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1 THEME: THEME: INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGE INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGE GENERATION SITES AND RELATED GENERATION SITES AND RELATED INTERCONNECTED HV LINES INTERCONNECTED HV LINES TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS PRESENTED AT UPDEA CONGRESS PRESENTED AT UPDEA CONGRESS ACCRA - GHANA ACCRA - GHANA JUNE 2005 JUNE 2005 BY BY RHODNIE SISALA RHODNIE SISALA MANAGING DIRECTOR –ZESCO LTD MANAGING DIRECTOR –ZESCO LTD ZAMBIA ZAMBIA 2 Presentation Outline Presentation Outline INTRODUCTION CURRENT SITUATION POTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITES POTENTIAL HV TRANSMISSION INTERCONNECTORS TECHNICAL ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS NEPADS ROLE CONCLUSION

INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGE GENERATION SITES … MD PRESENTATION... · internationalisation of large generation sites and related ... 6 african union (nepad) afrec updea wapp

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Page 1: INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGE GENERATION SITES … MD PRESENTATION... · internationalisation of large generation sites and related ... 6 african union (nepad) afrec updea wapp

11

THEME:THEME:

INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGEINTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGEGENERATION SITES AND RELATEDGENERATION SITES AND RELATED

INTERCONNECTED HV LINESINTERCONNECTED HV LINES

TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSTECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSPRESENTED AT UPDEA CONGRESSPRESENTED AT UPDEA CONGRESS

ACCRA - GHANA ACCRA - GHANAJUNE 2005JUNE 2005

BYBYRHODNIE SISALARHODNIE SISALA

MANAGING DIRECTOR –ZESCO LTDMANAGING DIRECTOR –ZESCO LTDZAMBIAZAMBIA

22

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

• INTRODUCTION

• CURRENT SITUATION

• POTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITES

• POTENTIAL HV TRANSMISSION INTERCONNECTORS

• TECHNICAL ASPECTS

• ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

• NEPADS ROLE

• CONCLUSION

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33

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION• ELECTRIFICATION OF NEEDY AREAS OF THE CONTINENT

REQUIRE AVAILABLITY OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

• THERE IS NEED FOR ADEQUATE GENERATION CAPACITIESAND INTERCONNECTION LINES WITHIN THE VARIOUSSTATES TO ENHANCE ELECTRIFICATION

• UNFORTUNATELY MOST AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARE EITHERALREADY IN OR WILL SOON HAVE A CAPACITY & ENERGYDEFICIT

• MOST REGIONAL POWER POOLS ALSO FACE A GENERATIONDEFICIT IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS E.G. SADC REGIONTHROUGH SAPP– DEMAND GROWING AT 3% PER ANNUM– SADC REGION TO RUN OUT OF CAPACITY & ENERGY

AROUND 2007 WITH EXISTING CAPACITY

44

CURRENT STATUSCURRENT STATUSENERGY DEFICITY IN• SADC REGION BY 2007• NIGERIA• KENYAN• UGANDA

DEVELOPMENT OF POWER STATIONS ANDINTERCONNECTORS AWAIT MOBILISATION OFCAPITAL

• ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY IN AFRICA LOW

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55

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

� POOLING OF RESOURCES THROUGH

REGIONAL INTEGRATION

� POWER POOLS

� AFRICAN UNION ORGANS MAY FACILITATE

� FINANCING INSTITUTIONS

� TECHNICAL ORGANS

66

AFRICANUNION

(NEPAD)

AFREC

UPDEA

WAPPSAPP

EAPPPEAC

FINANCINGORGANISATIONS

AfDB, WB, EIB,DBSA, …

REGIONAL INTEGRATION THROUGH POWER POOLS

SUB REGIONALTECHNICALORGANISATIONSe.g PIESA etc

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77

D

-

-

I

� -s

CONGO

E E

MAROC

TUNISIE

R MAL

I

E

SAHARA Occ.

COTE

E

E GHANA

TOGO

BENIN

L

LIBERIA

A FASO

EQU.

O

D

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

A

A

OUGANDA

R. B.

SOMALIE

E

I

E

S

&

D N

RCA

A

A

SUD

A

AAAA

EGYPTE

N

N

E

E

E

REP. DEM. CONGO

WEST AFRICA

NEPA GTI

SBEE SENELEC

SONABEL CEB

SOPIE CIE

SOGEPE SONICHAR

SOGEM NIGELIEC

NAWEC LEC

VRA SOMELEC

EDG EDM-SA

EAGB

TOGO ELRCTRICITE

NORTH AFRICA

EEHC STEG

SONELGAZ ONE

GECOL

CENTRAL AFRICA

SNEL ELECTROGAZ

REGIDESO STEE

AES-SONEL SEGEA

ENERCA SEGEA

SNE EMAE

SEEG SINELAC

EASTERN AFRICA

DJIBELEC

NEC

EEC

KPLC

KenGem

UEB

TANESCO

UEGCL

UEDCL

UETCL

EEPC

SOUTHERN REGION

ESKOM ESCOM

EDEL BPC

ENE EDM

ZESCO ZESA

JIRAMA LEC

CEB

NAMPOWER

North

West

Central

East

South

88

THE SOUTHERN AFRICANTHE SOUTHERN AFRICANPOWER POOL (SAPP) CASEPOWER POOL (SAPP) CASE

PROJECTED ENERGY DEFICITPROJECTED ENERGY DEFICITBY 2007BY 2007

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99

INSTALLED CAPACITY vs ANNUAL MAXIMUM DEMAND

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

199

8

200

0

200

2

200

4

200

6

200

8

201

0

201

2

YEAR

MW

INSTALLEDCAPACITYMW

Rapid Load Growth

Available Capacity

1010

ENERGY DEFICIT IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL

� FORECAST ANNUAL MAXIMUM DEMAND IS RISING FASTER THAN

PROJECTED IN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES SUCH AS SOUTH AFRICA

AND ZAMBIA

� SOME INSTALLED CAPACITY IS ACTUALLY NOT AVAILABLE

� CONSIDERATION OF THE RESERVE CAPACITY (10.2 %) BUILT IN

•IMPLICATIONTHE ENERGY DEFICIT WILL BE REACHED MUCH EARLIER THAN PROJECTED.

THE DEFICIT IS EXPECTED ABOUT 2007

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1111

8764 TOTAL

2009Gas80 Kinyerezi

2007Gas60 Kinyerezi

2005Gas40 Ubungo

2004Gas40 UbungoTanzania

2009Gas300 Lupani

2008Hydro660Hwange 7& 8

2007Hydro300Kariba SouthZimbabwe10

2009Hydro360Kariba North

2009Hydro600Kafue Lower

2007Hydro120Itezhi-Tezhi

2006Hydro210RefurbishmentZambia9

2007Hydro20 MagugaSwaziland8

2008Gas500Open Cycle Gas Turbine

2005 to 2010Coal3500Mothballed PlantsSouth Africa7

2009Gas800 KuduNamibia6

2009Hydro64Kaphichira Phase-2Malawi5

2010Hydro110Muela Phase 2Lesotho4

2007Hydro500Refurbish Inga 1&2DRC3

2009Coal240Morupule ExpansionBotswana2

2007Hydro260 CapandaAngola1

Expected YearTypeCapacity(MW)Project NameCountryNo.

SHORT TERM GENERATION PROJECTS IN SAPP

1212

LONG TERM GENERATIONLONG TERM GENERATIONPROJECTS IN SAPPPROJECTS IN SAPP

ESTIMATED COSTESTIMATED COST$ 45 Billion$ 45 Billion

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1313 1300 Gokwe North

800 BatokaZimbabwe12

220 Kalungwishi

200 Expansion Kariba NorthZambia11

222 Ramakali

200 Mchuchuma

200 Mchuchuma

358 RuhunjiTanzania10

1000 LubomboSwaziland9

23302XPUMPED Storage

1500 2xCGT

2500 Greenfield

4000 GreenfieldSouth Africa8

23 Popa

360 EpupaNamibia7

40 Massinngir

1000 Moatize

1300 Mepanda UncuaMozambique6

100 Fufu

260 Mphatamaga

240 KholombizoMalawi5

230 MusangaLesotho4

6000 Grand Inga Phase 1

3500 Inga-3DRC3

3600 MmamabulaBotswana2

260 Cambambe IIAngola1

Capacity(MW) Project NameCountryNo.

1414

POTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITESPOTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITES• ZAMBIA

– KAFUE GORGE LOWER (750 MW)– KARIBA NORTH BANK EXTENTION (300 MW)– ITEZHI TEZHI (120 MW)– BATOKA (800 MW)– LUAPULA HYDRO DEVELOPMENT (950 MW)– KALUNGWISHI HYDRO DEVELOPMENT (163 MW)– DEVILS GORGE (800 MW)

• DRC– INGA (44,000 MW)– OTHER SITES (56,000 MW)

• GHANA– BUI –SITE ( 400 MW )

• UGANDA– BUJUGALI SITE ( 200 MW )

• MOZAMBIQUE– CABORABASSA– MPHANDA NKUWA ( 1300 MW ) ESTIMATED COST OF $ 2 Billion)

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1515

POTENTIAL HV INTERCONNECTORSPOTENTIAL HV INTERCONNECTORS

• ZAMBIA – TANZANIA-KENYA 330 KV

• NORTHERN HIGHWAY INTERCONNECTOR FROM INGADRC TO EGYPT VIA SUDAN

• SOUTHERN HIGHWAY (CENTRAL CORRIDOR)INTERCONNECTOR FROM INGA TO RSA VIA ZAMBIA

• SOUTHERN HIGHWAY (WESTERN CORRIDOR)INTERCONNECTOR FROM INGA TO RSA VIA ANGOLA

• WESTERN HIGHWAY FROM INGA TO NIGERIA

1616

GENERATION SITES AND INTERCONNECTION PROJECTS

Northern

Northern Highway (alternative route)

Southern Highway (Eastern corridor)

corridor)Southern Highway (Western

Western

LEGEND

Existing Sub stations

Planned Sub stations

� Interconnection Projects

� Converter Sub sstations

CONGO

LIBYAALGERIA

MOROCO

TUNISIA

CHADMALIMAURITANIA

SAHARA

.

COTED’IVOIR

E

GUINEA

GHANA

TOGO

BENIN

SENEGALLGAMBIA

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

BURKINA

FASO

GUINEE EQU.

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

TANZANIA

KENYA

OUGANDA

R.B.

SOMALI

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREAE

GUINEA-BISSAU

COMOROS

SAO TOME &

PRINCIPE

SUDAN

CAR

NIGERIAA

ANGOLA

SOUTH AFRICA

BOTSWANA

INGINGINGING

AAAA

EGYPT

CAMEROONN

GABONN

NAMIBIA

ZIMBABWE

ZAMBIIA

CONGO

CalabarCalabarCalabarCalabar

REP. DEM.

Zambia-Tanzania-Kenya interconnector

Northern

Northern Highway (alternative route)

Southern Highway (Eastern corridor)

corridor)Southern Highway (Western

Western

LEGEND

Existing Sub stations

Planned Sub stations

� Interconnection Projects

� Converter Sub sstations

CONGO

LIBYAALGERIA

MOROCO

TUNISIA

CHADMALIMAURITANIA

SAHARA

.

COTED’IVOIR

E

GUINEA

GHANA

TOGO

BENIN

SENEGALLGAMBIA

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

BURKINA

FASO

GUINEE EQU.

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

TANZANIA

KENYA

OUGANDA

R.B.

SOMALI

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREAE

GUINEA-BISSAU

COMOROS

SAO TOME &

PRINCIPE

SUDAN

CAR

NIGERIAA

ANGOLA

SOUTH AFRICA

BOTSWANA

INGINGINGING

AAAA

EGYPT

CAMEROONN

GABONN

NAMIBIA

ZIMBABWE

ZAMBIIA

CONGO

CalabarCalabarCalabarCalabar

REP. DEM. REP. DEM.

Zambia-Tanzania-Kenya interconnector

Generation sites

PLANNED LARGE GENERATION SITES AND HVINTERCONNECTORS ACROSS AFRICA

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1717HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION

1818

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1919

MatadiMoanda

Lukula

Tshela

Inga

SangaKikwit

Masi-

Kenge Mweka

Tshikapa

Kananga

Lungudi

TshalaLubilanji

Kabinda

Kaniama

Mbanza-Kongolo

Kabalo

Kasongo

Kalemie

Kindu

Goma

Bukavu

Kisangani

Bandundu

BulunguIlebo

Tembo

Idiofa

InongoInongo

MbandakaBoende

Basankusu

Lisala Bumba

GbadoliteLibenge

Zongo

Gemena

Mobayi

Buta

Kyimbi

Kamina

Beni

Butembo

Kilubi

KolweziLikasi

Lubumbashi

Boma

NsekeNzilo

KoniM´sha

Piana Mwanga

Lepudungu

Nepoko

Mugombe

KakobolaKitona

Katende

Gungu

Kinshasa

Kamimbi

Ruzizi

Yangambi

Isiro

Kisalala

Rutshuru

Semliki

manimba

Bamba

Feshi

Kahemba

Kasongo-

PopokabakaNgunguKimvula

Seke-Banza

Lunda

Zongo

Bagata

MushieKutu

Inongo

Kiri

Oshwe

Mbuji Mayi

DembaDimbelenge

LusamboLubefu

Lodja

Kole

Katako-Kombe

Luebo

Dekese

Kazumba

Mwene-Ditu

Luiza

Lubao

Sakania

Kipushi

Tshopo

Mpozo

Mitwaba

ManonoMoba

Bukama

Malemba-Nkulu

Kasenga

NyunzuMani

Kabongo

Dilolo

Sandoa

Kapanga

Luozi

Kasanza

Ingende

Bikoro

Ruki

BefaleBolomba

Bongandanga

Bomongo

BudjalaKungu

Bosobolo

Businga

Monkoto

Bokungu

Ikela

Djolu

Bumba Aketi

DingilaBambesa

AngoBondo

Poko

Niangara

RunguM’zoro

Faradje

Mahagi

AruWatsa

Wamba

Bafwasende

BanaliaBasokoBengamisa

Isangi

YahumaBabeba

WageniaWanie-Rukula

UbunduOpala

MambasaIrumu

Budana

BuniaSoleniama

Djugu

Kibombo

Fizi

MangembeKampene

PangiUvira

MwengaMungombe

WalunguShabunda

MogaShabunda

LulinguKabare

Kalehe

Existing 220 kV transmission line

Line in project

HVDC Inga - Kolwezi

Existing hydro power plant

Hydro power plant in project

Existing 110 - 132 kV transmission line

Existing thermal power plant

Legend

100 2000 300 400 500

Kilometers

DRC HYDRO SITESDRC HYDRO SITESDRC HYDRO SITESDRC HYDRO SITES

ANDANDANDAND

POTENTIALPOTENTIALPOTENTIALPOTENTIAL

Hydro potential : 100.000 MW OF WHICH

� 56.000 MW at different sites spread allover the country ;

� 44.000 MW concentrated at the Inga site.

Equator

Source: Africa Utility Week- Cape Town 2005

2020

INGA 1 DRC

CURRENT CAPACITY 351 MW

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2121

INGA II

DRC

EXISTING CAPACITY 1424 MW

2222

GRAND INGA

POTENTIAL 39,000 MW

INGA 3

POTENTIAL 3,500 MW

LARGE GENERATION SITES

POTENTIAL IN DRC

Source: Africa Utility Week- Cape Town 2005

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2323

D RCONGO

TANZANIA

MA

LA

WI

MOZAMBIQUE

ZIMBABWE

NAKONDE

KASAMA ISOKA

CHINSALI

MPOROKOSO

LUWINGU

MPIKA

PENSULO

SERENJE

CHIPATA

CHIRUNDU

LEOPARDS HILL

KARIBA SOUTH

MUSONDA FALLS (5MW)

LUSIWASI(12MW)

MULUNGUSHI(20MW)

MSORO

LUNDAZI

MFUE

AZELELUNSEMFWA(18MW)

CHISHIMBA FALLS

LUNZUA(0.75MW)

MBALA

SAMFYA

KASHIKISHI

PETAUKE

MOMBUTUTA

CHIENGI

LUAPULA RIVER

To Sumbuwanga

KALUNGWISHI RIVER

MPULUNGU

NAMIBIABOTSWANA

ANGOLA

KALABO MONGU

SENANGA

SESHEKE

SOLWEZI

ITEZHI – TEZHI(120MW)

VICTORIA FALLS(108MW)

MUZUMA

MICHELO

LUANO

KITWE

MAPOSA

KANSUSWA

KABWE

KAPIRIMPOSHI

MPONGWE

LUSAKA WEST

KAFUE WEST KAFUE TOWN KAFUE LOWER (750MW)KAFUE GORGE

900MW(1080MW)KARIBA NORTH(600MW(750MW)

LAKE KARIBA

MAZABUKA

MUMBWA

MANSA

MAMBILIMA

KA

FUE

RIV

ER

ZA

MB

EZ

I RIV

ER

CHAMBESH

I RIV

ER

WEST LUNGA at West Lunga River(2.5MW)

KASEMPA CHIKATA FALLS (3.5MW)

MUFUMBWE

LUKULU

KAOMA

220kV

22o East

33.5o East

8o

18oKATIMAMULILO

ZAMBEZI

LUANGWA

132kV

88kV

66kV

330kV

EXISTINGPOWER\SUBSTATIONSAND POWER LINES

PROPOSEDPOWER\SUBSTATIONSAND POWER LINES

330kV

220kV

132kV

88kV

66kV

HYDRO POWERSTATION

SUBSTATION

DIESEL STATION

PROPOSEDHYDROPOWERSTATION

PROPOSEDSUBSTATION

PROPOSEDDIESEL STATION

CHONGWE

CHAVUMA

KABOMPO

MWINILUNGA

KANSANSHI

LUMWANA (Mine)

KAPUTA

NCHELENGE

CHAMA

KUNDABWIKA(101MW)

KABWELUME (62MW)

KAWAMBWATEA

MBERESHI

LUSIWASIEXTENSION(40MW)

KARIBA NORTHEXTENSION(600MW(750MW)

BATOKA GORGE(800MW)

DEVILS GORGE(800MW)

BWANAMKUBWA

ROMA

COV.

NAMPUNDWE

MAAMBAKATIMAMULILO

KABOMPO Gorge(34MW)

LuangwaBridge

Mkushi

MkushiFarm Block

Mkushi Central

Kawambwa Town

Chambasitu

SHANGOMBO

MUYOMBE

GENERATION SITES & TRANSMISSIONLINES IN ZAMBIA

ZESCO

MPATA GORGE

2424

VICTORIA FALLS - ZAMBIA

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2525

KARIBA NORTH - ZAMBIA

2626

Chikata Falls : Site for a proposed Hydro-Power Station in North Western Part ofZAMBIA

MORE GENERATION SITES IN ZAMBIA

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2727

2828

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2929

3030

TECHNICAL ASPECTSTECHNICAL ASPECTSLARGE GENERATION SITESLARGE GENERATION SITES

• ECONOMY OF SCALE & BASE LOAD– Large generation units less expensive per KW as

fixed costs are spread over large kilowatts of capacity– Can be used for base load generation

• DAM SAFETY– Critical for large sites considering huge volumes of

water

• POWER SYSTEM STABILITY– Large generators provides better reactive capability

limits & hence contribute to system stability

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3131

TECHNICAL ASPECTSTECHNICAL ASPECTSHV INTERCONNECTORSHV INTERCONNECTORS

• ECONOMICAL INTERCHANGE– Utility with surplus efficient generation can sell to those in deficit at lower

rates as compared to own generation

• DIVERSITY INTERCHANGE– Interconnections allow utility to exchange power when the times of peak

loads differ, also hydrology, generation types, seasons, etc

• POWER TRANSFER LIMITS OF TRANSMISSION LINES– Any transmission line has a definite limit to the power it can deliver.– Transmission lines from large generation sites may require uprating

3232

TECHNICAL ASPECTSTECHNICAL ASPECTSHV INTERCONNECTORSHV INTERCONNECTORS

Development of large generation sites will lead tomore HV interconnection which requires:� Coordinated planning� Coordinated operations� Close corporation between utilities through

power pools

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3333

TECHNICAL ASPECTSTECHNICAL ASPECTSHV INTERCONNECTORSHV INTERCONNECTORS

• LINE INSULATION– High Voltage required to transfer huge amounts of power– High voltage lines will require high insulation levels which comes with

higher costs• SELECTION OF ECONOMICAL ROUTES

– Internationalised transmission lines may have to pass through othercountries necessitating way leave consents, environmental approvals,licensing, etc

– Line route selection to consider factors such as loads on route, linelength, etc

• NUMBER OF CIRCUITS– Minimum two circuits to enhance security of supply

• STANDARD VOLTAGES– Utilities could be using different standards in developing their systems

making it difficult for interconnection.

3434

TECHNICAL ASPECTSTECHNICAL ASPECTSHV INTERCONNECTORSHV INTERCONNECTORS

• MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE LINES– Improved design of towers could lower costs

• RELIABILITY AND SAFETY OF LINE– Better insulation and gap clearances required– Better lightning protection

• JOINT POWER SYSTEM STUDIES– System studies will be necessary to ensure

the large power network performed well

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3535

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSLARGE GENERATION SITESLARGE GENERATION SITES

� Ranking of hydropower projects according to theirenvironmental aspects- Will allow Africa to generate power from less

environmentally sensitive areas- Provides an opportunity to develop environmentally friendly

energy� Dams construction

� Helps in harvesting and conservation of water and assist inflood controls

� Supports wild life� Improves quality of life as fishing and sporting activities

benefits residents

3636

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3737

3838

WILD ANIMALS AS TOURISTATTRACTION

BIRDS

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3939

GIRAFFE

MIGHT VICTORIA FALLS

TRADITIONAL CEREMONY LION

4040

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSLARGE GENERATION SITESLARGE GENERATION SITES

� Fishery – Dam barriers will impair fish migration� Flora and Fauna will be affected� Displacement of people� Soils: Construction of access roads leads to soil

erosion� Loss of heritage sitesThese aspects can however be mitigated through

adequate compensation and resettlement ofpeople.

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4141

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSHV INTERCONNECTORSHV INTERCONNECTORS

• Way leave acquisition a challenge• Vegetation removal to be minimized• Resettlement of communities may arise• Compensation quite costly• Opening up of closed conservation areas

such as forestry and game reserves• Displacement of habitat

4242

INVESTOR CONCERNSINVESTOR CONCERNS

• Power projects require large investment thatcan only be recouped over a long term 15 – 25years

• Investors are therefore concerned with– Political risks and armed conflicts– Financial risks– Exchange control regulations– Externalisation of funds issues– Exchange rates fluctuations

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ADDRESSING THE CONCERNSADDRESSING THE CONCERNS

• NEPAD would play a major role in addressingthe concerns raised by investors through– Promoting regional co-operation– Providing a common platform to facilitate

investments

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ROLE FOR NEPAD?ROLE FOR NEPAD?

• Assist in marketing the African continent and hence attractinvestors capable of financing the large and capital intensiveenergy projects.

• Large projects such as construction of power stations and HVinterconnectors may be not be financed by one country alone.

• NEPAD will provide a common platform to facilitate attractiveenvironment for investors.

• Assist countries raise finance for the projects• Support the African Standardisation Initiative through African

Standardisation Electrotechnitical Commission (AFSEC)

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION• Internationalisation of large generation sites and high

voltage interconnectors is very important for Africa.• stimulate development and increase access to

electricity• pooling of resources and regional co-operation

essential• Technical and environmental aspects can be

managed through standardisation, careful selectionof projects and management thus reducing overallcosts and project implementation time.

• NEPAD is a catalyst to help achieve the objective oflighting up Africa at a lower cost

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU