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Introduction to Introduction to digital librariesdigital libraries
How to Build a Digital LibraryHow to Build a Digital LibraryIan H. Witten and David BainbridgeIan H. Witten and David Bainbridge
What is a Library?What is a Library? A building where books are keptA building where books are kept
Most of the publicMost of the public Preservation and Access to the RecordPreservation and Access to the Record
LibrariansLibrarians Collection & OrganizationCollection & Organization
of books, art, film, sound recordings, botanical specimen, of books, art, film, sound recordings, botanical specimen, cultural objects, etc.cultural objects, etc.
Networks of InformationNetworks of Information ResearchersResearchers
WebWeb Students & youthStudents & youth
What is a Digital What is a Digital Library?Library?
Is it an institution?Is it an institution? Is it a piece of technology?Is it a piece of technology? Is it a website?Is it a website?
What is a Digital What is a Digital Library?Library?
NOT a “Digitized Library”NOT a “Digitized Library” Not to replace booksNot to replace books
NOT a means to deconstruct existing NOT a means to deconstruct existing institutionsinstitutions
What is a Digital What is a Digital Library?Library?
A digital library is an organized A digital library is an organized collection of informationcollection of information A focused collection of A focused collection of digital objectsdigital objects Methods for Methods for finding, access finding, access andand
retrievalretrieval Methods for Methods for selection, organization, selection, organization,
andand maintenance maintenance of the collection of the collection Methods for Methods for preservationpreservation
What are Digital What are Digital Objects?Objects?
TextText AudioAudio VideoVideo 3D objects3D objects SimulationsSimulations Dynamic visualizationsDynamic visualizations Virtual worldsVirtual worlds
Who is Involved?Who is Involved?
The UserThe User FindingFinding AccessAccess RetrievalRetrieval
The LibrarianThe Librarian SelectionSelection OrganizationOrganization MaintenanceMaintenance PreservationPreservation
What is a Digital What is a Digital Library?Library?
A library without wallsA library without walls But it does need boundariesBut it does need boundaries
A new way of dealing with knowledge byA new way of dealing with knowledge by PreservingPreserving CollectingCollecting OrganizingOrganizing PropagatingPropagating AccessingAccessing
An organized collection of digital informationAn organized collection of digital information Purpose Purpose PrinciplesPrinciples
What about the What about the Librarian’s Job?Librarian’s Job?
Selection, organization, and maintenance are Selection, organization, and maintenance are central to the notion of librarycentral to the notion of library
Librarians classify and catalog the records of Librarians classify and catalog the records of ascertained knowledge, the literature of the ascertained knowledge, the literature of the whole pastwhole past
It is the wisdom that librarians put into the It is the wisdom that librarians put into the library that will distinguish digital libraries from library that will distinguish digital libraries from the chaos of the Webthe chaos of the Web
Digital library software supports the role of Digital library software supports the role of librarians with organizational structures and librarians with organizational structures and maintenancemaintenance
What is Metadata?What is Metadata? Metadata is “data about data” (glibly)Metadata is “data about data” (glibly) Metadata is the information that is included Metadata is the information that is included
in the library catalog (simplistic)in the library catalog (simplistic) Library catalogLibrary catalog
A complete model that represents, in a A complete model that represents, in a predictable manner, the universe of books in the predictable manner, the universe of books in the librarylibrary
Provides a summary of library contentsProvides a summary of library contents Bibliographies and IndexesBibliographies and Indexes
Virtual representations that give access to journal Virtual representations that give access to journal articles, government documents, microfiche and articles, government documents, microfiche and microfilm, and special collectionsmicrofilm, and special collections
Scope of Digital Scope of Digital LibrariesLibraries
Digital libraries offer unique ways of Digital libraries offer unique ways of recording, preserving, and recording, preserving, and propagating culture in multimedia propagating culture in multimedia formform
Four Examples:Four Examples: Support human developmentSupport human development Pushing on the frontiers of sciencePushing on the frontiers of science Preserving a traditional culturePreserving a traditional culture Exploring popular musicExploring popular music
The Alexandrian The Alexandrian PrinciplePrinciple
““It is a librarian’s duty to increase It is a librarian’s duty to increase the stock of his library.”the stock of his library.”
According to Encyclopedia According to Encyclopedia Britannica, libraries are doubling in Britannica, libraries are doubling in size every 16 to 20 yearssize every 16 to 20 years
Notions are Being Notions are Being ReplacedReplaced
Focused CollectionsFocused Collections Rather than the Alexandrian modelRather than the Alexandrian model
Service to library usersService to library users Rather than massive storehouse of Rather than massive storehouse of
informationinformation Unrestrained growth leads to chaosUnrestrained growth leads to chaos
Building a CollectionBuilding a Collection Once the building process is established, it becomes Once the building process is established, it becomes
automaticautomatic The process creates all the structures that are The process creates all the structures that are
needed at runtime to access the collectionneeded at runtime to access the collection Searching is based on indexes:Searching is based on indexes:
MetadataMetadata Full textFull text
Browsing is based on:Browsing is based on: MetadataMetadata Derived structures from the media (e.g. phrase structure Derived structures from the media (e.g. phrase structure
from full text)from full text) Rebuilding the collectionRebuilding the collection
When new material becomes available, it can be fully When new material becomes available, it can be fully incorporated into the collectionincorporated into the collection
Greenstone SoftwareGreenstone Software
Greenstone Digital Library softwareGreenstone Digital Library softwareNew Zealand Digital Library ProjectNew Zealand Digital Library ProjectUniversity of WaikatoUniversity of Waikato Open SourceOpen Source ExtensibleExtensible Issued under the GNU General Public Issued under the GNU General Public
LicenseLicense
Features of Greenstone Features of Greenstone SoftwareSoftware
Access through Web Access through Web browserbrowser
Windows or UnixWindows or Unix Searching Searching BrowsingBrowsing Easy to maintainEasy to maintain Various metadataVarious metadata Plug-ins for new document Plug-ins for new document
typestypes Multiple languagesMultiple languages Text, pictures, audio, videoText, pictures, audio, video Hierarchical phrase and Hierarchical phrase and
key-phrase indexeskey-phrase indexes
Multi-gigabyteMulti-gigabyte CompressionCompression Password ProtectionPassword Protection User logsUser logs Administrative functionsAdministrative functions Updates dynamically Updates dynamically
without bringing system without bringing system downdown
Publish to CD-ROMPublish to CD-ROM Uniform presentation Uniform presentation
across different computersacross different computers Open-source softwareOpen-source software
DSpace SoftwareDSpace Software
DSpace Digital Library softwareDSpace Digital Library softwareMIT/HPMIT/HPDSpace FederationDSpace Federation Open SourceOpen Source ExtensibleExtensible Issued under the BSD General Public Issued under the BSD General Public
LicenseLicense
Things to ConsiderThings to Consider
CopyrightCopyright Collecting from the WebCollecting from the Web Illegal or harmful materialIllegal or harmful material
Standards varyStandards vary Cultural sensitivityCultural sensitivity
Others?Others?