Interdependence & Interaction

Interdependence Interdependence & Interaction& Interaction

In Living SystemsIn Living Systems

SystemsSystemsAny group of parts that work together Any group of parts that work together

as a unit.as a unit.

Organization of the Human Organization of the Human BodyBody

CellsCells – 1st level of organization; – 1st level of organization; the basic unit of structure and the basic unit of structure and functionfunction

TissuesTissues – a group of cells that – a group of cells that perform that same functionperform that same function

Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, & Epithelial& Epithelial

OrgansOrgans – a group of tissues that – a group of tissues that perform a specific functionperform a specific function

Organ systemsOrgan systems – a group of – a group of organs that work together to organs that work together to perform a specific functionperform a specific function

Interactions within the Interactions within the human bodyhuman body

11 Systems of the Human Body11 Systems of the Human Body

Nervous CardiovascularDigestive

Respiratory MuscularSkeletal

Endocrine Excretory Immune

Integumentary Reproductive

NervouNervouss

obtains and obtains and processes processes information from the information from the body’s internal and body’s internal and external external environmentenvironment

directs most body directs most body functionsfunctions

main components – main components – brain, spinal cord, brain, spinal cord, nervesnerves

Axon

Dendrite

Cell Body

CardiovascularCardiovascular

CirculatoryCirculatory transports needed transports needed

materials to body materials to body cellscells

removes wastes removes wastes main components – main components –

heart, arteries, heart, arteries, veinsveins

DigestiveDigestive

breaks down food breaks down food and absorbs the and absorbs the broken-down broken-down materials materials

main components –main components – liverliver StomachStomach gall bladdergall bladder small small intestineintestine

RespiratorRespiratoryy

gets oxygen into gets oxygen into the bodythe body

removes carbon removes carbon dioxidedioxide

main components – main components – tracheatrachea or or windpipe, windpipe, lungs, lungs, diaphragmdiaphragm

Muscular & SkeletalMuscular & Skeletal Muscular – enables Muscular – enables

the body to movethe body to move– Smooth: involuntary Smooth: involuntary

(digestive tract)(digestive tract)– Striated: voluntary Striated: voluntary

(movement)(movement)– Cardio: involuntary Cardio: involuntary

(heart)(heart) Skeletal – supports Skeletal – supports

and protects the bodyand protects the body Work together to Work together to

enable movementenable movement

EndocrineEndocrine

produces chemicals produces chemicals called called hormones hormones that help control that help control many body many body processes processes

main components – main components – glandsglands and and stomach, stomach, pancreas pancreas (insulin), and (insulin), and kidneys that kidneys that produce hormonesproduce hormones

ExcretoryExcretory

removes wastesremoves wastes helps regulate helps regulate

water in the water in the bodybody

main main components – components – kidney and large kidney and large intestineintestine

ImmuneImmune

fights diseasefights disease main components – main components –

liver, lymph nodes, liver, lymph nodes, blood, thymusblood, thymus

Lymphocytes- Lymphocytes- white blood cellswhite blood cells

IntegumentaryIntegumentary

Skin– protects the bodySkin– protects the body

keeps water insidekeeps water inside helps sense the external environmenthelps sense the external environment

ReproductiveReproductive

creates offspringcreates offspring

determines male determines male and female and female characteristicscharacteristics

main components– main components– ovaries, testesovaries, testes

Review

What is the largest organ in the human body? – Skin

What type of muscle is the heart made out of?– Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?– In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move air called?

– Diaphragm

Interactions & InterdependenceInteractions & Interdependence

InteractionsInteractions: organ systems work : organ systems work together to do a specific jobtogether to do a specific job

Interdependence:Interdependence: organ systems organ systems depend on each other and cannot depend on each other and cannot work alonework alone

Respiratory – delivery of Respiratory – delivery of oxygenoxygen and removal of and removal of carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

TracheaTrachea – tube connecting to – tube connecting to the the lungslungs

AlveoliAlveoli – round sacs in the – round sacs in the lunglung

Moves oxygen from air to Moves oxygen from air to bloodblood

Moves carbon dioxide Moves carbon dioxide from blood to airfrom blood to air

Interactions: Transporting OxygenInteractions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/health/graphics/images/en/9828.jpg

•CardiovascularCardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood – carries oxygen from lungs to blood streamstream•MuscularMuscular – enables air to enter lungs – enables air to enter lungs

•Diaphragm Diaphragm – dome shape muscle– dome shape muscle

Transporting OxygenTransporting Oxygen

BREATHING

RESPIRATION

physical chemical

Interactions in Interactions in digesting fooddigesting food

DigestiveDigestive – breaks down food – breaks down food into simpler substances to be into simpler substances to be used by body cellsused by body cells MouthMouth and stomach – begins and stomach – begins

to break down foodto break down food Small intestineSmall intestine – completes – completes

the breakdown of food and the breakdown of food and absorbs the nutrients absorbs the nutrients (absorbs through (absorbs through villivilli))

Large intestineLarge intestine – undigested – undigested food passes out of the body food passes out of the body as wasteas waste


MuscularMuscular – – move jaws move jaws

to breakdown foodto breakdown food

Peristalsis- Peristalsis- involuntary involuntary movement of movement of smooth musclessmooth muscles in the digestive tract in the digestive tract Enables you to swallow foodEnables you to swallow food Within the stomach – food is churned and Within the stomach – food is churned and

squeezed, broken down into smaller squeezed, broken down into smaller particles particles


CardiovascularCardiovascular – – carries nutrients carries nutrients absorbed through the absorbed through the small intestine to the small intestine to the bloodblood

Nutrients are carried Nutrients are carried throughout the body.throughout the body.

small intestine magnified

http://www.glogster.com/media/2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

Movements: Muscles, Movements: Muscles, Bones, NervesBones, Nerves

Muscular Muscular – produce movement by – produce movement by contracting or shortening (contracting or shortening (voluntaryvoluntary striated striated muscles)muscles)

Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your bodyyour body

Nervous Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and – involved in movement. Brain and nerves direct muscles to contract.nerves direct muscles to contract.

Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food food to cellsto cells

RespiratoryRespiratory – brings oxygen into body, – brings oxygen into body, removes carbon dioxideremoves carbon dioxide

DigestiveDigestive – processes food for delivery to – processes food for delivery to cellscells

Review

Which organ systems interact to transport oxygen? (3)– Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Which organ systems work together to get nutrients to cells? (3)– Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)– Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,

respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and FeedbackEquilibrium and Feedback Stability of Living SystemsStability of Living Systems

EquilibriumEquilibrium – balance; stable; all parts – balance; stable; all parts function smoothlyfunction smoothly

HomeostasisHomeostasis – process by which the body’s – process by which the body’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment (body changes in the external environment (body balance)balance)

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback One way in which living systems maintain internal One way in which living systems maintain internal

equilibrium or homeostasis equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature ConstantKeeping Body Temperature Constant

Stay cool – Stay cool – sweatingsweating. . When you become warm, When you become warm, you perspire. Heat comes you perspire. Heat comes from the body out through from the body out through your sweatyour sweat

Shivering Shivering – muscles in – muscles in your body contract. This your body contract. This requires energy which requires energy which generates heat to make generates heat to make the body warm.the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels Maintaining Glucose Levels in the Bloodin the Blood

Energy comes from the Energy comes from the breakdownbreakdown of the sugar glucose. of the sugar glucose. Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is absorbed by the absorbed by the digestivedigestive system, system, blood blood transports the transports the glucose and delivers it to cells.glucose and delivers it to cells.

Chemical reactionsChemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the – regulates the level of glucose in the bloodblood

Hormone Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that affects the activity of a tissue or organthat affects the activity of a tissue or organ

Insulin Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels– a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels Produced in the pancreasProduced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants CellsPlants Cells

DiffusionDiffusion – a process where substances move – a process where substances move back and forth through the back and forth through the cell membranecell membrane

o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structureCell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

Movement of water in cellsMovement of water in cells OsmosisOsmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a – the diffusion of water molecules through a

selectively selectively permeablepermeable membrane. membrane. o (Selectively (Selectively permeablepermeable allows some things through, allows some things through,

but not all. An example is a cell but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)membrane.)

The The concentration concentration of water molecules of water molecules in and outin and out of of the cell helps determine whether water enters or the cell helps determine whether water enters or leaves a cell.leaves a cell.

Turgor PressureTurgor Pressure

Turgor pressure – Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cellof a plant cellGives Gives shape shape and and firmnessfirmness to plant stems and leaves to plant stems and leavesMaintains water Maintains water balancebalance

Negative feedback in turgor pressureNegative feedback in turgor pressureTurgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering

the plant.the plant.An An increaseincrease in turgor pressure decreases the movement in turgor pressure decreases the movement

of water molecules into the cell.of water molecules into the cell.An increase in water molecules entering the cell An increase in water molecules entering the cell

eventually causes fewer water molecules to move into eventually causes fewer water molecules to move into the cell.the cell.

Water Equilibrium in AnimalsWater Equilibrium in Animals Thirsty – animal drinksThirsty – animal drinks

Kidneys Kidneys remove wastes; remove wastes; adjust amount of water in your blood by adjust amount of water in your blood by

changing the changing the concentrationconcentration of water in the of water in the urine urine they producethey produce

Review

What does equilibrium mean?– Balance

Where is insulin produced?– Pancreas

What does insulin regulate– Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and firmness to plants?– turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science

Credits: – Text: CSCOPE

Images:– Microsoft Clipart– DK Clipart– Other images where cited

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Interdependence & Interaction