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INTERACTIVE LECTURE SERIES – URBAN
TRANSPORT
by
Umang Jain
BRT AROUND THE WORLD A RAPID TOUR
Sustainable Urban Transport
• Walking and Biking
• Public Transport, inclusive
of BRT
• Transit Oriented
Development (TOD)
• Demand management
cars and motorcycles
• Safer, cooler vehicles and
fuels
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG
Key BRT Components
Segregated
Busways
Stations with
prepayment and
level boarding
Large buses with
multiple doors
Distinctive Image
Centralized Control
BRT in numbers 2010
120 cities with BRT Systems and Bus Corridors
280 corridors
4,335 km
6,683 stations
30,000 buses
26.8 million passengers per weekday
1% of the world´s urban population (2010)
~1.5 times the population of Bangalore (2010)
Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus
Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities
16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)
China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil,
México, Perú, UK, Canada
21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses
1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)
7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km
49 new cities with corridors under construction
16 cities expanding their corridors
31 new cities in planning stages
Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors
1 12
10
1 1 12
1 12
1 1
5
1 12
54
87
8 8 8
13
1716
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
5
10
15
20
25
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid
Curitiba
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia
Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid
Curitiba
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia
Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid
Curitiba
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia
Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada
Why the rapid growth? Low Capital Costs
Total Cost(Infrastructure + equipment in USD millions) per km
BRT can be very
productive
Guangzhou, China
35,800 pax/day/km
Title
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
240000
280000
320000
360000
400000
440000
480000
520000
560000
600000
640000
680000
720000
760000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
15-Oct-09 15-Nov-09 15-Dec-09 15-Jan-10 15-Feb-10 15-Mar-10 15-Apr-10 15-May-10 15-Jun-10 15-Jul-10 15-Aug-10 15-Sep-10 15-Oct-10 15-Nov-10 15-Dec-10
Tota
l dai
ly f
are
colle
ctio
n
Tota
l dai
ly p
asse
nge
rs
Total Passengers Total Collection (in Rs.)
Total Ridership and Total Fare Collection
Extension of corridor to Kankaria
Extension of corridor to Maninagar & Narol
Sunday
Extension of corridor to Jashodanagar Jn.
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Extension of corridor to Soni
ni Chali
Extension of corridor to
Naroda
Sept Oct DecNov
An abridged history in Latin America
Curitiba, RIT, 72 km carriles centrales
1.2 million pax/dia
Corredor inicial 1974
Fu
en
tes:
En
cu
est
aA
nu
al“B
og
otá
¿C
óm
oV
am
os?
” w
ww
.eltie
mp
o.c
om
;
Public
Transportation
Traditional
TransMilenio
Private (Car
Two Wheeler)
Walking and
Biking
Fatalities in Traffic Accidents Bogotá(1996-2007)
1299
11651106
1014
923
698
788
665
551
511564
1171
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Fuente: Anuario Estadístico, Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia
Fatalities in BRT Corridor
6260
47
38
29
18 18
23
10 96
14
2
6
25
13
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020
Fa
talid
ad
es
Total Corredor Asociadas a TransMilenio
Tendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin Proyecto
Fu
en
te: Se
cre
taria
de
Mo
vili
da
d, TR
AN
SM
ILEN
IO S
.A.
y
Cá
lcu
los
Pro
pio
s
Sao Paulo, 104 Km carrilescentrales +
preferenciales, 5,761,000 pax/dia
Iniciales 1980, Reconstrucción en 2003
León de Guanajuato, México, Optibús
Three Corridors
220,000 pax/day, with 6,000 pax/hour per direction
Santiago, Chile, 19 Km troncales + 63 Km prioritarios,
Red Integrada 5 Million Viajes/dia
Operación inicial en 2007
Cali, Colombia 27 Km carriles exclusivos
130,000 pax/dia
Operación inicial en 2009
Fo
to: M
etr
oc
ali
BRT in numbers 2010
120 cities with BRT Systems and Bus Corridors
280 corridors
4,335 km
6,683 stations
30,000 buses
26.8 million passengers per weekday
1% of the world´s urban population (2010)
~1.5 times the population of Bangalore
Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus
Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities
16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)
China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil,
México, Perú, UK, Canada
21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses
1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)
7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km
49 new cities with corridors under construction
16 cities expanding their corridors
31 new cities in planning stages
Government Agencies – moving from corridors to integrated
systems and collaborative efforts –
Interesting developments 2010-2011
Interesting developments 2010-2011
Growing Public Private Partnerships PPP for systems
operation – Latin America, India, South Africa
Increased support from the national level - programs in
Mexico, Colombia, India, Indonesia, France, US
Interest of manufacturers in BRT, new buses,
alternative fuels from India, Indonesia and China -complement the high bus production of Brasil
Fare collection, control, user information systems
technologies consolidated
Salient issues
Poor understanding on what is BRT
Institutional and financial risks – poor: contracting,
institutional set ups and fare level definition mechanisms
Madhav Pai - EMBARQ
Delhi Corridor Pune Corridor
What is a Bus Rapid Transit System?
“Is a flexible, rubber-tired form
of rapid transit that combines
stations, vehicles, services,
running ways and ITS elements
into an integrated system with
strong identity”TCRP Report 90 – Bus Rapid Transit – Volume 2: Implementation Guidelines 2003
“It is a high quality public
transport system, oriented to
the user that offers fast,
comfortable and low cost
urban mobility” BRT Planning Guide – ITDP, 2007 Photo: Karl Fjelstrom - ITDP
Component “High End” BRT – “Supply Side”
Running
Ways• Complete or at least Longitudinal Segregation
Traffic
Engineering
• Geometric Adjustments (high speed and safety)
• Left and Right Turn Controls
• Traffic Signal Priorities for Buses
• Modern Traffic Signal Technology
Stations
• Enclosed Facilities
• Level Boarding and Prepayment
• Passing Lanes (when required)
Vehicles
• Multiple doors
• Easy Boarding/Alighting
• Low Emissions
Services• Mixed services (local, accelerated, express; short loops)
• Designed according to the service needs
ITS
• Automatic Vehicle Location/Centralized Control
• Traffic Signal Priority
• Electronic Fare Collection/Fare Integration
Adapted fromTCRP Report 90 – Bus Rapid Transit
– Volume 2: Implementation Guidelines 2003
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Segregated
Median
Busways
Large Buses
Multiple Wide
Doors
Stations with
Prepayment and
Level Boarding
Centralized Control
Distinctive Image
Component “High End” BRT – “Performance Side”
Quality of Service • High User Acceptance
Travel Time
• Easily Accessible
• Low waiting time
• High commercial speed
Reliability• Low variability (intervals, speeds)
• Low breakdowns, incidents
Comfort
• Acceptable Occupancy Levels (buses, platforms)
• Good user information
• Seamless integration with other transport modes
• Perception of safety and security
Cost• Relative low capital and operational costs
• High capital and operational productivity
Externalities
• Low level of accidents (fatalities, injuries)
• Low emissions
• Congestion relief (attraction of motor vehicle users)
• Increased land values
1
114
4
16
3
1
5
1
131
41
9
2
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
11
116
1
830 km 6 km
Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
About 120 cities with BRT or bus corridors
4,335 km - 6,683 stations – 30,000 buses
26.8 million passengers per weekday
Guahazhou BRT, China
•Opened February 10, 2010
•22.5 km dedicated busway
•26 stations (prepayment,
level boarding – some
buses, passing lane, up to
six platforms)
•Peak supply: 340
buses/hr/direction
•40 routes (in and out the
system, no transfers)
•Peak demand: 26,900
passengers/hr/direction
•Daily demand: 800,000
pax/per weekday Photo by Benjamin
Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/guangzhou.aspx#
Hefei BRT, China
• Operations started 18 Jan
2010
• 2 Corridors
• 12.7 km busway (15 km
total)
• 14 stations
• Peak supply: 60 buses/hr
• Commerical Speed 16
km/h
• Fleet: 65 buses
(estimated, conventional
buses 12 m)
• Ridership: 65,250
pax/day (estimated) Photo: Karl Fjlestrom, ITDPSource: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/hefei.aspx#
Yancheng BRT, China
• Operations started May
1, 2010
• 1 corridor
• 8 km dedicated
busway (15 km total)
• 21 stations
• 20 BRT buses (12 m)
• 30 feeder buses
• Estimated ridership
20,000 pax/day
Photos and Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/yancheng.aspx#
Zaozhuang BRT, China
•Started Operations August 1,
2010 (Commercial operation
September 1, 2010)
•1 Corridor, 33 km
•24 stations
•2 terminals
•20 buses (estimated)
•27 buses/hour
•700 pax/hour/direction
•20,000 pax/day
•30 km/h commercial speed
Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/zaozhuang.aspx#
Jaipur Bus, Jaipur, India (not full BRT)
• Operations started 31 July 2010
• Route reorganization
• 10 routes
• 352 line-km
• 497 bus stops
• 200 buses
• 150,000 pax/day
• Busway
• Length 7.1 km
• 10 stations
• 20 buses
• 2,000 pax/day
• Busways plan 42 km Photos: http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69Info: EMBARQ India and http://www.jaipurbus.com/route_map.html
Bangkok BRT, Thailand
• Free operations started May
15, 2010
• Commercial operations
started September 1, 2010
• 15.9 km median busway
(Sathorn-Ratchaphruek)
• 12 stations
• 20 buses, conventional high
floor, 1 wide door
• Peak ridership 1,000 pax/hr
• Peak buses 14/hour
• Daily ridership 10,000
pax/day
• Fare 10 baht (USD 0.33)Photo and information source: http://www.tour-bangkok-
legacies.com/bangkok-brt.html
Additional source:
http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx#
East London Transit, UK
February 2010. Two Routes (EL1, EL2)
12 buses per hour
47 min trip time
Approximate 20 Km, 40 stops, About 18 buses, 9,000 pax/day
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wirewiping/4382063978/sizes/m/in/photostream/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit
Corredor de Ônibus de João Pessoa, Brasil
•Started operations in
2010
•1 corridor
•2.5 km
•5 stations
•111 buses
•100,000 passengers per
weekday
http://www.afonteenoticia.com.br/pagina.php?pg=3&id_noticia=1278
Transmetro, Barranquilla, Colombia
• Opened 10 July 2010
• 13.4 km dedicated busway
• 15 Stations (prepayment,
level boarding)
• 1 intermediate station,
• 1 terminal 32.7 km auxiliary
corridors (62 km planned)
• Buses:
• 92 articulated (18m)
• 85 large conventional (15m)
• 107 conventional feeder (12m)
• Daily demand
• 32,000 pax (305,000 expected
when fully implemented)
Photo via transmetro.gov.coSources: http://transmetro.gov.co/web2010/Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit Group, Oct 2010
Metrolínea, Bucaramanga, Colombia
•Opened 21 December 2009
•Commercial operation 22
January 2010
•8.9 km trunk corridor
•7.7 auxiliary corridors (25.2
km plan.)
• 24 stations (level boarding,
prepayment)
•80.1 km feeder lines
•Buses
• 15 Articulated
• 47 Large Conventional 15m
(203 plan.)
• 69 Conventional feeder (150
plan.)
• Ridership: 75,000 pax/day
Photo:
http://www.metrolinea.gov.co/ Source: Ministry of Transport, Mass
Transit Group, Oct 2010
Mexibús, Estado México, México
• Initial operation Nov 30,
2010
• 16 km exclusive busway
(Ciudad Azteca-Tecamac)
• 21 stations
• 3 terminals
• 130,000 pax/day
(expected)
• Proyected expansions
2011
• 21 km (Lechería-Las
Américas)
• 14 km (Chinalhucán-
Pantitlán)
Photo: http://transeunte.org/tag/mexibus/
Source: http://transporteinformativo.com/pasaje/inicia-operaciones-mexibus-con-63-autobuses-articulados-volvo
Metropolitano, Lima, Peru
• Initial Operation, May 2010
• First high capacity bus system
with CNG only
• 27 km busways, 80% with
overtaking at stations
• 35 stations, one large central
underground station, two
terminals
• 308 articulated buses
• 319 feeder buses
• 82,000 pax/day south section
(854,000 pax/day expected)
• 21 km/hour commercial speed Photo: Protransporte, Lima, May 2010
Source: Menckhoff, G., Ochoa, C., Ardila, A. “El Metropolitano de Lima: Implementación y Primeros Resultados de un Nuevo Sistema BRT” CLATPU, Octubre 2010
Züm, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
•Operations Started
September 20, 2010
•28.5 km busway
•17 stations
•25 buses, low floor, 25 m
• Two additional corridors
planned for 2011-2012
Sources:
http://www.brampton.ca/en/residents/transit/zum/Pages/welcome.
aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCm
Photo:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brampton_Zum_1074b.JPG
Systems expansions 2010
Name City Expansion (growth)
Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia +48 km (34%)
BRT Teheran Teheran, Iran +21km (31%)
Janmarg Ahmedabad, India +20 km (105%)
Select Bus New York City +14 km (121%)
Xiamen BRT Xiamen, China +11 km (28%)
Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou, China +6 km (46%)
Optibús León, México +5 km (19%)
125 km 3% increase over existing km in 2009
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-public-transportation
Filename/RPS Number
What Went Wrong
•Rushed implementation – several components
incomplete
•Very tight financial planning – non technical user fares,
some systems at risk
•Very high occupancy levels (90-100 pax/bus standard
for conventional buses is not accepted by the users)
•Early deterioration of infrastructure (lack of road surface
reinforcement or problems in design/construction)
•Implementation of fare collection systems requires
longer time tables and very tight supervision
•Insufficient user education (lack of public involvement)
Common problems
Key Suggestions for Success
Establish good coordination mechanisms across
stakeholders
Prepare the institutions – make sure the responsible
agency has earmarked funding and authority, is well
organized and staffed
Brand the system – it is an innovation, much more than
just a bus and busway
Communicate with the people – educate, engage
Implement gradually – learn from initial phases
Pay attention to road safety – improve design
“The EMBARQ global network
catalyzes environmentally and
financially sustainable transport
solutions to improve quality of
life in cities.”
Selected experiences EMBARQ
BRT Preparation and Implementation support – Mexico, Guadalajara,
Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Kocaeli (Turkey)
BRT Evaluation – Delhi, Bogota, Istanbul, Ahmedabad
Bus systems improvement – Indore, Jaipur, Bangalore
Branding and communications – Arequipa, Rio de Janeiro
Health impacts – road safety audits/inspections – Mexico, Belo
Horizonte, Kocaeli, Delhi, Indore, Bogota
Transit Oriented Development, Sustainable Urban Development –Aguascalientes, Culiacan, Rio de Janeiro
Cycling infrastructure – Mexico, Turkey
Historic center pedestrian facilities – Peru, Mexico, Turkey
Transport and climate change - CDM and NAMAs, Green Economy
Report
Capacity building and guidelines – Buskaro, BRT Safe Design (under
preparation), BRT Training