INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Soyiba Jawed

COURSE CONTENTS - CHAPTERSFundamentals of ComputerComputer EvolutionComputer System OrganizationProgramming LanguagesInformation system DevelopmentOperating Systems and Utility

ProgramsCompilers and Language TranslationData Communication and Networks

Cont’d…..

COURSE CONTENTS - CHAPTERSInternet and World Wide WebArtificial IntelligenceSocial Issues

Grading % of Total MarksAssignments 20Mid-Term Exam 20Final Exam 50Quiz 10Total

100%

Required Reading An invitation to Computer Science,

Schneider, G. Michael, 2nd Edition Information Technology in

Perspective, Long, Larry, 10th Edition.

Fundamentals Of ComputerIntroduction to Computer Software

and HardwareComponents of a Computer (Input

devices, Output devices, System Unit, Storage devices, Communication devices)

Characteristics of a Computer

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

“A Computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process

data into useful information and store it for later use.”

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

Computer word is derived from “compute” that means to calculate.

Computer is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.

Input means to feed information into a computer Words, symbols, numbers, pictures

Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, ideas and objects

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

Processing is the way that a computer manipulates dataperforming calculationssorting lists and numbersdrawing graphs

A computer processes data in a device called the central processing unit (CPU).

A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing.

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

Memory is an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to be processedVolatile memoryNon-volatile memory

Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

Computer output is the results produced by the computerReports, numbers, documents, music,

graphs, pictures An output device displays, prints or

transmits the results of processing.

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

A computer consists of Software and Hardware, that is the machine is known as Hardware and Programs are called as Software.

Software Software is a set of instructions that tells a

computer what to do, a computer works according to the given instructions in the software.

Software cannot be executed without hardware.

Software is debugged in case of problem and is reinstalled if the problem is not solved.

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

Hardware Hardware is physical parts of computer

that cause processing of data. Hardware cannot perform any task

without software. Hardware is repaired in case of problem

and is replaced if the problem is not solved.

Components of Computer Different components of computer are

as follows:

Components of ComputerInput devices The data or instructions given to the

computer is called input, and a hardware component used to enter data and instruction into computer is called input device.

Following are the most commonly used input devices:Keyboard: It is used to enter text, which contains alphabetic, numeric and other keys for entering different type of data.

Components of ComputerMouse: It is a pointing device, that controls pointer on the screen, user gives instructions to the computer through mouse.Microphone: It is used to enter voice into the computer.Scanner: It reads printed text and graphics and translates the results in digital form.Digital Camera: It is used to take and store picture in digital form.PC Camera: It is used to create movie and take photos on the computer, and is also used to make a video phone call.

Components of ComputerOutput devices The data processed in useful information

is called Output, and the hardware component used to display information to the user is called Output device.

Following are the most commonly used output devices:Monitor: Monitor is used to display text, graphics and video output.

Components of ComputerInput / Output Devices

Components of ComputerInput / Output Devices

Components of ComputerPrinter: It is used to display printed output on paper or transparency.Speaker: Speaker is used to hear sound, music and voice output.

System Unit System Unit is a box that contains different

electronic components of computer system, it is also called System Cabinet or Chassis.

It protects the internal components from damage.

The electronic components in the system unit are connected to motherboard.

Components of Computer Mother board is also known as system board or

main board. Important components of system unit are as follows:

Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is also called as Processor, that is the Brain of the Computer.It is the most important component of a computer, it interprets and executes instructions in the computer.Memory: The hardware component that stores data and instructions temporarily is called memory, that is also called primary memory or main memory.

Components of ComputerMain memory consists of electronic chips connected to mother board, It is used to store data before processing.It also stores processed data after processing until the data is sent to output device.The main memory also called volatile because its contents are lost when the computer is turned off.

System Unit

System Unit

Mother Board

Components of ComputerStorage devices The hardware components used to store

data, instructions and information permanently are called storage devices.

It is called non - volatile because its contents remain safe when the computer is turned off.

Some important storage devices are floppy disk drive, zip drive, hard disk drive, CD - ROM drive, CD - RW drive, DVD - ROM drive etc.

Components of ComputerCommunication devices The hardware components used to

communicate and exchange data, instructions and information with other computers are called communication devices.

An important communication device is called Modem, which enables the computer to communicate with other computers via telephone line or cable.

Characteristics of Computer Following are important characteristics of

computer:Speed Computers work at a very high speed and

are much faster than humans. A computer can perform billions of

calculations in a second. The time used by a computer to perform an

operation is called as the processing speed, that is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz).

Characteristics of ComputerStorage A computer can store large amounts of data

permanently, which can be used at any time. Any type of data such as text, graphics,

pictures, audio, and video files can be stored easily.

Processing Computer can perform different types of

processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

It can also perform logical functions as well.

Characteristics of ComputerAccuracy Accuracy means to provide results without

any error, computer can process large amounts of data and generate error - free results.

A modern computer can perform millions of operations in one second without any error.

Recalling A computer can recall the stored data and

information as and when required, in a few seconds.

Characteristics of ComputerControl Sequence A computer works strictly according to the

given instructions, it follows the same sequence of execution that is given in a program.

Consistency Computer works in a consistent way, it does

not lose concentration due to heavy work, therefore it performs all jobs with equal attention.

Characteristics of ComputerCommunication A computer can be connected with other

computers by a communication device such as a modem.

These computers can share data, instructions and information (eg; Internet).

Versatile Computer can perform different type of task,

it can be used in hospital, bank or ay home. A variety of facilities are available through

computers.