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, . , , , , . - , , - .

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Bumke, Joachim. Hfische Kultur: Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelalter. Mnchen: dtv, 2002.

---. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im hohen Mittelalter. Mnchen: dtv, 2004.

---. Wolfram von Eschenbach. Mnchen: dtv, 2004b. Curtius, Ernst Robert. Europische Literatur und lateinisches

Mittelalter. Tbingen; Basel: Francke Verlag, 1993. Hofmann, Michael. Interkulturelle Literaturwissenschaft. Mn-

chen: Fink Verlag, 2006. Hbner, Gert. ltere deutsche Literatur. Tbingen; Basel: Francke

Verlag, 2006. Janota, Johannes. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den

Anfngen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit. III/1: Orientierung durch volkssprachige Schriftlichkeit. Tbingen: Niemeyer, 2004.

Johnson, Peter L. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den Anfngen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit. II/1: Die hfische Literatur der Bltezeit. Tbingen: Niemeyer, 1999.

Kartschoke, Dieter. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im frhen Mittelalter. Mnchen: dtv, 2000.

Klein, Dorothea. Mittelalter. Stuttgart; Weimar: Metzler, 2006. Loomis, Roger Sherman. The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christi-

an Symbol. Cardiff: University of Wales Press; New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

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sche Einfhrung. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam Jun, 1998.

Nikolina N. Zobenica

Interculturalism and Multiculturalism in German Medieval Literature

S u m m a r y

Cultural contacts can be highly stimulating for literary production, enriching literature and providing new creative impulses. In regard to German medieval lit-erature, its supreme achievements came about as the result of encounters with other European cultures, predominantly with the ancient Greek and Roman culture and medieval French culture, but also with the Celtic and Oriental cultures through the mediation of Latin and French literature. Important roles in this process were played by dynastic relations, travelling patrons, writers and manuscripts, as well as feasts or even the Crusades, since all of them offered various opportunities for cultural exchange. Well-educated ladies were mostly the ones who initiated and valued the translations of literary works, especially after their marriage and moving into a for-eign country.

This paper offers an overview of the medieval literary production in Germany under influence of Latin and Romance literatures, in order to point out the stimu-lating and enriching role of contacts with other cultures and the interculturalism and multiculturalism of the German mediaeval literature. In the early Middle Ages, clerics were writing religious literature in Latin, but they also recorded authentic German heroic poetry (Das Hildebrandslied) or translated it into Latin (Waltharius), playing a crucial role in preserving from oblivion those literary works that existed only in oral tradition for centuries. They also stimulated creating new religious lit-erature, Bible poetry, legends etc. in German, in order to facilitate understanding of Latin texts for their students. Although they attempted to link the Germanic tradition with Christianity, they never succeeded completely, since the differences were too distinctive. Therefore, early mediaeval German culture can be regarded as multi-cultural.

The second main influence on German medieval literature came from Romance literatures, particularly from Anglo-Norman and Occitan literature. Translating from French and Provencal languages, German authors imported new genres and subjects into German literature (courtly love romance, Arthurian romance, ancient Greek and Latin epics and novels), thus contributing to its innovation. The Anglo-Norman literature acquired elements from Celtic literature, which became an inseparable part of many French medieval works. German culture was open to all those various cultural influences, constituting the European medieval culture.

Elements from Oriental culture were imported via Latin and French literature, and are present in Wolframs Parzival, as well as in the novel about Alexander, in legends of Salman and Marolf, and in the love romance about Floire and Blanche-flor. In all those cases, the Oriental elements were obvious in the material and motifs, but not in form and genre. Besides, they were all abstracted from a non-Christian re-ligion, since Christianity was the common base on which the entire medieval courtly literature was built. The intertextuality of German medieval literature was possible only because of the existence of religion as a cohesive element. Therefore, authentic Germanic literature could not ever become a part of the (inter)cultural amalgam cre-ated in the Middle Ages.

Due to manifold contacts, the highlight of German medieval literature at the turn of the 13th century has been regarded as the first classical period in the history of German literature. Taking into account the impact of the European cultural contacts

[803

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on this literature, the conclusion imposes itself that without cultural contacts there would be no German medieval literature at all, or at least not in form in which we know it today, as a multicultural and intercultural literature, unique in the history of German culture.

Key words: The Middle Ages, German literature, cultural contacts, intercultur-alism, multiculturalism.

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