:yfloTj, ljz]if vt/f, cg'?ktfsf cGt/fli6«o l;4fGt lrQa'em\bf]?kdf ;d]l6P g;d]l6Psf] x]g'{k5{ .

• dfgjLo sfg'g, ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt / nfu" x'g ;Sg] dfgjclwsf/sf];Ddfg eP÷gePsf] af/] :ki6 x'g'k5{

• ;+s6sfn nfu" ug{ / x6fpg Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf] zlQmnfO{;+ljwfgdf :ki6 / lj:t[t ?kn] JofVof u/]÷gu/]sf] af/] yk :ki6 x'g'k5{ .

;+s6sfndf ;+;bePsf ljz]if cj:yfx¿n] ;'/Iff / ckl/xfo{ dfgj clwsf/sf kIfnfO{ lnP/;+;bn] sfo{kflnsfsf] sfddfly lgu/fgL ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/df aGb]h gnufpg]s'/fdf 9'Ss x'g'k5{ .

120 121


cWofo – !(

cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f

cfGtl/s cyjf ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nfluk|d'v x'g\ . oL ljgf e]befj, /fli6«o e"lddf j;f]jf; ul//x]sf, a;fOF ;/fO u/]/cfPsf jf ljb]zLx¿ h:tf ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu nlIft x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ /fhgLltsg]tfx¿ jf zlQmsf] eOkl/cfpg] p2]Zosf nflu ;'/Iff If]qs} :jfy{ k"lt{sf nfluk|of]u ul/g' x'Fb}g .

o:tf Joj:yfx¿sf] ;fdfGo cfwf/ / ljz]iftfx¿

;a} sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;+s6sfng} 3f]if0ff ug{' kg]{ cj:yf cfOg;s]sf] t/cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'Joj:yfnfO{ eg] vt/f k'Ug;Sg] jf vt/fsf];+s]t kfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ s]xL k|sf/sf Joj:yf x'G5g\ .

o:tf Joj:yfn] k|foM sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ljz]if zlQm k|bfg u5{ / cGo clwsf/ ;+/If0fsfnflu s]xL clwsf/ lgnDag ug]{ jf ;fdlos aGb]h nufp;Sg] Joj:yf u5{ .

;fwf/0ftof jGb]h nufOg] jf lgnDag ul/g] clwsf/x¿df ;"rgfsf] xs, ;fj{hlgsk|bz{g ug{ kfpg] xs, :jtGqtfsf] xs / z/0f lng kfpg] clwsf/ cflb k5{g\ .cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] afFRg kfpg] :jtGqtf, s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s oftgf jf;hfo lbg gkfOg] cyjf tNnf] :t/sf] jf cdfgjLo Jojxf/af6 aRg ;Sg]clwsf/sf] lgnDagdf /f]s nufPsf] 5 . ljz]if lgu/fgLdf /flvg]x¿df a;fOF;/]sfx¿, kqsf/, /fhgLlts sfo{stf{, dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿, z/0f vf]Hg]x¿,z/0ffyL{x¿ ;fy;fy} wfld{s / cNk;+Vos hfltx¿ k5{g\ .

;DalGwt cGt/lglxt vt/fx¿

• sfo{kflnsfsf] kl/l:yltut cfjZostf adf]lhd x'g] u/L ljj]rgfsf] df}sfk|bfg ug]{ u/L hf]lvdsf] cj:yfsf] lkmtnf] JofVofÙ

• sfo{kflnsf / o;s} dfWodaf6 ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo c+unx¿nfO{ pko'Qm/f]stf]s / k|zf;lgs Pj} Goflos cj/f]w ljgf cToflws / bL3{sfnLg zlQmk|bfgÙ

• slxn]sfxLF lglZrt hg;+Vofsf] ljleGg If]q, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj jf ;'/IffIf]qs} lglxt :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu cyjf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] clwsf/df aGb]hnufpg jf lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f ug{ cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f / ;fj{hlgs;'Joj:yfsf] b'?kof]u x'g] u5{Ù

• cfGtl/s sfg'gsf] ;+/Ifs k|x/L ansf] ;}lglss/0fn] jfx\o ;'/Iffsf] ;+/Ifs;]gfaLrsf] km/snfO{ c:ki6 kf5{ . ;'/IffannfO{ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdL ePsf]v08df o;n] ;'/Iff cj:yfsf] b'?kof]u u/L b08xLgtf ;lxtsf] e|i6frf/nfO{k|>o k'Ug]df ljz]if vt/f x'G5 . o;afx]s k|x/Lansf] ;}lglss/0fn] zlQmdfePsfx¿n] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ geO{ ljkIfLnfO{lgoGq0f ug{ jf bafpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf k|x/L cem slxn]sfxLF u'Ktr/ ;]jf/ k/;}lgs zlQmnfO{ klg k|of]u ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;afx]s ;fj{hlgs;'Joj:ynfO{ lgoGq0fdf lng k6s k6s ;}Go an k|of]un] ubf{ ;]gfnfO{/fhgLlts/0f lt/ 8f]¥ofpg] ;+efjgf x'G5 .

• ;+;bLo / Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{df /f]s nfu]df logLx¿ sfo{kflnsfsf] zlQmnfO{r'gf}lt lbg ;Sg] cj:yfdf /xFb}gg\ .

aS; g+= $@

;'/Iff / nf]stGq b'j}sf] ;+/If0f

Oltxf;b]lv g} / cfh klg w]/} ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿df tfgfzfx ;/sf/x¿n]nf]stGq ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf / JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] k|lts"n ePsf] ts{ ub}{nf]stGqsf nflu rflnPsf sbdx¿df /f]s nufpg] / pN6\ofpg] u/]sf 5g\ .t/ clen]vx¿n] ;To of] eGbf pN6f] ePsf] b]vfPsf 5g\ M /fHosf] ;'/Iffandfly nf]stflGqs gful/s lgoGq0f, JolQmut ;'/Iff lj?4df geO{ o;sf]nflu cfjZos 5 . Tof] lgoGq0f ljgf JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]lG6 ug]{elgPsfx¿ g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] vt/f aGg ;S5g\ .

;|f]tM dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))@

122 123


s]xL /fi6«x¿df nf]stGqsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yfx¿ ckgfOPsf 5g\ .pbfx/0fsf] nflu ch]{lG6gfdf !(*$ sfg'g g+ @#=)&& ænf]stGqsf] ;+/If0fÆdflqmldgn sf]8nfO{ ;+;f]wg u/]/ nf]stflGqs Joj:yf lj?4 kmf}hbf/L ck/fwh:t} nf]stGqnfO{ vt/f k'Ug] cyjf ;+ljwfgsf] ul/dfdf vnn k'Ug] sfddf;+nUgnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfdf vt/f x'g] cfwf/dfJolQmnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lng'

;a} sfg'gn] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfdf vt/f k'Ug]sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] cfz+sf ePsf JolQmnfO{ lx/f;t lng ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf]x'G5 . o; cfwf/df, slDtdf @ k|sf/sf Joj:yf x'G5g\ M

• /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf vf; vt/f k'Ug] cj:yfdf lgoGq0fdf lng ;lsg] sfg'gMo:tf] lgoGq0f Gofokflnsfsf] cfb]zdf x'g] eP klg ljz]if kl/l:yltdfsfo{kflnsfn] dfq cfb]z lbg ;S5 .

• /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'Ug]df sfo{kflnsf cfZj:t ePdf s'g} JolQmnfO{lgoGq0fdf lng ;Sg] sfg'g h;n] To:tf] ;Defljt cj:yfdf /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{g} vt/fdf kf/]/ :jlg0f{oåf/f /f]Sg sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ lbG5

la|l6; sdgj]Nysf sltko ;b:o /fi6«x¿df dfly pNn]lvt bf];|f] k|sf/sf]ljwfg /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ljwfgdf sfo{kflnsfnfO{ Joj:yflksf jf Gofokflnsfsf]k"j{ :jLs[ltljgf g} sltko ;+j}wflgs xsx¿ lgnDag ug{ Jofks zlQm k|of]uug]{ cg'dlt x'G5 . Pp6f k|d'v d'2f eg]sf] sfo{kflnsfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffk|ltvt/fsf] ;+s]t ug]{ JolQmnfO{ k|zf;lgs / lgoGq0fdf lng;Sg] ;fdYo{ xf] .o:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ sfo{kflnsfsf] dftxtdf nfdf] jf 5f]6f] ;do;Dd cemsltko cj:yfdf t k6s k6s gjLs/0f u/]/ jf clglZrtsfn;Dd klglgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsG5 . t/ s]xL ljwfgdf eg] ;'emfj lbg;Sg] k|s[ltsf]k'glj{rf/ ug]{ c+usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ of];Fu sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ;f] JolQmnfO{lgoGq0f d'Qm ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ /xG5 .

w]/} b]zx¿df pklgj]zsf] ;dob]lvg} rlncfPsf o:tf ljwfgx¿af/] cfhef]lnJofks ljjfb x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] cem o;n] sfo{kflnsf / ;'/Iff ;+oGq ljz]ifu/Lk|x/LnfO{ lbg] c;fdfGo zlQm / To;n] gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] pkef]udfk'¥ofpg] c;/nfO{ lnP/ o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .

aS; g+= $#

zlQmsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf hxfF ;/sf/ ;'/Iff ;+oGqdfly lge{/ x'G5, ToxfFhgtf / l5d]sL /fi6«sf] c;'/Iffsf] d'Vo sf/0f ;'/Iff an g} x'g] u5{ . u[xdGqfnosf ;]gf, ;+;bLo k|x/L / u'Ktr/ ;]jfnfO{ cfGtl/s /fhgLlts ;+3if{df;xefuL u/fOG5, nf]stflGqs gful/s lgoGq0fsf] ;'wf/sf nflu rflnPsfsbdx¿ k|foM vt/fdf k5{g\ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))@, k[i7 *& / (@


cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf ;+/If0f sfg'g• of] Wofgdf /fVg';\ ls ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf hgtfsf] nflu xf],

s'g} bnsf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo k"/f ug{ hgtfnfO{ bafpg] jf jfbljjfb ug]{dfWod xf]Og . k|x/Lsf] k|of]u bdgsf] nflu gePsf] / Hofbf ;}lgsL/0feP gePsf]df ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\Ù

• sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ;+;bk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg'xf];\ / o;sf] zlQmsf] :ki6;Ldf tf]lslbg'xf];\d"

• cToflws zlQm k|of]u u/]sf] v08df ;'/Iff If]q k|zf;lgs / GoflosaGb]hsf] 3]/fleq kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{xf];\Ù

• nf]stGqsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu agfOPsf sfg'g ;lhnf] jf nfu" ug{ ldNg]gldNg] af/] ljj]rgf ug'{xf];\ .

124 125


;+;bsf] lgu/fgL• ;+;bn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfsf] ljifonfO{

lnP/ ;'/Iff If]qdf ljBdfg sfg'gsf] pkof]lutfaf/] 5nkmn ug]{ s'/f;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\

• ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L/fVg / k|efjsf/L b[li6sf]0f nfu" ug{ cfkm\gf] dftxtdf /x]sf ;a} ;|f]t /dfWod k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ eGg] af/] klg lglZrt x'g'xf];\ . cfjZos ePdfo:tf ;|f]t, dfWod / 1fgsf] k|j4{gsf nflu sbd rfNg'xf];\ .

• cfjZos / ;Dej eP;Dd, o:tf ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] nfluk|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

• cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu rflnPsfsbdn] dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u / df}lns :jtGqtfdf kf/]sf] k|efjaf/]u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf;Fu ;+:yfut jf JolQmut txdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

cWofo – @)

cft+sjfb

æcft+sjfb o:tf] Pp6f vt/f xf] h;af6 /fHon] cfkm\gf hgtfsf];'/Iff ug'{k5{ . o;sf] nflu /fHo;Fu clwsf/ dfq geO{ ;'/Iff lbg'kg]{st{Jo x'G5 . t/ /fHon] cft+sjfb lj?4 rfn]sf sbdx¿n]dfgjclwsf/ xggnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ jf k'li6 ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5}geGg]df lglZrt x'g'k5{ .Æ

ÆcfGtl/s ?kdf of] vt/f /xG5 ls ;'/Iffsf] p2]Zosf nflu ;fj{hlgs;'/IffnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] / nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] zlQmnfO{ lvofpg]u/L xfdL dxTjk"0f{ :jtGqtfx¿sf] alnbfg u5f}{Æ

cfGtl/s ;fy;fy} If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu klg cft+sjfb Pp6f 7"nfvt/f xf] . ljz]ifu/L cft+sjfbnfO{ ;'lgof]lht ck/fw;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/g] ePsfn]o;k|ltsf] k|ltlqmof hl6n x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tL k|ltlqmofx¿ k|x/Lsf] k|of]u / ;dflgoGq0fb]lv u'Ktr/ ;]jf;Dd, cfly{s If]qb]lv cfk/flws sfg'g / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]If]q;Dd klg lj:tf/ x'G5g\ .

!! ;]K6]Da/ b]lv w]/} /fi6«x¿n] dfly pNn]lvt If]qdf sfg'g nfu" ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfdx;"; u/]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s ljz]ifu/L u'Ktr/ ;"rgf cfbgk|bfg / ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] k|of]udf cGt/b]zLo ;xsfo{ dha't kfl/Psf] 5 . t/ o:tf sbdx¿dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u / gful/s :jtGqtfnfO{ c;/ kfg{;Sg] vt/faf6 d'Qm5}gg\ .

cft+sjfb lgoGq0fsf] nflu cGt{/fli6«o ;xsfo{sf] cfwf/df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|:tfj !#&# n] cfly{s ;DklQsf] lgoGq0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf]5 . o;}u/L cft+sf/L jf cft+sjfbL ;d"xsf] cfGtl/s / ;Ldfkf/ cfjthfjtlgoGq0fsf nflu l;df lgoGq0fdf, kl/rokq / 6«fen 8s'd]G6sf] hfFrsf] cfjZostf

126 127


cf}NofPsf] 5 . o;afx]s ;f] k|:tfjdf cft+sjfbL ;d"xdf ;b:ox¿sf] etL{,xltof/ / ;+j]bgzLn j:t'sf] cfk"lt{, /f]syfdsf] pkfo k|j4{g ug]{ tl/sf ;fy;fy}cGt/b]zLo ;xsfo{sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] cft+sjfbLlqmofsnfknfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u, of]hgf, tof/L / a9fjf lbg] sfo{df ;+nUg nfO{Gofosf] s73/fdf Nofpg cfu|x u5{ . o; cltl/Qm ltgLx¿ lj?4 cGo s'g}dfkb08sf] :yfkgf tyf o:tf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfknfO{ uDeL/ cfk/flwslqmofsnfksf] ?kdf cfGtl/s lgod sfg'g cGt{ut plrt tl/sfn] bl08t ug{cfu|x u5{ . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o lgod sfg'g cGt{ut /xL ;"rgfsf]cfbfg k|bfg tyf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfk lgoGq0fsf nflu k|zf;lgs / Goflosljifoj:t'df ;xsfo{sf] cfu|x u5{ . of] k|:tfjn] lj1x¿sf] ;xof]udf o;sf]sfof{Gjogsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿ /x]sf];'/Iff kl/ifb\ ;ldlt :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 .

aS; g+= $$

;]K6]Da/ !! sf] 36gfk|lt /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|ltlqmof

;'/Iff kl/ifb\ -===_

#= ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ lgDg sbd rfNg cfu|x u5{ M• cft+sjfbLx¿ jf cft+ssf/L ;~hfnsf sfo{x¿ lj?4, em"7f 6«fen

8s'd]G6x¿, xltof/, lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ / ;+j]bgzLn j:t'x¿sf] lgoGq0f,cft+sjfbLx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ;~rf/sf k|ljlwx¿ tyf cft+sjfbL ;d"xx¿n]cfd g/;+xf/df k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] xltof/x¿åf/f cfpg] vt/f lj?4 ul/Psfsf/jfxLsf] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgnfO{ ult lbg] pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{

• o;n] cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o lgod sfg'g cGt{ut /xL ;"rgf cfbgk|bfgtyf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfk lgoGq0fsf nflu k|zf;lgs / Goflosljifoj:t'df ;xsfo{ ug'{

• cft+sjfbL xdnf tyf o:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ a9fjf lbg] JolQmx¿sf lj?4ul/Psf sf/jfxLdf låkIfLo jf jx'kIfLo ;dembf/Ldf ;xsfo{ ug'{

• ( l8;]Da/ !((( sf] cft+sjfb bdgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw;d]tu/L cft+sjfb;Fu ;DalGwt cGt{/fli6«o dxf;lGw / ;lGwkqx¿sf] hlt;Sbf]l56f] ;b:otf lbg'

• ;xsfo{ j[l4 ug'{ / ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf k|:tfjx¿ !@^( =!((( / !#^*=@))! / cGo plrt cft+sjfb;DaGwL plrt cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ /;lGwkqx¿nfO{ k"0f{?kn] sfof{Gjog ug'{

• z/0ffyL{sf] bhf{ lbg' eGbf cl3 z/0f vf]Hg]n] cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkdfefu lnPsf] 5 jf To;nfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 jf of]hgf agfPsf] 5 jf 5}gegL hfGg dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 ;d]t u/L cGopko'Qm /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿sf] cfwf/df plrtsbd rfNg]

• s'g} klg cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfksf] ;xhstf{ jf ;~rfns jf pTk|]/sn]z/0ffyL{sf] bhf{ b'?kof]u u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g / /fhgLlts clek|fonfO{cfwf/ dfg]/ cf/f]lkt cft+sjfbLnfO{ lgisf;g ug{ ul/Psf cfu|xx¿sf]dflgPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cg';f/ lgSof}{nlgsfNg

( l8;]Da/ !(((df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] canDag u/]sf] cft+sjfbsf]bdg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw, o; dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«x¿n]cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkx¿df cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{df nfu]sf JolQmx¿nfO{b]z lgsfnf ug]{ / z+sf:kb cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿sf] 5fgjLgsf nflu plrtdfkb08 ckgfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . @ clk|n @))@ ;Dddf ! ;o #@/fi6«x¿n] o; dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf lyP / @^ /fi6«x¿n] :jLs[ltk|lqmofnfO{ k"/f ul/;s]sf lyP / /fHo kIf ag]sf ;b:o ag]sf lyP . ;g\ @))@df of] dxf;lGw k"0f{?kdf nfu" eof] .

(÷!! sf] k|efj

ljwfosx¿n] ;/sf/n] cft+sjfbL cfqmd0f lgoGq0fdf lbg cjnDag u/]sfpkfox¿n] ;Gt'lnt ?kn] dfgjclwsf/ / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u5{ jf ub}{g

128 129


eGg]af/] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{k5{ . ljwfosx¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cft+sjfb ;DaGwLljifox¿df lgod sfg'g ;'/Iff ;DaGwL lj:t[t kx'Fr / cft+sjfb lj/f]wL dfkb08x¿/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ u/L ;'/Iff /:jtGqtfaLr ;Gt'ngsf k|flKt k5{g\ .

cft+sjfbsf] sfg'gL JofVof

xfn;Dd cft+sjfbsf] cGt/f{li6«o ?kd} dfGo ;femf JofVof 5}g . cGt/f{li6«o;d'bfo cft+sjfbsf] ;femf JofVofdf ;xdt geP;Dd cft+sjfb ;w}+ cldNbf]b[li6sf]0faf6 JofVof ul/g]5 . cGt/f{li6«o Gofozf:qsf cg';f/ ljb]zL sAhfaf6/fli6«o d'lQm / :jtGqtfsf nflu ul/g] ;+3if{nfO{ sfg'gL clwsf/sf] bhf{ lbOPsf]5 / o:tf p2]ZonfO{ cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf x]g{ ldNb}g . o;afx]scGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3 -cfOkLo'_ ;d]t u/L cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] cft+sjfbnfO{s'g} wd{, /fli6«otf jf ;Eotf;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ jf k'li6 ug{ gx'g] hgfPsf 5g\ .o;afx]s cft+sjfbL sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt cfqmd0fx¿ h:t} lgbf]{if ;j{;fwf/0f;d]t kg]{ u/L ul/g] lje]b/lxt lx+;fTds cfqmd0fx¿sf cfwf/df cft+sjfbsf]JofVof ul/G5 .

cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fk|lt lje]b/lxt lx+;fTds cfqmd0f,dfgjLo d"No dfGotfsf] j]jf:tf / k|rf/sf] Wo]oxn] lrq0f u/]sf] x'G5 . o;sfnflu ckgfOg] pkfox¿df ckx/0f, cfd g/;+xf/,sf/ ad, cfTd3ftL xdnf /pRr kb:y JolQmx¿sf] xTof cflb k5{g\ . cft+ssf] cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgcfly{s ;xof]u, xft–xltof/sf] lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{ / cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfnsf] ;xof]ucfjZos k5{ . t];|f] /fi6«n] cft+ssf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u / n'Sg] :yfgsf] Joj:yful/lbG5 . tn aS; g+ $% df lj/f]w ug]{ sfg'gL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / cft+sjfblj?4 sbd rfNg'kg]{df hf]8 lb+b} ;Gt'lnt kx'Frsf] nflu cfjZos s]xL a'Fbfx¿pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . a'Fbf #& n] cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfk /f]Sgsf nflu dfq geO{;f] b]zdf cft+sjfbLsf] gofF k':tfnfO{ k|>o lbg] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLltsjftfj/0f tof/ x'g glbg cft+sjfb lj/f]wL sbdx¿ nlIft x'g'kg]{ tkm{ ;+s]tu/]sf] 5 .

aS; g+= $%

cft+sjfblj?4sf] n8fO{+

#$= -===_ of] ;Dd]ngn] ljb]zL sAhfaf6 /fli6«o d'lQm / :jtGqtfsf nfluul/g] ;+3if{nfO{ sfg'gL clwsf/sf] bhf{ lbPsf] 5 / o:tf p2]ZonfO{ cft+sjfbLlqmofsnfksf] ?kdf x]g{ gldNg] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . t/ of] ;Dd]ngn] lgbf]{if;j{;fwf/0f kg]{ u/L ul/Psf s'g} klg lje]b/lxt cfqmd0f / cft+sjfbsf];+ul7t cj:yfnfO{ eg] s'g} klg sbdn] k'li6 ug{ g;Sg]df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

#&= of] ;Dd]ngn] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu agfOPsf ;+/rgfTdsdfkb08åf/f ;dly{t cft+sjfb lj?4sf ;'/Iffsf dfkb08dfly / k|ltlglwd"nsnf]stGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg'df hf]8 lbG5 .

ljleGg cft+sjfblj?4sf sfg'gx¿ h:t} cli6«of -k]gn sf]8sf] d:of}bf cg'R5]b@&* v_, hd{gL -k]gn sf]8sf] cg'R5]b !@(s_, Sofgf8f -aLn u–#^_ df oLkIfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

• cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfksf] ;Lldt ;"rL, xTof,aGbL agfpg] sfo{, ljdfgckx/0f, cft+ssf/L ad xdnf, cft+sjfbL sfo{sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]ucflbh:tf sfo{, 5'6 jf r]tfjgL . oL ck/fwsf ;'rLx¿n] ljBdfg sfg'gdfcj}wflgs elgPsf ck/fwx¿nfO{ hgfpF5g\ . -hd{gL,cli6«of / Sofgf8fsfcft+sjfb lj?4sf sfg'g_

• cft+sjfbL ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj jf ;xof]u -cfly{s jf cGo_ ug'{nfO{ klgcj}wflgs dflgG5 . -hd{gL, cli6«of / Sofgf8f_

• cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfksf] sf/0f h'g /fhgLlts, a}rfl/s jf wfld{s klgx'g;S5 -Sofgf8f_

• ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hah{:tL ug]{, wDsL lbg] cyjf ;j{;fwf/0f jf ;/sf/nfO{lglZrt tj/df sfd ug{ ha{h:tL ug]{ jf lglZrt sfo{ ug{ aGb]h nufpg]h:tf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo -Sofgf8f_

• xTof ug]{ cyjf lx+;f4f/f hgtfnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg], s;}n] hLjg vt/fdf

130 131


kfg]{, cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut ;]jf jf ;+oGqdf xfgL k'¥ofpg] jfcj/f]w ug]{ h:tf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf l;wf p2]Zox¿ -Sofgf8f_

• nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf jf k'g{:yfkgfsf] nflu, ljlwsf] zf;gsf] nflu cyjfdfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cufl8 a9fOPsf sfo{x¿ eg] of] sfg'gcGt{ut kb}{gg\ -cli6«of_ . o:tf] sfg'gL Joj:yfn] j}wlgs lj/f]w k|bz{g /;+3if{nfO{ cfk/fwsf] bhf{df /fVg lb+b}g

• cft+sjfb lj/f]wL sfg'gsf oL kIfsf cfwf/df x]bf{ cft+sjfbsf] ;femfk|s[lt lx+;f / JolQm jf ;+:YffnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg' xf] . o;afx]s sfg'gn]cft+sjfbL sfo{sf] ;"rLleq kg]{nfO{ aGb]h nufPsf] 5 . o:tf cft+sjfbLlqmofsnfk ug'{dfq u}/sfg'gL geO{ o;afx]s cft+sjfbL ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwtx'g' -;b:o, ;dy{s jf cu'jfsf] ?kdf_ nfO{ klg cft+sjfbL sfo{sf] ?kdflnOG5 .

;+;bLo b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{, gofF cft+sjfb lj?4sf sfg'gdf cft+sjfbsf] pko'QmJofVof ePsf] 5 eGg]df lglZrt x'g' cfjZos 5 . Psflt/ of] JofVof cft+sjfbL;d"xn] ug{;Sg] ;a} ;+efljt sfo{ g;d]l6g] u/L w]/} ;fF3'/f] x'g'x'Fb}g . csf{lt/cft+sjfbsf] JofVof sfg'gL / j}wflgs nf]stflGqs lj/f]wnfO{ ;d]t ck/fwsf]bhf{df kg]{ vt/f x'g]u/L lj:tfl/t x'g'x'Fb}g . oxfF klxnf] k|Zg eg]sf] nf]stflGqs;dfhdf s'g xb;Ddsf] lx+;f dfGo x'G5 eGg] xf] . k|To]s ;dfhn] lx+;fsf]j}wflgstfaf/] cfkm\g} dfGotf tof/ kf/]sfn] klg ljleGg /fi6«sf sfg'g lgdf{tfx¿n]o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ leGg tl/sfn] lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . of] k|Zgaf/] larf/ ubf{ lx+;fsf]nIfsf] j}wflgstfaf/] dgg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . olb lx+;fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 eg]o;sf] vt/fsf] uDeL/tf / o;sf] nIf;Fu cg'?ktf x'g'k5{ .

bf];|f] k|Zg eg]sf] cft+sjfb lj?4sf sbdx¿ cft+sjfbL vt/f cg'?k x'g'k5{;fy;fy} ;DalGwt klg x'g'k5{ . x/]sn] of] dgg ug'{k5{ ls cft+sjfb lj?4sf]sfg'gsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] k|x/L / ;'/Iff ;]jfnfO{ cft+sjfbdf ;+nUgx¿ lj?4k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . of] cleJolQm / cfa4 x'g] :jtGqtfdfaGb]h nufpg k|of]u ul/g' x'Fb}g / o:tf] dgzfon] k|]l/t x'g'x'Fb}g / o;n] sfg'gL/fhgLlts lj/f]w / kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lng] lbzflt/ 8f]¥ofpg' x'Fb}g .

cft+sjfb lj?4sf # sbd

;dfh / o;sf /fHo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cft+sf/L cfqmd0faf6 ;'/Iff lbg # k|sf/sf]sfo{ ug{ ;S5 M

• cft+sjfb lj?4sf sbd M hgtf, ;fj{hlgs hLjg, ejg / k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{vt/fd'Qm agfpg]

• cft+sjfb k|Tofqmd0fsf sbd M cft+ssf/Lsf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿nfO{/f]Sg] / xdnf ug{ glbg]

• ;+s6 Joj:yfkg M cft+sjfbL cfqmd0fkl5sf] cj:yfsf] ;dfwfg /;fdfGoLs/0f ug]{

ljZn]if0fx¿n] cft+sjfb lj?4sf lqmofsnfk oL kIf;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] b]vfPsf5g\ M!= /fli6«o sfg'g, ;dGjo,sf]if afF8kmfF8@= cfGtl/s ;'/Iff#= ljb]zL$= cfjthfjt / ;Ldf lgoGq0f%= cy{^= cGt{/f{li6«o ;xsfo{&= cf0fljs, h}ljs / /f;folgs vt/f

;+efljt cft+sjfb lj?4sf sbdsf nflu of] k"0f{ ;"rLnfO{ Sof6nusf] ?kdflng'k5{ .

/fli6«o sfg'g, ;dGjo / ah]6

• ljz]if cft+sjfb lj?4sf sfg'g ckgfpg' jf eO/x]sf] ljwfgnfO{ cg's"nagfpg'

• ;+u7g h:t} k|x/L, ;Ldf lgoGq0f, /fli6«o jfo';]jf, /fli6«o :jf:Yo, x'nfs /;]gfnfO{ cltl/Qm sf]ifsf] Joj:yf

• cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;+oGqaLr ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgdf j[l4

132 133


• ;'/Iff ;]jf -k|x/L, ;]gf, u'Ktr/ ;]jf, ;Ldf ;'/IffsdL{_;Fu ;DalGwt gLltx¿:yfgLo, k|fGtLo jf /fli6«o txdf ldnfpg / ;dGjo ug{ lb3{sfnLg sd{rf/Ljf ;dGjo s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf

• u'Ktr/ / sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ eG;f/ / s/ sfof{nosf];"rgf clen]vdf kxF'r lbg'

cfGtl/s ;'/Iff

• OG6/g]6, 6]lnkmf]g jf km\ofS; ;~rf/df cbfnt h:tf ;DalGwt ;+:yfnfO{hfgsf/L glbO{ hf;';L ug'{

• 6]lnsDo"lgs];g pknAwstf{x¿n] sfg'g sfofGjo{g lgsfosf] kx'FrnfO{;xhtfsf nflu cfkm\gf u|fxs;Fu ;DalGwt cfjthfjt tYof+sx¿ sfod/fVg' -h:t} ! jif{_

• z+sf:kb JolQmnfO{ ;'rgf glbO{ Aof+s, OG6/g]6 k|bfosx¿ / qm]l86 Jo"/f]af6ljB'tLo tYof+s k|fKt ug'{

• w]/} 8f6fa];x¿nfO{ gful/s hfgsf/L;Fu hf]8]/ cem k|efjsf/L sDKo"6/s[tvf]hsf] ljsf; ug'{

• k|x/Lsf] tYof+s k|zf]wg k|0fffnL -8f6f k|f];]l;Ë l;:6d_sf JolQmut kmfOnx¿k|of]u ug{ cGo u}/ k|x/L clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cg'dlt lbg'

• yk hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ JolQmnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd aGbL agfpg'

• g]zgn 6«oflsË l;:6dsf] :yfkgf ug'{ h:t} kl/ro kqsf] Joj:yf

u}/ gful/s -a;fO{+ ;/]sfx¿, z/0f vf]Hg]x¿ / ljb]zL_

• ljb]zL÷u}/ gful/s;Fu ;DalGwt 8f6fa];df ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ kx'Fr lbg'

• lglZrt hflt;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lgzfgf agfpg'

• z/0f vf]Hg] JolQm cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfz+sf ePdfGoflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kx'Fr x6fpg'

• ;DalGwt kIfn] s'g} JolQm /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu vt/f ePsf] k|dfl0ftu/]df z/0f vf]Hg]sf] bfjLnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{

• a;fO{+;/fO / z/0fsf] dfdnfdf lnOPsf] lkm+u/lk|G6x¿nfO{ sfod /fVg' -!)jif{ ;Ddsf nflu_

• cft+ssf/L vt/f k'¥ofpg ;Sg] t/ b]zaf6 x6fpg gldNg]x¿nfO{ lx/f;tdf/fVg'

• le;f k|0ffnLsf qmddf kl/ro hfFrnfO{ aemfpg' / le;f cfj]bs / z/0fvf]Hgx¿sf] /fhgLlts k[i7e"ldsf] hfFrnfO{ tj| agfpg'

cfjthfjt / ;Ldf lgoGq0f

• ;Ldf lgoGq0fnfO{ s8f kfg]{

• ;j{;fwf/0f r9\g] ljdfg 6f]nLnfO{ ;z:q agfpg'

• a'n]6 k|'km sslk6 9f]sfx¿ /fVg'

• ljdfg:yndf ;a} nu]hx¿sf] zt k|ltzt hfFrsf] Joj:yf

• kl/rokq / kf;kf]6{df afof]d]l6«s u'0f yk ug'{

• a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf k|j]z laGb'xx¿ h:t} t6, ;'? / ljdfg:yndf k6sk6s/ lj:t[t hfFrsf] Joj:yf ug'{

• k|j]z laGb'df ljj/0f /fVg'

cy{

• cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] /]vb]v ug'{

• Aof+s / laQLo ;+:yfx¿df cfly{s 7uL /f]Sg ko{j]If0fdf j[l4 ug'{ / cft+ssf/Llqmofsnkf;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf Aof+s vftfx¿ /f]Ssf ug'{

• Aof+sx¿n] p;sf ;a} n]vf / ;'/Iff;DaGwL hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo 8f6fa]; -Aof+scsfpG6 OGkm/d];g PS;r]Gh_nfO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ub}{ olb Aof+sn] sf/f]af/cft+ssf/L k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] yfxf kfPdf jf z+sf nfu]dfTo;af/] hfgsf/L glbP To;nfO{ ck/fwsf] ?kdf dfGg'

• cfly{s u'Ktr/ c+u -cy{ dGqfnodf_ lgdf{0f ug'{ jf cem k|efjsf/L agfpg'

134 135


cGt{/fli6«o ;xsfo{

• cGt{/fli6«o ;xsfo{df j[l4 pbfx/0fsf] nflu o'/f]k]nL lu/km\tf/ k"hL{ -o'/f]kLogP/]:6 jf/]G6_ cyjf l56f]5l/tf] kTo{k0f -kmf:6 6«ofs PS;6«ofl8;g_

• cft+sjfb lj?4sf d'2fx¿nfO{ lnP/ cGt/f{li6«o ;xdltx¿ /fli6«o sfg'gdf;+nUg ug'{

• cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iff ;xfotf an -cfOP;PPkm_ sf] c+usf] ?kdf ckmuflg:tfgdf;]gf t}gfy ug'{

• cft+sjfb;Fu ;DalGwt /fi6«;+3Lo dfGotfdf x:tfIf/ / nfu' ug'{

• cGt/f{li6«o :t/d} eft[ ;'/Iff ;+u7gaLr ;"rgf cfbg k|bfg ug'{

• cft+sjfbnfO{ cf>o jf cfwf/ lbg] b]zx¿df ljsf; ;xof]u k|bfg u/]/cft+sjfbsf] d"n h8nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug'{

cf0fljs, h}ljs / /f;folgs vt/f

• cf0fljs, h}ljs, /f;folgs / /]l8of]wdL{ o'4sf] :yfkgf ug'{ jf eO/x]sfnfO{yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' / o;df eO/x]sf k|of; h:t} ljleGg EoflS;gsf]pTkfbg, e08f/0faLr ;dGjo ug'{

• cf}iflwsf] oy]i6 cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglZrttf ;lxt :jf:Yo clwsf/Lx¿sf] tof/Ldfj[l4 ug'{

• cf0fljs ;'ljwfsf] arfpnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' -h:t} tn p8\g] ;fgfljdfgx¿ kQf nufpg /f8f/ pks/0fx¿ h8fg ug'{_

dfgjclwsf/ / ;'/IffaLr ;xL ;Gt'ng

ljeGg b]zdf canDag ul/Psf o:tf sbdx¿ c:yfoL geO{ nfdf] ;do;Ddk|efjsf/L /xg] b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] cft+sjfb lj?4sf sbdx¿ ljz]if sbd geO{;fdfGo hLjg / ;dfhs} c+ux¿ x'g\ . o:tf sbdx¿n] gful/s clwsf/ h:t}cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, cfa4 x'g] :jtGqtf / uf]Kotfsf] clwsf/nfO{ g} k|efjkf/]sf v08df of] cem dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . o:tf cft+sjfb lj?4sf sbdsf]

bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf b]zdf ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yf jf ljz]if cj:yfplrt x'Fb}g .

o; cltl/Qm cft+sjfb lj?4sf sbdx¿n] sfg'g sfof{Gjog / hf;';LaLrsf]k/Dk/fut sfo{ ljefhgnfO{ wldnf] kfl/lbG5 . sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfh:t} k|x/L / u'Ktr/ ;+:yfsf k|of]hg leGg–leGg x'G5g\ . u'Ktr/ ;]jfn] ;Defljtvt/faf/] ;DalGwt hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ sfd u5{ eg] k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf eg]sf]zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ xf] . ;fdfGotof u'Ktr/ ;+:yfn] z+sf:kbx¿nfO{/f]Sg] jf lu/km\tf/ ub}{g eg] k|x/Ln] ck/fw u/]sf] xf] eGg] ljZjfl;nf] k|df0fgeP;Dd lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox¿sf] nflu hf;';L sfd ub}g . nf]stflGqssfo{z}nLdf x]g]{ xf] eg] u'Ktr/ ;+:yfnfO{ cfkm\g} gful/s lj?4 hf;';L ug{ k|of]uug'{ x'Fb}g . cft+sjfb lj?4sf] n8fO{sf] cfj:ostfn] w]/} b]zx¿n] cfGtl/scfk/flws cg';GwfgnfO{ hf;';Lsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;LdfnfO{ 36fpg] ePsfn]klg sfo{ljefhgdf cem sl7gfO a9\g] u/]sf] 5 .

t];|f] ;d:of eg]sf] ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ gful/snfO{ s'g} klg lgu/fgL /fVg] ;+:yfh:t} cbfntnfO{ ;"rgf glbO{ lgu/fgLdf /fVg] cg'dlt lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;dfgful/s clwsf/sf] uDeL/ xgg\sf] vt/f x'g;S5 . o;/L hfgsf/L gu/fOPsfn]gful/s, cDa'8\;Dofg / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;f] sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/ / o;sfc+unfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofpg sl7g x'G5 .

rf}yf]df a;fO{+;/fO{ u/]sfx¿, z/0f vf]Hg]x¿ / ljb]zLx¿ cft+sjfb lj?4sfsbdx¿sf] lgzfgf aGg;Sg] ;+efjgf x'G5 . o:tf sbdx¿n] ;dfhdf ljleGghfthfltaLr tgfj j[l4 x'g] / ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL dfGotfsf]Ifo x'g] vt/f x'G5 .

cft+sjfb lj?4 n8\g o:tf sbdx¿ cfjZos eP klg ;+;bn] oL cGt/f{li6«odfgjLo / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'g / l;4fGt;Fu cg's"n 5 eGg] lglZrtug'{k5{ . lg/k]If ;'/Iffsf] nflu ul/g] k|of; sfNklgs x'g] dfq geO{ cGt/f{li6«o/ /fli6«o st{Jok|lt ;f] /fHon] ug]{ ;Ddfg klg vt/fdf kg{ ;S5 . o;afx]s of]lg/+s'z clwsf/;Fu ;Fu} hfg] ePsfn] nf]stGqs} dfGotf ljkl/t x'G5 . o;}sf/0f

136 137


;a} sfg'gL Joj:yfn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ lbg] ljz]if clwsf/sf] ;Ldf tf]s]sf x'G5g\ .cft+sjfblj?4sf] xfnsf] o'4sf] kl/k|]Ifdf :jtGqtf / ;'/IffaLrsf] tgfjn];+;bnfO{ uDeL/ r'gf}tL lbg ;S5 . t/ of] cTofjZos 5 ls :jtGqtf /;'/IffaLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfo{kflnsfsf] dfq Psn lhDd]jf/L x'g'x'Fb}g / hgtfsf]clwsf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / k|Tofe"lt lbg] ;+;bn] o;dfly glhs}af6 lgu/fgL/fVg'k5{ .


cft+sjfb lj?4 n8\g• cft+sjfb lj?4 n8\g ;+/If0f / ;'/Iffdf dfq s]lGb|t geO{ cfGtl/s

4G4 h:tf o;sf d"nsf/0fx¿nfO{ klg ;+jf]wg ug]{ lj:t[t pkfopkgfpg'xf];\ . cft+sjfb lgoGq0fsf] nflu If]qLo 4G4x¿nfO{ zflGtk"0f{pkfoaf6 ;dfwfg ub}{ cGt/;f+:s[lts 5nkmn / a'emfO ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{x'g] tYonfO{ dgg ug'{xf];\ .

• s]xL If]qLo åGåsf d"n sf/0fx¿ hftLo lx;fadf JofVof ug{ ;lsg]cNk;+Vos–ax';+Vos larsf] dgd'6fj jf wfld{s c;demb/Lsf] 3]/f;Fu;DalGwt ePsf] kfOG5 . o:tf ljjfbx¿df ;z:q ;]jfsf] k|of]u jfb'?kof]u x'g;S5 . cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ljwfosx¿;'/Iff / u'Ktr/ / Goflos lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ;b:ox'g'k5{ . cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;+;bn] ljz]if ;ldltagfpg'k5{ .

• cfkm\gf] /fHo ( l8;]Da/ !((( sf] cft+ssf/Lsf] nufgLdfly bdg ug]{cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / cGo cft+sjfb;Fu ;DalGwt cGt{/fli6«o dfGotf/ ;lGwkqsf] ;b:o eP gePsf] lgZro ug'{;\ . ;xL ePdf o:tfdfWodx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / ;dy{g / ;DalGwt sfg'g / gLltx¿sf]cjnDagsf nflu sbd rfNg'xf];\ .

• ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;fwf/0f ;efsf] cf0fljs cft+sjfb lgoGq0f ;Dd]ng/ cft+sjfb pDd'ng;DaGwL Jofks ;Dd]ng

• /fli6«o P]Soa4tfsf] cleJolQmsf] ?kdf cft+ssf/L ultljlwsf] lzsf/ePsfx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] sfg'gL Joj:yf canDagsf] nflu sfd ug'{xf];\

• cft+s lj?4sf sfg'gx¿n] ;'/Iff cfjZostf / gful/s / /fhgLltsclwsf/sf] pkef]uaLrdf ;Gt'ng sfod u/]÷gu/]sf], tL sfg'gx¿n] ;a};DalGwt If]qdf kfg]{ ;+efljt c;/ / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu nfUg] vr{lgZro ug'{xf];\ .

o;sf nflu cWofo !* sf] ljz]if cj:yf / cWofo !( sf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff/ ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfsf nflu lbOPsf] ;'emfj x]g'{xf];\ .

138 139


cWofo – @!

;'/Iff / ;'rgf k|ljlwMgofF ;fwgx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿

gofF ;'rgf k|ljlwx¿sf] cfudgn] ;'/IffnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 eg]Ps}k6s uDeL/ gofF vt/fx¿nfO{ klg hGd lbPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iffkl/ifb\sf] k|:tfj !#&# -@))!_ aS; g+ $$ x]g'xf];\– cufl8s} cWofodf O+lutu/] cg';f/– cGt/f{li6«o cft+sjfb;Fusf] ;DaGw / cGt/f{li6«o zflGtdf vt/fk'¥ofpg] u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] bf]xf]/f] k|of]u x'g ;Sg]df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf];r]ttfsf] :ki6 k|df0f lbPsf] 5 .

ljutsf s]xL bzsb]lv ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ck/fw /cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'¥ofpg ;Sg] lqmofsnfkdf x'g] k|of]unfO{ lgoGq0fug{ ;fy;fy} /fHonfO{ dfgjclwsf/ / :jtGqtfnfO{ vt/f k'Ug] u/L To:tfk|ljlw k|of]u gug{ dfu{bz{g ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

ljwfosx¿nfO{ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf oL r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;dgf ug{ tnsf a'Fbfrf;f]sf ljifo x'g ;S5g\ M

;fOa/ ck/fw

OG6/g]6df x'g] ck/fwdf s] nfO{ dfGg] eGg] JofVofsf] cem} ljsf; x'Fb}5 oBlk of]zAbn] k6s k6s 36g] x\ofs/x¿ / sDKo"6/ efO/; ;lDdlnt 36gf ;lxt;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf x'g] lj:t[t ck/fw / b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . kl5Nnf] s]xLjif{df of] If]qdf x\jfQ} rf;f] a9]sf] kfOP klg sDKo'6/ ck/fwsf] 36gf gf}nf]xf]Og / ;'?sf lbgb]lv g} nuftf/ 36\b} cfPsf s]xL ;femf 36gfx¿ 5g\ .clxn]sf] km/s cj:yf eg]sf] OG6/g]6sf] nf]slk|otfn] ;Defljt cfqmd0fsf/LnfO{pknAw bfo/fdf ePsf] j[l4 xf] . OG6/g]6n] k|bfg u/]sf c;+Vo kmfObf / ljZjJofkL

j]en] o;sf] Jofks ;fj{hlgs k|of]ult/ 8f]¥ofPsf] 5 . oBlk o;sf] k|of]udfePsf] j[l4n] hf]l8Psf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ yk phf{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

@# gf]e]Da/ @))! df o'/f]k kl/ifb\n] ;fOa/ ck/fw dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u¥of]/ xfn of] k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu v'nf 5 / # j6f o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf /fi6« ;lxt % j6f/fi6«n] k|df0fLs/0f u/]kl5 of] nfu' x'G5 . -d] @))@ ;Dddf of] dxf;lGwdf o'/f]kkl/ifb\sf @( /fi6«x¿ / cGo $ u}/ ;b:o /fi6«n] x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\_ .pko'Qm sfg'gsf] cg'z/0f / cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{df j[l4 ub}{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]nflu ;femf ck/fw gLltsf] cfjZostfdf of] dxf;lGw cfwfl/t 5 .

;"rgf k4ltsf] ;'/Iff

;Dej ;a} If]q / sfo{sf nflu ;"rgf k4ltsf] k|of]udf ePsf] pRr j[l4n]cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx¿nfO{ o;sf vt/faf/] rf;f] /fVg ;r]t u/fPsf] 5 . o;n]cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf;;DaGwL ;+u7gsf] kl/ifb\ -cf]O;L8L_nfO{ lgDg a'Fbfx¿k|ltnlIft ;"rgf k4ltsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu lj:t[t dfu{lgb]{zg hf/L ug{ 8f]¥ofof]M

• ;"rgf k4ltdf cfpg ;Sg] vt/f / tL vt/fsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pknAw;'/Iffljlwaf/] hgr]tgf hufpg'

• ;/sf/L / JolQmut If]qdf ;"rgf k4ltsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu pko'Qm pkfo,k|of]u jf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;xof]uug]{ kl/kf6L lgdf{0f ug'{

• o:tf pkfo, k|of]u / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogsf nflu lghL / ;/sf/LIf]qlar ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbg'

• ;"rgf k4lt pknAw / k|of]u u/]sf] tl/sfdfly ljZjf; clej[l4 ug'{

• ;"rgf k4ltsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbg'

logLx¿nfO{ canDag ubf{, cf]O;L8L kl/ifbn] pNnv] u/]sf] 5– æoL lgb]{zgx¿n]/fli6«o sfg'g cfjZos kg]{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfsf nflu /fli6«o;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;fj{ef}d clwsf/nfO{ k|efj kfb}{g .Æ

140 141


sDKo'6/s[t JolQmut tYof+s kmfOnx¿

l8;]Da/ !(() df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;fwf/0f ;efn] sDKo'6/s[t JolQmut tYof+s

kmfOnx?;DaGwL lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u¥of] . s]xL jif{ cufl8, ;]K6]Da/ !(*)df cf]O;L8Ln] JolQmut tYof+ssf] l;dfkf/ k|jfx /f]Sg / uf]Kotfsf] ;'/Iff ug{lbOPsf lgb]{zgnfO{ lnP/ ul/Psf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . o'/f]kkl/ifb\n] klg !(*! JolQmut tYof+ssf] :jrflnt k|zf]wgaf6 JolQmsf] ;'/Iffug{ Pp6f dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg u¥of] .

aS; g+= $^

JolQmut tYof+ssf] :jrflnt k|zf]wgsf qmddf JolQmsf] ;+/If0fdxf;lGw -O6LP; g+= !)*_

of] dxf;lGw JolQmnfO{ JolQmut tYof+s hDdf u/]/ / k|zf]wg ug]{ h:tfb'Jo{jxf/af6 arfpg] / o:tf JolQmut tYof+ssf] l;dfkf/ k|jfxnfO{ Jojl:ytug]{ cGt/f{li6«o lgod xf] . o;afx]s o;n] JolQmsf] hft, /fhgLlt, :jf:Yo,wd{ / of}g hLjgsf æ;+j]bgzLnÆ tYof+ssf] k|zf]wg ug{af6 /f]S5 . o;n]JolQmnfO{ p;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 eg]/ hfGg] / o;nfO{ cfjZosePdf ;Rofpg] clwsf/ ;d]t ;d]6\5 . /fHo ;'/Iff cflbsf nflu cfjZoseP dfq of] dxf;lGwn] lbPsf] clwsf/df aGb]h nfUg ;S5 . o; dxf;lGwn]sfg'gn] a/fa/ ;'/Iff glbg] /fi6«x¿df JolQmut tYof+ssf] ;Ldfkf/ k|jfxdfklg aGb]h nufpF5 .

:f|f]tM o'/f]k kl/ifb\


;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL sfg'g• ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fOa/ ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt oy]i6 sfg'g eP÷gePsf] /

o:tf k|ljlw l56f] l56f] ljsf; eO/xg] x'gfn] 5nkmndf /x]sf] sfg'gdflylg/Gt/ k'glj{rf/ / gjLs/0f u/]÷gu/]sf] :ki6 x'g'xf];\

• tkfO{+sf] b]z ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo dxf;lGwsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfePsf] / ;f]xL cg'?k cfGtl/s sfg'g / gLlt cg's'n agfP÷gagfPsf]af/] :ki6 x'g'xf];\ .

• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ;fOa/ ck/fw;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{dfgjclwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] /Iff x'g] u/L lj:tf/ / nfu' ul/Pgul/Psf]df Wofg lbg'xf];\

• s'g} klg c;Gtf]ifhgs cj:yfsf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu ;'g'jfOsf] cg'/f]wjf ;b:osf] k|:tfjsf cfwf/df pko'Qm ePdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;+;bLo k|Zgsf]?kdf ;d]t sbd rfNg'xf];\

;+;bLo ;|f]t / ;fwg• ;+;bLo ;ldlt / pk;ldltx¿ ;"rgf k|ljlw / To;sf] k|of]usf] ljsf;

/ d'2fx¿sf] :yfoL ?kdf ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ eP÷gePsf]df:ki6 x'g'xf];\

• cfjZos eP o:tf ;ldlt / pk;ldltsf] u7g jf eO/x]sfsf] DofG8]6dfoL d'2fx¿ ;dfj]z ug{ sbd rfNg'xf];\

• bIf ;+;bLo c+u;Fu of] ld;g cufl8 a9fpg ;Dej eP;Ddsf] plrt;|f]t / lj1x¿ eP÷gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\

• pko'Qm ePdf o; If]qdf ePsf ljsf;sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ / 5nkmn /sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg cgf}krfl/s ;+;bLo ;ldtL u7g ug]{af/] larf/ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] ;ldlt lgikIf lå;bgfTds x'g'k5{ .

142 143


cWofo – @@

cGt/f{li6«o zflGt cleofg

xfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o kl/k|]Ifdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqsf] 5}7f}+ cWofo -åGåsf]zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg_cyjf ;ftf}+ cWofo -zflGtsf nflu vt/f, zflGT e+u / x:tIf]ksfo{df ;;Ddfg sf/jfxL_pNn]v ePcg';f/ åGå ;dfwfg ug{ kxn eO/x]sf5g\ . log} Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t eP/, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] wf/0f / sf/jfxLsf] /;fy;fy} o:tf cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ ultljlwsf cwf/df o:tf] cleofgdf efu lng /fi6«x¿nfO{lgDTofpg ;lsG5 .

b]zaflx/ zflGt cleofgdf of]ubfg

zflGt:yfkgf, zflGt sfof{Gjog / zflGt lgdf0f{sf] sf/jfxL ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n]clwsf/ lbPsf] cfwf/df ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf x'g] u5{ . /fHox¿n]cl:y/tf ePsf If]qx¿df zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ p2]Zon] b]zaflx/sf/jfxLsf nflu ;]gf t}gfy u5{g\ . ;a} t}gfyL cGt/f{li6«o lgod / l;4fGtcGt{ut 5 eg]/ pNn]v ug'{ h?/L 5 . tL dWo] cWofo % df pNn]lvt /fli6«o;'/Iff gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o lgod zLif{sdf pNn]lvt a'Fbfx¿ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{5g\ .

c;n zf;gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of] plrt / ;Nnfxof]Uo 5 ls ;+;b / ;/sf/aLrlgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yfleq /xL, b]zaflx/ ;z:q an kl/rfng ug]{lg0f{odf ;xefuL x'g] df}sf lbg'k5{ .

aS; g+= $&

zflGt lgdf{0f, zflGt sfo{, zflGt sfof{Gjog, zflGt :yfkgf M s]xLcfjZos JofVof

zflGt lgdf{0fzflGt lgdf{0fn] åGådf ;+nUg kIfnfO{ j}dg:otf Tofu]/ ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{;dfwfgsf] nflu jftf{ ug{ dgfpgsf nflu s'6gLlts dfWodsf] k|of]unfO{hgfpF5 . åGå/t kIfn] rfx]df dfq /f]syfdsf] sbd;lxt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n]o;df e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . zflGt lgdf{0fleq Psdfq kIfnfO{ j}dgZotfTofUg / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ bafa lbg] sfo{ kb}{g .

zflGt sfo{;g\ !($* b]lv ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf %$ j6f zflGt :yfkgfsf sf/jfxLx¿ eO;s]sf5g\ . tLdWo] $! sf/jfxL ljut !@ jif{df ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] l;h{gf u/]sf] xf] .xfn !% j6f ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt :yfkgf sf/jfxL eO/x]sf 5g\ .zflGt sfo{ ;'?jftdf b'O{–b]zLo åGå ;dfwfgsf] dfWodsf] ?kdf ljsf;ePsf] lyof] / ;z:q åGå ;dfwfg ug{ /fi6«;+3sf] g]t[Tjdf ljleGg /fi6«sf;}Go clwsf/Lsf] t}gfly ;dfj]z x'GYof] . cfh zflGt :yfkgfnfO{ cGt/b]zLo åGå / u[xo'4df klg k|of]u ul/G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGtstf{x¿ –;}lgs clwsf/L, hg k|x/L / cGo gful/ssf] sfo{ åGå/t kIfnfO{ zflGtk"0f{?kdf cnUu} /fVg]b]lv pgLx¿nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;Fu} sfd ug{ ;3fpg];Ddx'G5g\ .o;sf] cy{ zflGt ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog, o'4lj/fd ;'kl/j]If0f, dWojtL{ If]qlgdf{0f ug'{, o;afx]s /fhgLlts ;+:yf :yfkgf ug'{, cfktsfnLg p4f/ pknAwu/fpg, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :yfgLo hg;d"x ;Fu;Fu} sfd ug'{, k"j{n8fs"x¿nfO{ lgliqmo kfg'{ / ;dfhdf k'g/;dfof]hg ug'{, af?bL ;'?Ë x6fpg',r'gfjnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ / r'gfj u/fpg' / lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'cflb ;xof]ux¿ kb{5g\ . ;f] sfo{sf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] :j]lR5s ?kdf;]gf / pks/0f pknAw u/fpF5g\ . /fi6«;+3sf] cfkm\g} ;]gf jf hg k|x/Lx'Fb}g . r'gfjdf /]vb]v ug]{, dfgjclwsf/ ;'kl/j]If0fstf{ / cGo gful/sx¿

144 145


jbL{df /x]sf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu sfd u5{g\ . zflGt :yfksx¿sf] alnof] xltof/eg]s} lgZkIftf xf] h;sf] ;xfotfaf6 pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] DofG8]6 k"/f u5{g\ .t/ zflGt :yfkgf vt/fk"0f{ sfo{ xf], !($* otf xfn;Dd !^ ;o %) eGbf a9L/fi6«;+3Lo ;]gf / gful/s zflGt :yfksx¿sf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf d[To'eO;s]sf] 5 .

zflGt sfof{Gjog M zflGt sfof{Gjog zflGt sfo{ h:t} xf] t <sfof{Gjogsf] dfdnfdf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ lglb{i6 p2]Zok|flKtsf nflu cfjZos ;a} sbd rfNg] clwsf/ lbG5 . o;sf] nflu ;a}kIfsf] cg'dlt cfjZos 5}g . w]/} sd cj:yfdf dfq sfof{Gjog sbdsf]k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fdf vf8L o'4, ;f]dflnof, ?jf08f, xfO6L, af]l:go/ xh{uf]legf, cNaflgof / k"jL{ l6df]/ k5{g\ . of] sfof{Gjog sf/jfxL /fi6«;+3sf]lgoGq0fdf x'Fb}g . o;sf] ;f6f] logLx¿nfO{ Psn /fi6« jf /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xh:t} k"jL{ l6df]/df c:6«]lnof -!(((_, af]l:gof / xh{uf]legfdf g]6f] -!((%b]lv_ / sf];f]ef] -!(((_ hxfF g]6f]n] ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj u5{ / /fi6«;+3n] cGtl/dk|zf;g cleofgsf] g]t[Tj u5{ .zflGt :yfkgf / sfof{Gjog b'j}sf] cfwf/ eg] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iffsf]lgjf{x k|of]hgsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] sf] a8fkq g} xf] .

zflGt :yfkgfzflGt lgdf{0fn] åGåkl5 zflGtsf] ljsf; ug{ /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;xuf]u ug{]tkm{nlIft lqmofsnfknfO{ hgfpF5 . /fHo lgdf{0f / k'g{lgdf{0fh:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ePsfn] o:tf sf/jfxLsf] cToGt 7"nf] DofG8]6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

dfgjLo cleofgx?o:tf cleofgx¿ u[xo'4, ef]sd/L / af9L, klx/f], cfFwL / e"sDkh:tf k|fs[ltsk|sf]kdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ dfgjLo /fxt lbg]tkm{ nlIft x'G5g\ . w]/} ;xefuLx¿–;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L ;++:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿n] o:tf] cfktsfnLgcj:yfdf Ps};fy sfd ug{ vf]H5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf slxn]sfxL+ /fxtsfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ Pp6} af6f]sf] ?kdf ;}Go ansf] ;xof]u cfjZos k5{ .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j]j;fO6sf] ;+o'Qm efu www.un.org

b]z aflx/ ;]gf k7fpg] k|lqmofdf ;+;bLo 5nkmn / dtbfgdfkm{t\ ;+;bsf];xeflutf ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] lxtdf x'G5 elgG5 . o;n] cleofgsf] nf]stflGqsj}wflgstfdf j[l4 u5{ / hg ;dy{g a9fpF5 .

b]zaflx/ ;]gf k7fpg] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;+;bsf] ;xeflutf

b]zaflx/ ;]gf k7fpg' gofF vt/fx¿;Fu ;fdgf ug'{ / cGt/f{li6«o ;+s6 ;dfwfgug]{ kl/k|]Ifdf w]/} eGbf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'g] eP klg, s]xL /fHox¿df zflGtcleofgdf ;+nUg x'g :jLs[lt lbg] sfo{df ;+;bsf] e"ldsf ;Lldt x'G5 cems]xLn] o;sf] e"ldsf /xFb}g . ;'/Iffsf ljifox¿nfO{ lnP/ nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0f;'lglZrt ug{ klg o:tf k|fjwfg kl/jt{g ul/g'k5{ .

tLg km/s cj:yf kQf nufpg ;lsG5 / k|To]ssf nflu c;n zf;gsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 ;+;bsf] e"ldsf / k|ToIf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg ;lsG5 .

;+;bsf] k"j{ jf kl5 :jLs[lt -alnof] e"ldsf_

klxNo} :jLs[lt rflxPsf] v08df, ;z:q annfO{ ;+;bsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ dfqb]zaflx/ k7fpg ;lsG5 . ;+;b;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ / dtbfg u/fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ePsf] cj:yf -cd]l/sf_ / o:tf] cj:yf hxfF o:tf cleofgsf] DofG8]6 /sf/0fsf] nflu ljz]if sfg'g canDag ug'{kg]{ cj:yf -:jL8]g_ aLrdf eg] yf]/}cGt/ sfod /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . b'j} cj:yfn] dfgjLo dWo:ytf / zflGt :yfkgfcleofgsf] nf]stflGqs a}wflgstfdf j[l4 u5{ .

;'/Iff dfdnfdf ;do dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / ;+;bLo k|0ffnL l56f] gx'g] ePsfn]:jLs[lt Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug{ Tolt ;xh eg] 5}g . o;}sf/0f w]/} h;f]cj:yfdf ;+;bnfO{ b]zaflx/ ;]gf t}gfy ug]{ dfdnfdf klxNo} ;+nUg u/fOPsf]x'G5 . h:t} cd]l/sfsf] æo'4 zlQm k|:tfjÆdf (@ lbgeGbf a9L b]z aflx/ ;]gft}gfy ug'{kg]{ ePdf s+u|];n] k"j{ ;xdlt lbg'k5{ . o;n] ;+;bn] cfkm\gf] :jLs[ltlbg' cufj} ;]gf t}gfy eO;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o; ljkl/t g]b/Nof08sf];+ljwfgsf] !)) wf/fn] ;+;bnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / Joj:yf sfof{Gjog /a9fjfsf nflu ;]gf t}gfyLnfO{ lnP/ cufl8 g} ;a} cfjZos hfgsf/L u/fP/

146 147


;/sf/ / ;+;baLr l56f] ;xsfo{sf nflu cfu|x u5{ . o;df ;z:q åGåsfqmddf dfgjLo ;xof]u klg k5{ .

b]zaflx/ ;]gf k7fpg ;+;bsf] e"ldsf – 5nkmndf ;Lldt-;Lldt e"ldsf_

;+ljwfg jf sfg'gn] ;+;bsf] e"ldsfdf c+s'z nufPsf] x'G5 . s]xL 7f]; cj:yfdfb]z aflx/ ;]gf k7fpg]af/] ;+;bnfO{ 5nkmn ug]{ clwsf/ lbOg] eP klg o;n]sfo{kflnsfn] lnPsf] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}lt lbg ;Sb}g . cem o; ljifodf ;+;bn]dtbfg ug{ gkfpg] dflgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ;+;bnfO{ kl5 dfqhfgsf/L u/fpF5 . ;+;bn] dtbfg ug{ gkfpg] eP klg o:tf] 5nkmnn] ;]gfaflx/ k7fpg] sfo{sf] nf]stflGqs j}wflgstfdf yk an k'¥ofpF5 .

o;/L ;+;bsf] e"ldsf ;Lldt ePsf] cj:yfdf, ;]gfnfO{ aflx/ k7fpg] sfo{ljlwdf;+;bnfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;xeflu gu/fpg klg ;lsG5 . oBlk rlncfPsf]rng cg';f/ eg] ;/sf/ / ;+;bnfO{ o;af/] 5nkmn ug{ / s]xL b]zdf dtbfgug{ ;d]t lglb{i6 u/]sf] x'G5 .

lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;+;bnfO{ ;xefuL gu/fpg' -e"ldsf gePsf]_

of] ;+;bnfO{ aflx/ ;]gf k7fpg] ljifosf] 5nkmndf klg ;xefuL gu/fOg' /lg0f{o kZrft\ hfgsf/L u/fOg'kg]{ cjZostf g/x]sf] cj:yf xf] . aflx/ ;]gfk7fOg'nfO{ k//fi6« dfldnfsf] ?kdf x]l/G5 / o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{osf] lhDd]jf/Lsfo{kflnsfsf] x'G5 . o;/L ;+;bnfO{ 5nkmndf ;xefuL gu/fOg'n] o;sf]] zflGtcleofgdf lgu/fgL /fVg] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 .

;+;bnfO{ pknAw cGo pkfox¿

;+;bnfO{ lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z gul/P klg cyjf ;Lldt e"ldsf dfqv]Ng ;Sg] eP klg, ;+;bn] slDtdf $ leGg tl/sfaf6 ;/sfnfO{ bafa lbg;S5M

• ;]gf aflx/ k9fpg] lg0f{onfO{ lnP/ ;+;bn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ p;sf] lhDd]jf/Laf/];+;b;fd' :ki6 kfg{ bafa lbg ;S5 . oBlk olb ;/sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o;dembf/Laf/] ;+;b k"0f{ hfgsf/ 5}g eg] o;n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;/sf/sf]lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;Sb}g .

• ah]6df ;'wf/sf] nflu ;+;bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] v08df klg o;n]sfo{kflnsfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;S5 . cgk]lIft jf k"j{of]hgf ljgfsf zflGtcleofgsf nflu ;+;bn] ah]6df pNn]v gePsf yk /sdsf nflu :jLs[ltlbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L y}nLsf] dfWodaf6 klg ;+;bn] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff JoQm ug{;S5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|mfG;_

• ;+;bsf] e"ldsf ;]gf b]zaflx/ k7fpgsf] nflu 5nkmn / dtbfgdf dfqx'Fb}g . zflGt cleofgsf] qmddf, ljwfosx¿n] cleofgnfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/nfO{k|Zg ug{ ;S5g\ cyjf k|Zgf]Q/ ;dosf] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;afx]sljwfosx¿n] aflx/ /x]sf ;]gf;Fu e]63f6 ug{ ;S5g\ .

• kl5sf] hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ zflGt cleofg ;lsPkl5 ;+;bn];+;bLo 5fgljg sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;S5 jf ;/sf/nfO{ zflGt cleofgsf]n]vfhf]vf ug{ cfu|x ug{ ;S5 .

aS; g+= $*

k6s k6s u/]/ /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt :yfkgf sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg'

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfkm\g} ;'/Iffkmf}h 5}g . k|To]s zflGt :yfkgfsf] sf/jfxLgofF cfjZostf / cj:yf cg's"n x'g] u/L of]hgfa4 ul/g'k5{ / k|To]sk6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] gofF sf/jfxL lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfu|x ubf{ o;sf tTjx¿sf]k'gM PsLs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

!% ;b:oLo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] zflGt :yfkgf cleofgnfO{ cflwsfl/stf lbG5 /o;sf] DofG8]6 tf]S5 . o:tf lg0f{ox¿sf] kIfdf nflu slDtdf ( dt cfjZosx'G5 / kl/ifb\sf % :yfoL ;b:ox¿ -rLg, k|mfG;, ?;, a]nfot / cd]l/sf_dWo] s;}n] ljkIfdf dtbfg u/]df eL6f] zlQm nfUg ;S5 . dxf;lrjn] o:tf]

148 149


sf/jfxLsf] ;'?jft, ;~rfng / k|ultaf/] ;'emfj lbG5g\ eg] ljZjel/sf;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt :yfkgf sf/jfxLsf] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngsf] lgb]{zg,Joj:yfkg / sfo{ut ;xof]usf nflu zflGt sfo{ ;+rfng ljefu -8LkLs]cf]_lhDd]jf/ x'G5 .

dxf;lrjn] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] sdf08/ r'G5g\ / ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;]gf, hgkbk|x/L jf cGo clwsf/Lx¿sf] of]ubfg lbg cfu|x u5{g\ . ;b:o /fi6« cyjflghL 7]s]bf/sf] tkm{af6 cfk"lt{, ;fwg, oftfoft / sfo{ut ;xof]usf] ;'lglZrtfx'g'k5{ . gful/s ;xof]usf sd{rf/Lx¿df /fi6«;+3s} Joj:yfcg';f/ v6fOPsf,;b:o /fi6«x¿n] k|bfg u/]sf / lglZrt sfo{sf nflu cGt{/fli6«o ?kdf:yfgLo ?kdf egf{ ul/Psf sd{rf/L x'G5g\ .

cleofg ;'? ug{ nfUg] ;do ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;}Go of]ubfg lbg] OR5fdflge{/ u5{ / km/s k5{ . o;}u/L cfly{s ;|F]t / wfGg ;Sg] /0fgLlts Ifdtfn]klg kl/rfngsf] nflu nfUg] ;donfO{ c;/ u5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;g\!(&# df bf];|f] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cfktsfnLg an -o'PgOPkm b'O{_ sf tTjx¿nfO{dWo k"j{df @$ 306fleq kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . oBlk sl7g sfof{bz] jfsfo{ljlw ePsf cyjf zflGt :yfksx¿n] w]/} vt/fsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ld;gx¿sfnflu eg] cfjZos ;fdu|L h'6fpg / kl/rfng ug{ dlxgf}+ nfUg ;S5 .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j]j;fO6 www.un.org

aS; g+= $(

zflGt cleofgdf hjfkmL sf/jfxLdf zlQm k|of]usf] lgod(Rules of engagement)

b]z aflx/ ;]gf k7fpg ;+;bn] cflwsfl/stf k|bfg u/]kl5, o;n] ;'/Iffann]k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] zlQmsf] dfkb08 / s:tf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf]klg JofVof ug{ ;S5, o;nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf ;+nUgtfsf] lgod elgG5 .

;+nUgtfsf] lgod eGgfn] lglZrt sf/jfxLsf] nflu vt/gfs zlQmsf] hyfefjLk|of]udf nufOPsf] aGb]h jf tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf eGg] a'lemG5 . o;sf] JolQmutcfwf/df lg0f{o ul/g'k5{ / zlQm k|of]unfO{ ;s];Dd ;Lldt ug'{k5{ ;fy;fy}

;}lgsnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu zlQm k|of]u ug{;Sg] 5'6 eg] x'g'k5{ .cfTd/Iffsf] Go'gtd cfwf/ sfod /fVg'k5{ .

;+nUgtfsf] lgoddf eL8Gt lgliqmo kfg{, rsf{pg jf ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos;Gt'ng pknAw u/fpg]sf] nflu zflQm k|of]usf] dfkb08 ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'k5{ .zlQm k|of]usf tnsf dfkb08 ;Lldt ug{ ;lsG5 M• ;]gfsf] cfTd/Iffsf] nflu dfq• ;]gf ;fy;fy} ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfTd/Iffsf] nflu• ;]gf ;j{;fwf/0f / cTofjZos ;]jfx¿ h:t} c:ktfn, k'n cflbsf]

;'/Iffsf] nflu• sf/jfxLsf] nIf k"/f ePsf] lglZrt ug{ ;a} pkfo ckgfpg'

o;afx]s ;+nUgtfsf] lgodn] lglZrt zflGt sf/jfxLdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]xltof/af/] :ki6 kfg'{k5{ . of] xftxltof/ /lxtb]lv lnP/ 7"nf xftxltof/sf]k|of]u;Dd x'g;S5 .

zflGtsf nflu ;}lgsx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f

s'g} klg ;}Goansf] nflu zflGt :yfkgfsf] sf/jfxLdf ;xefuL x'g'' eg]sf] sl7gsfo{ xf] / o;sf nflu yk k|lzIf0f, lgb]{zg / cem ;a}eGbf t ;]gfx¿sf nfluu'0f:t/Lo tof/L cfjZos k5{ .

sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ;]gfnfO{ af?bL ;'?Ë x6fpg]af/] ljz]if 1fg, dWo:ttf ug]{bIftf ;lxt ;j{;fwf/0f;fu cGt{lqmof ug{;Sg] Ifdtf -slxn]sfxL+ :yfgLo efiffsf]1fg_, :yfgLo k/Dk/f / l/ltl/jfhaf/] 1fg, dfgj / dfgjLo sfg'g / vf;?kdf ;f] cleofgsf] ;+nUgtfsf lgodx¿ cflbsf] hfgsf/L cfjZos 5 .clGtd a'Fbfsf] ;Gbe{df of] s'/fnfO{ dxTj lbg' h?/L 5 ls zflGt cleofgx¿dfzlQmsf] k|of]u ;fwf/0ftof k|ltalGwt x'G5 eg] s]xL cj:yfdf ;}Go ann] s'g}klg xltof/ af]Sb}gg\ .

150 151


zflGt cleofgdf ;+nUg ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ o;cl3 sfd ug]{ :yfgsf] ?kdf gx]l/Psf]3/eGbf 6f9fsf] :yfgdf kl/rfng ul/g] ePdf pgLx¿nfO{ of]hgfut txdf klgljz]if k|lzIf0f h?/L 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] nflu oftfoft / cGoaGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ckm\7\of/f] x'g;S5 / slxn]sfxL+ b]zsf]ef}lts Ifdtfn] y]Ug g;Sg] klg x'g;S5 .

cGTodf g]t[Tj / sfo{ut txdf klg yk tflnd / tof/L cfjZos x'G5 . w]/} b]zsf;'/IffsdL{x¿n] o'lgkmfO8 sG6«f]nsf] cfwf/df Pp6} If]qdf sfd ug]{ ePsfn] /IffdGqfno;Dd k'Ug] g]t[Tjsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]emf] /]vfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . ljleGg /fi6«sf;z:q kmf}h / /]8qm;h:tf ;+:yfaLrsf] ;dGo dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .

/fi6«;+3åf/f ;+rflnt zflGt cleofgdf, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] g]t[Tj ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]k|:tfjn] dfq geO{ ;+nUgtfsf] lgod, /fi6«;+3Lo ;+rfngsf lgod, /fi6«;+3Locfrf/;+lxtf / /fi6«;+3sf] jx'/fli6«o kmf}h;Fu ;DalGwt cGo k|zf;lgs sfo{;Fu;DalGwt x'G5 .

aS; g+= %)

zflGt:yfksx?sf nflu /fi6«;+3n] lbg] k|lzIf0f

;lrjfnosf] zflGt:yfkgf sfo{ ;DaGwL ljefudf :yflkt k|lzIf0f OsfO{n];'emfj, lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u / zflGt :yfkgf;DaGwL k|lzIf0faf/] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{hfgsf/L lbG5 . o; OsfO{n] zflGt :yfkgfsf] jiff}{sf] cg'ejaf6 k|fKt ;l~rt1fg / :t/Lo sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ x]t'n] k|lzIf0f ljlw / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf]ljsf; u5{ . o; OsfO{n] ;}Go k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, ljleGg b]zsf /fli6«o /If]qLo k|lzIf0f ;+:yfg / zflGt :yfkgfsf] cleofg;Fu ;xsfo{ u5{ . ;b:o/fi6«x¿nfO{ zflGt :yfkgf ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ljsf; / nfu" ug{ ;xof]uug{sf nflu /fi6«;+3Lo tflnd ;xof]u 6f]nL / æk|lzIfs k|lzIf0fÆh:tfkf7\oqmdx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . Go"gtd :t/df ;dfgtf sfod ug{cfrf/;+lxtf, ljleGg k'l:tsf / xft] k'l:tsfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j]j;fO6 www.un.org

;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ b]z aflx/ dfgjLo /fxt cleofgdf k7fpg]dfkb08

;+;b / ;/sf/n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ b]zaflx/ k7fpg dfkb08sf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5 .:ki6 dfkb08sf] k|of]un] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tfdf j[l4 u5{ h;n] abnfdfhg;dy{g j[l4 ug{ d2t u5{ . b'O{ k|sf/sf dfkb08x¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ -tnsf]aS; x]g'xf];\_ . klxnf] dfkb08n] /fhgLlts kl/k|]If / sf/jfxLsf] k|sf/nfO{hgfpF5 eg] bf];|f] cleofg cfkm}+, To;sf] DofG8]6, g]t[Tj, ;dfofjlw / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf]k|sf/df s]lGb|t x'G5 .


zflGt cleofgsf] ;Gbe{ / k|sf/nfO{ hgfpg] ;fwf/0f dfkb08

;+;b jf o;sf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] tnsf kIfdf Wofg lbPsf 5g\ eGg]lgZro ug'{xf];\M• /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf• zflGt cleofgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf ;'/Iffkmf}h k7fpg] jf k|fKt ug]{ pko'Qmtf• s'g} klg lglZrt x:tIf]ksf] k[i7e"ld jf sf/0fsf] JofVof -pbfx/0fsf]

nflu

;DalGwt b]zdf dfgjclwsf/sf] 7"nf] dfqfdf xgg\_• If]qLo / ljZjJofkL zflGt cleofgsf] nflu cfwf/e"t zt{sf] Joj:yf• If]qLo / ljZjJofkL zflGt cleofgsf ;]gfsf nflu cfwf/e"t ;+nUgtfsf

lgodx¿• ;}Go ansf] ;dfg'kflts k|of]u• k|efjsf/L /fhgLlts lg0f{o ug]{ Joj:yf• /fHosf] clwsf/df ;Lldttf• zflGt cleofgdf /fli6«o ;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGtdfly hg;dy{g jf lj/f]w• kmnf]ck ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿nfO{ lnP/ ;'kl/j]If0f k|lqmof jf cGo l;4fGt

152 153


efu ^

cfly{s ;|f]tM;'/Iff ;DaGwL ah]6df k|efjsf/L

lgoGq0f xfl;n ug{'

154 155

• ;+;bnfO{ cleofgsf] cGTodf ;Dk"0f{ zflGt cleofgdfly ;ldIff ug{;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{kg]{ cj:yf

lbOPsf] zflGt cleofg;“u ;DalGwt lglZrt dfkb08;+;b / o;sf ;ldltn] tnsf aF'bfdf Wofg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ eGg] lgZro ug'{xf];\• zflGt cleofgsf] If]q / DofG8]6sf] JofVof• ;+nUg ;}lgs OsfO{sf] k|sf/• cleofgsf] ;}Go Jojxfl/stf• ;}Go OsfO{ / ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf / pko'Qmtf• ;DalGwt ;}lgs clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ x'g;Sg] ;DefJo vt/f• sf/jfxLsf] ck]lIft ;dfofjlw / a9fpg] cfjZostf ePdf To;sf]

dfkb08• ah]6sf] k|efj• ;f] ljifonfO{ lnP/ hgtfsf] k|ltlqmof

zflGt cleofgnfO{ lnP/ ;+;bLo k|lqmofsf] k|of]ucfjZos k/]sf] v08df ;+;bn] oL sfo{x¿ ug{ ;S5 eGg]df lglZrtx'g'xf];\ M• zflGt cleofgnfO{ lnP/ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{• zflGt cleofgnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg ljifodf yk 5fgjLg• zflGt :yfkgfdf ;+nUg sf]xL dfgj clwsf/ pn+3gsf sfo{df ;fd]n

ePsf] eP ltgnfO{ lu/km\tf/ ug{ cfu|x ug'{

hf/L zflGt cleofg;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ ;+;bLo k|Zg / ;'g'jfOsf] k|lqmofsf];xof]u lng cK7\of/f] gdfg'xf];\ .


cWofo – @#

/Iff / y}nLsf] zlQm

/Iff ;DaGwdf ;+;b / ah]6 k|lqmof

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{sf nflu /fhgLlts pTk|]/0f / ;DefJotfx¿sf] dfqf b]z}lkR5]km/s k/] klg ;+;f/e/ ;a}lt/ sfg'gtM ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ah]6 k|fjwfgx¿nfu" ug]{ / lgu/fgL /fVgdf ;+;bsf] d'Vo e"ldsf x'G5 . t/ Jojxf/df x]g]{ xf]eg], ;w}+h;f] s'g} klg lg0f{os k|efjsf] nflu bafa lbg pgLx¿;Fu oy]i6;fwgsf] sdL x'G5 . sltko ;'/Iff vr{ / afF8kmfF8df uf]Kotf / ckf/blz{tfn]cem ltgLx¿sf] sfo{df jfwf k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . ;'/Iff If]qdf sfo{kflnsfsf];jf]{Rrtfsf] nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt ;jf]{Rrtfn] ;+;bsf sfo{x¿df cj/f]wk'¥ofpF5 . o:tf] cj/f]w ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L sfo{kflnsf/ ;z:q ansf] xftdf lbg]tkm{ nlIft x'G5 .

t/ ljwfosx¿n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] lgu/fgL / ;fdflhs cfjZostf cg';f/ o;sf];'wf/sf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf /fli6«o ah]6sf] zlQmnfO{ sd cf+sng ug{ eg] x'Fb}g .hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] tj/n] æy}lnsf] zlQmnfO{Æ lalgof]lht /sdsf] /fd|f]k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 / ug'{k5{ .

aS; g+= %!

ah]6M nf]stflGqs zf;gsf] d'Vo cf}hf/

• /fli6«o ah]6 cfDbfdL / vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|fljlws cf}hf/ dfqxf]Og . of] sfo{kflnsfn] jif{el/df agfPsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ gLltsf]ljj/0f klg xf] . o;n] /fli6«o gLltdf /x]sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿ k|ltlalDatu5{ . o;n] b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf af/] ;/sf/sf] wf/0ffpNn]v u5{ . of] ;/sf/sf] cfly{s / ljQLo p2]Zosf] 3f]if0ff xf] /

156 157


o;n] ;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s k|fyldstf k|ltlalDat u5{ . ah]6n]cem ;/sf/sf] eljiosf of]hgf / ljutsf sfo{z}nLaf/] cfjZosdfks pknAw u/fpF5 .

• kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf, ;/ntf / c;n zf;gsf] ;'lglZrtf ug]{ dxTjk"0f{b:tfj]h xf] . k|:tfljt vr{sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f pknAw u/fP/, o;n] ;+;b/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ /sd sxfF hfG5 eGg] hfGg d2t k'¥ofpF5h;sf sf/0f kf/blz{tfdf j[l4 x'G5 . o;afx]s ;/sf/n] /sd vr{ug'{ jf /fh:j p7fpg'eGbf klxnf ah]6dfly ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt cfjZosx'G5 h;n] dGqLx¿nfO{ ;+;b / o;sf ;ldltk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpF5 .

• /fli6«o ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf nflu kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf ;+j}wflgscfjZostf x'g'k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ ah]6 k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf ;lxtsf] hjfkmb]lxtfnf]stGqsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df x'G5 .

jf:tjdf vf; ah]6 rqmsf $ d'Vo cj:yfdf ;+;b ;'/Iffsf ljifo / ;'/IffIf]qnfO{ lnP/ rgfvf] x'g ;S5 M

ah]6 tof/L M of] cj:yf sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ljleGg k|of]hgdf /sd afF8kmfF8sf]nflu k|:tfj /fVg] k|of]hgsf nflu xf] t/ ;+;b / o;sf ;b:ox¿n] ljleGgcf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;+oGqåf/f o; k|lqmofdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ .

ah]6 :jLs[lt M o; cj:yfdf ;+;b afF8kmfF8 ePsf] /sdsf] plrttf / hgwf/0ff lgwf{/0f / cWoog ug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . / s]xL kl/k|]Ifdf lglZrt dfu{bz{g;lxt;'/Iff ;DalGwt ljlgof]hgdf yk ug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ .

;Dkfbg jf vr{ M o; cj:yfdf ;+;bn] ;/sf/sf] vr{sf] k'g/fjnf]sg / /]vb]vu5{ / kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ z;Qm kfg]{ k|of; ug{ ;S5 . yk ah]6 dfusf];DaGwdf, ;+;bn] o:tf dfux¿sf] lg/LIf0f / /]vb]v u5{ / a9L vr{ /f]S5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f cyjf k'g/fjnf]sgM o; cj:yfdf ;+;bn] ;/sf/n] ljlgof]hgu/]sf] /sdsf] b'?kof]u eP gePsf] hfFr u5{ . o;afx]s, hjfkmb]lxtf, bIftf /

oyf{ytfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;+;bn] lgoldt ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ ah]6 / cl86k|lqmofsf] d"Nof+sg u5{ .

aS; g+= %@

lsg ;+;b ah]6df ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL x'gk5{ <

• ljkIfn] a}slNks k|:tfjsf nflu ah]6 5nkmn k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\• sfg'gcg';f/ dtbfgdf ax'dtn] sfo{sfl/0fsLsf] sfo{k|lt h;n] ljZjf;

ug{ ;lsg] kIfnfO{ clej[l4 / gLlt tyf ax'dtn] lgjf{rgsf a]nf cl3;f/]sf] 3f]if0ffkq;Fu ;fd~h:odfkm{t\ ljZjf; k|s6 u5{g\

• ah]6 lgoGq0f ;/sf/sf] gLltnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ tl/sf xf]• ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg sfg'g cGt{ut o;n] ah]6 rqmnfO{ cGTo u/L

sfo{kflnsfnfO{ d'lQm lbG5 .

/Iff vr{

tnsf] aS;n] ljZjsf ljleGg efusf] /Iff vr{sf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . w]/} b]zx¿n]zflGt nfef+z -peace dividend_ sf] kmfObf p7fO/x]sf] pbfx/0f x]bf{, lzto'4kl5sf] ;dodf /Iff vr{df lu/fj6 cfPsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk Pl;of / clk|msfsfcGo /fi6«x¿n] /Iff vr{df j[l4 u/]sf 5g\ .

158 159


aS; g+= %#

s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ljZjsf If]q / vf;/fi6«sf] /Iff vr{

!(*% @))) @))!gf6f] $=) @=@ @=@cd]l/sf ^=% #=) #=@a]nfot %=@ @=$ @=%k|mfG; $=) @=^ @=^hd{gL #=@ !=^ !=%gf6f]afx]ssf o'/f]k $=# @=* @=#;f]leot ;+3÷?; !^=! %=) $=#dWok"j{ / pQ/ clk|msf !!=( ^=& &=@dWo / blIf0f Plzof $=# %=@ #=*k"jL{ Pl;of / ci6«]lnof ^=$ #=% #=#hfkfg !=) !=) !=)Sof/]laog / Nofl6g cd]l/sf #=@ !=& !=&pk–;xf/f clk|msf #=! #=* #=$Ol/l6«of n.a #)=) @)=(ljZjJofkL s"n ^=& #=^ #=%

;'/Iff;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L ah]6 lgwf{/0f

k|efjsf/L ah]6sf] nflu hjfkmb]xLtf / kf/blz{tf cfjZos zt{x¿ x'g\ .hjfkmb]lxtf cfTd;ft ug]{ ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo eg]sf] ah]6 lgdf{0fsf qmddfkf/blz{tf xf] . k|efjsf/L ah]6 lgwf{/0fsf] l;4fGtåf/f plrt hjfkmb]lxtf /kf/blz{tfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

k"j{ :jLs[lt M sfo{sf/LnfO{ vr{ ug{ ;+;bn] clwsf/ lbPsf] x'g'k5{

Pstf M ;Dk"0f{ vr{ / /fh:j ;+;bnfO{ Psn ;di6Lut ah]6 b:tfj]hsf] ?kdfk|:t't ug'{k5{ .

cfjlwstfM sfo{sf/Ln] k|To]s jif{ ah]6 k|:t't ubf{ lgoldt ;do ;Ldfdf WofglbG5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfjlwstfdf ljlgof]lht /sd vr{ ug]{ ;do;Ldf tf]Sg'kg]{ cfjZostf klg ;dfj]z x'G5 .

lglb{i6tf M ah]6sf k|To]s ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ljj/0f / ;+Vofn] ;/sf/L vr{sf] k|i6?k/]vf k|:t't ug]{ x'g'k5{ . To;}n] ah]6sf ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f c:ki6 x'g'x'Fb}g/ ah]6;Fu ;DalGwt sf]if klg w]/} 7"nf] x'g'x'Fb}g .

j}wflgstfM ;a} vr{ / lqmofsnfk sfg'g cGt{ut x'g'k5{ .

k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;xh x'g] ;+/rgf M sfo{sf/L;Fu ;+;bdf pkl:yt lj:t[t / leGgleGg k|sf/sf >f]tfx¿n] Joj:yfkg ug{ / a'em\g ;Sg] cg'dflgt vr{sf] of]hgf;Fu;+;bnfO{ kl/ro u/fpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 .

lj:t[ttf M ;'/Iff If]qsf ljleGg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt ah]6 ;jfj]zL / k"0f{ x'g'k5{ .;a} ;'/Iff ;]jf, ;]gf, ;}lgsL/0f ul/Psf ;+:yf, k|x/L, u'Ktr/ ;]jf ;fy;fy}sfo{sf/Ln] k|of]u u/]sf lghL ;}Go sDkgLx¿dfly ul/Psf] vr{sf] lx;falstfadfx]nrqmfO{ ul/g' x'Fb}g .

k|rf/ M k|To]s gful/snfO{ ah]6af/] cfkm\gf] wf/0f agfpg] / JoQm ug]{ clwsf/x'G5 . o;df b]ze/ cWoogsf nflu pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] u/L ah]6b:tfj]hx¿sf] k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;xh x'g] ;+/rgf x'g cfjZos 5 .

Ps?ktf M gLlt, of]hgf, ah]6sf] k|of]u / sfo{;Dkfbg glthfaLr :ki6 ;DaGw:yflkt x'g'k5{ .

dfWod / p2]Zo M ah]6sf] JofVof !=;|f]tsf] k|of]u @=sfo{;Dkfbg cyjf k|fKtug'{kg]{ nIf #= of]hgfdf dfkg ug{ ;lsg] glthfnfO{ lnP/ ah]6sf] nIfaf/] :ki6hfgsf/L lbg ;Ifd x'g'k5{ .

160 161


oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs pko'Qm ah]6 lgwf{/0fsf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo dfkb08sf]?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ljwfosx¿;Fu ;'/Iff If]qaf/] plrt hfgsf/L gePsf]v08df pgLx¿n] /Iff ah]6 rqmdf cy{ ;fdflhs / ljsf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{p7fpg ;Sb}gg\ .

plrt ;'/Iff ah]6 lgwf{/0fsf nflu zt{x¿

;'/Iff If]qsf] ah]6dfly ;+;bsf] lgu/fgLnfO{ z;Qm agfpg plrt ah]6 lgwf{/0fsfljleGg tTjx¿ 5g\ . tL dWo] :ki6 ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yf, /sdsf]pkof]lutf, ah]6 cg'zf;g, cjlw / gful/s ;dfh;Fusf] cGt{lqmof dxTjk"0f{b]lvG5g\ .

:ki6 ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yf

;'/Iff If]qdfly lgu/fgL /fVg ;Sg] ljwfosx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg / yksfg'gdf :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . o;afx]s ;+;bn] ;/sf/af6 hfgsf/Lk|fKt ug{ sfg'g agfpg'k5{ / ;/sf/;Fu hfgsf/L k|FKt ug{ sfg'gsf] cfwf/dfzlQm k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ;'/Iff If]qdfly ;+;bsf] lgu/fgLnfO{ cem ;+;bsf] /fhgLltsJojxf/df ;dfj]z u/fOg'k5{ . o;sf nflu pNn]Vo k|of; cfjZos 5 .

/sdsf] pkof]u

/sdsf] pkof]usf nflu ah]6 lgwf{/0f k|lqmofn] @ cfwf/e"t lgod nfu" ug'{k5{ M• k|efjsfl/tf M gLltut nIf k|flKt -;xL sfd ug'{_• Ifdtf M ;Dej eP;Dd sd;]sd ;|f]t k|of]u u/]/ gLltut nIf k|fKt ug'{

-ldtJooL tj/n] ;xL sfd ug'{_

aS; g+= %$

of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|0ffnL

of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|0ffnL klxnf]k6s cd]l/sfdf ^) sf] bzsdf /Iffah]6 ljsf;sf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn] of] w]/}j6f b]zdf k|of]ueO/x]sf] 5 . 7]6 of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|0ffnL rqmdf ;'?jftL of]hgfsf]cj:yf x'G5 hxfF ;z:q ansf] sfo{, ;+of]hg, ;+/rgf cflbsf] lgSof]{n ug{;'/Iff jftfj/0f ;fy;fy} /fli6«o rf;f] / vt/fx¿sf] ljj]rgf ul/G5 . oLcfjZostfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ sfo{qmd agfOG5 . sfo{of]hgfsf] Pp6f:j?ksf] ?kdf lng;lsg] Tof] sfo{qmdn] k|fKt ug'{kg]{ 7f]; p2]Zox¿sf] lgSof}{nu5{ . lgSof}{n ul/Psf p2]Zo / cfly{s >f]taLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ ePsfn]o; rqmdf of] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;/L of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|0ffnL/fHosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ sf]if ljlgof]hg ug]{ tl/sfeGbf leGg 5 . o;sf];f6f] o;n] k"j{3f]lift ah]6 ;DaGwL cj/f]wsf cfwf/df of]hgf / sfo{qmd x]g]{u5{ . To;}n] ;z:q kmf}hsf] tfTsfnLg cfjZostf k"/f x'g] u/L sfo{qmdsf]k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lbOPsf] p2]Zo k"/f gx'Fbfcfpg] kl/0ffdsf] vt/fsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|fyldstf to ug{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .of] rqm k"/f cGTodf k|:t'lts/0f dfkgsf] r/0f x'G5 hxfF ljz]if ?kdf dGqfno/ ;Dk"0f{df ;dfhn] s'g xb;Dd jif{sf] cGTodf p2]Zo k"/f eP eGg] kQfnufpg ;S5 . o;/L >f]tsf] k|efjsf/L afF8kmfF8 x'g;S5 ====

/Iff ah]6n] k};fnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] d"Nof+sg ug{, cfw'lgs ah]6l;4fGt cg';f/ vr{nfO{ sfo{qmd / p2]Zo;Fu hf]8]/ x]g'{k5{ o;sf] dtnavr{nfO{ ;DalGwt gLltIf]q / p2]Zo -h:t} zflGt cleofg, lzIff_ cflb;Fuhf]8\g'k5{ . ;fy;fy} ;a} vr{nfO{ sfo{d"ns ;d"xcGt{ut PsLs[t ug'{k5{ .o;afx]s ;+;b k};fsf] d"Nosf] cj:yfnfO{ n]vfk/LIfsx¿sf] ;xof]udf d"Nof+sgug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ -csf]{ cWofo x]g'{xf]nf_ . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ;/sf/n] ;+;bdfOgk'6 dfq geO{ cfp6k'6 ah]6 k|:t't u5{ . ;'/Iff ;+oGqn] uf]Kotfsf]cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cfkm\gf of]hgfx¿ kf/bzL{ agfPdf dfq of]hgf,sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|0ffnLh:tf] Aojl:yt ah]6 lgwf{/0f Joj:yf ;Dej x'G5 .

162 163


ah]6 cg'zf;g

;/sf/ ;+;bn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ah]6 / sfg'gL 3]/fleq a:5 eGg] lglZrt ug{ah]6 cg'zf;g cfjZos 5 . ;+;bn] ah]6 cg'zf;gsf] tnsf tTjx¿df Wofglbg ;S5 M

• /Iff ah]6 -vr{sf] lx;falstfa_ / d"No a[l4aLrsf] ;DaGw

• Go"g / cToflws vr{sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / /]vb]vsf] nflu dfGotfsf] k|of]uug'{

• Go"g jf cToflws vr{ /f]Sg ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf a]nf pkfox¿ ckgfpg'

• /Iff ah]6sf] sd jf a9L vr{sf ljifodf cy{dGqL jf dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{hfgsf/L lbg'k5{

• /Iff ah]6sf] cToflws vr{sf] nflu Ifltk"lt{sf] lgodM /Iff ah]6 leq}af6 jfcGo ;/sf/L ah]6af6 cToflws /Iff vr{sf] nflu Ifltk"lt{

cjlw / cfjlwstf

;'/Iff If]qsf] pko'Qm ah]6 lgwf{/0fdf ;s];Dd k|efjsfl/tf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu,dtbfg cufl8 /Iff ah]6 k|ltj]bgsf] hfFr ug{ kof{Kt ;do k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .ljwfosx¿nfO{ lSni6 /Iff ah]6sf] ulx/f] k'glj{rf/sf nflu slDtdf $% lbgb]lv# dlxgf;Ddsf] cjlw ;a}eGbf cg's"n cjlw xf] .

/Iff ah]6 gLltaf/] oyfy{, la:t[t / ;fdlos hfgsf/L ljleGg sf/0fn] pkof]uLx'G5g\ h:t} M

• of] hfgsf/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;"rgf / 5nkmnsf nflu k"jf{wf/ xf]

• o;n] sdhf]/L, ;'wf/sf] cfj:ostf / ;'/Iff / cGo ;/sf/L vr{aLrsf];Gt'ng kQf nufpg ;xof]u u5{

• ;'/Iff If]qsf] kf/bzL{ ah]6 Joj:yfkgn] o;sf] ;fj{hlgs / ;+;bLohjfkmb]lxtfdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 / ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] ljZj;df j[l4 u5{ .

gful/s ;dfh;“u cGt{lqmof

;+;bn] gful/s ;dfhaf6 ah]6 / cfly{s of]hgf lj1x¿nfO{ cfly{s k'g/fjnf]sg/ ko{j]If0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/fpg ;S5 . ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ah]6 lgwf{/0f h'g;w}+ :ki6 / kfngf ug{ ;xh x'Fb}g o:tf] cj:yfdf of] ;xof]uL x'g;S5 . ah]6lgwf{/0fsf] kf/blz{tf ;a} dWo] klg ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .

k|lzIf0f / lj1x¿

ljz]if1 sd{rf/Lsf nflu ;+;bn] k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgdfkm{t\ ;+;bsf ;b:o /cGo sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . nf]stflGqs ;'zf;g / k|efjsf/L;+;bLo sf/jfxLsf] nflu cGt/ Joj:yflks ;+3n] ljwfos / ;+;bsf cGosd{rf/Lk|lt nlIft u/]/ If]qLo / pkIf]qLo uf]i7L ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5-www.ipu.org x]g'{xf];\_ / of] h:t} xft] lstfax¿ klg k|sfzg ul//x]sf] 5 .

aS; g+= %%

/Iff ah]6sf cfwf/e"t tTjx? M :k]gsf] @))@ sf] /Iff ah]6

j:t' / ;]jfx¿vfBfGgk"jf{wf/sf] dd{t;+xf/k]6«f]n;]jfx¿ M lah'nL, kfgL, kmf]g cflbnQfsk8feQfoftfofttflndd]l8sn pkrf/cGo sfo{ut vr{x¿

cGo cfly{s vr{x¿

164 165


xfnsf] :yfgfGt/0fcGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿:jfoQ c+ux¿

oyfy{ nufgL;z:q kmf}hsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fxltof/ / ;fdu|Lsf] dd{tcg';Gwfg / ljsf;

k"FhL :yfgfGt/0f

cfly{s ;DklQ

;|f]tM :k]gsf] ;g\ @))@ sf] /Iff ah]6, :k]gsf] /Iff dGqfno

;'/Iff ah]6 lgwf{/0fdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf

kf/blz{tf lj?4 uf]klgotf

lg0f{osf glthfx¿ hgtfsf] rfxgf / gLltsf p2]Zo;Fu Ps?k 5g\ eGg];'lglZrttfsf] nflu lg0f{o k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf cfjZos 5 . /Iff ah]6dfkf/blz{tfn] ;+;bnfO{ p;sf] lgu/fgL /fVg] e"ldsf ;zQm ?kdf lgjf{x ug{;Ifd agfpF5 . o;n] ;'/Iff If]qk|lt ;dfhsf] ljZjf; a9fpF5 . /Iff ah]6dfkf/blz{tfsf] sldnfO{ k/Dk/fut ah]6 gd"gf / c:ki6 ;'/Iff p2]Zo;Fu hf]8]/x]l/G5 . o;nfO{ /fli6«o j}wflgs n]vf ;+:yfx¿df ax'cfoflds lj1x¿sf] sld,lg0f{ox¿nfO{ hgtfn] cjnf]sg ug{ kfpg\ eGgsf nflu ;"rgfsf] xssf] sdhf]/;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / hjfkmb]lxtf eGbf uf]KotfnfO{ dxTj lbg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf]b[li6sf]0f;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/G5 . j}wflgs n]vf clwsf/Lx¿ / ljwfosx¿n] o:tf]Joj:yfksLo sdhf]/L kQf nufO{ o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . -csf]{ cWofo x]g'{xf]nf_

aS; g+= %^

kf/bzL{ ;'/Iff ah]6sf nflu d'Vo Jojwfgx?

sfo{sf/L ljefusf s]xL r'lgPsf JolQmx¿n] ;'/Iff gLlt / ;|f]t lgwf{/0f ug]{7fpFdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sdL ah]6 lgwf{/0fdf ;d:ofsf] ?kdfcfpg ;S5 . cy{ dGqfno / sfo{kflnsfsf cGo ljefusf d'Voclwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 cnUofOPsf] x'G5 cyjf pgLx¿sf] lg0f{onfO{5'6fOPsf] x'G5 . b]zsf] ;+ljwfgd} lgu/fgL /fVg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'g;Sg];+;b, ;~rf/ dfWod / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ nuftf/ cGwsf/df /flvPsf]x'G5 .

ljleGg ;'/Iffansf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{– sd{rf/L, sf/jfxL / ;fwg ;a} ltgLx¿sf]ah]6df ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ . Tof] ah]6n] vr{sf] nflu s;/L k"FhLsf] aGbf]a:tug]{ xf] Tof] klg hgfpg'k5{ . oBlk w]/}h:tf] ;'/Iff ah]6x¿sf] s'g} klg zt{k'/f u/]sf x'Fb}gg\ . cfGtl/s ah]6/L ljlgof]hgx¿ / s"n vr{ h;df ljleGgljefusf sf]ifx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ ltgLx¿ c:ki6 x'G5g\ . ah]6 aflx/sfo{x¿ x'g] b]zdf ;/sf/nfO{ g} o;af/] ;xL hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . o;}n]hjfkmb]lxtfsf] nflu k|fylds dfkg–of]hgf / To;sf] sfof{GjogaLr t'ngfug{ ;ls+b}g . /Iff dGqfnosf clwsf/Lx¿ / cGo sfo{sf/L zfvfsfsd{rf/Lsf nflu /Iff gLlt, ah]6 lgwf{/0f / k|flKtdf pko'Qm lg0f{o lng;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] nflu /Iff ;DalGw k|fljlws 1fg cfjZos 5 . ah]6eGbf aflx/ hfg] ;d:of w]/} /fhgLlts x'G5 / hgtf / ;}GoaLrsf] ;DaGwdfcfwf/e"t bL3{sfnLg kl/jt{g rflxg] x'g;S5 .

;|f]]tM dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))@ -k[i7 *( / (!_

lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg] /Iff / ;'/Iff;“u ;DalGwt vr{x¿

;'/Iff If]qsf] lgu/fgL /fVg / ;'/Iff If]qdf vr{ ug]{ cyjf ;/sf/sf] cGo If]qdfeGg] lg?k0f ug{, cfly{s OdfGbf/Ltfsf] ;'lglZrtftfsf nflfu ;+;b;Fu ;DalGwtah]6sf b:tfj]hdflysf] kx'Fr x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;+;bnfO{ s"n hDdfsf] dfq

166 167


ljj/0f lbg' lglb{i6tfsf] l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t x'G5 . :ki6 hfgsf/L glbOP;Dd;+;bn] /Iff ah]6sf] ko{j]If0f ug]{ / lgu/fgL /fVg] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo k"/f ug{;Sb}g .

;+;b;Fu ;a} /Iff ah]6sf b:tfj]hx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g'k5{ . s]xL b]zx¿ -h:t}8]gdfs{ / nSh]Dau{_df, ;+;bnfO{ ah]6sf] k|To]s ljifoj:t'af/] lj:t[t hfgsf/LpknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 . s]xL cGo b]zx¿ -h:t} k|mfG;, u|L; / kf]Nof08df_ /Iff;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldltnfO{ /Iffsf ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ah]6af/] dfq hfgsf/LpknAw u/fOG5 . c;n zf;gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ of t ;ldlt -cfjZosePdf uf]Ko ?kdf_ jf ;+;bsf] g} /Iff ah]6sf b:tfj]hx¿df kx'Frsf] k|Tofe"ltx'g'k5{ . cGo ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿ h:t} u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf nflu klg oxL k|0ffnLckgfpg'k5{ .

;'/Iff If]qsf] ah]6sf] jlu{s/0f sfg'g ljz]ifu/L ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfg'gdf cfwfl/teP/ ug'{k5{ . -aS; g+ %& x]g'{xf];\_

;'/Iff ah]6af/] 5nkmn ubf{ jf dtbfg ubf{ ;+;bsf] kl/jt{g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/dfclgjfo{ vr{ h:t} uPsf] jif{df x:tfIfl/t k|fKt ug'{kg]{ 7]Ssf, gfdfs/0f ul/Psfsfo{qmd h:t} k]G;g, ;}lgssf nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf cflbn] aGb]h nufPsf] x'G5 .o:tf vr{df bL3{sfnLg ?kdf dfq kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

aS; g+= %&

;'/Iff ah]6df # txsf] jlu{s/0f

ljwfosx¿ ljz]if cj:yfdf hfgsf/Lsf] uf]klgotf / /Iff ah]6;Fu ;DalGwtljlgof]hgdfly hjfkmb]lxtf aLrsf] ;Gt'ngaf/] lglZrt x'g'k5{ . Pp6f tl/sfeg]sf] ah]6 k|:tfjnfO{ ;'/Iff jlu{s/0fsf] ljleGg txdf 6'qmofpg ;lsG5 M• ;+;bdf k|:t't ul/g] ;fwf/0f /Iff ah]6• jlu{s[t k"FhL / sfo{;~rfng vr{ h;nfO{ /Iff ah]6 / ;}Go vr{

;DaGwL pk–;ldltn] lg/LIf0f ug{ ;S5

• dflyNnf] txsf] ;}Go jlu{s/0f;Fu ;DalGwt vr{ h;sf] lg/LIf0f ;ldltsf;b:ox¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;d"xn] lg/LIf0f ug{ ;S5 . /fli6«o uf]klgotfsf]sfg'gdf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/df of] ;d"xnfO{ jlu{s[t b:tfj]hsf] kx'FrpknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

;|f]tM /ljGb| kfn l;+x, Arms Procurement decision making processes, vol 1, OUP, oxford,1998

;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u / e|i6frf/lj?4 kf/blz{tf

;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u ul//x]sf] 5}g eGg] lglZrt ug{ ;+;bn]e"ldsf v]N5 . cK7\of/f k|fljlws ljifo / /0flglts ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostfh:tfljz]if If]qsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6df o:tf b'?kof]u a9L x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf]5 .

/Iff ah]6 lgwf{/0f kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf, ;'/Iff If]qdfly k|efjsf/L ;+;bLolgu/fgLsf] k"j{zt{ xf] . hjfkmb]lxtfsf] nflu kf/blz{tf cfkm}+df k"j{zt{ xf] eg]hjfkmb]xL ;'z;gsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . o;/L oL b'O{ kIfx¿ ;du| ah]6 rqms}d'Vo cfjZostf x'g\ .

æ/Iff ah]6df hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfsf] sdLn] b]zsf] ;z:q ansf]cfsf/, Ifdtf / lgotaf/] rf;f] pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 eg] oy]i6kf/blz{tfn] ;}Go vr{af/] Wofg cfs[i6 u5{ / åGålt/ pGd'v u/fpg;Sg] clglZrttf / c;dembf/Lsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ Go'gLs/0f u5{ .Æ

– kfpn hh{, "Defense Expenditures in the 1990's: Budget and Fiscal PolicyIssuesfor Developing COuntries", 2002

cToflws ;}Go vr{n] cGoyf ul/aL lgjf/0f / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu k|of]uug{ ;lsg] pkof]uL ;|f]tnfO{ ljd'v u/fpF5 / hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 of] vr{h'6\g] ePsfn] hgtfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ sfo{sf/Ln] s;/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] rfFhf]kfFhf]ldnfO/x]s]f 5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg cfjZos x'G5 . ljsf;zLn b]zdf eOx]sf]b'?kof]u xfgL k'¥ofpg] k|s[ltsf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;'/Iff

168 169


If]qk|lt hgtfsf] ;f]rfO / rfxgfnfO{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] .;++;bn] /Iff ah]6 ljsf; / ;'/Iff cfjZostfaLr ;Gt'ng x'g]u/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf]5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgZro ug'{k5{ . ;'/Iff If]qdfly ;+;bsf] k|efjsf/L ah]6 lgoGq0fnfO{jfwf k'¥ofpg] ljleGg ;d:of 5g\ h;nfO{ tnsf] aS;df k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .

aS; g+= %*

;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ah]6 lgoGq0fdf jfwf k'¥ofpg] d'Vo;d:ofx?

• ;+j}wflgs ?k/]vfsf] sdL M ljwfosx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff If]qsf] ultljlwdflylgu/fgL /fVg ;Ifd agfpg] :ki6 ;+j}wflgs ?k/]vfsf] sdLsf sf/0fpTkGg x'g;Sg] cK7\of/f klg 5g\ .

• hfgsf/Lsf] cefj M ;+j}wflgs ?k/]vfsf] sdL;Fu glhs csf]{ sfg'gLkIf eg]sf] ;+j]bgzLn hfgsf/Lsf] v'nf;fsf] nflu ;xh ;"rgf;DaGwLxssf] cefj klg xf] . To;}n] sfg'gL ?k/]vfdf ck"0f{tf / c:ki6tfn];+;bnfO{ lgu/fgLsf] clwsf/ k|of]uaf6 al~rt /fV5 o;sf] glthf:j?kc;n nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf x'g'kg]{ hjfkmb]xLtfaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f jl~rtx'G5g\ .

• ah]6 aflx/sf lqmofsnfk / ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t M ;'/IffIf]qsf] ah]6 aflx/sf cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t -ljz]ifu/L Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsflqmofsnfk h:t} ;}Go sDkgLx¿ cyjf ;]jf lbP jfktsf gfkmf_sf]oyfy{ k|s[lt / pkfb]otfaf/] ;+;bnfO{ dfq} xf ]Og dGqfnosfclwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L gx'g ;S5 . ;'/Iff If]qsf] vr{ Joxf]g]{cGo pkfo h:t} o;sf] klg ;+;bnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ .

• ;'/Iff vr{ n'sfpg' M k]G;g, k"jf{wf/, oftfoftf h:Tff ;'/Iff If]qsfvr{nfO{ cGo dGqfno jf If]q h:t} ;dfhsNof0f, ef}lts of]hgf tyflgdf{0f, /]n cflbdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cEof;n] /Iffah]6sf] unt cfFsng x'G5 / hgtf / ;+;bsf] oyfy{ /Iff vr{sf]sfg'gL n]vfhf]vf ug]{ Ifdtfdfly c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .

• sdhf]/ ;~rf/ M w]/} b]zx¿df ;~rf/ If]qx¿ -;|f]t / lj1sf] sdLsf]cy{df_sdhf]/ x'G5g\ / ;'/Iff If]q / ;+;bsf] sfo{sf] lgl/If0f ub}{gg\ .o;n] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cfkm\gf k|ltlgwL / ;'/Iff If]qaf/]sf] tfhf / k"0f{hfgsf/Laf6 al~rt u/fpF5 .

• pko'Qm cjnf]sgsf nflu ;dosf] cefj M o;cl3 pNn]v ePcg';f/,cjnf]sgsf] nflu pknAw sd ;don] k|efjsf/L ;+;bLo lgu/fgLdf;d:of pTkGg u5{ .

• k"jf{wf/, lj1 / sd{rf/Lsf] sdL M w]/} ;+;bx¿df sfo{sf/L hgtfk|lthjfkmb]xL eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu k"jf{wf/, lj1 / sd{rf/Lsf]sdL x'G5 .

nf]stflGqs/0f pGd'v b]zx¿df ah]6 lgoGq0f

o'/f]kel/ ;g\ !(() df cfPsf] nf]stflGqs nx/n] ;+;bLo lgu/fgLsf] cjwf/0ff/ cEof; nf]stflGqs/0f pGd'v b]zsf nflu ljz]if cfjZos ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .aS; g+ %( n] /fhgLlts Joj:yfnfO{ cem kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL ?k/]vfleq;d]6\g ;lqmo blIf0f k"jL{ o'/f]k]nL /fHosf ah]6 ;DaGwL cEof; glhsaf6lgofNg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

aS; g+= %(

blIf0f k"jL{ o'/f]ksf vf; /fi6«df ah]6sf] cEof; -;g\ @))! cg';f/_

cNjflgof M ;g\ @))) sf] cS6f]a/df ah]6 Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf] :yfkgful/of] . ;g\ @))* ;Ddsf] nflu /Iff cfjZostf pNn]v u/]/ /Iff gLlt;DaGwL b:tfj]h k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . ah]6;DaGwL k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg/Iff dGqfno lhDd]jf/ 5 .

a'Nu]l/of M ljut !) jif{b]lv g]zgn P;]DanL -a'Nu]l/ofsf] ;+;b_n] /Iff ah]6af/]5nkmn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]zgn P;]DanLn] ;'/Iff If]qdfly k"0f{ ;+;bLo lgu/fgLsf]af6f]lt/ n}hfg lgu/fgL ug]{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ul//x]sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

170 171


qmf]Pl;of M ah]6af/] ;/sf/n] k|:tfj /fV5 / To;kl5 ;+;bnfO{ Tof] x:tfGt/0ful/G5 / cflwsf/Ls a'n]l6gdf k|sflzt ul/G5 . cy{ / /Iff dGqfnodfkm{t\cufl8 a9\b} ah]6 lgwf{/0f k|lqmof h'nfO{b]lv gf]e]Da/;Dd rN5 . ;+;bn]/Iff ah]6df /xg] s"n /sdsf] dfq lg0f{o u5{, o;sf] ;+/rgfdf ;+;bsf] s'g}clwsf/ x'Fb}g .

Pkm=jfO{ l/klAns ckm Dof;]8f]lgof M /Iff dGqfnon] ;'?df k|:tfj tof/ kf5{/ Tof] cy{ dGqfnodf hfG5 . of] r/0fdf b]zsf] Ifdtf;Fu ;dLs/0f ug{nfO{cGo dGqfno;Fu klg 5nkmn ul/G5 . To;kl5 ah]6 k|:tfj ;/sf/nfO{a'emfOG5 / To;nfO{ s]xL cfjZos ;'wf/kl5 ;+;bdf k|:t't ul/G5 . /IffdGqLn]k|:tfljt ah]6 cfGtl/s gLlt / /Iff ;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't u5{g\ . dtbfgkl5ah]6sf], /fi6«kltsf] 3f]if0ffsf] nflu d:of}bf tof/ ul/G5 . /Iff ah]6 s"nu|fo:y pTkfbgsf] @=!@ k|ltzt x'G5 .

/f]dflgof M /Iff dGqfnon] hgj/L @))) b]lv of]hgf, sfo{qmd, ah]6 /d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo /Iff If]qsf ;a} lqmofsnfkdfkf/blz{tf j[l4 ug'{ xf] . ;+;bleq ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;+nUg y'k|} ;ldltx¿5g\ M /Iff, ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ah]6, cy{ / Aof+sx¿ .dGqfnoleqsf ;DalGwt ljefun] ;+;b, sfg'g, hg;Dks{;Fu ;DaGw /fV5 .d'Vo /Iff of]hgf b:tfj]h OG6/g]6df /flvG5 .


ah]6 rqmdf ;'/Iff If]q• lglZrt ah]6 rqmsf $ d'Vo r/0fx¿ ah]6 tof/L, ah]6 kfl/t, ah]6

nfu" / vr{sf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+;bn] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] lgZroug'{xf];\

• j}wflgs n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfsf] lgu/fgLaf/] lgZro ug'{xf];\• ;+;b / cGo ko{j]If0f ;+:yfx¿sf] n]vfkl/If0fn] gLltut p2]ZonfO{

ah]6 dfu / glthf;Fu hf]8\g'k5{

kf/bzL{ ;'/Iff ah]6 lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+;bLo cEof;• o; cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf] k|efjsf/L ah]6 lgwf{/0fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/

ah]6 tof/Lsf] nflu dfu ug'{xf];\• k|:tfljt ;'/Iff ljlgof]hg ;DalGwt / plrt 5 jf 5}g jf kf/bzL{

tl/sfn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5–5}g eGg] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;+;b jf cfkm"nfO{;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] :jtGq lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u lng'xf];\

• ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿n] cfly{s of]hgf / ah]6 lgwf{/0fsf] nflu cfw'lgs tl/sfckgfPsf 5g\ eGg] lgZro ug'{xf];\ h;n] ;+;bnfO{ /Iff vr{sf] sfg'gLd"Nof+sg ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 / p2]Zo, ljQLo nufgL / sfo{ut pknlAwaLrsf] ;DaGw a'em\g d2t u5{ .

• aS; g+ %* sf] ;xof]udf cfkm\gf] ;+;bsf] cj:yfsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ /s'g} klg lglZrt sdhf]/L x6fpg cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts ;Gbe{df ;+ejx'g;Sg] sbd rfNg'xf];\ .

172 173


cWofo – @$

;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o ah]6 vr{sf]n]vfk/LIf0f

;+;b / /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{no

cg'df]bg ub}{df ;'/Iff ah]6dfly ;+;bsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f x'Fb}g . ;+;bn] cfkm\gf]lgu/fgL / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ug'k5{ . k"0f{ ?kdf n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] n]vf, ;+;bdfk]z ug'{ eg]sf] nf]stflGqs k|lqmofs} lx:;f xf] eGg] Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ / n]vfk/LIf0fn]tYof+s / k|:t'lt b'j}sf] n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ . ljutsf] ah]6 jif{df /sds;/L vr{ ePsf] lyof] eGg] d"Nof+sg ug{sf nflu n]vf / ;'/Iff c+usf jflif{sk|ltj]bg dxTk"0f{ ;|f]t x'G5g\ .

lgu/fgL sfo{sf] nflu ;+;bnfO{ :jfoQ ;+:yf h:t} dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non];3fpg'k5{ . o:tf ;+:yfx¿ ;+j}wflgs sfg'gcg';f/ sfo{sf/L, Joj:yflksf /Gofokflnsfaf6 :jfoQ ;+:yfsf ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 . ;+;bn] of] lgZroug'{k5{ ls M• dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+;bn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] xf] / p;sf] :ki6 sfo{sfn tf]lsPsf]

5 .• dxfGofoflwjQmf;Fu cfkm\gf] sfo{ :jtGq?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ sfg'gL / Jojxfl/s

dfWod / ;|f]t 5g\ .• s'g} klg a]nf s'g} klg vr{sf] af/]df ;+;b jf o;sf] ah]6 ;ldltnfO{

hfgsf/L u/fpg ;Sg] :jfoQ clwsf/ 5 .

;+;bn] sfg'gL ?kd} Goflos cj/f]wsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 / Tof] /fHosf];|f]tdfly /fhgLlts bn jf clwsf/Ln] e|i6frf/ / unt Joj:yfkg u/]df nfu"x'g]tkm{ Wofg lbg' k5{ . uNtL ePsf] v08df ;Rofpg] pkfo ckgfpg kfpg]dfklg Wofg lbg' k5{ .

aS; g+= ^)

dxfGofoflwjQmf

sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf jf Gofofkflnsf h;sf] cGt{ut k/] tfklgdxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGq / ;fFrf] cy{df :jfoQ x'g'cfjZos 5 . o;nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu oy]i6 ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg' klgcfjZos 5 . o;sf sfo{ tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M• cfly{s lgu/fgL M dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] sfo{sf/L / ;fj{hlgs

ljefudf ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿sf] oyfy{tf, ljZj;lgotf / lj:t[ttf k|dfl0ftug'{k5{ . o;n] ;a} cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] lgodcg';f/ePsf] 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ . lgu/fgL sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df, e"QmfgL lbg];fj{hlgs n]vfkfn / clwsf/Lsf] cfwf/df n]vfkl/If0f sfof{non]Gofok|zf;gsf] cfkm\gf] cleofg k"/f ug'{k5{ . lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ qmddfpgLx¿n] rnfPsf] /sdsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg'k5{ .e|i6frf/ / lxgfldgf ePsf] v08df n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{non] kQf nfu]sftYox¿sf] ljj/0f GofoklnsfnfO{ lbg'k5{ .

• sfg'gL lgu/fgL M n]vf k/LIf0f sfof{non], ;a} ;fj{hlgs vr{x¿ /cfo, ah]6 ;~rfng lgod cg';f/ ePsf] 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ .

• ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]usf] ;'lglZrttf M tnsf # j6f dfkb08sfcfwf/df ;'zf;gsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ cfw'lgs n]vf k/LIf0f sfof{non];fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]uaf/] lglZrt ug'{k5{ M/sdsf] pkof]lutf M k|of]u ul/Psf ;|f]tsf] u'0fTds / ;+VofTds lx;fan]klg w]/} eGbf w]/} pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\k|efjsf/L M s'g xb;Dd p2]Zo / nIf k|fKt eof] dfkg ug'{xf];\bIf M k|of]u ul/Psf ;|f]tx¿ nIf k|flKtsf nflu k"0f{ ?kdf pkof]u ePgePsf] dfkg ug'{xf];\

o:tf] cl3 jf kl5 ul/g] lgu/fgL n]vfkl/If0f sfof{nosf] tTjfjwfgdf jf;+;bsf] cg'/f]wdf ul/G5 .

;fef/ M General Report On the IPU Seminar On parliament and the Budgetary Process,Including from Gender Perspective (Bamako, Mali, November 2001)

174 175


cEof;df ;'/Iff ah]6sf] n]vfk/LIf0f

;'/Iff ah]6sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ ;+;bsf] nflu cK7\of/f] k|lqmof xf] . ;+;bn];'/Iff;Fu k|ToIf / k/f]If -h:t} Jofkf/, pBf]u, ;~rf/ / /sd :yfgfGt/0f_ ?kdf;DalGwt ljifosf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . :ki6 ?kdf;DalGwt gePsf lqmofsnfkaLr ;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{ d'Vo r'gf}tL x'G5 .

cEof;df ;'/Iff ;DalGwt d'Vo dGqfnox¿ –k/Dk/fut ?kdf /Iff, u[x, pBf]u/ cfw'lgs –;~rf/ / cy{n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf ljlgof]lht /sd s;/L vr{ eO/x]sf]5 eGg] af/]sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg ;+;bnfO{ k|:t't ug'{k5{ . k|of]uePsf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf M ljefuLo jflif{s k|ltj]bg, ;+;bLo ;ldltåf/f k|To]sljlgof]hgdfly k'g/fjnf]sg, k|To]s dGqfnosf] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] n]vf, ;+;bdfk|To]s ljefuaf/] cnu cnu jx; cflb kg{ ;S5g\ .

cfbz{ M n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofn] ;+;bnfO{ ah]6 rqmn] j}wflgstf, vr{df bIftf /to ul/Psf p2]Zo k|flKtdf k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;Ddfg u/]÷gu/]sf] d"Nof+sg ug{;Ifd agfpg'k5{ .

aS; g+= ^!

a]nfotsf] ;'/Iff If]qdfly ;+;bsf] lgu/fgLdf a]nfotsf] /fli6«on]vfk/LIf0f sfof{nosf] e"ldsf

;g\ !(*# df :jfoQ c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt / lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]g]t[Tjdf o's] g]zgn cl86 clkm; -PgPcf]_ n] ;+;bnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf]vr{sf] ljj/0f k|:t't u5{ . PgPcf]n] cfly{s n]vfk/LIf0f u5{ / /sdsf]pkof]lutf k|fKt eP÷gePsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 .• cfly{s n]vfk/If0f M sfg'gL ?kdf lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmf / PgPcf]

;a} ;/sf/L ljefu / cfof]usf] n]vfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ / To;sf]glthfaf/ ] ;+;bnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . cGon]vfk/LIfsh:t} lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] klg n]vfx¿ unt

ljj/0faf6 d'Qm 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] ljifodf cfkm\gf] wf/0f agfpg'k5{ . tLn]vfdf ePsf] sf/f]af/sf] pko'Qm ;+;bLo cflwsfl/stfaf/] lgoGqs /dxfGofoflwjQmf lglZrt x'g'k5{ . PgPcf]n] ef}lts unt ljj/0fx¿ kQfnufpF5 / lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] o;af/] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fV5g\ .ef}lts q'6L / clgoldttf gb]lvPsf] v08df lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmfn]cGo dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿dfly ;+;bsf] nflu k|ltj]bg tof/ u5{g\ . o:tfk|ltj]bgnfO{ xfp; ckm sdG;sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] x]5{ .

• /sdsf] pkof]lutf n]vfk/LIf0f M lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{;+;bnfO{ ;/sf/L ljefu / ;fj{hlgs c+uaf/] cfkm\gf ;|f]taf6 k|fKt %)eGbf al9 k|ltj]bg k]z u5{g\ . PgPcf]n] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] cfly{sldtJolotf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] hfFr u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ub{5 . k|ltj]bgn]sdhf]/L k|:t'lt cf}+Nofpg'sf] ;fy;fy} /fd|f] cEof;af/] k|sfz kf5{ . o;n]pkof]uL kl/jt{gsf nflu ;'emfj klg lbG5 . PgPcf]n] cfkm"n] ljut #jif{df lbPsf ;a} ;'emf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;/sf/n] !=$ lalnog kfp08art u/]sf] ljZjf; u5{ . /Iff /sdsf] pkof]lutf ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgn]xfn;fn} x]lnsK6/ pks/0f, o'4sf] klxrfg, e"ld pks/0fsf] dd{t, /IffdGqfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f h:tf cg]stf ;d]6]sf] 5 . PgPcf]n] #) ;a}eGbf7"nf pkfh{g cfof]hgfsf] k|ultsf] ljj/0f lbG5 .

• ;+;b;Fusf] ;DaGw / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] rqm M ;+;b cem ljz]ifu/L o;sf];fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt;Fusf] ;DaGw o;sf] sfo{sf nflu k|d'v x'G5g\ .lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmf cf]xbfsf] lx;fan] xfp; ckm sdG;sf] k|d'vx'G5g\ / pgLx¿sf] d'Vo sfo{ ;+;b;dIf k|:t't ul/G5 . o;/Lhjfkmb]lxtfsf] rqm rNb5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs /sd vr{ ug]{lalQs} o;sf] lgoldttf, cf}lrTo / /sdsf] d"Noaf/] ;+;bdf ljj/0f k]zug{ lgoGqs / dxfGofoflwjQmf :jtGq x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]o; k|ltj]bgdfly To; ;fj{hlgs c+usf] ;a}eGbf pRr txsf] clwsf/L;Fuk|df0f lng ;S5 / ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbG5 . o;afx]s PgPcf]n] ;fj{hlgsvr{nfO{ c;/ ug]{ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt ;+;bsf ;b:ox¿sf] $ ;oeGbf a9L lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg u5{ .

176 177


n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{nosf cfjZos tTjx¿

;+;bLo lgu/fgL /fVg n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{no ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] .k|efjsf/L x'gsf] nflu of];Fu tnsf ljz]iftf x'g'k5{ M

• j}wflgs n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{non] ;+;bLo n]vf ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbG5 h'gah]6 ;ldlteGbf leGg x'g'k5{

• lg0f{ox¿af/] :ki6 x'gnfO{ of];Fu jlu{s[t b:tfj]hx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g'k5{ t/To:tf b:tfj]hnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;Gbe{ agfpg' x'Fb}g .

• of];Fu ;'/Iff If]q, /Iff Joj:yfkg, k|fljlws, cfly{s / sfg'gL kIfsf lj1;lxtjx'cfoflds Ifdtf x'g'k5{ .

aS; g+= ^@

hlh{ofsf] ;+;b / ah]6 lgoGq0f

;g\ @))! sf] cGTodf hlh{ofsf ;f+;bx¿n] cfwf/e"t cf+s8fdf c;dembf/L/ ;/sf/n] d:of}bf l9nf k|:t't u/]sfn] ;do cefjsf sf/0f ;g\ @))@ sf]ah]6 ljwo]sdflysf] 5nkmnnfO{ ! dlxgf k/ ;fg]{ lg0f{o u/] . ;f]xL ;dodf,cd]l/sL lj1x¿sf] ;xof]udf /Iff dGqfnon] xfn;Dds} klxnf] /Iff ah]6sfo{qmddfly sfd ug{ yfNof] . o;n] ubf{ ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;z:q ansf] cfwf/e"t;+/rgfut tTjdfly ljrf/ ug]{ df}sf k|fKt eof] / /Iff vr{af/] k"0f{hfgsf/L;lxtsf] wf/0f agfpg ;xof]u k'Uof] . PgPcf]sf] dfkb08 cGt{utlgdf{0f ul/Psf] ah]6 d:of}bfn] ;a} vr{nfO{ sd{rf/L, o'4 Ifdtfsf] k'g:yf{kgf/ nufgL u/L # efudf afF8\of] .

;+;bLo lgoGq0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] ;+;bn] @))@ hgfj/Lsf]cGTolt/ kfl/t ah]6df !=/fi6«klt, cy{dGqL / /IffdGqLn] clwstd /Iffvr{af/] km/s wf/0f k|:t't u/], @= ah]sf] cfsf/df clGtd ;dodf cfP/kl/jt{g ul/of] h;af/] ;f+;bx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfl/Pg #= ;f+;bx¿nfO{ /IffdGqfnodf sd{rf/L 36fpg] k|:tfljt tflnsf / of] sbdsf] cfly{s k|efjaf/]hfgsf/L u/fOPg . o;} ;dodf ah]6 sfg'gdf ;+nUg gu/fOPsf ;/sf/L

cfof]usf] ah]6 k|:tfjx¿n] ;+;bsf] lgoGq0f 5n] . cGTodf ;+;bn] /Iffvr{sf] nflu #* ldlnog hLOPndfq :jLs[t u¥of] hals Tof] sfo{qmdsf]nflu &! ldlnog hLOPnsf] cfjZostf lyof] . o:tf] k|l/k|]Ifdf /fi6«klt //fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ljleGg ;/sf/L ;+/rgfsf nflu s;/L ah]6 ljlgof]hgug]{ eGg] lg0f{o u5{g\ . ;+;bn] o:tf] df}sfsf] kmfObf lnO{ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLåf/fah]6af/] 5nkmn / kfl/t u/L nf]stflGqs lgoGq0fsf] clwsf/sf] cEof;ug{ ;SYof] .

;|f]tM David Darchiashvili, Head of the Parliamentary Research Department of theParliament of Georgia, 2002


k|efjsf/L :jtGq n]vfk/LIf0f• ;+ljwfg cyjf sfg'gdf ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsf] Joj:yf

ul/Psf] 5 eGg] lgZro ug'{xf];\ . o;df tnsf kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf]x'g'k5{ M– /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf / ;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] If]q / k|s[lt– n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf, o;sf sd{rf/L / clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos :jfoQtf

/ cfly{s :jfoQtf– ;+;bn] n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{no / ;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f

sfof{non] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdfly ;/sf/n] lbPsf] k|ltlqmofsf]k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{k5{

• n]vfk/LIf0f ljlw;DaGwL dfu{bz{gsf] nLdf 3f]if0ffdf /x]sf l;4fGtx¿–www.intosai.org df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 –cfkm\gf] /fli6«o sfg'g / cEof;dfk|ltlalDat eP÷gePsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

j}wflgstf n]vfk/If0f, lgoldttf n]vfk/If0f / k|:t'lts/0f n]vfk/LIf0f• ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfn] dfly pNn]lvt # kIfnfO{

;d]6]÷g;d]6]sf]df Wofg lbg'xf];\

178 179


180

• ;'/Iff;DaGwL vr{sf] n]vfk/If0f k|lqmofkl5 x'g] eP klg ;+;bn] cfjZoskf7 l;s]/ gofF /sd ljlgof]hg ug]{ qmddf To;nfO{ Wofgdf /fV5 eGg]lgZro ug'{xf];\

• w]/}h;f] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgx cfly{s d'2fdf ;Lldt x'G5g\ . j}wflgsn]vfk/LIf0f sfof{no lglZrt kl/of]hgfsf] lj:t[t k|:t'lts/0f n]vfk/LIf0fug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ cyjf ;+:yf;Fu lj1s?sf] cefj ePdf :jtGqd"Nof+sgsf] lgldQ k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

• j}wflgs n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{non] ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] cfly{s ljefusf] sfo{sf]klg n]vfk/If0f ug'{k5{ . efu &

;'/Iff If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwgMJoj;flos tyf nf]stflGqs

;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf

181


cWofo – @%

;'/Iff If]qdf nf]stflGqsd"No k|j4{g

;z:q ansf] nf]stflGqs lzIff / b[li6sf]0f k|j4{g cfjZos 5 . o;n] ubf{;]gfnfO{ ;dfhdf plrt t/Lsfn] ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 / nf]stGqsf nfluvt/f pTkGg x'g ;Sb}g . ljZjsf ljleGg efux¿df plrt Joj:yfkg /nf]stflGqs lgoGq0f jf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfleq k"0f{¿kn] PsLs[t gePsf ;]gfx¿nf]stGqsf nflu vt/f aGg ;Sg] jf:tljs cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 M

P c;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] cEof; tyf ;}lgs ljb|f]xåf/f ;/sf/ kl/jt{gÙ

P ;}lgs jf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cglws[t cEof;Ù

P ;dfhsf] cGo If]qsf nflu cfjZos cToGt w]/} ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] pkef]uÙ

P ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] b'¿kof]uÙ

P dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g -h:tf] M n'6\kf6, 8s}tL, u}/ sfg'gL lx+;fsf]k|of]u / anfTsf/_ .

;'/Iff If]qsf sd{rf/Lx?df nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxgug]{ ;+oGqx?

;z:q andf nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'sf] tfTko{ ;}lgs ;+u7gleq};+oGqx¿ l;h{gf ug'{ xf] h;n] nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf / ;+:yfx¿sf ;fy}dfgj clwsf/sf l;4fGtx¿sf] ;Ddfg u5{ / r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg of]ubfgu5{ . oL cfGtl/s ;+oGqx¿ ;z:q annfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+;b, ;/sf/ /gful/s lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfjZos x'G5g\ . lgDg tTjx¿n] abL{jfnsd{rf/Lx¿sf] nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

182 183


;+ljwfg / /fHo ;+:yfx?k|lt akmfbf/L

c;n zf;g cGtu{t ;'/Iff If]qleqsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf dfGotfx¿ / sfg'gLzf;gsf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf / ;+ljwfg tyf /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] ;Ddfg kb{5g\ .nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf ;}lgs / cGo ;+/Ifsx¿n] ;+ljwfg / /fHo ;+:yfx¿k|ltlg/Gt/ akmfbf/Lsf] zky lng' k5{, g]tf ljz]ifsf] xf]Og . o:tf] æcgfTdLoÆzkyn] ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿ tTsfnLg ;/sf/ ljz]ifk|lt akmfbf/ geO{ hgtfsf] j}wflgsk|ltlglwn] v8f u/]sf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gk|lt akmfbf/ ePsf] ;+s]t u5{ . ;'/IffIf]qsf] gful/s ;'kl/j]If0fn] ;ts{tfk"j{s ;}lgs zkysf] :ki6 k|sf/ / o;nfO{;'/lIft nfu' ug{ s] ug'{k5{ eGg]h:tf kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{'k5{ .

;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'kl/eflift cfGtl/s Joj:yf

nf]stflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsf b[li6sf]0faf6 ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yf ;DaGwLsfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o; cGtu{t lgDg a'Fbfx¿ k5{g\ M

P clws[tx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug'{Ù

P h]g]ef ;lGwsf] ;xdltcg'¿k sfg'gL ;+/rgf :yfkgf u/]/ clgjfo{ ;}Go;]jf;DaGwL P]g, ;}lgs ;]jf ljw]os / ;}lgs b08 ljwfgsf] :jLs[lt jfk'g/fjnf]sg ug'{Ù

P ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ u}/ sfg'gL cfb]z cj1f ug]{ st{Jo kfngf u/fpg' .

clwsf+z /fHox¿df ;+ljwfgn] ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx¿sf] clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf]k|Tofe"lt u/] klg clwg:y sfg'gn] ljz]if ;}lgs sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos k/]sf]v08df ;]]gfsf clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt kfg{ ;S5 . t;y{, l;4fGttM ;]gfnfO{ c¿gful/s ;/x clwsf/ x'G5, lsgls ;]gf jbL{;lxtsf gful/s x'g\ . tyflk,hxfF;Dd ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ nfu' x'g] ;Ldfsf] k|Zg 5, cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] xbdfpgLx¿sf] kx'Fr uf]Ko b:tfj]hx¿df x'G5, ;}lgs÷;'/Iff tof/Lsf nflu ;Fw}tof/ /xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] lx+8\8'n ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf / /fhgLlts kbdf lgjf{lrtx'g kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . ;a} nf]stGqn] ;'/IffsdL{sf] gful/s clwsf/nfO{ Ps}lsl;dn] jGb]h nufPsf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu :s]G8g]leog /fi6«x¿sf hd{gL

/ g]b/Nof08df ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ 6«]8 o"lgog u7g ug]{ / ;xefuL x'g kfpg]clwsf/ 5 . cGo /fHox¿df ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3 u7g ug{ /;xefuL x'g kfpg] dfq clwsf/ 5 . oBlk, ;a} cj:yfdf aGb]hx¿nfO{ clwg:ysfg'gdf :ki6¿kn] pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 / ;]jf/t JolQmsf] ljlzi6 :t/ //fli6«o ;'/Iff;Fu ;Fw} k|ToIf ;DalGwt x'G5 .

;}lgs k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3 tyf o'lgogx?

clwsf+z /fHox¿df :j]lR5s jf clgjfo{ egf{ ul/Psf ;}lgssf] lxt /Iffy{ 6]«8o'lgog u7g ug{ / ;xefuL x'g lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf nflu 6]«8o'lgog x'g'x'Fb}g eGg]x¿sf] ts{ s] 5 eg] ;z:q anleq o;n] cg'zf;g /cfb]znfO{ sdhf]]/ t'Nofpg ;S5 . cGo /fHox¿, vf;u/L dfgj clwsf/ /df}lns :jtGqtf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw (ECHR) sf] wf/f !! cg'¿k ;}lgssd{rf/LnfO{ k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3 u7g ug{ / ;b:o x'g cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t cli6«of, a]lNhod, r]s u0ftGq, 8]gdfs{, lkmgNof08, hd{gL, xª\u]/L,cfo/Nof08, nShdju{, g]b/Nof08, gj]{, kf]r{'un, ¿;, u0ftGq :nf]efs, :nf]e]gLof,:jL8]g / :jL6\h/Nof08 k5{g\ . oL /fHox¿df ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf nflu k|ltlglwd"ns;+3 jf o'lgogx¿df ljleGg ;+:yfut cfwf/df ljleGg clwsf/x¿ x'G5g\ .pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ /Iff dGqL;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 / s]xLnfO{ eg] /f]huf/L;DaGwdf ;D´f}tf jf jftf{ ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . x/]s cj:yfdf ;+3x¿n] ;]gfsf]:jf:Yo / ;'/Iff cj:yfnfO{ k|j4{g u/L k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg u5{g\,pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;}lgs sd{rf/L / pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/bftf aLrsf] sfg'gL ljjfbdf .;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf] nflu o'/f]kdf b'O{ 5ftf ;+u7gx¿ 5g\ . a|;]N;df, EUROMILo'/f]ksf] Ps dfq ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf] ;+u7g xf], hxfF s'g} kbLo x}l;otsf JolQm;xefuL x'g ;S5g\ . o'/f]kdf /x]sf] bf];|f] 5ftf ;+u7g, :6sxf]d l:yt clgjfo{;}Go egf{ ;+u7g;DaGwL o'/f]lkog kl/ifb (ECCO) xf] .

184 185


aS; g+= ^#

;z:q ansf Joj;flos sd{rf/L ;+3sf ;b:osf]clwsf/;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL l;kmfl/; kl/ifb

!= ;+;bLo ;efn] :d/0f u/fpF5 ls -===_ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;z:q ansfJoj;flos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+3;+:yf u7g / x8\tfn ug]{{ clwsf/nfO{lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 -===_

$= lat]sf jif{x¿df s]xL ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] clgjfo{ egf{nfO{ ljz'4 Joj;flosk4ltdf kl/jt{g u/]sf 5g\ . kmn:j¿k, ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿ ælgoldtÆsd{rf/Lsf ¿kdf j[l4 x'Fb} 5g\, h;sf] /f]huf/bftf /Iff dGqfno xf] / hf]dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL ;lGw / o'/f]k]nL j8fkqdf :yflkt ePsf]sd{rf/Lsf] clwsf/sf] nflu k"0f{¿kn] of]Uo x'g'k5{ .

%= ;z:q ansf ;b:ox¿ æjbL{;lxtsf gful/sÆ ePsf]n] k"0f{ clwsf/pkef]u ug{ kfpg'k5{ . ;]gf o'4 jf st{Jodf gePsf] a]nf ljz]if ;+3;+:yfx¿:yfkgf ug{, ;b:o x'g / ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g kfpg'k5{ . ;fy} nf]stflGqs;+:yfleqsf] ;+/rgfleq /x]/ cfkmgf] Joj;flos :jfy{sf] /Iff st{Jokfng ul//x]sf] l;nl;nfdf ;d]t ug'{ k5{ .

^= ;}lgs sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;dfg clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ / sfg'gL /fhgLltsbnx¿df ;xefuL jf ;b:o x'g kfpg] ;d]t clwsf/k|fKt x'g'k5{ .

&= To;sf/0f dGqLx¿sf] ;ldltnfO{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf ;/sf/;Fu cfu|x ug{;+;bLo ;efn] l;kmfl/; u5{ Ms_ ;z:q ansf ;b:o / ;}lgs sd{rf/LnfO{ k|ltlglwd"ns ;+3x¿df

;+ul7t eP/ tna / /f]huf/sf] zt{ ;DaGwL ;jfndf ;D }́tf ug{clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{{Ù

v_ ;z:q annfO{ ;+3sf] ;b:o x'g kfpg] clwsf/af/] ljBdfg cgfjZosk|ltjGw x6fpg]Ù

u_ ;z:q ansf ;b:ox¿ / ;}lgs sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg'gL /fhgLltsbnx¿df ;b:o aGg lbg]Ù

3_ oL clwsf/nfO{ ;}lgs lgod / ;b:o /fi6«sf] ;+lxtfdf ;dfj]z ug]{Ù

ª_ cDa'8\;Dofg :yfkgfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ k/LIf0f ug]{ / of];Fu ;DalGwt;}lgs sd{rf/Ln] >d / cGo ;]jf;Fu ;DjlGwt ljjfbx¿ ePdflgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5g\ .

*= ;efn] dGqL :t/Lo ;ldltnfO{ ;+zf]lwt o'/f]k]nL ;fdflhs j8fkqsf] d"ncfn]vdf k'glj{rf/sf nflu k/LIf0f ug{ cfu|x u5{ / o;sf] ;+zf]lwt wf/f% ;dfj]z x'g'k5{– æsfdbf/ / /f]huf/bftfsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ k|j4{g tyf;'lglZrt ug{, pgLx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs lxtsf] ;'/Iff ug{ :yfgLo,/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx¿ u7g ug{ kfpg] / tL ;+u7gx¿df;b:o x'g kfpg'k5{ . bnx¿sf] /fli6«o sfg'gsf] kfngfn] :jtGqtfnfO{sdhf]/ agfpg] 5}g, g t o;nfO{ :jtGqtf sdhf]/ agfpgs} nflu nfu"ul/G5 . s]xL xb;Dd of] wf/fn] Joj:yf u/]sf] k|Tofe"lt k|x/L / ;z:qansf ;b:ox¿df /fli6«o sfg'g jf lgodx¿n] lgwf{l/t ug]{5g\ .Æ

Recommendations 1572 (2002)Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, 3 September, 2002

k|d'v d"No tyf dfGotfdf lzIffsf] k|j4{g

;'/IffsdL{sf] lzIffsf] p2]Zo Joj;flos ;'/IffsdL{sf] pTkfbg ug]{ x'g'k5{, hf]cfˆgf] st{Jok|lt ;dlk{t / ;Fw} tTk/ x'G5g\ . ;}lgs lzIff /fhgLlts ¿kn]t6:y x'g'kb{5 / s'g} k|sf/n] /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f / k|rf/afhLsf tTjx¿;dfj]z x''g'x'Fb}g . o;df nf]stGq, ;+j}wflgs, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g /dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;'/Iff If]qnfO{ cGt/f{li6«odfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g;DaGwL lzIff / k|lzIf0fpknAw u/fpg' ljz]ifu/L To; If]qdf nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfx¿sf] k|j4{gsfnflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g;Fu kl/lrt x'g ;+;bdf ;b:ox¿;f+;bx¿sf nflu ;g\ !((( df cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3 / /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o

;ldltn] k|sfzg u/]sf] -xft] k'l:tsf g+= !_ xft] k'l:tsf …cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo

sfg'gsf] ;DdfgÚ -Respect for International Humanitarian Law_ k|fKt ug{ rfxG5g\ ./]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt (ICRC) / dfgj clwsf/sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo

186 187


pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no (UNHCR) b'a}n] /fHox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|fljlws;xof]u pknAw u/fP/ qmdzM cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] lglDt ;Ddfg clej[l4 ug{ k|oTg u5{g\ .

/fhgLlts t6:ytf / c;lqmo ;+nUgtf

;'/Iff ;]jfx¿ /fhgLlts tj/n] t6:y x'g'kg]{ ePsf]n] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{Jof/]sleq cleofg ;~rfng ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . ha ls s]xL /fi6«x¿dfaxfnjfnf ;]gfx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o aGg ;Sg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5eg] cGo /fi6«x¿df ljz]if u/L, ;fDojfbL zf;gd'Qm /fi6«x¿df ;}lgs sd{rf/LnfO{/fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o x'g] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,kf]Nof08df u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿ h:tf], u'Ktr/ ;+:yf jf k|x/LnfO{/fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o x'g k|ltjlGwt ul/Psf] 5 . k|foM /fi6«x¿df ;'/IffsdL{/fli6«o ;+;bsf] ;b:o x'g ;Sb}gg\ . s]xL /fi6«df, h:tf] g]b/Nof08 / hd{gLdfaxfnjfnf ;]gfx¿ :yfgLo jf If]qLo ;efsf] ;b:o aGg ;S5g\ .

;dfhsf] P]gfsf] ¿kdf ;'/Iff ;]jfx?

l;4fGttM ;'/Iff If]qleqsf ;a} kbx¿ lnË, /fhgLlts ;+nUgtf, ju{, hflt jfwd{sf] cfwf/df geO{ ;a} gful/ssf] nflu v'nf x'g'kb{5 . ;j{>]i7 k'¿if jfdlxnfnfO{ ;j{>]i7 kb eGg] g} 5gf}6sf] d'Vo dfkb08 x'g'kb{5 . w]/} /fHox¿n]a'́ ]sf 5g\ ls ;'/Iff ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ d'VotM k|x/L / ;z:q an cfd?kdf;dfhsf] P]gf x'g'k5{ . o:tf /fHox¿n] ljlzi6 k|sf/sf gLltx¿ nfu' u5{g\h;n] ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿df Go"g k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;dfhsf ;d"xnfO{ klg /f]huf/Lsf]nflu cfj]bg lbg k|f]T;fxg u5{g\ .

cj}w tyf ckdfghgs cfb]zsf] cj1fnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg

;'/Iff ;]jfsf ;a} kb, If]q, sfo{ ;~rfng, ;xof]u, sfd sf/jfxL, ;"rgf;Dk|]if0f, st{Jo kfngf / cgudgnfO{ sfg'gn] lgb]{zg u/]sf] x'G5 . sfg'gn] dfq;'/Iff ;]jfnfO{ clVtof/L lbG5g\ . ;}lgssf ;DaGwdf eg] ;}lgs sd{rf/L P]g jf

;}lgs b08 ljwfgh:tf lglb{i6 sfg'gx¿n] clgjfo{ kfng ug{'kg]{ cfb]zx¿tf]s]sf] x'G5 . k|foM /fi6«x¿df oL sfg'gn] k|To]s ;}lgs sdf08/nfO{ cfb]z hf/Lubf{ sfg'gsf] zf;g kfngf ug{ afWo u5{g\, cyf{t\ sdf08/sf clwsf/nfO{;Lldt u5{g\ . ;]jf/t JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg'gL -cfk/flws_ cfb]znfO{ cj1f ug]{st{Jo x'G5Ù s'g} klg ;]jf/t JolQmn] s'g} cfb]z cg';f/ ck/fw u/] klg o;df;kmfO kfpFb}gÙ ;fy}, cfˆgf] sfd st{Jo;Fu c;DalGwt jf dfgjLo cfTd;Ddfgsf]pNnª\3g ug]{ cfb]z kfngf ug{ s'g} klg ;]jf/t JolQm jfWo x'g] 5}g . o;n] s]a'́ fpF5 eg] ;]jf/t JolQm :jo+ cfkm"n] u/]sf sfo{ / pRr kb:y clwsf/Ln]cfb]z u/]sf] sfo{df ;d]t hjfkmb]xL x'g'k5{ .

pRr ;}lgs g]t[TjnfO{ ;dfhdf pbfx/0f sfod ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ / s'g} klg;}lgsnfO{ cnf]stflGqs, c;+j}wflgs jf cg}lts cfb]z jf sfo{x¿ ug]{ 5'6x'Fb}g eg]/ hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . of] ljz]ifu/L, k"j{ ;}lgs tfgfzfxLJoj:yfsf] ;z:q ansf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ch]{lG6gfdfnf]stGq k'gj{xfnL kZrft\ ToxfFsf ;}lgs hg/nx¿n] 3f]if0ff u/] æ;fWon];fwgsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ub}{gÆ, t;y{ æh;n] cg}lts cfb]z lbG5g\ / h;n] tLcfb]zx¿sf] kfngf u5{g\, ltgLx¿n] sfg'g tf]8]sf] dflgG5 .Æ oL cleJolQmdfkm{t\pRr g]t[Tjn] s] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 eg] k|To]s ;}lgs cfkm"n] u/]sf ck/fw /b'/frf/sf] JolQmut¿kdf hjfkmb]xL x'G5 / pRr kb:y clwsf/Lx¿af6 k|fKtlgb]{zg -u}/sfg'gL_ sf] kfngf dfq u/]sf] eg]/ ts{ ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .

csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ d'2f eg]sf] b08xLgtf /f]Sg tyf o;lj?4 n8\g s'g} lsl;dsf]k]zfut b'Jo{jxf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3gePdf ;DalGwt k|zf;lgs jf Goflos cËn] b08;hfo ug]{5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrtug'{ xf] .

pRr kb:y ;'/Iff sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf nflu dfkb08 lgwf{/0f

;'/Iff ;]jfsf pRr kbx¿df h:tf] ;z:q ansf] k|wfg ;]gfklt jf u'Ktr/;]jfsf lgb]{zsx¿nfO{ dGqLkl/ifb jf /Iff dGqLn] lgo'Qm u5{g\ . s]xL /fi6«x¿df

188 189


oL pRr txsf lgo'lQmx¿ ;+;bLo ax; jf cg'df]bgsf ljifo x'G5g\ . oBlk,pRr clwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm gful/s /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] u/] klg 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf]Joj;flos dfkb08 dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

pRr ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgdf u}/–;}lgs JolQm

;'zf;gsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;'/Iff ;]jfx¿df h:tf] ;z:q ansf] pRr Joj:yfkgdfu}/ ;}lgs JolQm x'g'k5{ . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf] ;Gt'lnt lg0f{o k|lqmofsfod ug{ ;DalGwt dGqLnfO{ hg/nn] dfq xf]Og u}/ ;}lgs gful/sn] ;d]tk/fdz{ lbg' k5{ .

Joj;flos cfrf/

Pp6f Joj;flos sfo{sf cfrf/x¿ Jojxf/, lgod / gLltx¿sf cfwf/df ag]sfx'G5g\ . ;]jfsdL{n] /fHo ;+:yf;Fu :j]lR5s ;xsfo{ / ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{,;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t eO{ eP/ cfˆgf] st{Jo bIf / k|efjsf/L t/Lsfn]kfngf ug'{k5{ / zlQm tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] b'¿kof]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . of] dxTjk"0f{x'G5 ls Joj;flos cfrf/ jfWofTds geO{ :j]lR5s ;xdltåf/f x'g'k5{ . :j]lR5s;xdlt x'Fbf ;]jfsdL{df ;+ljwfg / /fli6«o ;+:yfk|lt ;sf/fTds uf}/j x'G5 lsgeg]pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;dfhsf] nf]stflGqs d"NonfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf x'G5g\ .

w]/} /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf ;]jfsdL{x¿sf] cfrf/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfrf/;+lxtfnfu" u/]sf 5g\ . hd{g ;z:q ansf] Joj;flos cfrf/ pbfx/0f aS; g+= ̂ $ dfpNn]v 5 .

aS; g+= ^$

hd{g ;z:q andf g]t[Tj ljsf; / gful/s lzIff MæOg]/] km'x'?ËÆ (Innere Fuhrung) sf l;4fGtx?

æ -===_ låtLo ljZj o'4kl5 a'G8]:j]x/ (Bundeswehr) sf] :yfkgfaf/] 5nkmnx'Fbf Og]]/] km'x'?Ë -g}lts g]t[Tj / gful/s lzIff_ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;z:q

andf ;'wf/ Nofpg] Ps k4ltsf] ¿kdf x]l/of] h'g cl3Nnf k/Dk/fx¿eGbfleGg 5 .

-===_ Og]/] km'x'?ªsf] l;4fGtn] Psflt/ a'G8]:j]x/sf] cfGtl/s ;+u7gnfO{cfwf/e"t dfu{lgb]{zg pknAw u/fpF5 / csf]{lt/ /fHo / ;dfhnfO{ PsLs[tu/fpF5 eGg] dfGotf ;fdfGotM /flvG5 .

-===_ Og]/] km'x'?Ën] Psflt/ gful/ssf] ¿kdf ;]jfsdL{sf] JolQmut clwsf/tyf :jtGqtf / csf]{lt/ pgLx¿sf] ;}lgs st{Josf] dfu{aLr pTkGg åGåcyjf tgfjnfO{ ;xg ;lsg] dfqf;Dd Go"gLs/0f u5{ . pRr kb:yclwsf/Lx¿sf] g]t[TjbfoL Jojxf/ dfgjLo ;Ddfgn] el/k"0f{ x'g'kb{5 h'gxfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ xf] -===_ .

jfXo¿kdf, o; l;4fGtsf] p2]Zo a'G8]:j]x/nfO{ /fHo / ;dfhdf PsLs[tu/L ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug'{ xf] / ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfsdL{x¿nfO{ :jtGq gful/ssf¿kdf :yfkgf ug'{ xf] -===_ . o;sf] p2]Zo a'G8]:j]x/ æ/fHoleqsf] /fHoÆaGg ;S5 ls eGg] eonfO{ x6fpg' xf] h'g ;a} ;z:q andf :jefljs¿kn]/x]sf] x'G5 -===_ .

Og]/] km'x'?Ësf p2]Zox? MØ ;]jfsdL{nfO{ a'G8]:j]x/sf] sf] /fhg}lts / sfg'gL cfwf/sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf]

;}lgs cleofg -ld;g_ sf] cy{ / p2]Zoaf/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]ÙØ a'G8]:j]x/ / o;sf ;]jfsdL{nfO{ /fHo tyf ;dfhdf PsLs/0f u/]/ k|a4{g ug]{

/ pgLx¿sf] cleofgaf/] hgtfnfO{ a'́ fpg Jofks hgr]tgf l;h{gf ug]{ÙØ ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] st{Jokfng tbf¿stfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ /

;z:q anleq cg'zf;g tyf Pstf sfod /fVg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ÙØ ;z:q ansf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf dfgjLo ;Ddfgk|ltsf] cfb/ / sfg'gL

tyf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t ul/Psf] 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug]{/ ;z:q ansf] cleofgsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;xh agfpg]Ù

b}lgs ;}Go hLjgdf Og]/] km'x'?ª\usf d'Vo ;f/ / p2]Zox¿nfO{ s]xL lgod–sfg'g / ;]jf;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 -===_Æ

;|f]tM website of the German Federal Parliament www.bundestag.de

190 191


cGt/f{li6«o txdf nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf ;]jfsdL{x¿sf] Joj;flos g}ltstf;DaGwL;Gbe{ ¿k/]vf tof/ ug{ xfn;Dd b'O{ j6f cfrf/;+lxtfx¿ ljsl;t ePsf5g\ . klxnf], ;g\ !(&( df dxf;efn]] kfl/t u/]sf] sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{clwsf/Lx¿;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+lxtf -aS; g+= ̂ % x]g{'xf];\_ . of] ;+lxtf ;fdfGok|s[ltsf] 5 / jbL{jfnf ;]jfsdL{sf nflu dfq geO{ sfg'g sfof{Gjo ug]{ lgsfox¿dfsfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu ;d]t cg's"n 5 .

aS; g+= ^%

sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx?sf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtfdxf;efåf/f ;g\ !(&( l8;]Da/ !& df cg'df]lbt k|:tfj #$÷!^(

wf/f ! –sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] ;d'bfosf] ;]jf / u}/sfg'gLsfo{lj¿4 ;a} JolQmx¿sf] /Iff ub}{ cfˆgf] pRrtd k]zfut lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t;b}j sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPsf] st{Josf] kfngf ug]{5g\ .

wf/f @ –sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdfdfgjLo ;Ddfgsf] cfb/ / /Iff ub}{ ;a} JolQmsf dfgjclwsf/x¿ sfodug]{5g\ .

wf/f # –sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] cTofjZos ePsf] v08df /st{Jo kfngfsf nflu cfjZos xb;Dd zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{5g\ .

wf/f $ –sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf uf]Ko k|s[ltsfdfldnfx¿nfO{ st{Jo kfng cyjf Gofo;Dkfbgsf a]nf cTofjZos ePsf]dfafx]s cGo cj:yfdf uf]Ko /flvg]5 .

wf/f % –s'g} klg sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Ln] b08 lbg], pS;fpg] jfs'g} klg k|sf/sf oftgf jf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf;hfox¿ ug]{ 5}gg\, g t s'g} sfg'g nfu' ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] jl/i7x¿sf]cfb]z cfXjfg ug]{5g\ cyjf ljz]if kl/l:yltx¿ h:tf] o'4sf] cj:yf jfr'gf}tL, /fli6«o ;'/Iffdflysf] r'gf}tL, cfGtl/s /fhgLlts cl:y/tf cyjfcGo ;fj{hlgs ;+s6sf s'g} klg cj:yfdf oftgf jf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo,jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ cyjf ;hfox¿nfO{ Gofo;+ut dfGg]5g\ .

wf/f ̂ –sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] lx/f;tdf /flvPsf JolQmx¿sf]:jf:Yosf] k"0f{ ;'/Iffaf/] ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\ / ljz]if u/L cfjZos k/]sf] a]nflrlsT;f ;]jf t'¿Gt k'¥ofpg] 5g\ .

wf/f & –sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] e|i6frf/hGo s'g} sfo{x¿ ug]{5}gg\ / o:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ s8fO;fy lj/f]w tyf k|ltsf/ ug]{5g\ .

wf/f * –sfg'g nfu' ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿n] sfg'g / jt{dfg ;+lxtfsf] ;Ddfgug]{5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd o;sf] /Iff / pNnª\3g ePsf]v08df s8fOsf ;fy lj/f]w tyf k|ltsf/ ug]{5g\ . tL clwsf/Lx¿ hf];Fuo; ;+lxtfsf] s8f pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 jf x'g]jfnf 5 egL ljZjf; ug{] kof{Ktsf/0fx¿ 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] o; ljifodf jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug]{5g\/ cfjZos k/] cGo ;DalGwt clwsf/L cyjf cËx¿nfO{ klg ;"lrtug]{5g\ hf];Fu ;dfwfg jf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ clVtof/L 5 .

b|i6Jo M o; cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] k|To]s wf/fsf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 h'g o; v08df k|:t'tul/Psf] 5}g . s[kof ;Dk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf nflu x]g{'xf]nf M www.UN.org

bf];|f] cfrf/;+lxtf eg]sf] ;'/Iff If]qsf] /fhgLlts–;}lgs kIfx¿ ;DaGwL cf]P;;LOcfrf/;+lxtf xf] -aS; g+= ^^ x]g{'xf];\_ . of] cfrf/ ;+lxtfn] ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff If]q;+u7gsf ;]jf/t JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIft u/]sf] 5 / ;z:q ansf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{dfu{lgb]{zg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o;n] ;]jf/t ;}lgsx¿ j}wflgstf, nf]stGq,t6:ytf, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kfngfsfl;4fGtx¿k|lt b[9 /xg'kb{5 eGg] kIfnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . of] cfrf/;+lxtfn];z:q ;]gfsf hjfgx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf nfluJolQmut¿kdf hjfkmb]xL 7xl/g ;Sg]5g\ egL cf}+NofPsf] 5 . h] eP klg o;n]w]/}h;f] /fHox¿sf] cfGtl/s If]qflwsf/leq k/]sf] elgPsf d'4fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf]5 . t;y{, of] ;+lxtfn] /fHo zlQmsf] Ps o:tf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ k|ultsf] k|ltlglwTjub{5 h;nfO{ xfn;Dd xf]l;of/Lk"j{s /Iff ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . cf]P;;LO /fHox¿n];g\ !(($ df of] ;+lxtfdf x:tfIff/ u/] otf logLx¿n] cfˆgf] kmf}hdf s;/LgofF etL{ ug]{, lzlIft agfpg], s;/L k|lzIf0f of cfb]z lbg] eGg] ;DaGwdfdfkb08x¿ nuftf/ lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] ;+lxtfleqsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf;Fu

192 193


;DalGwt 5 h;n] ;z:q ansf] yk Joj;foLs/0fnfO{ ;z:q ansf] plrtnf]stflGqs lgoGq0f;Fu ;dfof]hg ug{'kb{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

aS; g+= ^^

;'/Iff If]qsf] /fhgLlts–;}lgs kIfx?;DaGwL cf]P;;LOcfrf/;+lxtf - !(($_ M k|d'v ljz]iftfx?

Ø cfGtl/s ansf lj:t[t cjwf/0ff cGtu{t u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿, cw{–;}lgs/ k|x/L kb{5g\ . oL k|fjwfgx¿df nf]stflGqs j}wtfk|fKt clwsf/Lx¿dfkm{t\ oL zlQmx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L nf]stflGqs lgoGq0fdf /fVg' /fHosf]st{Jo xf] eg]/ ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 -cg'R5]b @) / @!_Ù

Ø /Iff jh]6sf] sfg'gL cg'df]bg;DaGwL k|fjwfg / ;}Go vr{ lgoGq0f;DaGwLcEof;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg . ;z:q an;DaGwL ;"rgf;Dd hgtfsf] kx'Fr /kf/blz{tf -cg'R5]b @@_

Ø ;z:q ;]gfsf] /fhgLlts t6:ytf -cg'R5]b @#_ÙØ ;z:q ;]gfsf hjfgx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf nflu

JolQmut¿kdf hjfkmb]xL 7xl/g ;Sg]5g\ -cg'R5]b #!_ÙØ ;z:q ;]gfx¿ o'4 cyjf zflGtdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf k|fjwfg cg';f/

zfl;t, ;~rflnt, k|lzlIft / xftxltof/n] ;';lHht ul/Psf x'G5g\-cg'R5]b #$_Ù

Ø cfGtl/s ;'/Iff cleofg ;~rfngdf ;]gfsf] ;xof]u lnFbf k|rlntcfjZostf;Fu d]n vfg'kb{5 . ;z:q ann] gful/s tyf pgLx¿sf] ef}lts;DklQdf Iflt x'g glbg plrt x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofpg]5g\ -cg'R5]b #^_Ù

Ø ;z:q ansf] k|of]un] gful/ssf] dfgj tyf gful/s clwsf/sf] zflGtk"0f{tyf Gofok"0f{ cEof;nfO{ ;Lldt kfg{ ;Sb}g g t pgLx¿sf] /fli6«o,wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs jf hftLo klxrfgaf6 g} jl~rt ug{ ;S5-cg'R5]b #&_ .

;|f]t M OSCE Code of Conduct, Sections vii and viii. See:OSCEwebsite : www.osce.org and OSCE Code of Conduct

website: http://www.osce.org/docs/english/1990-1999/summits/buda94e.htm#Anchor_COD_65130

;}lgs If]qflwsf/

;}lgs cg'zf;gsf] cfjZostf tL w]/} zt{x¿df cfwfl/t x'G5 h'g ;}Go cleofgsf]ljlzi6 k|s[ltdf lglxt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kmf}hbf/L Jojxf/sf] ljifodf u}/;}lgs ;d'bfoeGbf ;}lgs ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0f km/s x'G5 . Ps u}/ ;}lgssfdbf/nfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg gu/L 5f8]/ uPdf jf ;xL t/Lsfn];DkGg ug{ ;Ifd gePdf pm lj¿4 kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfUb}g . /f]huf/bftfn]p;nfO{ /f]huf/Laf6 x6fpg ;S5 jf cGoq /f]huf/Lsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5 . t/ p;nfO{ kmf}hbf/L cbfntdf n}hfg] ljsNk eg]/f]huf/bftf;Fu x'Fb}g . otf ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿ eg] ;]jf 5f]8L efu]df cyjf;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L lgwf{l/t dfkb08 / cfjZostf adf]lhd ;DkGg x'g g;s]dfkmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] efuLbf/ aGb5g\ . o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ st{Josf] cjx]ngfdfq dflgb}g, o;n] cGo ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'/Iff / xLtnfO{ klg hf]lvdk"0f{agfpF5 . u}/ ;}lgs ;dfhdf yfx gePsf] ;}Go s;"/sf cGo pbfx/0fx¿dfhfn;fhL t/Lsfaf6 etL{, ;]jf 5f]8]/ efUg] k|j[lQ, :jLs[t ljbfljgf u}/ xflh/L,j]kQf x'g] k|j[lQ, jl/i7 clws[tx¿k|lt cgfb/k"0f{ Jojxf/, ;}lgs ljb|f]x, zq'kIfnfO{ ;xof]u / 8\o'6Lsf] a]nf lgbfpg] h:tf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .

of] d'2fn] s:tf] ck/fw ;}lgs If]qflwsf/ / s:tf] u}/ ;}lgs If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tk5{g\ eGg] lh1f;fnfO{ k|d'v ¿kdf p7fPsf] 5 . l;4fGttM ;}lgs cbfntnfO{k|ltaGwfTds ta/n] k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 / u}/ ;}lgs cbfntsf]] If]qflwsf/nfO{a9LeGbf a9L k|rngdf NofOg'kb{5 . ;}lgs If]qflwsf/ ;}Go sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]cEof;qmddf 36]sf tL ck/fwx¿sf] nflu dfq ;Lldt x'g'kb{5 / ;}lgs ;+lxtfn]u}/ ;}lgs kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf sdeGbf sd k|efj kfg'{k5{ .

oxfF k|sfz kfg'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] clwsf+z /fi6«x¿df ;}lgs cbfntx¿Gofokflnsfsf cË xf]Ogg\ t/ sfo{kflnsfsf c+u ePsf]n] ;z:q an cGtu{tsfk|zf;sLo cw{ Goflos lgsfox¿ -tribunals_ x'g\ . cyf{t, ;}lgs GofofwLzx¿k|foM u/L ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf dfkm{t lgo'Qm x'Fb}gg\ / GofofwLz lgo'lQmsf] cfjZostfklg x'Fb}g . oBlk, of] ;f]Rg' cTofjZos 5 ls ;}lgs cbfntsf ;a} d'2fx¿

194 195


Gofokflnsfåf/f ;'kl/j]If0f ul/g'k5{ . w]/} /fi6«x¿df ;}lgs If]qflwsf/sf] nfluk'g/fj]bgsf] b[i6fGtsf] ¿kdf u}/ ;}lgs k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] :yfkgf u/]/ oLsfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5g\ .


;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ M

!= ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿n] jkmfbf/Lsf] zky ;+ljwfg, sfg'gL zf;g / /fHo;+:yfx¿k|lt lnG5g\, JolQmk|lt xf]Og .

@= lzIffnfO{ ljz]if dxTj;lxt k|j4{g ul/Psf] 5 / nf]stflGqs dfGotf,gful/s clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf] lzIffnfO{ s'g} klg ;}lgs k|lzIf0fsf]cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

#= ;}lgs clws[tx¿nfO{ ;+;bsf] ;b:o aGg] cg'dlt x'Fb}g .$= gofF l;kfxL / clws[tx¿sf] 5gf}6 Joj;flos dfkb08df cfwfl/t 5 .%= u}/ sfg'gL / ckdfghgs cfb]zsf] cj1f ug]{ ;]jf/t JolQmsf] st{JonfO{

j}wflgstf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .^= ;}lgs g}lts ;+lxtfdf :j]lR5s ;xdltsf ljz]iftf x'g'k5{ h'g pko'Qm

cfrf/;+lxtfåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] xf];\ .&= ;}lgs If]qflwsf/sf] bIftf hlt a9L k|ltaGwfTds x'G5 plt g} ;}lgs

cbfntsf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ u}/ ;}lgs kmf}hbf/L cbfntx¿df k'g/fjb]g lbg;lsG5 .

*= ;'/Iff ;]jfnfO{ sfg'g / Jojxf/ b'a}df /fHosf] x/]s dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/e"ttTjx¿k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg'k5{ -;]jf/t JolQmsf] JolQmut hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwdf cufl8sf] kl/R5]b x]g{'xf];\_ / ;'/Iff ;]jfsf nflu cfGtl/shjfkmb]xL;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿ sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . z+sf:kbb'Jo{jxf/ / hgtfsf] ph'/L tyf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ b08;hfosf] ;DaGwdfcfGtl/s k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cg'dlt lbg'k5{Ù o:tf ;+oGqx¿ nfu' ul/Psf/ k|efjsf/L ePsf] lg/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . :d/0f /xf];\, ;+;bx¿nfO{ :jtGq

5fgljgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / z+sf:kb JolQmx¿nfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf]5 eg]/ lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

;]jf/t JolQmsf gful/s clwsf/x?Ø ;}lgs tbf¿stf / ;}lgs ;]jfsf] /fhgLlts t6:ytf ;'lglZrt ug{

;]jf/t JolQm cyf{t ;}lgssf] gful/s clwsf/x¿ sfg'gn] ;Lldt u/]sf]5 .

Ø gful/s sfg'gsf] s6f}tLnfO{ ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 k|s[lt / sfo{;Fuk|ToIf hf]8]/ x]g{'k5{, ljz]if u/L ;dfhdf ;z:q ansf] Psflwsf/nfO{ .

Ø gful/s clwsf/df ul/Psf] s6f}tLn] kg{ uPsf] c;'ljwfsf] Ifltk"lt{sfnflu pko'Qm dfWodåf/f ;dfwfg ug'{kb{5 .

cf1fkfngØ ;]jf/t JolQm / clgjfo{ etL{jfnfx¿sf] u}/sfg'gL / cg}lts cfb]zsf

;fy} tL cfb]zx¿sf] cj1f ug]{] st{JonfO{ sfg'gdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5h;n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf] d"NodfGotfsf]k|lt/f]w u5{g\ .

Ø of] st{JonfO{ ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] cg'zf;g k|0ffnLåf/f nfu' ul/Psf] 5 egLlglZrt ug{'xf];\ .

b'Jo{jxf/ / e|i6frf/Ø ;'/Iff sfo{bnleq e|i6frf/ sf08 / lx+;fTds HofbtLx¿ ePdf t'¿Gt}

sf/jfxL ug'{xf];\ .Ø pko'Qm / uDeL/ 5fgljg ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ lglZrt ug'{xf];\ / plrt ePdf

;DalGwt lgsfoåf/f b08 ;hfosf af/]df lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ ePdf ljgf s'g}l9nfO sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

Ø ;}lgs / cGo ;'/Iff ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cGoq /f]huf/L ug{ jfJofkf/ Joj;fox¿df JolQmut jf ;d"xut÷;+:yfut ?kdf ;+nUg x'gaf6k|ltaGw nufpg sfg'g agfpg'xf];\ .

196 197


cWofo – @^

;'/Iff If]qdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg

;}Go ;]jf o:tf] k]zf xf] h;df zf/Ll/s hf]lvd, lgoldt :yfgfGt/0f, kl/jf/af66f9f /xg'kg]{ nufotsf vf; ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ . ;+;b ;r]t x'g'k5{ ls ;]gfæs'g} csf]{ sfddfq xf]OgÆ . ;xL egf{, 5gf}6, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, tnaeQf,lzIff / k'/:sf/ Joj:yf;lxtsf] plrt sd{rf/L Joj:yf Joj;flos ;'/IffIf]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, Tof] nf]stflGqs l;4fGtdf b[9 x'G5 /sfg'gsf] zf;g tyf gful/s ;jf]{Rrtfsf] ;Ddfg u5{ .

;+;bx¿n] Joj;flos ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] l;h{gf / ;Def/;DaGwL sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0fug'{k5{ . nf]stflGqs tyf Joj;flos ;+u7gnfO{ g]t[Tj ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n]sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ljsf; / sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . /fHon];]jf/t ;}lgsx¿nfO{ tna, ;]jfsf zt{, eQfx¿ / lgj[lQe/0f -k]G;g_ sf ;DaGwdfc;n /f]huf/bftfsf] ¿kdf Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5÷5}g eGg] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{k5{ .

sf]7f g+= ^&

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg M ;+;bsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ a'Fbfx?;+;bnfO{ ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;/sf/sf] k|:tfjsf lgDga'Fbfx¿df hfgsf/L u/fOg'kb{5 .

;fwf/0f gLltut d'2fx?Ø s] ;'/Iff ;]jf ;DaGwL sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg gLltnfO{ jflif{s jh]6 k|:tfjsf]

Ps efusf] ¿kdf jf 5'6\6} b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf :jLs[ltsf nflu ;+;bsf];dfJxfg ul/G5 <

Ø s] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / ;}lgs ;+/rgf;DaGwL gLltx¿ jh]6 / /fli6«ocy{tGqsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 jf:tljs / wfGg ;lsg] vfnsf 5g\ <

;sf/fTds tyf ;fdfGo cj:yfx?Ø s] ;+;bn] ;z:q an, k|x/L / u'Ktr/h:tf ;]jfsf nflu clwstd ;+Vof

lgwf{/0f ub{5 <Ø s] ;+;bn] k|To]s bhf{sf] xbaGbLdfly lg0f{o ub{5 <Ø s] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ gLltx¿ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu pknAw

5g\ <Ø s] ;+;bn] ;Dk"0f{ ;fGble{s ;"rgf k|fKt u5{ M bhf{ cg';f/sf] s"n ;+Vof,

tna–eQf, ljleGg ultljwLx¿, l/Qm kb cflb <Ø s] ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/ gLltn] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ vf/]hL ubf{sf] ;fdflhs kl/0ffdaf/]

;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ <

egf{ tyf 5gf}6Ø s] ;a} kbx¿ dlxnfnufot ;Dk"0f{ gful/ssf] nflu v'nf ul/Psf] 5 <

olb sfg'gn] /f]s nufPsf] 5 eg] <Ø s] ;'/Iff ;]]jfsf] nflu ;dfhsf vf; ju{n] dfq b/vf:t lbg kfpg] u/L

aGb egf{ k2ltsf] ;§fdf v'nf egf{ k|0ffnL pko'Qm 5 <Ø s] pDd]b\jf/ 5gf]6 k|lqmofdf Joj;flos dfkb08 k|of]u ul/G5 <Ø s] ;'/Iff ;]jfleq kof{Kt l/Qm kb l;h{gf x'g] u5{g\ <Ø s] k|f/lDes 5gf}6kl5 ;]jf 5f]8\g]x¿sf] ;+Vof cTolws x'G5 <

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgØ s] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df etL{ / kbf]Gglt ug'{k5{

eGg] k|d'v l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu' ul/Psf] 5 <Ø s] Joj;flos cfjlws d"NofÍg k2lt sfod 5 <Ø s] of] k2lt kf/bzL{, p2]Zod"ns / lgikIf 5 <Ø s] ;'/Iff ;]jfn] cfsif{s / k|]/0ffbfoL cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpF5 <Ø s] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ cGo tnaL sfd ug{af6 lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 <Ø s] k|d'v sdf08/x¿;Fu sfo{If]q -lkmN8_sf] cg'ej 5 < s] ltgLx¿n]

cGt/f{li6«o zflGt cleofgdf ;]jf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ <Ø s] ;+;b of t ;DalGwt ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿;Fu /Iff dGqL -cyjf cGo

;DalGwt dGqLx¿_n] k|wfg ;]gfklth:tf pRr kbdf lgo'lQm ubf{ k/fdz{lng] u/]sf 5g\ <

198 199


tnaØ s] ;}lgsx¿sf] tna cGo Joj;fosf t'ngfdf kof{{Kt 5 h;n] ;'/Iff

;]jfnfO{ >d ahf/df lghL sDkgLx¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;IfdagfpF5 <

Ø s] tna ;dodf e'QmfgL ul/G5 <Ø s] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ of]Uotf / Ifdtfs} cfwf/df k'/:s[t ul/G5 <Ø s] ;}lgsx¿sf] jf:tljs sfo{ ;Dkfbgn] pgLx¿sf] kfl/>ldsdf k|efj

kf/]sf] x'G5 <Ø s] kfl/>lds Joj:yf o;sf k|of]ustf{ / ;j{;fwf/0f b'j}sf nflu kf/bzL{

5 <Ø cjsfz tyf lgj[lQe/0f;DaGwL s] s:Tff] rf;f] /x]sf] 5 <Ø ;]jf/t JolQmsf] tna tyf nfe ;DaGwdf, s] cjsfz;DaGwL of]hgfx¿

;Gtf]ifhgs 5g\ < cjsfz k|fKt u/]kl5 pgLx¿n] s] kfpF5g\ / s]u'dfpF5g\ <


;'/Iff ansf] sfd tyf cfsf/Ø ;z:q ansf] sfo{sf ;fy} ;'/Iff ansf] cfsf/ /fli6«o cfly{s ;|f]t;Fu

Ps?ktf 5 eGg] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

;'/Iff ansf] kfl/>ldsØ ;}lgsx¿sf] tna cfly{s¿kn] lbuf] x'g'sf ;fy} >d ahf/df ;Dej

eP;Dd k|lt:kwL{ / c;n hLjglgjf{xsf nflu kof{Kt x'g'kg]{ lglZrtug'{xf];\ .

Ø lgoldt¿kdf tna e'QmfgLnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .Ø Go"g tna–eQfn] ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] cfsif{0f sd x'G5 / ;Defljt of]Uo

o'jf ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ lg¿T;flxt t'NofpF5 eGg]df Wofg k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .Ø ckof{Kt / clgoldt tna;'ljwf tyf e'QmfgLn] ;'/Iff ;]jfnfO{ e|i6, jf

hah{:tL c;'nL / lx+;ftkm{ k|]l/t u5{ eGg]df Wofg k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .Ø ;'/IffsdL{ / ltgLx¿sf] g]t[TjnfO{ cfly{s nfe / ;'ljwfx¿ o:tf] gxf];\

h;n] ubf{ ;'/Iff ;]jfnfO{ df]rf{aGbL ug]{ / /fhgLlts k|efj sfod ug]{rfxgf k}bf xf];\ . ltgLx¿ hgtfsf] hfgsf/Ldf x''g'kb{5 / cGo ;/sf/Lsd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] cfly{s nfe / ;'ljwf;Fu ;Gt'lnt x'g'kb{5 .tL ;'ljwfx¿ ;}lgs kl/rflnt If]qx¿df cK7\of/f cj:yf / hf]lvdk"0f{;]jf ug]{ ;}lgssf ;'ljwfx¿;Fu klg Ps¿k x''gkb{5 .

Ø cjsfzsf] ;Gtf]ifhgs of]hgf ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

200 201


cWofo – @&

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf / Goflos lj/f]w

clwsf+z d'n'ssf ;+ljwfgdf k|To]s gful/sn] cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf /fHosf];'/Iff ug'{kg]{ st{Jo / g}lts lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . s]xLd'n'sdf ;/sf/n] cfjZos 7fg]sf] s'g} klg a]nf k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;}Go ;]jfdfkm{t\clgjfo{?kdf ;z:q andf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . gful/s-d'Vo?kdf k'?ifx¿_ sf] ;}Go ;]jfdf clgjfo{ etL{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf]x'G5 / sfg'gdf oL kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ M

P clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf] bfloTj s;sf] xf]P ;]jf cjlwP :yug÷5'6 Joj:yfP egf{ k|lqmofP ;}Go egf{df axfgfafhLsf lglDt b08, /P Go"gtd / clwstd pd]/

o; cltl/Qm, clwsf+z /fi6«df xltof/ af]Sg OGsf/ ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf] sfg'g;d]t agfOPsf] x'G5, h:tf]– Goflos lj/f]w / j}slNks ;]jf .

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf] pkof]lutf / rfxgf

w]/} b]zdf clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf cBflk 5 . o;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f pgLx¿clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jfnfO{ nf]stGq / /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ tTjdfGb5g\ . oBlk, cfhef]ln o:tf] ;]jfnfO{ ljZje/ r'gf}tL lbOg yfn]sf] 5 .;z:q åGåsf] gofF k|s[ltsf ;Gbe{df cfw'lgs ;]gfdf etL{sf] pkof]lutf /rfxgf Pp6f ljjfbf:kb k|Zg ag]sf] 5 . ljleGg /fi6«df o:tf] etL{nfO{ x6fO;lsPsf]5 jf lgs6 eljiodf x6fpg] eO;s]sf 5g\, k|mfG; h;n] cfw'lgs Oltxf;dfclgjfo{ etL{sf] æcGj]if0fÆ u/]sf] lyof], p;n] ;g\ @))! df o;nfO{ x6fPsf] 5 .

s;}n] t cfd ;]gfsf] cGTo / To;sf] 7fpFdf ;fgf, pRr k|ljlwo'Qm / ultzLn;Dk"0f{ :j]lR5s ;]gfx¿ cfpg] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ .

aS; g+= ^*

ljZjdf ;}lgs ;]jf

;]jfsf] bfloTj M clwsf+z /fi6«df ;}lgs ;]jf !* jif{df k|f/De x'G5, tfklgsltko /fi6«df of] pd]/ !^, !&, !( / @) 5 . cfhef]ln w]/} /fi6«n] dlxnfclgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

;]jf cjlw M ;fwf/0ftof ^ dlxgfb]lv tLg jif{;Ddsf] x'G5 .

Goflos lj/f]w / j}slNks ;]jf M ;a} b]zdWo] sl/a cfwfdf Goflos lj/f]w/ j}slNks ;]jf nfu' ePsf 5g\ .

clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jf c:jLsf/ ubf{ k|foM s}b ;hfo x'G5 .;|f]tM Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to Commission resolution

1995/83,UNHCR,1997. E/CN.4/1997/99

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx?

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;f+;bx¿n]lgDg kIfdf Wofg lbg' plrt x'G5 M

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf lsg <

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf kIfsf ts{x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

P clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf hlxn] klg nf]stflGqs ljrf/;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpF5 lsgeg]of] k|To]s gful/s -clwsf+z k'?if_sf lglDt Pp6f sfg'gL bfloTj / g}ltslhDd]jf/L xf], lsgeg] o;n] ;Da4 ;a}nfO{ ;dfg :t/df /fV5 M h'g;'s}ju{, wd{ jf hfltsf eP klgÙ s]xL b]zdf of] bfloTj h'g;'s} lnËsf lglDtx'G5, clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jfn] k'?if ;/x dlxnfk|lt rf;f] /fV5 .

202 203


P clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf l;kfxLx¿ abL{ -o'lgkmd{_;lxtsf gful/s x'g\ /pgLx¿sf] pkl:yltn] ;z:q ;]gfnfO{ /fHoleqsf] /fHo aGgaf6 hf]ufpF5 .o;/L clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfn] ;dfh / ;z:q anaLr Ps nf]stflGqs ;DaGwsf]sfd ug{ ;S5 .

P ;fdfGo¿kn] eGg] xf] eg], clgjfo{ ;]jfsf ;}lgsx¿ ;Dk"0f{ :j]lR5s ;]jfsfl;kfxLeGbf sd vlr{nf x'G5g\, To:tf l;kfxLsf] Hofnf :j]lR5s l;kfxLsf]eGbf Hofb} yf]/} x'G5 .

P clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfn] ;dfhsf] ljleGg txsf JolQmx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdfNofpF5 . To:tf l;kfxLx¿n] ;z:q ;]gfsf lglDt n]vfkfn jf OlGhlgo/b]lvKnDa/ jf s[ifs;Ddsf ljleGg z}lIfs k[i7e"ld tyf sfo{ cg'ej NofpF5g\ .;z:q ann] oL z}lIfs of]Uotf / sfo{ cg'ejnfO{ zflGt cleofg ;d]tdf/fd|/L k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\, ;z:q ;]gfn] åGå/t /fi6«x¿df ;+Vofut ¿kdf /k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hxfF–hxfF of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ ToxfF–ToxfF clgjfo{;}Go ;]jfsf l;kfxLnfO{ nufpg ;lsG5 .

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf] cGTo lsg <

clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jf;DaGwL ljZjel/sf] xfd|f] cWoogn] cfd ;]gf / clgjfo{;}lgs ;]jfsf] cGTosf nflu lgDg ;}4flGts sf/0fx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ M

P lat]sf @% jif{df, ljz]ifu/L zLto'4sf] cGTokl5, ljleGg /fi6«x¿df ;z:q;]gfnfO{ ;fgf] agfOPsf] 5 / ;]gfdf cfjZos ;]jfsf lglDt dfq yf]/}cg'kftdf dfq clgjfo{ etL{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 -o;/L slxn]sfxL+ kIfkftk"0f{etL{sf] af]emsf] ¿kdf cfd c;Gt'li6 km}lng] u/]sf] 5_ . ljz]if u/L o"/f]–P6\nflG6s If]qsf /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf ;]gf 36fO;s]sf 5g\ eg] clk|msL /Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿df zLto'4kZrft\ zflGt k|flKtsf lglDt ;}lgs kl/df0f36fpg yflnPsf] 5 .

P ;z:q anx¿ a9LeGbf a9L Joj;flos / cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf lge{/ eO/x]sf5g\ . k|foM l;kfxLx¿n] cfw'lgs / hl6n xltof/ ;~rfng ug{ ;Ifd

x'gnfO{ nfdf] k|lzIf0f cfjZos x'G5 . clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf l;kfxLx¿nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jfdf g/xg] ePsf]n] ;fwf/0ftof o:tf Joj:yfl;t kl/lrtx'g ;Sb}gg\, ;]gf a9LeGbf a9L Joj;flos :j]lR5s ;]gf lge{/ x'G5 .

P zflGt cleofgsf lglDt cfwf/e"t ;}Go ;Lk dfq eP/ k'Ub}g, ;+jfb / cGo;Lkx¿ klg rflxG5g\ . w]/}h;f] clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu dfqx'G5Ù pgLx¿sf] ;Lk / cg'ej åGåf]Q/ ;dfhsf] hl6n zflGt ;xof]usfo{df clgjfo{ x'G5 .

P s'g} /fi6«df ;+ljwfgn] g} clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf l;kfxLnfO{ /fli6«o e"–efusf];'/Iffdf ;Lldt u/]sf] x'G5, clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf l;kfxLnfO{ b]zaflx/kl/rfng ug{'nfO{ u}/sfg'gL dfg]sf] x'G5 .

aS; g+= ^(

clgjfo{ etL{sf nflu x}/fgL

;}lgs ;]jfdf gofF / k'/fgf clgjfo{ etL{sf ;}lgsaLr k|foM cgf}krfl/slsl;dsf] dof{bfqmd x'G5 . o:tf] cgf}krfl/s dof{bfqmd k'/fgfn] gofF etL{nfO{;}lgs lgod / k/Dk/f l;sfpgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] ;}lgsx¿df;fdflhs 9fFrf tof/ ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 . sltko cj:yfdf, k'/fgf etL{jfnn]cfˆgf JolQmut kmfObfsf lglDt kbLo dof{bfqmdsf] b'?kof]u u5{g\ . pgLx¿n]gofF etL{sfnfO{ cg]s sfd ug{ afWo kf/]/ x}/fgL lbg ;S5g\ . olbclws[tx¿åf/f /fd|/L lgoGq0f ul/Pg eg] o:tf] cgf}krfl/s dof{bfqmd lgoGq0faflx/ hfg ;S5, o:tf] cj:yfdf gofF etL{ ePsfx¿n] x}/fgL, ef}lts lx+;f/ x:tIf]ksf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o'/f]lkog sfplG;n ckm sG;\lqmK6c/ugfOh];g (ECCO) sf cg';f/, x}/fgL kfpg' gofF etL{ ePsfx¿sf lglDtPp6f d'Vo ;d:of xf] . slxn]sfxL+ uDeL/ 3fOt] ePsf sf/0f :yfoL rf]6 jfd[To' jf cfTdxTof;Dd x'g;S5 . o;}n] clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfdf etL{ ePsfx¿sf];'/Iff / ;}lgs ;]jfsf] k|lti7fsf lglDt clws[tx¿sf] s8f lgoGq0f u/]/x}/fgL lbg] sfo{ /f]Sg' k5{ . o;afx]s, cfGtl/s / jfx\o ;'kl/j]If0fsf/L

204 205


;+:yfx¿n] o:tf r/d d'2fx¿df sf/jfxL ug'{k5{ / ;}lgs ;]jfleq sfg'gsf]zf;g :yflkt ug'{k5{ .

;|f]t M IIona Kiss, Rights of conscripts in peace time, 2001 on www.dcaf.ch and ECCO (seeBlack Book on rights of conscripts in Central and Eastern Europe, 1996, on

http://www/xs4all.nl/~ecco/)

Goflos lj/f]w / j}slNks ;]jf

s]xL JolQmn] wd{ -æt}Fn] xTof ug'{ x'Fb}gÆ_ cyjf JolQmut ljZjf; -clx+;f_ h:tfg}lts dxTjsf cfwf/df dfq dft[e"ldsf] /Iff ug{ ;lsG5 egL k|Zg p7fpg]u/]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffd:j?k /fHosf] cfb]z pNn+3g u/]afkt oL JolQmx¿n]d[To'b08nufot cg]s ;hfo ef]Ug'kg]{ x'g ;S5 .

ut ztfJbLsf] pQ/f4{df ;z:q andf efu lng / xltof/ p7fpg c:jLsf/ ug]{ljrf/ k|f/De eof] / Jofks?kdf :jLsfo{ eof]Ù w]/} d'n'sdf o;nfO{ sfg'gL?kdfc+uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;z:q ;]gfdf efu lng] jf glng] tyf xltof/ af]Sg]clwsf/;DaGwL ljrf/ Jofks¿kn] c+uLsf/ ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . of] k|j[lQ s]xLb]zx¿ -a]nfot, hd{gL, cfo/Nof08, g]b/Nof08\;, a]lNhod, nShdju{, k|mfG;,:k]g, O6nL / kf]r'{un_ df clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jfsf] cGTo;Fu} ;'? ePsf] xf] .

Goflos lj/f]wLx¿nfO{ xltof/ af]Sg gdfGg] jf s'g} lsl;dsf] ;}lgs tflnd /;]jf c:jLsf/ ug]{ JolQmsf ?kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk, pgLx¿n]cfkm\gf] :jljj]ssf cfwf/df o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf x'G5g\, pgLx¿ cfkm\gf]ljZjf;sf nflu wfld{s, bfz{lgs jf /fhgLlts sf/0fdf lge{/ u5{g\ .

;+;bLo lg0f{o

Goflos lj/f]w ePsf cfd d'2fdf s]xL d'n'ssf ;+;bn] gful/sn] s'g l:yltdfclgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jf c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ egL sfg'g agfP/ of] cj/f]wnfO{x6fpg ;S5 . ;g\ !((& df cd]l/sf / u|L;nufosf ;Dk"0f{ o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿dfclGtd k6s Goflos lj/f]wsf] of] Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] lyof] .

Goflos lj/f]wnfO{ dfGotf glbOPsf d'n'sx¿df pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotM w]/} 7"nf];hfo x'g] b'O{ ck/fw– euf}8f jf /fHob|f]xsf] d'2f nufOG5 . cGo d'n'sx¿dfljBdfg ljz]if ck/fwsf] lsl;d -æx7k"0f{ cj1fÆ_ / ;}Go cfrf/;+lxtfsf ?kdfpNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 .

Goflos lj/f]wsf] ¿kdf lrlgg' M s;n] lg0f{o u5{ / s]cfwf/df <

Goflos lj/f]w k|df0fLs/0f k|lqmofn] ;fwf/0ftof JolQm s;/L cfˆgf] ljZjf;dfk'u]sf] xf], JolQmsf] hLjgdf tL ljZjf;x¿n] s;/L k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 / s;/L;}lgs ;]jf / ltgsf ljZjf;x¿ afem]sf 5g\ eGg] JofVof u5{ . egf{sf qmddfGoflos lj/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ jf gug]{ lg0f{o ;fdfGotof >d dGqfno cGtu{tsf]cfof]u -:jL6h/Nof08, a'Nu]l/of_, u[x dGqfno -:nf]eflgof_ jf Gofo dGqfno-qmf]l;of_ n] u5{g\ .

dfgj clwsf/sf¿kdf Goflos lj/f]w

;g\ @))) clk|ndf, k|:tfj !((*÷&& df pNn]lvt l;4fGtcg'?k ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lodfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] dtbfga]u/ kfl/t k|:tfj @)))÷#$ df dfgj clwsf/sf]ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw,!((# df pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;}Go ;]jfdf efu lng] :j]R5fnfO{ljrf/, ljj]s / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/sf] j}wflgs cEof;sf ?kdf dfGotflbPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((# df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltn] Gofloslj/f]wsf] clwsf/ cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] wf/f !* cg'?k pNn]v u/]sf] 5 æ3ftszlQm ;s];Dd a9L k|of]u ug'{kg]{ jfWotfn] :jljj]sLo :jtGqtf / s;}sf] wd{ jfljZjf;df /xg] clwsf/;Fu uDeL/ c;dlt /fV5 .Æ /fi6«;+3Lo ;ldltn] ykpNn]v u/]sf] 5– æha of] clwsf/ sfg'gL tj/n] :yflkt x'G5 cyjf Jojxf/dfcfpF5, To;a]nf lglZrt cf:yfsf] cfwf/df Goflos lj/f]w ug]{x¿aLr s'g}leGgtf x'g] 5}g, o;}u/L Goflos lj/f]wLx¿ lj?4 s'g} e]befj x'g] 5}g lsgeg]pgLx¿ ;}lgs ;]jfsf lglDt c;kmn x'G5g\ .Æ

206 207


aS; g+= &)

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u lg0f{o !((*÷&& M;}lgs ;]jfdf Goflos lj/f]w

cfof]u, -===_dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff / gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwn] k|bfg u/]sf] dfGotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} k|To]s JolQmnfO{hLjgsf] clwsf/, :jtGqtf / JolQmsf] ;'/Iffsf ;fy} ljrf/ :jtGqtfsf]clwsf/, cf:yf tyf wd{ / e]befj lj?4sf] clwsf/, -===_ x'g]5 .;}lgs ;]jfdfly Goflos lj/f]wnfO{ dfGotf lb+b} l;4fGt / cf:yfsf] sf/0fsf;fy} wd{, g}ltstf, dfgjtf cyjf To:t} k|]/0ffaf6 pTkGg x'g] uxg ljZjf;;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .!= dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff / gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] wf/f !* df pNn]v ePcg';f/ k|To]s JolQmsf];}Go ;]jflj?4 Goflos lj/f]w ug]{ ljrf/sf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, cf:yf/ wd{tkm{ Wofgfs[i6 u/]sf] 5 .

@= s'g} /fi6«df Goflos lj/f]wnfO{ ljgf hfFr :jLsf/ u/]sf]df :jfut u5{ .#= /fHox¿nfO{ Goflos lj/f]w ;xL xf]÷xf]Og egL vf; d'2fdf lg0f{o ug]{ sfd

glbO{ :jtGq / lgikIf lg0f{ostf{ lgsfo :yflkt gug{, Gofloslj/f]wstf{x¿sf] lglZrt ljZjf;sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] Goflos lj/f]wnfO{Wofgdf /fvL e]befj gug{ cfu|x u5{ .

$= clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jf k2lt ePsf /fHox¿nfO{, hxfF klxNo} o:tf] Joj:yfuPsf 5}g eg], Goflos lj/f]w ;'xfpFbf] u}/ n8fs' jf gful/s k|s[lt,;fj{hlgs ?lr / b08gLo k|s[ltsf j}slNks ;]jfsf ljleGg :j?kdfGoflos lj/f]wsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ l;kml/zsf nflu ;DemfpF5 .

%= Goflos lj/f]wstf{n] ;}lgs ;]jfdf hfg c:jLsf/ u/]jfkt s}b jf bf]xf]/f];hfo x'g glbg /fHonfO{ cfjZos dfkb08 ckgfpg hf]8 lbOG5, hf]o;cl3 g} bf]ifL k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 jf /fHosf] sfg'g tyf b08 k|lqmofaf6klxNo} d'Qm eO;s]sf] 5 eg] Ps k6s u/]sf] ck/fwsf nflu lhDd]jf/7x¥ofpFg jf bl08t gug{ ;DemfpF5 .

j}slNks ;]jf

clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] ;}Go ;]jfsf] ljsNkdf /fli6«o ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ sfg'g k|bQGoflos lj/f]wnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf x'G5g\ . o; j}slNks ;]jfsf b'O{ k|sf/ x'g;S5g\M

P lagf xltof/ ;z:q andf ;]jf ug{'Ù

P c:ktfn, g;{/L, ckfËsf nflu ;+:yfx¿ cflb / slxn]sxL u}/ ;/sf/L;+:yf -u};;_ jf cGt/ ;/sf/L ;+u7g -c;;+_x¿df sfd ug'{ .

;fwf/0ftof j}sflNks ;]jfx¿ ;}Go ;]jfeGbf nfdf] cjlwsf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsfnflu k|mfG;df of] @) dlxgfsf] x'G5 eg] ;}Go ;]jf !) dlxgfsf] dfqÙ c:6«]lnofdfof] !@ dlxgfsf] x'G5 eg] ;}Go ;]jf & dlxgf dfqÙ a'Nu]l/ofdf of] @$ dlxgfsf]x'G5 eg] ;}Go ;]jf s]an ^ b]lv ( dlxgfdfq .

aS; g++= &!

j}slNks ;]jf M :jL6\h/Nof08sf] ;Gbe{

o'/f]k]nL s]xL d'n'sdWo] :jL6\h/Nof08 Pp6f To:tf] b]z xf] hxfF clxn];Ddclgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf 5 . o;nfO{ ;+ljwfg -wf/f %(=!_, ;g\ !((% sf] ;}Go;+u7g;DaGwL sfg'g / !((% s} ;}Go ;]jf;DaGwL sfg'gåf/f Jojl:ytul/Psf] 5 . of] @) b]lv $@ jif{sf ;a}nfO{ / dflyNnf] kbdf %% jif{ ;DdsfJolQmnfO{ nfu' x'G5 . ;'?df ;}lgs ;]jf rf/ dlxgfsf] x'G5, k|To]s b'O{ jif{dftLg ;ftf / jif{sf] Ps k6s z'l6ª cEof; x'G5 .

;g\ !((^ sf] j}sflNks ;]jfsf] sfg'gn] cfrf/, g}lts–bfz{lgs / wfld{ssf/0fn] Goflos lj/f]wsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . pBf]u tyf >ddGqfnon] cfj]bgx¿ k|fKt u5{, h;nfO{ tLg ;b:oLo cfof]un] lg0f{o u5{,cfof]unfO{ cvaf/sf] lj1fkgdfkm{t\ 5flgPsf !@) hgf cfo'QmdWo]af6 5gf]6ul/Psf] x'G5 . em08} % k|ltzt clgjfo{ etL{ pd]/ Goflos lj/f]wsf] ?kdfbtf{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . Goflos lj/f]wsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] t 5}g, t/clgjfo{ ;}lgs ;]jfsf] lj/f]w ug]{x¿nfO{ rf/b]lv kfFr dlxgf;Dd h]n ;hfox'G5 .

208 209


Goflos lj/f]w ug]{n] ;}Go ;]jfsf] ;§fdf lghfdtL ;]jf ug'{k5{ . o;df;fj{hlgs xLtdf ;+rflnt ;fj{hlgs jf lghL lgsfodf $%) lbg sfdug'{k5{ . o:tf] sfd c:ktfn, o'jf s]Gb|, ljZjljBfnosf] c'g;Gwfg, jgcflb If]qx¿df x'g ;S5 .

;|f]t M European Bureau for Conscientious Objection (EBCO)

;f+;bsf ?kdf tkfOFn] ug{ ;Sg' x'g]5clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jf rflxG5 jf rflxGg <Ø tkfO{sf] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o ;Gbe{ cg'?k kIf–ljkIfaLr ;Gt'ng ug'{xf];\ .Ø To; ;Gbe{df o; kl/R5]bdf pNn]lvt lgwf{/s tTjx¿nfO{ Wofgdf

/fVg] / tkfO{sf] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o ;Gbe{df slt ;fGble{s 5 x]g'{xf];\ .

clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf ?kdf lnOg'Ø clgjfo{ etL{jfnf b'Jo{jxf/, lrGtf jf lx+;fdf k/]sf] kfOPdf t'¿Gt} sf/jfxL

ug'{xf];\ .Ø uDeL/ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5÷5}g / tf]lsPsf] lgsfoåf/f pko'Qm lg0f{o

ePsf] 5÷5}g jf ljgf l9nfO sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5÷5}g lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .Ø olb tkfO{sf] d'n'sdf xfn;Dd /Iff cDa'8\;Dofg 5}g eg] o:tf] ;+:yf

lgdf{0fsf nflu ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ / clgjfo{ etL{ ePsfx¿nfO{ ul/g] ckdfg/ b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ;zlQms/0f ug'{xf];\ .

Goflos lj/f]wsf] l:yltØ tkfO{sf] b]zsf] Goflos lj/f]wsf] sfg'gL cj:yfaf/] k|df0fLs/0f ug'{xf];\ /

olb of] pko'Qm 5 eg] sfg'g;Ddt b[li6n] kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ jf jt{dfgsfg'gnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

Ø Tof] l:yltdf cGo b]zsf] ljifoj:t' dflysf] b[li6sf]0f / sfg'gL tyfJojxfl/s l:ylt;DaGwL cBfjlws ;"rgf k|flKtnfO{ lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

j}slNks ;]jfØ cfˆgf] /fi6«df sfg'gn] j}slNks ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug'{xf];\ /

olb 5 eg] sfg'g;Ddt b[li6n] jf jt{dfg sfg'gnfO{ ;'wf/]/ sfo{¿k lbg]lgZro ug'{xf];\ .

Ø Tof] l:yltdf cGo b]zsf] ljifoj:t' dflysf] b[li6sf]0f / sfg'gL tyfJojxfl/s l:ylt;DaGwL cBfjlws ;"rgf k|flKtnfO{ lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

v08 *

ef}lts ;|f]tx¿Mxltof/ x:tfGt/0f / vl/bsf] k|efjsf/L

;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'

210 211


cWofo – @*

xltof/ / ;}Go aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg vl/b

xltof/ vl/b gLlt /fli6«o ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff jf /Iff /0fgLlth:tf …pRr:t/LoÚof]hgf / gLltx¿af6 tof/ ul/g'k5{ . gofF xftxltof/ / ;}Go pks/0fsf] dfu/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltdf o;sf] c;/ / ;fGble{stfnfO{ x]/]/ k/LIf0f ul/g'k5{ .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffn] /Iff Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ /bL3{sfnLg /Iff gLlt–lgdf{0fdf efjL b[li6sf]0f j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . /fli6«o/Iff gLltsf p2]Zox¿nfO{ ;'/Iff If]qsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf ;|f]tx¿;Fu ;fd~h:ou/fpg' tyf ;'/Iff If]q / ;dfhaLr ;Gt'ng agfO/fVg' cfjZos x'G5 .

xltof/ vl/bdf kf/blz{tf

h'g;'s} ;'b[9 k|hftGqdf ;fdfGotof ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ultljlw / d'Vo u/L xltof/vl/b kf/bzL{ tyf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g}k5{ . hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'gsf nflugLlt, of]hgfx¿, ah]6 / xltof/ vl/baLr pko'Qm tfnd]n x'g}k5{ . o;nfO{st} klg 5'6sf ¿kdf x]l/Fb}g . b'ef{Uojz, ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf xltof/vl/baf/] ;+;b\n] s]xL af]n]sf] 5}g jf af]lnxfn] klg ;fx|} sddfq afn]sf] b]lvG5 .

xltof/ vl/bsf nflu sf]if 5'6\ofpFbf jf vl/b k|lqmof :jLs[t ubf{ ;+;b\n] To:tf]k|lqmofsf] j}wtf hfFr ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;/L hfFr ubf{ pTkfbg, Jofkf/ /lglZrt k|sf/sf xltof/ k|of]uaf/] cGt/f{li6«o lgodx¿ -ck|;f/ ;lGw–!(^*,3fts af?bL w/fksf] k|;f/, pTkfbg, e08f/0f / k|of]u lgoGq0f ug]{af/] cf]6fjfcle;lGw– !((& / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ ;Demf}tfnufot_ nfO{ Wofgdf/fVg'k5{ .

;+;b\x¿n] bL3{sfndf k|d'v ;}Go pks/0fx¿sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ hl6ntfsf];fdgf ug]{ qmddf sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug{;S5g\ . o'4u|:t cj:yfaf6 ev{/}

212 213


aflxl/Psf jf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df afx\o jf cfGtl/s xltof/ cfk"lt{stf{sfsf/0fn] vt/f x'G5 . o:tf xltof/ cfk"lt{stf{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf pTkfbg oyf;Dej/fd|f] d"Nodf laqmL ug'{df dfq rf;f] x'G5, k|hftflGqs cfjZostfx¿df s'g}rf;f] x'Fb}g .

oL sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;+f;bx¿nfO{ xltof/ vl/b;DaGwdf ljz]if ;ldlt / pk;ldltsf]ljsf; ug{df rf;f] x'G5 . o;f] u/]/ pgLx¿n] xltof/ vl/b k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tfj[l4 ug{ / sfo{sf/LnfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu bafa lbg ;S5g\ .

;+;b\x¿sf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] ;/sf/x¿ d'Vo k/Dk/fut xltof/x¿

-ljdfg, aVt/aGb uf8Lx¿, tf]kx¿, /f8f/ pks/0fx¿ / lbzf lgb]{zsx¿,ld;fOn tyf o'4 hxfhx¿_ lsGg cfjZos kg]{ /sd lgsf;f ug{ OR5'sx'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿ ;fgf k|sf/sf xltof/ -!)) PdPdeGbf ;fgf] Soflna/sf,h;nfO{ ;fgf / xn'sf xltof/ elgG5g\_ xn'sf_ sf] cfk"lt{ / ;+Vof ;fj{hlgsug{ klg plQ OR5f ub}{gg\ .

xltof/ vl/b k|lqmofdf k|j]z ubf{ cltdxTjfsf+IfL xltof/ vl/b of]hgfn] ubf{d'n'snfO{ bL3{sfndf cfly{s ef/ gk/f];\ eg]/ lglZrt x'g ;/sf/n] ;+;b\;Fuldn]/ sfd ug]{5 . xltof/ vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ hgtfsf cGo k|fyldstfsf cfwf/dfa'lemg'k5{ . To;}n] ;}Go k|fyldstfdfq xf]Og, cGo k|fyldstf klg lg0f{o ug]{k|lqmofsf nflu j}w x'G5g\ . ;+;b\n] xltof/ vl/b k|lqmofn] lgDTofpg] cfly{sef/ / k|efjaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg}k5{ .

aS; g+= &@

;+;b\ ;b:ox?n] xltof/ vl/b k|lqmofdf lsg Wofg lbg'k5{ <

w ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] k|of]u x'G5 .w xltof/ k|0ffnLaf/]sf] lg0f{o k|fljlws bIftf / ;'/Iffsf] dfq ljifo xf]Og,

k};f aGb's lsGg jf rfdn lsGg vr{ ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o klg xf] . aGb'sg} lsGg] xf] eg] s'g aGb's, slt / lsg eGg] yfxf x'g'k5{ .

w xltof/ vl/bn] d'n'snfO{ cNksfn jf bL3{sfndf klg cfly{s ef/x'g'x'Fb}g . o;df kl5 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .

w ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fn] ;dfhsf cGo cfjZostf / xltof/ vr{aLr;Gt'ng ug'{k5{ .

w kf/bzL{ xltof/ vl/b k|lqmof ;+;b\k|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{, e|i6frf/ gxf];\ /;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u gxf];\ eGg]df ;r]t x'g'k5{ .

w ;+;bLo / ;fj{hlgs ;'kl/j]If0fn] If]qLo xltof/ vl/b rqmsf] vt/fsd ug{;S5 .

s] ljz]if kl/l:yltx¿df uf]kgLotf Gofof]lrt x'G5 <

;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf x/]s kIfdf, xltof/ laqmL / vl/bdf klg, ;'zf;gsf]l;4fGt, vf;u/L kf/blz{tf h?/L x'G5 . To;}n] s'g vf; kl/l:yltn] ubf{ ;'/IffgLlt lgdf{0fnfO{ uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ u/L ljz]if agfPsf] xf] eGg]af/] k/LIf0f ug'{ h?/Lx'G5 .

xltof/ laqmL / vl/b lgb]{lzsf kf/blz{tf / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfdf cfwfl/tx'g'k5{ . gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf uf]kgLotf /fVg'kg]{ sf/0faf/] cfoftstf{ jflgof{tstf{ d'n'sn] :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug'{k5{ . olb o:tf sf/0fn] pQm sf/f]af/dfe|i6frf/ lelqg] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg] o:tf] vt/f b'j} kIfn] klxrfg ug'{k5{ /o:tf] ;Defjgf x'g glbg ;+oGq agfpg'k5{ .

aS; g+= &#

sdhf]/ jf låcyL{ xltof/ vl/b gLlt jf cToGt uf]Ko xltof/vl/b k|lqmofn] o:tf] ;Defjgf lgDTofpg ;S5=====

w xltof/ vl/b k|0ffnLsf cfjZostfaf/] ckof{Kt k/LIf0fw /fli6«o / If]qLo ;'/Iffsf c:j:y cj:yf cfpg] u/L ;/sf/L lg0f{odf

cs'zntf

214 215


w l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df eow xltof/ vl/b / cGo ;a} k|sf/ ;}Go vl/b lg0f{ox¿df e|i6frf/w ;z:q ank|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf;sf sdL cfpg ;S5, h;n] ;]gfk|ltsf]

ljZj;gLotfdf sdL Nofpg ;S5 eg] cgfjZos ljjfb klg lgDTofpg;S5 .

a[xb\ vl/b gLlt lgdf{0f

7"nf xltof/ vl/b ug]{ qmddf ul/g] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmof ljlwdf lgDgfg';f/sfkIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf] x'g'k5{ M

P eok"0f{ cj:yfsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofx¿

P k|lt/Iff bIftf lgdf{0fsf] bL3{sfnLg cjwf/0ff

P gofF pks/0f cfjZostfsf] klxrfg

P xltof/ vl/bsf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg

P k|fljlws u'0fsf] lglZrttf / vl/bkl5sf] n]vf k|lqmof

P xltof/ k|of]u eO/xFbf;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{, dd{t;Def/, ;'wf/nufot

P Ifltk"lt{sf] d"Nofª\sg

oL ;a} txx¿df ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt lgdf{0f u¥of] eg]sfo{sf/L gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cgfjZos vr{, wf]sf / l9nf;':tL sd ug{;lsG5 . k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cEof;sf nflu ;+;b\n] ;/sf/;Fu xltof/vl/b k|lqmofsf ;a} txx¿af/] hfgsf/L dfu ug{'k5{ . cem ;+;b\;Fu xltof/vl/bsf ;a} ;Demf}tfx¿df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ x'g'k5{ . g]b/NofG8sf] ;+;b\Pp6f o:tf] Joj:yflksfsf] pbfx/0f xf], h;n] xltof/ vl/b gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf;a} txsf] ;'kl/j]If0f u5{ . -aS; &$ x]g'{xf];\ ._

aS; g+= &$

;}Go vl/bdf g]b/NofG8 ;/sf/sf] gLltM ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf cfofd

g]b/NofG8df xltof/ vl/bsf nflu ;zQm ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fsf] nfdf] / 7f];k/Dk/f / cEof; 5 . l;4fGtcg';f/ @% ldlnog o'/f]eGbf a9L -nueu @%ldlnog 8n/_sf] xltof/ vl/b lg0f{o ;+;b\n] kf; ug'{k5{ . o;sf] dfWodeg]sf] tyfslyt xfl;n k|lqmof xf] . ;/sf/ -Jojxf/df /Iff dGqfno h;sf]sfo{ljefhgdf /Iff;DaGwL lqmofsnfk x'G5_ n] rf/ k|sf/ -P, aL, ;L / 8L_dWo] Ps k|sf/sf] lr7L k7fpF5, xltof/ xfl;n ug]{ txdf cfwfl/t eP/ .;+If]kdf eGbf, …PS;Ú xltof/ …jfO{Ú lgdf{tf;Fu vl/b ug{sf nflu 7f]; k|:tfjsfljleGg txx¿ gofF xltof/ k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf -cyjf jt{dfg k|0ffnLnfO{g} lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L_ cg';f/ lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ .xfl;n k|lqmofsf ljleGg txsf lg0f{onfO{ k|efljt ug]{ l:yltdf ;+;b\ x'G5 .To;}n] ha ;/sf/n] s'g} xltof/ ;f6km]/ jf xfl;n ug{ k|:tfj u5{ -cyjfxfl;n ug'{kg]{ k|0ffnLsf] ;+Vofaf/] ;'emfj lbG5_, ;+;b\n] o;nfO{ c:jLsf/jf ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ . clGtd vl/b k|lqmof klg c:jLs[lt jf ;+zf]wg x'g;S5,oBlk Jojxf/df of] lj/n} x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofdf ;/sf/sf] rfxgf clwsf+z;dodf oL rf/ cIf/x¿ -P, aL, ;L / 8L_ åf/f k|efljt x'G5g\, h;nfO{;+;b\df 5nkmn ul/G5 .;o ldlnog o'/f]eGbf a9Lsf 7"nf of]hgf -a[xb\ kl/of]hgf_x¿df ;+;b\dfcem lj:t[t / k6sk6s hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . …hf]OG6 :6«fOs/ kmfO6/Ú,Pkm–!^ sf] cd]l/sL lg/Gt/tf_ sf] ljsf; r/0fdf ;fd]n x'g] g]b/NofG8;/sf/sf] kxnnfO{ o;sf] gd'gfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . t/, cGo dxTjk"0f{kl/of]hgfx¿ klg 5g\, h:tf] Po/ df]afOn la|u]8 .;du|df g]b/NofG8sf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ ;Gt'li6k"0f{ egL x]g{ ;lsG5 .ljQLoåf/ / a[xb\ ;+;bLo k/LIf0f slxn]sfxLF Psbd} k|fljlws k|lqmof xf]eGg]af/] 5nkmn x'g] u5{ . of] ;+/rgfdf ;/sf/L ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf / u'0fjQftyf yk ts{x¿ -s'g} :jtGq ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿n] p7fPsf_ af/] k|Zgx¿p7fOG5g\ . cGTodf, pBf]u kIfw/x¿sf] e"ldsf / /Iff ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿dfpgLx¿sf] kx'Fraf/] slxn]sfxLF 5nkmn ul/G5 . oBlk, o:tf]vfn] s'g} 7"nf]36gf cyjf s'g} k|rf/afhL klg clxn];Dd ePsf] 5}g .

;|f]t M hg xf]Os]df, g]b/NofG8sf k"j{ ;+;b\ ;b:o, @))@

216 217



xltof/ vl/bsf] ;'kl/j]If0fw xltof/ vl/bsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ sfg'gL agfpg' kxn ug'{xf];\ .w ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f a[xt\ x'g'sf ;fy} o;n] oL a'Fbfx¿df

ljz]if Wofg lbFb} vl/bsf ;a} kIfx¿ ;d]6\5 eGg]af/] lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .– ;'/Iff cfjZostf– If]qLo xltof/ bf}8 lgDTofpg ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|ltlqmofsf] ;DefJotfnfO{

Wofgdf /fVb} If]qLo /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt– ah]6 ef/ -cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg_– lghL / ;fj{hlgs If]qdf /fli6«o pBf]usf] k|efj

xltof/ vl/bdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfw xltof/ / ;}Go vl/b k|lqmofdf ;+;b\sf] s]xL egfO 5 eGg]df lglZrGt

x'g'xf];\ .w ;+;b\ jf of];Da4 s'g} ;ldlt d'Vo k/Dk/fut xltof/ -ljdfg, aVt/aGb

uf8Lx¿, tf]kx¿, /f8f/ pks/0fx¿ / lbzf lgb]{zsx¿, ld;fOn tyf o'4hxfhx¿_ tyf ;fgf k|s[ltsf xltof/x¿ -;o Snflna/eGbf sdsf]_sf]k|fljlws u'0fjQf / ;+Vofaf/] kl5Nnf] l:yltsf] k|ltj]bg;lxt pko'Qm;dodf pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ dfu ug'{xf];\ . gofF xltof/ lsGg'kg]{ sf/0fx¿ klgpNn]v ul/g'k5{ .

w ;+;b\ ;'/Iff Ifdtf lgdf{0fsf] bL3{sfnLg cjwf/0ff;lxt pkl:yt 5 eGg]af/]lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .

w xltof/ vl/bsf uf]kgLotf;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;+;b\ jf ;DalGwt ;ldltaf6sfg'gL ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf jf s'g} klg a]nf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsg] x'g]dflglZrGt x'g'xf];\, h;n] ;}Go uf]kgLotf lgjf{x ubf{ hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lgZrtu5{ .

vl/b k|efj ljZn]if0fw vl/b of]hgf ;}Go gLlt;Fu ;fd~h:o eP–gePsf]af/] ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

w ;+;bLo cWoogn] cGo ;fj{hlgs cfjZostf / ;fdflhsk|fyldstfx¿sf] t'ngfdf xltof/ vl/bsf] cfly{s ef/ slt x'G5 eg]/d"Nofª\sg u/]sf]df lglZrGt x'g'xf];\, tf ls d'n'ssf] ljsf;, cfly{s /;fdflhs l:y/tf k|efljt eP/ c;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt gcfjf];\ .

w cltdxTjfsf+IfL xltof/ vl/b lg0f{ox¿ /f]Sg ;+;bLo k|lqmofsf] k|of]ux'g'k5{ . ;+;b\ of]hgfx¿df kof{Kt sf/0f 5–5}g eg]/ lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ tfls d'n'snfO{ bL3{sfndf s'g} ;}Go ef/ gk/f];\ .

vl/bsf] lx;falstfa -n]vf_w ;'/Iff gLlt / of]hgfaLrsf] ;fd~h:otf, ;'/Iff ah]6 tyf xltof/ / ;}Go

pks/0fdf ePsf] vr{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{xf];\ .w vl/bkl5 xltof/ k|0ffnLsf] k|:t'ltaf/] lx;falstfa -n]vfhf]vf_ ug'{xf];\ .

;Demf}tf nfu" ePkl5 o:tf] n]vfhf]vf xltof/ k|of]u x'g] ;doel/sf] tLglaGb' jf txdf ug'{k5{ .

xltof/ vl/bsf] nflu ;+;bLo ;ldltw s'g} xltof/ vl/b ;ldlt jf pk;ldlt klxn] g} u7g ul/Psf] 5}g eg]

Pp6f agfpg'xf];\ tf ls gLlt–of]hgf, ljQLo of]hgf / n]vf, ;'/Iff pBf]utyf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf] dxTj phfu/ ug{ ;lsof];\ .

w of] ljifodf ;Gbe{, k|lqmof / ;dfg vfnsf cGo ;+;bLo c+uaf/]sf]hfgsf/L dfu]/ ltgLx¿sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

w tkfO{+sf] ;+;bLo c+un] ljz]if1 ;Nnfxsf] pkof]u u/]sf] 5 eGg] lglZrGtx'g'xf];\ .

218 219


cWofo – @(

xltof/sf] Jofkf/ / cf];f/k;f/

xltof/ Jofkf/ / xltof/ cfk"lt{ b'j}df ;+;b\sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . xltof/vl/bsf lgod / k|lqmofx¿ /fli6«o xltof/ vl/b gLlt, /fli6«o ah]6, ljQLosfg'g tyf ;Demf}tf tyf ljjfb ;dfwfg sfg'g;Fu ;fd~h:o x'g}k5{ . xltof/Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ gLlt / o;sf] sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ kf/blz{tf /hjfkmb]lxtfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .

aS; g+= &%

xltof/ cf];f/k;f/ M kl/efiff

;fdfGo ¿kdf xltof/ cf];f/k;f/ eGgfn] xltof/ lsga]rdf ;+nUg ;/sf/Ltyf cGo kIfx¿sf ;a} ultljlwx¿ eGg] a'lemG5 . xltof/ cf];f/k;f/dflaqmL jf Jofkf/, vl/b jf lsGg] sfd tyf xltof/sf] ;xof]uh:tf ljifo;d]l6G5g\ .

xltof/sf] Jofkf/ / cf];f/k;f/sf] /fli6«o gLlt

;/sf/n] xltof/ laqmLsf nflu Pp6f gLlt / sfg'g tof/ ug'{k5{, h;nfO{;+;b\df :jLs[ltsf nflu k]; ug'{k5{ . o; gLltn] k/Dk/fut xltof/ laqmLsflgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{k5{ / d'Vo u/L tnsf a'Fbfx¿ Wofgdf/fv]/ of] gLlt / sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ M

P k/Dk/fut xltof/sf] cfoft–lgof{t ;DalGwt ;+;bLo ;ldltåf/f ;'kl/j]If0ful/g'k5{ .

P xltof/ Jofkf/ lgodfjnL o'g rf6{/, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / o'Pg xltof/ODafuf]{;Fu ;fd~h:o x'g] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . xltof/ vl/b ug{ nfu]sf] d'n'sx¿sf];fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;'/Iff rf;f]x¿nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg'k5{ .

P :jR5tf / Joj;flos hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tfsf]l;4fGt x'g'k5{ .

P /fi6«;+3, cGo ;fGble{s kIfx¿ / cGo d'n'ssf /fd|f cEof;x¿df cfwfl/tcj}w Jofkf/sf cEof;x¿ /f]Sg] ;+oGqnfO{ sfg'gL agfOg'k5{ . lsga]r ug]{b'j} kIfn] Pp6f g}lts cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .

P a]lrPsf xltof/sf] k|s[lt / k|sf/ vl/b ug]{ d'n'ssf] ;xL ;'/IffcfjZostfcg';f/sf 5g\ tyf tL d'n'ssf ;+;b\n] vl/b of]hgf :jLs[tu/]sf 5g\ eGg]af/] ;+;b\n] lglZrt ug'{k5{ .

P xltof/ vl/b ug]{ d'n'sn] dfgjclwsf/ / cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfgu5{ tyf xltof/ vl/b lg0f{odf k|efjsf/L hjfkmb]xL k|lqmof nfu" u/]sf] 5eGg]af/] xltof/ lgof{t ug]{ d'n'ssf] ;+;b\ lglZrt x'g'k5{ .

P xltof/ laqmLn] zflGtnfO{ vt/f gk'¥ofcf];\, Tof] If]qdf ;z:q åGå / If]qLotgfj cem glauf/f];\, xltof/sf] rqmLo laqmL ;'? gxf];\, v/fa vfnsfxltof/ k|0ffnL jf ;fgf / xn'sf xltof/ ;+Vofn] If]qLo cl:y/tf glgDTofcf];\eGg]af/] ;+;b\ lglZrGt x'g'k5{ . olb ;+;bLo ;'/Iff ;ldltn] If]qLo l:y/tfdfcfPsf] vt/faf/] If]qLo ;+jfb ;'? u¥of] eg] clws vl/blaqmL / o;sf]uf]kgLotfn] lgDTofpg] e|i6frf/ If]qLo ax;sf] ljifo aGg;S5 .

P a]lrPsf] xltof/ km]l/ lgof{t gxf];\ jf lgof{tkqdf pNn]v ePsf ;t{eGbfaflx/ k|of]u gxf];\ eGg]af/] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .

/fli6«o xltof/ laqmL k|lqmof :jtGq¿kdf k/LIf0f / ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;lsG5eGg]af/] lglZrt x'g ;+;b\n] ;hfo lbg] clwsf/;lxtsf] :jtGq n]vf k|lqmof:yfkgf ug'{k5{ . of] ;+;b\n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;4fGt / lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ ;~rflntx'g'k5{ . aS; &^ n] xltof/ Jofkf/af/] /fli6«o gLltsf /fli6«o ;Demf}tf /cfrf/;+lxtfsf pbfx/0fx¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 .

220 221


aS; g+= &^

xltof/ cf];f/k;f/sf If]qLo Joj:yfx?

w o'/f]k]nL cfrf/;+lxtfo'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf] kl/ifb\n] ;g\ !((*, h'g * df o'/f]k]nL cfrf/;+lxtfaf/];xdlt u¥of] . pQm ;xdltn] o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf d'n'sx¿af6 ljZjsfcGo cl:y/ If]q hxfF cToGt a9L dfgjclwsf/ xgg x'g;S5, To;dfxltof/sf] k|jfx /f]Sg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . ljleGg u}/;/sf/L;+3;+:yfx¿n] pQ/bfoL xltof/ Jofkf/ gLlt nfu" ug{ nuftf/ cf7jif{sf] bafakl5 o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] of] lg0f{o u/]sfx'g\ . cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;+j]bgzLn xltof/ uGtJox¿sf] ;"rL klg 5 eg]…clGtd k|of]uÚ Joj:yfsf] k|df0fLs/0f / ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ k|lqmof klg pNn]vu/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L b'O{tkmL{ hfgsf/L / lgof{t cg'dltkq lbg] jf glbg]af/];Nnfxsf] k|lqmofsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .o'/f]k]nL cfrf/;+lxtfn] cGo /fHonfO{ j}wflgs ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]5}g . of] cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf gu/] pgLx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] s'g};+oGq 5}g . To;}n] dfgjclwsf/ xgg x'g] u/L ul/g] lgof{t /f]Sg' /låkIfLo ;Nnfxsf] ;+oGq k|of]u ug{ bafa lbg' lgof{tsf] s8f sfg'gLJoj:yf ePsf /fHox¿d} e/ kg]{ s'/f xf] .cfrf/;+lxtfn] lgDg cf7 ;Ldfx¿ ;d]6]sf] 5, h;nfO{ xltof/ lgof{tdf;b:o /fi6«n] ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ M!= o'/f]k]nL ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf, d'Vo u/L /fi6«;+3

;'/Iffkl/ifb\n] Joj:yf u/]sf l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf u/ .@= clGtd uGtJosf] d'n'sdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg .#= clGtd uGtJosf] d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s cj:yf, h:t}M ;z:q åGå /

tgfjsf] jt{dfg cj:yf .$= olb nlIft cfoftstf{n] k|:tfljt lgof{tj:t' csf]{ d'n'slj?4 k|of]u

ug]{ jf s'g} cft+sjfbL ultljlwdf nufpg] :ki6 vt/f ePdf ;b:o/fi6«n] lgof{t cg'dltkq hf/L ug]{5}gg\ .

%= ;b:o /fi6«x¿ / If]qx¿ tyf cGo ldq / ;+nUg /fi6«x¿sf] ;'/IffJoj:yf h;sf] afx\o ;DaGw s'g} ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .

^= cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] lx;fan] qm]tf /fi6«sf] Jojxf/,vf;u/L cft+sjfbdf pQm /fi6«sf] Jojxf/, o;sf] u7aGwgsf] k|s[lttyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gk|ltsf] ;Ddfg .

&= a]lrPsf xltof/x¿ qm]tf d'n'sd} 5l/Pnfg\ jf cjfl~5t ¿kdf k'glg{of{txf]nf eGg] vt/fsf] pkl:ylt .

*= qm]tf d'n'ssf] k|fljlws / cfly{s Ifdtf / xltof/ lgof{tsf] tfnd]n .

;|f]t M Prl6l6kLM÷÷o'/f]kf=Oo'=cfOPg6

w cd]l/sL /fHosf] ;+u7g / xltof/ cf];f/k;f/cd]l/sfsf nflu If]qLo xltof/ Jofkf/ kf/blz{tf ta ljsf; ul/of], hacd]l/sL /fHo ;+u7gsf !( ;b:ox¿n] k/Dk/fut xltof/ cfk"lt{af/]Pp6f ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/] . k/Dk/fut xltof/ xfl;nL k|lqmofdfkf/blz{tfaf/] cGt/–cd]l/sL dxf;lGw -h'g Ujf6]dfnf ;x/df ePsf];fwf/0f;efdf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof]_ n] ;a} x:tfIf/stf{n] d'Vo xltof/lgof{t / cfoftaf/] jflif{s hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 .cfl6{sn # sf cg';f/ …;b:o /fi6«x¿n] s'g} lglZrt jif{df k/Dk/futxltof/sf] cfoft / lgof{tsf] cj:yfaf/] jflif{s ¿kdf k|ltj]bg k];ug'{k5{, cfoftsf] xsdf lgof{t ug]{ d'n's tyf cfoft ul/Psf k/Dk/futxltof/sf] ;+Vof / k|sf/ / lgof{tsf] xsdf cfoft u/]sf] d'n's tyflgof{t ul/Psf] k/Dk/fut xltof/sf] ;+Vofnufut . s'g} ;b:o /fi6«n]s'g} yk ;fGble{s hfgsf/L klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;S5g\ . h:t} M k/Dk/futxltof/sf] kb / df]8]n .Ú o;cltl/Qm oL ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cfoftaf6k/Dk/fut xltof/ xfl;n u/]sf] cj:yf, /fli6«o pTkfbg jf s'g} lsga]rePsf] 5}g eg] Ps–csf{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . -cfl6{sn $_

;|f]t M Prl6l6kLM÷÷8An'8An'8An'=cf]PP;=cf]cf/hL, @))@

222 223


cGt/f{li6«o xltof/ cfk"lt{df /f]s (embargoes) sf] ;Ddfg

s'g} /fHon] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iffk|lt vt/f pTkGg

u¥of] eg] pQm /fi6«nfO{ c:jLs[t ug]{ c:q xf]– k|ltaGw . of] sfg'gL cfwf/ o'Pg

RofK6/sf] cfl6{sn $! n] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf], h;n] lg/:q sf/afxL u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o

zflGt / ;'/Iff k'gM:yflkt ug{ /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iffkl/ifb\nfO{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿ 8fSg

;dy{ agfpF5 . ;g\ !($% b]lv !(() ;Dd /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iffkl/ifb\n] b'O{j6f

d'n'sdf dfq k|ltaGw nufPsf] lyof] . t/, ;g\ !(() otf ;'/Iffkl/ifb\n] ljleGg

d'n'sx¿df afx|k6s k|ltaGw nufO;s]sf] 5 .

of] ;Gbe{df xltof/sf] cf];f/k;f/ sxfF uP/ cGTo x'G5 eGg] v'nfP/ …clGtd

k|of]uÚ k|df0fkqsf nflu cg'/f]w u¥of] eg] of] xltof/ cfk"lt{sf nflu cg'dltkq

lbg] k|lqmofsf nflu ;+;b\nfO{ pko'Qm c:q x'g;S5 . oBlk, unt …clGtd

k|of]uÚ k|df0fkqsf] b'?kof]usf k|z:t 36gf 5g\ .

k/Dk/fut xltof/af/] /fi6«;+3Lo k'l:tsf

;g\ !((!, l8;]Da/ * df /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iffkl/ifb\n] …xltof/df kf/blz{tfÚ zLif{sdf

;xdlt $^÷#^ Pn nfu" u¥of] . o;n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjnfO{ /fi6«;+3sf]

Go'of]s{l:yt d'Vofnodf cGt/f{li6«o xltof/ cfk"lt{af/] tYofª\s, ;}Go ks8

ePsf /fi6«x¿åf/f lbOPsf hfgsf/L, /fli6«o pTkfbgåf/f ul/Psf] vl/b tyf

;}Go gLlt pNn]v ug{ …k/Dk/fut xltof/af/] Pp6f ljZjJofkL / clje]bsf/L

k'l:tsfÚ /fVg cg'/f]w u¥of] .

pQm k'l:tsfn] o'46\of+s, aVt/aGb uf8Lx¿, tf]k, ;z:q ljdfg, cfqmd0fsf/L

x]lnsf]K6/, o'4hxfhx¿ / ld;fOn÷nGr/ u/L d'Vo k/Dk/fut xltof/sf ;ft

:jLs[t k|sf/x¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] ;g\ !((@ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L k|of]udf NofOPsf]

5 . /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrjn] lgoldt ¿kdf o:tf] k|ltj]bg ;fwf/0f;efdf k|:t't

u5{g\, h;df ! ;o !) /fi6«n] k/Dk/fut xltof/sf] cfoft / lgof{taf/] pQm

k'l:tsfdf pNn]v u/]sf tYofª\s / hfgsf/L ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . pQm k|ltj]bgdf

/fli6«o pTkfbgaf6 vl/b ug]{ / ;}Go ks8 ePsf d'n'sx¿n] lbPsf hfgsf/L

klg ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

-x]g'{xf];\– Prl6l6kLM÷÷l8:cfdf{d]G6=o'Pg=cf]cf/hL÷Sofa÷/lh:6/=Prl6PdPn=_

…:t/Lo k|ltaGwÚsf] cfjZostf

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrjn] a[xb\ cfly{s k|ltaGwnfO{ …cg'ko'Qm pks/0fÚsf];+1f lbPsf 5g\ . logLx¿ ;w}+ k|efjsf/L x'Fb}gg\ / slxn]sfxLF nlIft d'n'ssf;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf nflu 3fts x'G5g\ . To;}n] sltko:t/Lo tyf s]lGb|t k|sf/sf] k|ltaGwdf ljZjf; u5{g\ . xltof/ ODafuf]{ :t/Lok|ltaGwdf k5{, To:t} ljQLo / e|d0f ODafuf]{x¿ . :t/Lo k|ltaGw s'g} klgd'n'ssf] /fHo;Qf / ljnf;L zf;sx¿k|lt nlIft x'G5 eg] cfdhgtf / k|ltkIfLnfO{s'g} xflg k'¥ofpFb}g . oBlk, :t/Lo k|ltaGw nfu" ug{ Psbd} sl7g / k"0f{tof;kmn gePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . logLx¿nfO{ kl/dflh{t / kl/is[t ul/g' h?/L x'G5 .-aS; && x]g'{xf];\ ._

aS; g+= &&

xltof/ k|ltaGw :t/Lo agfpg] k|lqmof M ;+;b\n] ug{;Sg]

xltof/ lgof{tstf{ d'n'ssf] ;+;b\n] oL cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePsf 5g\ jf5}gg\ egL x]g'{k5{ Mw cfjZosLo k|zf;lgs lgb]{lzsf / lgodfjnL;lxtsf] sfg'g, h;n]

/fi6«;+3sf] xltof/ ODafuf]{sf] pNn+3gnfO{ cfk/flws lqmof dfg]sf] x'G5 .w cGt/–;/sf/L ;dGjo h;n] s'g} Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljefunfO{ ODafuf]{

nfu" ug{sf nflu sfo{ef/ lbG5 .w ;Defljt cf];f/k;f/, uGtJo, 6«flGh6 dfu{ / bnfnx¿sf] klxrfg ug{

;/sf/L ljefux¿ / ;/sf/x¿aLr hfgsf/L / u'Kt;"rgfx¿sf]cfbfgk|bfg .

w lgolGqt ;"rL h;n] ODafuf]{df kg]{ ;fdfgx¿sf] klxrfg u5{ .

224 225


w ODafuf]{ pNn+3g x'g] u/L hxfhdf ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ePsf a]nf k'/fg}7fpFdf lkmtf{ k7fpg]eGbf 5fkf dfg{ ;Sg] clwsf/ .

w cglws[t xltof/ cfk"lt{ jf o:tf ultljlwsf qmddf ;fdfg hkmt ug]{Joj:yf .

w cs}{ 7fpFdf n}hfg ;lsg] vt/f ePsf xltof/n] el/Psf hxfhx¿ kQfnufpg] / k|df0fLs/0fdf n}hfg] .

;|f]t M lacfOl;;Lsf] j]a;fO6df cfwfl/t .8An'8An'8An'=lacfOl;;L=l8O{, @))@

zLto'4kl5sf] cj:yf M a9L ePsf] (surpluses) / cf];f/k;f/

zLto'4n] ;+;f/el/af6} ;]gfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf s6f}tL u¥of] . o;n] ubf{ nfvf}+xltof/x¿ cgfjZosLo eP / artsf] ¿kdf lnOP . art ePsf xltof/x¿sf];dfg vfn] Joj:yfsf] cefjdf ;+;f/el/ xltof/x¿ Pp6f b]zaf6 csf]{df tyfPp6f b]zaf6 csf]{ /fHoljxLg ;d"xdf o;/L km}lnof] ls tL xltof/sf] ;fj{hlgsk/LIf0f;Dd x'g kfPg . :ki6 ¿kn], o:tf w]/} xltof/x¿ rf]/Llgsf;Lsf] ahf/dfk'u] jf sltko c;'/lIft e08f/0faf6 ;f]em} rf]/L ul/P .

;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Jofkf/ ul/Psf] xltof/sf] kfFr efusf] b'O{ efu oxLart ;+sngaf6 ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf cGt/f{li6«o xltof/ Jofkf/sf]d'Vo k|j[lQsf ¿kdf art xltof/ cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f k"j{ ;f]leot ;+3sf]cwLgdf /x]sf] 7"nf] xltof/ e08f/ crfgs s]Gb|Lo lgoGq0f k|0ffnLaf6 :jtGqx'g' g} xf] . tNsfnLg s7f]/ cfly{s cj:yf / art xltof/sf] kof{Kttfn] ubf{7"nf] kl/df0fsf xltof/ e08f/x¿ tTsfnLg ljQLo ;+s6 6fg{ gubsf] ;|f]tag] . csf]{tkm{ s] klg ;To xf] eg] w]/} Jofkf/ cfk/flws ;~hfndfkm{t eof], hf]/fhgLlts g]t[Tj;Fu hf]l8Psf klg x'g;Sy], ghf]l8Psf klg . oBlk, k"j{ ;f]leot;+3n] dfq cfˆgf xltof/ e08f/sf] laqmL u/]sf] lyPg . cGo s]xL ljsl;t /ljsf;zLn d'nsx¿n] klg o:tf] u/]sf 5g\ .

aS; g+= &*

a9L ePsf] xltof/x?sf] Jofkf/M lg/:qLs/0fsf] gsf/fTds kIf

…gofF xltof/sf] Jofkf/df sdL cfPsf] b]lvP klg tYofª\sn] k'/fgf xltof/sf]Jofkf/df j[l4 ePsf] b]vfpF5 . tfg / 7]nsf] ;+of]hgn] o:tf] art xltof/sf]cf];f/k;f/nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . lg/:q ;lGwx¿, o'4lj/fd / 36fOPsf];]gfsf] ;+Vofn] ljZjel/df d'Vo xltof/sf] ;+Vof ! nfv ^% xhf/ k'Uof] .tLdWo] !* xhf/ xltof/ ;g\ !(() / ;g\ !((% aLr lgof{t ul/P jfôfFlsP . klxnf]kN6 ;g\ !(($ df gofF xltof/sf] Jofkf/eGbf art xltof/sf]Jofkf/ a9L lyof] . sd d"Nodf jf ;xof]u sfo{qmddfkm{t art xltof/x¿sf]a9\bf] k|fKotf o;sf] sf/0f lyof] . o:tf] Jofkf/n] åGåu|:t If]q;Dd k'u]/lg/:qLs/0fnfO{ ;d:ofu|:t kl/df0fdf k'¥ofpF5 eg] If]qLo xltof/sf] bf}8dfcfuf] yK5 .Ú

;|f]t M xa{6 jf]Nkm, !((*, af]g OG6/g];gn ;]G6/ km/ sGeh{g8An'8An'8An'=lacfOl;;L=l8O{

s] :ki6 5 eg] xltof/ vl/bstf{x¿ sd wgL d'n'sx¿ lyP, hxfF ;fdfGotofsdhf]/ ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0f ;+/rgf x'G5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf sDtLdf ()d'n'sx¿n] art xltof/sf] cfoft u/]sf lyP . ;fgf xltof/x¿ s8f lgoGq0faLr/fVg'k5{ / Joj:yflksfn] ;/sf/ / ;]gfnfO{ rf]/L ePsf, x/fPsf jf cfuhgLePsf xltof/af/] jflif{s ¿kdf ;+;b\nfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfpg afWo kfg'{k5{ eGg]ljz]if ¿kdf dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;fgf xltof/sf sf/vfgfx¿nfO{ u}/;}lgs dfn;fdfgpTkGg ug]{u/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ kfOnfx¿ rfNg'k5{ .

k~rjifL{o ¿kdf cf};t txdf cl3 al9/x]sf] ljZjJofkL xltof/ cf];f/k;f/ ;g\!((& b]lv ;g\ @))! sf] cjlwdf tn em¥of] . d'Vou/L cd]l/sf -hf] ;g\ !((*kl5 xltof/ cfk"lt{df ^% k|ltzt lu/fj6 x'Fbfx'Fb} ;g\ !((& b]lv ;g\ @))!;Ddsf] cjwldf ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cfk"lt{stf{ lyof] ._ df cfk"lt{df ePsf]s6f}tLn] o;nfO{ JofVof u5{ . ¿; of] cjlwdf bf];|f] 7"nf] cfk"lt{stf{ lyof] . ;g\@))) b]lv ;g\ @))! sf] cjlwdf xltof/ cf];f/k;f/df ePsf] @$ k|ltzt

226 227


j[l4n] ¿;nfO{ bf];|f] 7"nf] cfk"lt{stf{ agfPsf] lyof] . -;|f]t M P;cfOlkcf/cfO{Oo/a's @))@_

;g\ @))! df rLgn] To; a]nf;Dds} 7"nf] kl/df0fdf xltof/ cfoft u/]sf] lyof],;g\ @))) df $$ k|ltztn] j[l4 x'Fb} . ;g\ @))! df ef/tsf] cfoft %)k|ltztn] j[l4 eof], o;nfO{ ;+;f/sf] t];|f] 7"nf] cfoftstf{ agfpFb} . ;g\ !((&/ @))! sf] cjlwdf cGo d'Vo cfoftstf{ d'n'sx¿ ;fpbL c/]laof, tfOjfg /6sL{ lyP . -;|f]t M P;cfOlkcf/cfO{ Oo/a's @))@_

aS; g+= &(

;fgf xltof/sf] cg'dflgt Jofkf/sf] cfFs8f

…jt{dfg ;dodf ;fgf xltof/ pTkfbg zLto'4sf clGtd jif{eGbf sd ePklg, clxn] klg x/]s jif{ o:tfvfn] nfvf}+ xltof/ pTkfbg x'G5g\ .cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t, cfuhgLdf k/]sf];d]t u/]/ ljZjJofkL xltof/ pTkfbgsf]vr{ ;g\ @))) df sDtLdf $ va{ o'P; 8n/ cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . dfqfsflx;fan] ;g\ @))) df $# nfv gofF ;fgf xltof/ pTkfbg ePsf] cg'dfgul/Psf] lyof] . of] #) k|ltzt lu/fj6 xf] . -zLto'4sfnsf] jflif{s cf};t;+Vofsf t'ngfdf ._Ú…gofF xltof/sf] dfu 3l6/x]sf] x'g;Sg] eP klg ahf/sf] cfk"lt{ eg] al9/x]sf]b]lvG5 . b'O{ bzseGbf sd ;dodf sf/vfgfsf] ;+Vof t]Aa/ ePsf] 5 .;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ePsf] !(^ af6 a9]/ clxn] o:tf sf/vfgfsf] ;+Vof^)) k'u]sf] 5 .Ú;fgf xltof/ pTkfbg ug]{ gofF sf/vfgf / d'n's al9/x]sf] cj:yf tyfh;nfO{ klg, hxfF klg / h'g;'s} d"Nodf a]Rg] rfxgfn] clwgfosjfbL ;/sf/,u}/;/sf/L v]nf8L, cft+sjfbLx¿ / ck/fwLx¿nfO{ gofF, cfw'lgs / zlQmzfnLxltof/ xfl;n ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;}n] ;fgf xltof/ pTkfbgdf ;/sf/LlgoGq0fsf] cfjZostf cToGt h?/L cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .Ú

;|f]t M :dn cfD;{ ;e]{ @))!, cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];

aS; g+= *)

;fgf / xn'sf xltof/sf] cglws[t Jofkf/lj?4 /fi6«;+3sf]sf/afxL sfo{qmd M ;+;b\ ;b:ox?sf nflu s]lGb|t a'Fbfx?

…;fgf / xn'sf xltof/ -;fxx_sf] cglws[t Jofkf/ pGd"ng ug{, /f]Sg /lgoGq0f ug{, ;a} kIfdf ;fgf / xn'sf xltof/sf] cglws[t Jofkf/;DaGwdf/fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ng -h'nfO{ @))!, Go'of]s{_n] /fli6«o, If]qLo / ljZjJofkLtxdf /fhgLlts lqmofsf] a[xt\ ;Ldf nfu" u¥of] . h;df lgDg lnlvt a'Fbfx¿;dflji6 5g\ M

/fli6«o txdfw ;fxxsf] pTkfbgnfO{ /fi6«sf] Goflos ;Ldfleq k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f ug{ /

o:tf] xltof/sf] cfoft, lgof{t, k'gM cf];f/k;f/ / ;'/If0f /f]Sg pko'Qmsfg'g, lgodfjnLx¿ / k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Pst[t ug'{xf];\ .

w cglws[t ;fxxsf] cj}wflgs pTkfbg, Jofkf/, ;+u|x, :jfldTj / vl/bsfnflu nufgL ug]{ lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ;d"x / JolQmsf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ /pgLx¿lj?4 pko'Qm /fli6«o sfg'gsf] dftxdf /xL sf/afxL rnfpg'xf];\ .

w cg'dltk|fKt sf/vfgfaf6 ul/Psf ;fxxsf k|To]s pTkfbgx¿df pTkfbgk|lqmofs} efusf ¿kdf pko'Qm / ljZj;gLo lrx\g nufOPsf]af/] lglZrGtx'g'xf];\ .

w ;fxxsf] pTkfbg, :jfldTj / cf];fk;f/ ubf{ ;Dej eP;Dd nfdf] cjlw;Dd/fi6«sf] Goflos ;Ldfleq a[xb\ / ;xL tYofª\s /fv]sf]af/] lglZrGtx'g'xf];\ .

w /fHon] lnPsf / /fHoaf6 hf/L ePsf ;a} ;fxxk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L /To:tf xltof/ klxNofpg k|efjsf/L Joj:yfaf/] lglZrGt ug'{xf];\ .

w ;fxxsf] lgof{t / cf];f/k;f/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qmsfg'g, lgodfjnLx¿ / k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Pst[t ug'{xf];\ .ljz]if clGtd k|of]ustf{ k|df0fkqsf] k|of]u klg ug'{k5{ .

228 229


w klxNo} cfoft ul/Psf ;fxxnfO{ k'glg{of{t ug]{ ;/sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{s'g} k"jf{u|xljgf ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ . To:tf xltof/sf] k'gM cf];f/k;f/cl3;'?df lgof{t ug]{ d'n'snfO{ pgLx¿sf] låkIfLo ;lGwcg';f/sf] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'xf];\ .

w ;fxxsf] bnfnLdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] ultljlwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qm/fli6«o sfg'g jf k|zf;lgs k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ug'{xf];\ .

w /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iffkl/ifb\sf] xltof/ ODafuf]{ pNn+3g x'g] ultljlwlj?4pko'Qm k|0ffnL agfpg'xf];\ .

w n'l6Psf, hkmt ul/Psf / ;+sng ul/Psf ;fxx gi6 ul/o"g\ eGg]dflglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .

w ;z:q kmf}h, k|x/L / ;fxx /fVg clwsf/k|fKt cGo c+un] pgLx¿sf]o:tf] xltof/sf] e08f/sf] ;'/Iff / Joj:yfkg ug]{;DaGwdf pko'Qm /a[xb\ dfks tyf k|lqmof agfPsf]af/] lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .

w ;Dej x'g] 7fpFdf k|efjsf/L lg/:qLs/0f, zflGt k|lqmof / PsLs/0fsfo{qmdsf] ljsf; ug'{xf];\ / To;nfO{ nfu" ug'{xf];\ .

w ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wgug'{xf];\ . -=====_

;|f]t M lg/:qLs/0f cleofgsf] /fi6«;+3Lo ljefuj]aM Prl6l6kLM÷÷8An'8An'8An'=o'Pg=cf]cf/hL÷l8Olkl6P;÷l8l8P, @))@

dfly plNnlvt zLto'4kl5sf] ljsf;af6 cem v/fa ePsf] xltof/ lgof{tlgoGq0f k|lqmofsf] hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfaf/] ;+;b\n] s] ug{;S5 / s] ug'{k5{eGg] ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx¿df dxTjk"0f{ 5nkmnsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

aS; *! n] o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf /fHox¿df lnOg] dfkgsf] pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t'tu5{ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] dxTjaf/] j[l4 ePsf] r]tgfn] xltof/ lgof{tdf;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ ljsf; ePsf] 5, oBlk w]/} b]zdf cem} of];Dk"0f{tfdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .

aS; g+= *!

xltof/ lgof{t lgoGq0fdf ;+;b\sf] e"ldsf M o'/f]k]nL d'n'sdfkf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf

cli6«of M cli6«ofnL sfg'gdf ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ eGg] s'g}Joj:yf 5}g .

a]lNhodM ;g\ !((! df nfu" ul/Psf] Ps sfg'gn] xltof/ cf];f/k;f/af/]jflif{s ¿kdf ;+;b\nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;/sf/nfO{ afWo kf/]sf] 5 . t/, of]sfg'gn] xltof/ lgof{tsf] nfO;]G; s;n] kfpF5 / p;n] s;nfO{ xltof/lgof{t u5{ eGg]af/] k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfrflxF u/]sf] 5}g . lgof{t o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf]cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lj?4 hfg g;Sg] tYodf of] Pp6f d'Vo a'Fbf xf] .

8]gdfs{M xltof/ lgof{taf/] ;+;bLo 5nkmn jf k|hftflGqs ;'kl/j]If0fsfnflu s'g} pko'Qm dfkb08sf] s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . oBlk, hgtfsf] a9\bf]bafasf sf/0f lgof{t lgoGq0f, lgof{tsf] d"No / uGtJo d'n's;lxt xltof/lgof{taf/] k|f/lDes k|ltb]jg sfg'g dGqfnon] hf/L ug]{ kxn ul//x]sf] 5 .

lkmgNofG8M clxn];Dd /Iff dGqfnon] o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gcg'¿k /Iff;DaGw j:t'lgof{t;Da4 b'O{j6f jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ul/;s]sf] 5 . oL k|ltj]bgx¿kf/blz{tfsf nflu kof{Kt lj:t[t 5g\ . t}klg, xltof/ cf];f/k;f/df lgoldt;+;bLo 5nkmnrflxF cem} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

k|mfG;M k|mfG;]nL ;+;b\n] ;fgf xltof/af/] hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ug{ tyf k|x/L /;'/Iff pks/0fx¿, bf]xf]/f] k|of]u x'g] pks/0f / ;du| ;}lgs ;+u7gaf/] ;/sf/sf]jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cem lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbg / :ki6 kfg{ ;/sf/;Fu k6sk6sdfu ul//x]sf] 5 . t/, ;+;b\df pQm k|ltj]bgaf/] cem a9L 5nkmn x'g'k5{ .

hd{gLM xltof/ lgof{taf/] klxnf] k|ltj]bg ;g\ @))) df k|sfzg ePsf]lyof] . csf]{ k|ltj]bgsf] cWoogdf lgDgfg';f/sf ;+;bLo ;ldlt ;fd]nx'G5g\ eg]/ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5– /Iff, j}b]lzs dfldnf, Jofkf/ / ;DejtMdfgjclwsf/ . ;/sf/n] lgof{t ug]{ j:t'x¿sf] k/LIf0f ug]{df ;+;b\sf]clwsf/ ;Lldt /xg]5 .

230 231


lu|;M xltof/ lgof{tsf] clwsf/af/] ;+;b\ / hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg k|ltj]bgk|:t't ug]{ s'g} ;+oGq 5}g . o;af/]sf] Pp6} cflwsfl/s hfgsf/L k/Dk/futxltof/af/] /fi6«;+3Lo k'l:tsfn] lbg] g} xf] . cfo/NofG8M xltof/;Da4lgof{tx¿af/] k|ltj]bg k]; ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ afWo kfg]{ s'g} Joj:yf cfOl/;sfg'gdf 5}g . oBlk, o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ub}{ j}b]lzsdfldnf ljefun] ;g\ @))@ ;Dd b'O{j6f jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|sfzg u¥of] . lgof{tcg'dltkq hf/L ug]{ dGqfnonfO{ k|Zg ug{ kfpg] k|rng a:g nfu]sf] 5 .

O6fnLM lgof{t, cfoft / ;}Go pks/0fsf nflu af6f] k|of]u ug{ lbg]nufotclwsf/ / cfk"lt{af/] ;/sf/n] ;+;b\nfO{ k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{k5{ . of] Joj:yf;g\ !(() sf] Pp6f sfg'gcg';f/ ul/Psf] xf], h;df Pp6f a[xb\ k|ltj]bg;d]t;dflji6 5 . oBlk, ;+;b\;Fu lgof{t k/LIf0f ug]{ s'g} cf}krfl/s e"ldsf eg]x'Fb}g .

nSh]dju{M oxfF g s'g} dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ pBf]u 5, g hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflus'g} k|0ffnL g} .

g]b/NofG8M xltof/ lgof{taf/] klxnf] a[xb\ k|ltj]bg ;g\ !((* cS6f]a/dfk|sfzg ePsf] lyof] . 8r xltof/ lgof{t k|lqmofdf ;+;bLo k/LIf0fsf] Pp6fcf}krfl/s tTj 5– ;/sf/n] art xltof/sf] laqmLaf/] uf]kgLotfk"j{s ;+;b\nfO{hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .

kf]r'{unM ;g\ !((* df k|sflzt klxnf] k|ltj]bgcl3 xltof/ lgof{tsf]cg'dltkq;DaGwL lg0f{odf ;+;bLo k/LIf0fsf] s'g} Joj:yf lyPg . oxfF ;+;bLo5nkmnsf] klg s'g} k/Dk/f 5}g . ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿n] xltof/ lgof{t cg'dltkqaf/]kl5 k|Zg p7fpg kfpF5g\ .

:k]gM ;g\ !((* otf Pp6f k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . xltof/ lgof{tdf s'g}k|f/lDes k/LIf0f x'Fb}g . ;+;bLo sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;ldlt eg] ;xefuL x'G5 .;+;b\leq o;af/] ax; a9\bf] 5 . l:j8]gM ;g\ !(*$ df klxnf] k|ltj]bgk|sfzg ePsf] lyof], ;f]xL jif{ ;+;b\n] ;}Go xltof/sf] lgof{tsf nflu Pp6f;Nnfxsf/ af]8{ u7g u¥of], h'g cGo o'/f]k]nL d'n'ssf nflu ;d]t sf];]9'+uf;fljt eof] . ;+;b\n] o:tf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdfly ax; u5{ .

;+o'Qm clw/fHoM a]nfotsf] k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL ;a}eGbf kf/bzL{ 5 . ;g\ !(((df klxnf] k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ePb]lv /Iff, j}b]lzs dfldnf, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;tyf Jofkf/ / pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f Pp6f ;+o'Qm ;ldlt agfOPsf] 5 . pQm;+o'Qm ;ldltn] xfp; ckm sdG;nfO{ k|ltj]bg k|:t't u5{ / lgof{t k/LIf0fnfO{ljZj:t t'NofpF5 .

;|f]tM 8An'8An'8An'=;]kmjN8{=l;cf]=o's], @))@

;+;bLo ljz]if1tf

dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}+ xltof/ Jofkf/ / cf];f/k;f/ k|lqmofdf ;+;b\n] pko'Qmk|lqmof cEof; u5{ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ xltof/ ;+;bLo ljz]if1tf g} xf] .Joj;flos Ifdtfsf] cefj gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ uf]Ko agfOg] y'k|} sf/0fx¿dWo]Ps xf] . ;DalGwt ;+;bLo ;ldltdf /x]sf ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ tflnd lbg' h?/Lx'G5 . To;}u/L ;+;bLo sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ xltof/ Jofkf/, vl/b k|lqmof, ;~rfngutcg';Gwfg, j:t'x¿sf] Joj:yfkg, pks/0fsf] vr{ / e08f/ lgoGq0fh:tf ljifodfljz]if1tf xfl;n x'g] u/L tflnd lbof] eg] o;n] ;+;bLo /Iff ;ldltn] ;f]Wg]k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg;Sg] ljz]if1x¿sf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 .To;}u/L ;'/Iff If]qsf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] tYofª\s a}+s agfpg] xf]eg] o;n] ;+;bLo /Iff ;ldltx¿nfO{ lg0f{ox¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / k'gd"{Nofª\g ug{sfo{sf/L / ;]gf;Fu ;fGble{s hfgsf/L dfUg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

232 233



xltof/ Jofkf/sf] ;'kl/j]If0fw cGt/f{li6«o xltof/ Jofkf/dflysf] lgoGq0fnfO{ k|d'v ;+;bLo Ph]G8f agfpg

hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .w aS; *) -;fgf / xn'sf xltof/sf] cglws[t Jofkf/lj?4 /fi6«;+3sf]

sf/afxL sfo{qmd M ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿sf nflu s]lGb|t a'Fbfx¿_df lbOPsfl;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ nfu" ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

w tkfO+{sf] /fHonfO{ lgDgg';f/sf ljlwdf /xL sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\M

k/Dk/fut xltof/sf nflu /fi6«;+3Lo k'l:tsfsf] k|ltj]bg cfjZostf .;}Go vr{sf nflu /fi6«;+3n] dfkg u/]sf] pks/0f .k/Dk/fut xltof/af/] ;fGble{s If]qLo ;lGwx¿ .

xltof/ Jofkf/sf] /fli6«o gLltw xltof/ laqmLaf/] tfhf /fli6«o gLltsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} of]

:jLs[ltsf nflu ;dod} ;+;b\df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]af/] klg:ki6 x'g'xf];\ .

w xltof/ Jofkf/sf ljifox¿af/] ;+;b\nfO{ k|ltj]bg k]; ug{ ;/sf/nfO{afWo kfg]{ ;+oGqaf/] lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .

xltof/ ODafuf]]{w ODafuf]{;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox¿ -ltgLx¿sf] pko'Qmtf, ljz]if ;+/rgf /

k|efjdf cfwfl/t /x]/_ dfly ;+;b\df 5nkmn x'G5 eGg]af/] ;'lglZrttfug'{xf];\ .

w aS; && df pNn]v u/]sf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ d'Vo u/L lbdfudf /fv]/ …:t/Lok|ltaGwÚaf/] ;+;b\df ax; rnfpg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

w xltof/ ODafuf]{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ / o:tf ODafuf]{sf] pNn+3g u/]sf]kfOPdf k|ltaGw / Ifltk"lt{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg'xf];\ .

xltof/ artw ;+;b\ jf s/;DaGwL ljifox¿ x]g]{ ;ldltx¿;lxtsf ;DalGwt ;ldltx¿nfO{

xltof/ artsf] ljifonfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg tyf lgoGq0f / /f]Ssfsfnflu sf/afxL ug{ bafa lbg'xf];\ .

tkfO{+sf] d'n'saf6 jf tkfO{+sf] d'n'sdfkm{t art ePsf xltof/sf]cf];f/k;f/ . art xltof/sf] s'g} k|sf/sf] vl/b .

w art xltof/ hDdf u/]/ gi6 ug{ tkfO{+sf] ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg'xf];\ .w art xltof/sf] cf];f/k;f/df ;+nUg sDkgLx¿sf] klxrfg u/]/ sf/afxL

ug{ / To:tf ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg'xf];\ .

;fgf xltof/w ;+;b\ jf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] ;fgf xltof/sf] /fli6«o pTkfbg / laqmLaf/]

lj:t[t hfgsf/L xfl;n u5{ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . of] sfo{df ;+nUgePsf sDkgLx¿;lxt ;a}sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf] dfu ug'{xf];\ .

w /fli6«o ¿kdf pTkfbg ul/Psf ;fgf xltof/ of] kl/R5]bdf pNn]vu/]cg';f/sf] s8f ;Ldfleq /x]sf] 5 eGg]df lglZrGt x'g'xf];\ .

234 235


cfOlko' eg]sf] s] xf] <

cfOlko' ;fj{ef}d /fi6«x¿sf] ;+;b\sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g xf], h'g ;g\ !**( df:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3;Fu ko{j]If0fsf] gofF dfGotfn] cGt/f{li6«ojftf{ k|lqmofdf hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf] cfjfh ;'Gg ;Sg] / ;+;bLo cfofdnfO{cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf Nofpg] cfOlko'sf] k|of;sf] tfhf sbdnfO{ O+lut u5{ .

hgj/L @))# ;Dd cfOlko'df ! ;o $$ /fli6«o ;+;b\ ;b:o lyP . ;+;bLo;+jfb / sf/afxLnfO{ cfkm\gf] s]lGb|t a'Fbf dfGg] of] ;+:yfn] ;+;b\nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sfljifodf ;Fu} NofpF5 M

Ø cGt/f{li6«o rfv / rf;f]sf k|Zgx¿dfly ljrf/ ug]{ .Ø ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff / k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .Ø ljZjel/sf k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

zflGt / ;'/Iffsf k|Zgx¿ cfOlko'sf] Ph]G8fdf ;w+} pRr:yfgdf /flvG5g\ .o;sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] w]/} k6s lg/:qLs/0f, ODafuf]{x¿ / cGt/f{li6«o :jLs[lt,cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw cbfnt / cft+sjfbnufotsf ;'/Iff ljifox¿df sf/afxLul/;s]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(($ df, o;n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjtfjfbL sfg'gsf] ;DdfgnfO{k|f]T;fxg ug{ ljz]if ;ldlt lgdf{0f u¥of] . cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf of];+u7gn] ;g\ !((( df cGt/f{li6«o dfgjtfjfbL sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg ljifodf ;+;b\;b:ox¿sf nflu Pp6f xft]k'l:tsf k|sfzg u¥of] .

/fhgLlts jftf{sf cfwf/df tgfj sd ug{sf nflu ;3fpg klg cfOlko' hlxNo}tTk/ 5 . cfOlko'sf a}7sx¿n] tgfj b"/ u/]/ ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f :yfkgf ug{;+jfbsf nflu df}sf k|bfg u5{g\ . of] ;+:yfn] dWok"j{ -klZrd Pl;of_df ;Gtf]ifhgs;xdltsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ Pp6f ;+;bLo ;ldlt / ;fOk|;sf b'O{ efudf/fhgLlts bnx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿aLr ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f agfpg dWo:ystf{x¿sf];d"x lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . d]l86]l/ogdf ;'/Iff / ;xof]u j[l4 ug{ cfOlko'n] Pp6fljz]if ;+oGq klg tof/ u/]sf] 5 .

cfOlko' d'VofnocGt/ ;+;bLo ;+u7gr]ldg 8' kf]lDdo/–%s]; kf]:6n ##)l;Pr–!@!*, u|fG8 :ofsf]g]S;, h]g]efl:jh/NofG8kmf]gM $! @@ (!( $! %)ôfS;M $! @@ (!( $! ^)Od]nM [email protected]]a;fO6M www.ipu.org

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf nflucfOlko'sf] :yfoL ko{j]Ifssf] sfof{nocfOlko' d'Vofno@@) O:6 $@ cf}+ dfu{;'6 #!)@Go'of]s{, Pg jfO{ !))!&cd]l/sfkmf]gM @!@ %%& %* *)ôfS;M @!@ %%& #( %$Od]nM [email protected]

236 237


;z:q ansf] k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf nfluh]g]ef ;]G6/ -l8Sofkm_

ljutsf bzsdf k|z:t k|ult x'Fbfx'Fb} k|hftflGqs gful/s–;}Go ;DaGwsf] ¿kfGt/0f /Joj:yfkg y'k|} /fHox¿sf nflu clxn] klg r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . d'Vou/Lk|hftflGqs Joj:yftkm{ pGd'v d'n'sx¿, o'4sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf / åGåaf6 ev{/} aflxl/Psf;dfhx¿sf nflu of] ;To xf] . k|x/Lnufot ;z:q / ;+;bLo an, ;Ldf ;'/Iff tyf;'/Iffdf cfwfl/t cGo ;+/rgfx¿sf] y'k|} d'n'sdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . clwsf+z;dodf oL ;+:yfx¿n] b'n{e ;|f]tdf ef/L af]em k'¥ofP/, k|hftfGqLs/0fsf] k|lqmofcj?4 u/]/ tyf cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o åGåsf] ;DefJotf j[l4 ub}{ /fHoleqs}/fHoh:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ . To;}n] åGå /f]Sg, zflGt tyf k|hftGq k|j4{g ug{ tyf lbuf];fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug{ To:tf zlQmzfnL ;+/rgfsf] k|hftflGqs tyfgful/s lgoGq0f dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] eGg] a[xb\ ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}n] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Ph]G8fdf ;z:q ;+/rgfdfly k|hftflGqs / gful/slgoGq0fnfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ gLltut ljifo ag]sf] 5 . of] cfd / ;sf/fTdsk|j[lQnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg :jL; ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))) cS6f]a/df/Iffsf] ;+3Lo ljefu, gful/s ;'/Iff / v]ns'b tyf ljb]z dfldnf;DaGwL ;+3Loljefusf] ;+o'Qm kxndf ;z:q ansf] k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf nflu h]g]ef ;]G6/-l8Sofkm_ :yfkgf u¥of] .

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oL p2]Zox¿ nfu" ug{sf nflu ;]G6/n] lgDgfg';f/sf sfd u5{ M

••••• hfgsf/L ;+sng, cg';Gwfg tyf ;~hfnLs/0fsf ultljlw u5{– ;d:ofsf] klxrfgug{, l;lsPsf kf7 nfu" ug{ / ;z:q ansf] gful/s tyf k|hftflGqs lgoGq0f tyfgful/s–;}Go ;DaGwsf ;jf]{Qd cEof;x¿sf] k|:tfj ug{ .

••••• o;n] ljz]if1tf / ;xof]u k|bfg u5{– ;a} OR5's ;d'bfo, d'Vou/L ;/sf/, ;+;b\,

;}Go ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g / af}l4s hdftnfO{ .

l8Sofkmn] /fli6«o lgsfo, cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, af}l4s ;+u7gx¿ /

ljz]if1x¿;Fu lgs6 ;xof]udf /x]/ sfd u5{ . sfo{ut tyf ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{sf

¿kdf ;+:yfut kl/ifb\df /x]sf $@ ;/sf/x¿, o;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{df

/x]sf %) gfdL ljz]if1x¿, ljrf/sx¿ tyf cGo sfo{sf/L ;d"xsf] ;xof]u tyf

ljZjf; l8SofkmnfO{ k|fKt 5 . ;]G6/n] y'k|} cg';Gwfg ;+:yf tyf s]xL cGt/f{li6«o

;+u7g / cGt/ ;+;bLo ;efx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L jf ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .

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;z:q ansf] k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿nfO{ a[xb\ ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{

l8Sofkmn] !@ nugzLn sfo{sf/L ;d"x agfO;s]sf] 5 jf agfpg] tof/L ul///x]sf]

5 . tL ;d"xn] lgDg ljifo ;d]6]sf 5g\ M ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/, ;z:q ansf] ;+;bLo

cg'udg, ;z:q ansf] k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf] sfg'gL cfofd, xltof/ vl/b / /Iff

ah]6df kf/blz{tfsf] lgdf{0f, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltdf gful/s ljz]if1tf, k|x/L tyf cGo

u}/;}Go ;'/Iff anx¿sf] k|hftflGqs lgoGq0f, ;'wf/ tyf an s6f}tLdf gful/s–;}Go

;DaGw, ;}lgs tyf ;dfh, gful/s ;dfh lgdf{0f, åGåkl5sf] cj:yfdf gful/s–;}Go

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clk|msL ;Gbe{df gful/s–;}Go ;DaGw . sfo{sf/L ;d"xaLrsf] of]hgf, Joj:yf tyf

;dGjo ;]G6/sf ljrf/sx¿aLr s]lGb|t x'G5g\ .

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;'/Iff / ;xof]usf nflu o'/f]k]nL ;+u7gsf] :j¿kdf s]xL kl/of]hgfx¿ nfu" u/]sf] 5 .

s]Gb|n] lgoldt ¿kdf k|sfzgx¿ lgsfN5, ;Dd]ng, sfo{zfnf / cGo ultljlwx¿

cfof]hgf u5{ . nlIft ju{ / cfd;d'bfo;Dd k'Ug cfkm\g} j]a;fO6 (http://www.dcaf.ch)ePsf] l8Sofkmn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] /fd|f] k|of]u u5{ .

238 239


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l8Sofkm :jL; sfg'gcGtu{t /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf xf] .* ;]G6/sf] ;+:yfut kl/ifb\df$$ j6f d'n'ssf] k|ltlglwTj 5 . o;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{ /Iff ljifodfljZjsf k|d'v ljz]if1x¿n] ag]sf] 5 . o;n] ;]G6/sf ;a} /0fgLltx¿df lgb]{zsnfO{;'emfj lbG5 . l8Sofkmdf @# ljleGg d'n'ssf $) ljz]if1 sfo{/t 5g\, h;nfO{ rf/ljefudf afFl8Psf] 5M ljrf/sx¿, afXo sfo{qmdx¿, ;"rgf ;|f]tx¿ / k|zf;g .

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*cNaflgof, cd]{lgof, cl:6«of, ch/j}hfg, a]nf¿;, af]l:gof–xh{uf]legf, a'Nu]l/of,sf]6] l8ef]/, qmf]Pl;of, r]s l/klAns, 8]gdfs{, O:6f]lgof, lkmgNofG8, k|mfG;, hlh{of,hd{gL, lu|;, x+u]/L, cfo/NofG8, O6fnL, nflTeof, lny'cflgof, dfNbf]ef, g]b/NofG8,gfOh]l/of, gj]{, kf]NofG8, kf]r'{un, /f]dflgof, ¿;L dxf;+3, ;lj{of–df]G6]g]u|f], :nf]efsl/klAns, :nf]eflgof, blIf0f clk|msf, :k]g, l:j8]g, l:jh/NofG8, Dof;]8f]lgof, o'qm]g,a]nfot, cd]l/sf, h]g]ef SofG6f]g .

240

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o; k|sfzgsf] ljt/0f h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu 5flkPsf] 5 To; zt{ cGtu{t x'g]5 /o;nfO{ Jofkfl/s, ef8fdf, ljqmL jf cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu ljt/0f ug{sf] nflu k|sfzssf]k"j{ ;xdlt lagf, s'g} klg :j?kdf kfOg] 5}g . ;fy} o;kl5sf] k|sfzsnfO{ klg ;f]xLk|sf/sf] zt{x¿ nufOPsf] 5 .

ISBN (IPU)ISBN (DCAF)

;'/Iff If]qsf] ;+;bLo ;'kl/j]If0fM l;4fGt, ;+/rgf / Jojxf/

k|sfzsMO{G6/ kfln{ofd]G6/L o"lgog

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Inter-Parliamentary Union Geneva Centre for the Democratic …€¦ · Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Inter-Parliamentary Union