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INTERACTIVE LECTURE SERIES URBAN TRANSPORT by Umang Jain [email protected] BRT AROUND THE WORLD A RAPID TOUR

INTERACTIVE LECTURE SERIES – URBAN …wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/BRT-SPA.pdfINTERACTIVE LECTURE SERIES ... TCRP Report 90 –Bus Rapid Transit ... East London Transit,

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INTERACTIVE LECTURE SERIES – URBAN

TRANSPORT

by

Umang Jain

[email protected]

BRT AROUND THE WORLD A RAPID TOUR

Congestion and Motorization, Sao Paulo, Brasil

Sustainable Urban Transport

• Walking and Biking

• Public Transport, inclusive

of BRT

• Transit Oriented

Development (TOD)

• Demand management

cars and motorcycles

• Safer, cooler vehicles and

fuels

http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG

Key BRT Components

Segregated

Busways

Stations with

prepayment and

level boarding

Large buses with

multiple doors

Distinctive Image

Centralized Control

BRT in numbers 2010

120 cities with BRT Systems and Bus Corridors

280 corridors

4,335 km

6,683 stations

30,000 buses

26.8 million passengers per weekday

1% of the world´s urban population (2010)

~1.5 times the population of Bangalore (2010)

Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus

Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities

16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)

China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil,

México, Perú, UK, Canada

21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses

1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)

7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km

49 new cities with corridors under construction

16 cities expanding their corridors

31 new cities in planning stages

Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors

1 12

10

1 1 12

1 12

1 1

5

1 12

54

87

8 8 8

13

1716

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors

Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid

Curitiba

Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia

Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada

Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid

Curitiba

Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia

Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada

Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid

Curitiba

Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia

Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada

Why the rapid growth? Low Capital Costs

Total Cost(Infrastructure + equipment in USD millions) per km

BRT can be very high

speed

Istanbul, Turkey

42 km/h

BRT can be very

high capacity

Bogota, Colombia

48,000 pphpd

Title

BRT can be very

productive

Guadalajara, Mexico

3,100 pax/day/bus

BRT can be very

productive

Guayaquil, Ecuador

13.2 pax/vehicle-km

Title

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

200000

240000

280000

320000

360000

400000

440000

480000

520000

560000

600000

640000

680000

720000

760000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

15-Oct-09 15-Nov-09 15-Dec-09 15-Jan-10 15-Feb-10 15-Mar-10 15-Apr-10 15-May-10 15-Jun-10 15-Jul-10 15-Aug-10 15-Sep-10 15-Oct-10 15-Nov-10 15-Dec-10

Tota

l dai

ly f

are

colle

ctio

n

Tota

l dai

ly p

asse

nge

rs

Total Passengers Total Collection (in Rs.)

Total Ridership and Total Fare Collection

Extension of corridor to Kankaria

Extension of corridor to Maninagar & Narol

Sunday

Extension of corridor to Jashodanagar Jn.

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Extension of corridor to Soni

ni Chali

Extension of corridor to

Naroda

Sept Oct DecNov

An abridged history in Latin America

Curitiba, RIT, 72 km carriles centrales

1.2 million pax/dia

Corredor inicial 1974

Evolución de una red integrada

2010

Title

“Linha Verde” Curitiba

Corredor de 18 Km

2009

Fotos: Prefeitura de Curitiba, Parana

Expansión de Capacidad

“Corredor Boqueirao”

2010

Fo

to: P

refe

itu

rad

e C

uritib

a, P

ara

na

Quito, Metrobús-Q, 37 Km carriles

centrales, 440,000 pax/dia

Corredor inicial 1995

Fu

en

teD

ire

cció

nd

e T

ran

sp

ort

e, Q

uito

Trolebus in Historic Disctrict

Bogotá, TransMilenio, 84 Km carriles

1,7 millones pax/day

Started 2000

Title

Corredores troncalesTransMilenio, Bogota

Title

Bogotá TransMilenio

Eje Ambiental Avenida Jiménez

Ph

oto

ITD

P

Title

Express Way Lanes

TransMilenio, Bogota

Fu

en

tes:

En

cu

est

aA

nu

al“B

og

otá

¿C

óm

oV

am

os?

” w

ww

.eltie

mp

o.c

om

;

Public

Transportation

Traditional

TransMilenio

Private (Car

Two Wheeler)

Walking and

Biking

Fatalities in Traffic Accidents Bogotá(1996-2007)

1299

11651106

1014

923

698

788

665

551

511564

1171

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Fuente: Anuario Estadístico, Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia

Fatalities in BRT Corridor

6260

47

38

29

18 18

23

10 96

14

2

6

25

13

14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

Fa

talid

ad

es

Total Corredor Asociadas a TransMilenio

Tendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin Proyecto

Fu

en

te: Se

cre

taria

de

Mo

vili

da

d, TR

AN

SM

ILEN

IO S

.A.

y

lcu

los

Pro

pio

s

Sao Paulo, 104 Km carrilescentrales +

preferenciales, 5,761,000 pax/dia

Iniciales 1980, Reconstrucción en 2003

TExpresso Tiradentes

Foto: SPTrans

Passa-Rapido

Foto: SPTrans

Operação Via Livre

Terminals

Stations

Fare integration and fleet renewal

Breaking the trend in modal sharePe

rce

nt

Mo

tori

zed

Tri

ps

Graph: Sao Paulo Municipality

León de Guanajuato, México, Optibús, 25 Km

median busways (60% segregated)

Initial corridor 2003

León de Guanajuato, México, Optibús

Three Corridors

220,000 pax/day, with 6,000 pax/hour per direction

Terminal Station, Leon, Guanajuato

Corredor Insurgentes, Ciudad de Mexico

(2005)

Ciudad de México , Metrobús

66 Km 570,000 pax/dia

Includes Bi-articulated Buses

Stations Metrobus

Mexico

Tepalcates Terminal

Pereira, Colombia, Megabús

27 Km Carriles Exclusivos, 125,000 pax/day

Operacion Inicial 2006

Pereira, Colombia

Fotos cortesia de Megabus,

Pereira, Colombia

Guayaquil, Ecuador,

Metrovía,

32 Km Busways,

300, 000 pax/day

Initial Corridor 2006

Corredores Guayaquil

Estación y Bus Guayaquil

Terminal, Guayaquil, Ecuador

Macrobús, Guadalajara, México

16 Km, 27 Estaciones,

41 Buses Articulados + 103 Alimentadores

Santiago, Chile, 19 Km troncales + 63 Km prioritarios,

Red Integrada 5 Million Viajes/dia

Operación inicial en 2007

Buses de piso bajo, validación a bordo

Foto: Sapfan (Jan Pesula)

Ciudad de Guatemala Febrero 2007

Cali, Colombia 27 Km carriles exclusivos

130,000 pax/dia

Operación inicial en 2009

Fo

to: M

etr

oc

ali

BRT in numbers 2010

120 cities with BRT Systems and Bus Corridors

280 corridors

4,335 km

6,683 stations

30,000 buses

26.8 million passengers per weekday

1% of the world´s urban population (2010)

~1.5 times the population of Bangalore

Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus

Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities

16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)

China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil,

México, Perú, UK, Canada

21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses

1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)

7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km

49 new cities with corridors under construction

16 cities expanding their corridors

31 new cities in planning stages

Government Agencies – moving from corridors to integrated

systems and collaborative efforts –

Interesting developments 2010-2011

Interesting developments 2010-2011

Growing Public Private Partnerships PPP for systems

operation – Latin America, India, South Africa

Increased support from the national level - programs in

Mexico, Colombia, India, Indonesia, France, US

Interest of manufacturers in BRT, new buses,

alternative fuels from India, Indonesia and China -complement the high bus production of Brasil

Fare collection, control, user information systems

technologies consolidated

Salient issues

Poor understanding on what is BRT

Institutional and financial risks – poor: contracting,

institutional set ups and fare level definition mechanisms

Madhav Pai - EMBARQ

Delhi Corridor Pune Corridor

What is a Bus Rapid Transit System?

“Is a flexible, rubber-tired form

of rapid transit that combines

stations, vehicles, services,

running ways and ITS elements

into an integrated system with

strong identity”TCRP Report 90 – Bus Rapid Transit – Volume 2: Implementation Guidelines 2003

“It is a high quality public

transport system, oriented to

the user that offers fast,

comfortable and low cost

urban mobility” BRT Planning Guide – ITDP, 2007 Photo: Karl Fjelstrom - ITDP

Component “High End” BRT – “Supply Side”

Running

Ways• Complete or at least Longitudinal Segregation

Traffic

Engineering

• Geometric Adjustments (high speed and safety)

• Left and Right Turn Controls

• Traffic Signal Priorities for Buses

• Modern Traffic Signal Technology

Stations

• Enclosed Facilities

• Level Boarding and Prepayment

• Passing Lanes (when required)

Vehicles

• Multiple doors

• Easy Boarding/Alighting

• Low Emissions

Services• Mixed services (local, accelerated, express; short loops)

• Designed according to the service needs

ITS

• Automatic Vehicle Location/Centralized Control

• Traffic Signal Priority

• Electronic Fare Collection/Fare Integration

Adapted fromTCRP Report 90 – Bus Rapid Transit

– Volume 2: Implementation Guidelines 2003

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Segregated

Median

Busways

Large Buses

Multiple Wide

Doors

Stations with

Prepayment and

Level Boarding

Centralized Control

Distinctive Image

Janmarg Ahmedabad, India

Component “High End” BRT – “Performance Side”

Quality of Service • High User Acceptance

Travel Time

• Easily Accessible

• Low waiting time

• High commercial speed

Reliability• Low variability (intervals, speeds)

• Low breakdowns, incidents

Comfort

• Acceptable Occupancy Levels (buses, platforms)

• Good user information

• Seamless integration with other transport modes

• Perception of safety and security

Cost• Relative low capital and operational costs

• High capital and operational productivity

Externalities

• Low level of accidents (fatalities, injuries)

• Low emissions

• Congestion relief (attraction of motor vehicle users)

• Increased land values

1

114

4

16

3

1

5

1

131

41

9

2

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

1

11

116

1

830 km 6 km

Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

About 120 cities with BRT or bus corridors

4,335 km - 6,683 stations – 30,000 buses

26.8 million passengers per weekday

Guahazhou BRT, China

•Opened February 10, 2010

•22.5 km dedicated busway

•26 stations (prepayment,

level boarding – some

buses, passing lane, up to

six platforms)

•Peak supply: 340

buses/hr/direction

•40 routes (in and out the

system, no transfers)

•Peak demand: 26,900

passengers/hr/direction

•Daily demand: 800,000

pax/per weekday Photo by Benjamin

Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/guangzhou.aspx#

Hefei BRT, China

• Operations started 18 Jan

2010

• 2 Corridors

• 12.7 km busway (15 km

total)

• 14 stations

• Peak supply: 60 buses/hr

• Commerical Speed 16

km/h

• Fleet: 65 buses

(estimated, conventional

buses 12 m)

• Ridership: 65,250

pax/day (estimated) Photo: Karl Fjlestrom, ITDPSource: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/hefei.aspx#

Yancheng BRT, China

• Operations started May

1, 2010

• 1 corridor

• 8 km dedicated

busway (15 km total)

• 21 stations

• 20 BRT buses (12 m)

• 30 feeder buses

• Estimated ridership

20,000 pax/day

Photos and Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/yancheng.aspx#

Zaozhuang BRT, China

•Started Operations August 1,

2010 (Commercial operation

September 1, 2010)

•1 Corridor, 33 km

•24 stations

•2 terminals

•20 buses (estimated)

•27 buses/hour

•700 pax/hour/direction

•20,000 pax/day

•30 km/h commercial speed

Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/zaozhuang.aspx#

Jaipur Bus, Jaipur, India (not full BRT)

• Operations started 31 July 2010

• Route reorganization

• 10 routes

• 352 line-km

• 497 bus stops

• 200 buses

• 150,000 pax/day

• Busway

• Length 7.1 km

• 10 stations

• 20 buses

• 2,000 pax/day

• Busways plan 42 km Photos: http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69Info: EMBARQ India and http://www.jaipurbus.com/route_map.html

Bangkok BRT, Thailand

• Free operations started May

15, 2010

• Commercial operations

started September 1, 2010

• 15.9 km median busway

(Sathorn-Ratchaphruek)

• 12 stations

• 20 buses, conventional high

floor, 1 wide door

• Peak ridership 1,000 pax/hr

• Peak buses 14/hour

• Daily ridership 10,000

pax/day

• Fare 10 baht (USD 0.33)Photo and information source: http://www.tour-bangkok-

legacies.com/bangkok-brt.html

Additional source:

http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx#

East London Transit, UK

February 2010. Two Routes (EL1, EL2)

12 buses per hour

47 min trip time

Approximate 20 Km, 40 stops, About 18 buses, 9,000 pax/day

http://www.flickr.com/photos/wirewiping/4382063978/sizes/m/in/photostream/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit

Corredor de Ônibus de João Pessoa, Brasil

•Started operations in

2010

•1 corridor

•2.5 km

•5 stations

•111 buses

•100,000 passengers per

weekday

http://www.afonteenoticia.com.br/pagina.php?pg=3&id_noticia=1278

Transmetro, Barranquilla, Colombia

• Opened 10 July 2010

• 13.4 km dedicated busway

• 15 Stations (prepayment,

level boarding)

• 1 intermediate station,

• 1 terminal 32.7 km auxiliary

corridors (62 km planned)

• Buses:

• 92 articulated (18m)

• 85 large conventional (15m)

• 107 conventional feeder (12m)

• Daily demand

• 32,000 pax (305,000 expected

when fully implemented)

Photo via transmetro.gov.coSources: http://transmetro.gov.co/web2010/Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit Group, Oct 2010

Metrolínea, Bucaramanga, Colombia

•Opened 21 December 2009

•Commercial operation 22

January 2010

•8.9 km trunk corridor

•7.7 auxiliary corridors (25.2

km plan.)

• 24 stations (level boarding,

prepayment)

•80.1 km feeder lines

•Buses

• 15 Articulated

• 47 Large Conventional 15m

(203 plan.)

• 69 Conventional feeder (150

plan.)

• Ridership: 75,000 pax/day

Photo:

http://www.metrolinea.gov.co/ Source: Ministry of Transport, Mass

Transit Group, Oct 2010

Mexibús, Estado México, México

• Initial operation Nov 30,

2010

• 16 km exclusive busway

(Ciudad Azteca-Tecamac)

• 21 stations

• 3 terminals

• 130,000 pax/day

(expected)

• Proyected expansions

2011

• 21 km (Lechería-Las

Américas)

• 14 km (Chinalhucán-

Pantitlán)

Photo: http://transeunte.org/tag/mexibus/

Source: http://transporteinformativo.com/pasaje/inicia-operaciones-mexibus-con-63-autobuses-articulados-volvo

Metropolitano, Lima, Peru

• Initial Operation, May 2010

• First high capacity bus system

with CNG only

• 27 km busways, 80% with

overtaking at stations

• 35 stations, one large central

underground station, two

terminals

• 308 articulated buses

• 319 feeder buses

• 82,000 pax/day south section

(854,000 pax/day expected)

• 21 km/hour commercial speed Photo: Protransporte, Lima, May 2010

Source: Menckhoff, G., Ochoa, C., Ardila, A. “El Metropolitano de Lima: Implementación y Primeros Resultados de un Nuevo Sistema BRT” CLATPU, Octubre 2010

Züm, Brampton, Ontario, Canada

•Operations Started

September 20, 2010

•28.5 km busway

•17 stations

•25 buses, low floor, 25 m

• Two additional corridors

planned for 2011-2012

Sources:

http://www.brampton.ca/en/residents/transit/zum/Pages/welcome.

aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCm

Photo:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brampton_Zum_1074b.JPG

Systems expansions 2010

Name City Expansion (growth)

Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia +48 km (34%)

BRT Teheran Teheran, Iran +21km (31%)

Janmarg Ahmedabad, India +20 km (105%)

Select Bus New York City +14 km (121%)

Xiamen BRT Xiamen, China +11 km (28%)

Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou, China +6 km (46%)

Optibús León, México +5 km (19%)

125 km 3% increase over existing km in 2009

Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-public-transportation

Filename/RPS Number

What Went Wrong

•Rushed implementation – several components

incomplete

•Very tight financial planning – non technical user fares,

some systems at risk

•Very high occupancy levels (90-100 pax/bus standard

for conventional buses is not accepted by the users)

•Early deterioration of infrastructure (lack of road surface

reinforcement or problems in design/construction)

•Implementation of fare collection systems requires

longer time tables and very tight supervision

•Insufficient user education (lack of public involvement)

Common problems

Key Suggestions for Success

Establish good coordination mechanisms across

stakeholders

Prepare the institutions – make sure the responsible

agency has earmarked funding and authority, is well

organized and staffed

Brand the system – it is an innovation, much more than

just a bus and busway

Communicate with the people – educate, engage

Implement gradually – learn from initial phases

Pay attention to road safety – improve design

“The EMBARQ global network

catalyzes environmentally and

financially sustainable transport

solutions to improve quality of

life in cities.”

Selected experiences EMBARQ

BRT Preparation and Implementation support – Mexico, Guadalajara,

Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Kocaeli (Turkey)

BRT Evaluation – Delhi, Bogota, Istanbul, Ahmedabad

Bus systems improvement – Indore, Jaipur, Bangalore

Branding and communications – Arequipa, Rio de Janeiro

Health impacts – road safety audits/inspections – Mexico, Belo

Horizonte, Kocaeli, Delhi, Indore, Bogota

Transit Oriented Development, Sustainable Urban Development –Aguascalientes, Culiacan, Rio de Janeiro

Cycling infrastructure – Mexico, Turkey

Historic center pedestrian facilities – Peru, Mexico, Turkey

Transport and climate change - CDM and NAMAs, Green Economy

Report

Capacity building and guidelines – Buskaro, BRT Safe Design (under

preparation), BRT Training

Acknowledgement

Dario Hidalgo

http://embarqindiahub.org/