Introduction to kinesics - Birdwhistell.pdf

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Drg ize b Original from UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

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INTRODUCTION TO KINESICS: (An annotation system for analysts of body motion aDd psture)

DEPARTMENT OF STATE FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE

WASHINGTON, D.C . .

1152

UNIVERSITY_ OF MICHIGAN LIBRARf ~ ina I from 19 IZ o UNIVERSITY OF ICHIG N

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TABLE CF CONT~NTS

Prefe.ce

Section I: A PRELIMIN~~y RBVIEW

1. Preconceptions of Kinesics

2. Prekinesios

3. Microkinesics

4. Social Kinesics

5. Sample Conversations

Section II a Kinegrapha

1. Total Head

2. Faoe

3. Trunk and Shoulders

4. Shoulder, Arm azxl Wrist

5. Hand and finger action

6. Hip, upEer leg, lower leg,

7. Foot behavior

s. The Neok

Suggested Readint

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A similar procedure should be followed in the analyaia and combination of th6 act aorphologies represented by the neck. trunk, long meabera, hands aad .feet.

Smith aad Trager haTe pointed out the aimila-rity between thia kind of analysis and that done by linguists. It will perhaps make the data presented &boTe more meaningful if we out-line the parallel bwtween the two systems of analyaia. If the reader reoognizea that both speech and motion are parta of culture and ia further willing to aaaeaa the relationahip be-tween the two ayateaa in their mutual tunotiona in the communication ayatem. he will be aore willing to accept the parallel between the for-mal approachea to the sub-contextual data.


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1. Childa ~a. 3, 2/2 r- 1\ r.'\ 3 I + \ 1 # "':"

I gotta go to the bathroom. (.Mo) "\ oo J.A -, ..

Mothers T ...... I I x.x I ....

,r.\ 2, 3 #"'=" Childa Mama.

2 A " 3, l:ff Donnie's gotta go.

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Original from UNIVERSITY OF ICHIG/\N

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Desoriptiona

1. This situation was observed on a street bus at about 2a30 P.M April 14. The little boy was seated next to the window. He seemed tired ot looking out the window and. after surYeying all of the oar ads and the passengers. he leaned to-ward his mother and pulled at her sleSTe pouted and Tigorously kioked his legs.

2. The mother had been sitting ereotly in her seat. her paokagea on her lap. and her hand lightly olaaped around the paokages. She was apparently wloat in thought.w

3. When the boy' 1 initial appeal !'ailed to gain the mother's attention. he began to jerk at her aleeTe again. eaoh jerk apparently stressing his ?Ooali-zation.

4. The mother turned and looked at him. wshushedw him. and plaoed her right hand !'irmly aorosa his thighs.

6. The boy protested audibly. olenohed both fiats. pulled them with stress against his ohest. At the same time he drew his legs up against the re1traint or the mother's hltnd. Ria mouth was drawn down and his upper taoe was pulled into a tight frown.

6. The mother withdrew her hand from his lap and re-settled in her for.er position with her hands olasped around the paokagea.

7. The boy grasped her upper arm tightly. oontinued to frown. When no immediate response was forth-ooming. he turned and thrust both knees into the lateral aapeot of her left thigh.

8. She looked at him. leaned toward him. and slapped him aoross the aaterior portion of his upper lega.

9. He began to jerk his olenohed fiat up and down. vigorously nodding between eaoh inferior-superior mOTeaent of his fiat.

10. She turned. flo;ming. and with her mouth pursed. she 1poke to hi~ through her teeth. Suddenly she looked around. noted that other passenger were

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Descriptions

1. Thia observation was made at 6z00 P.M. April 20. Two adolescent boys (1 and 2) walked up to a drug-store window against which leaned a third of about the aame age. One of the boys (1) leaned one foot against the window and looked out at the street. He turned his eyes toward the original oooupant (3) of the window 1 spoke. and then looked back at the street. He shoved both handa deep in hia panta pooketa.

2. Boy (3) turned briefly toward them. Then he looked out at the atreet 1 put his left hand in hia pants pooket 1 his right hand in his aide ooat pocket. Withdrawing hia left hand with a cigarette and a lighter in it. he put the cigarette in hia .auth1 lit it and oloaed the lighter with a snap. Then he slowly blew a cloud of smoke toward the street.

3. Turaing hia head toward the other 1 boy 1 slowly raised and lowered one eyebrow. He put both feet on the gr6und and stood with his legs widely spread. Continuing to look at the other boy (3) 1 he tuoked his thumbs under his belt and very slowly lifted the front of his trousers. ahook thsm, and thea dropped them into plaoe.

4. Boy 3 looked at boy 21 stuck out his lower lip1 and slowly blew smoke at him. Then he looked casually at the boy (2) who had accompanied the original speaker.

6. Noting the interest in the boy tha~ had tooompanied him to the oorner1 boy 1 at the aaae time jerked his thumb 1 oooked hia head. and gestured with the corner of hia mouth toward him. He pointed toward a row of apartments aoroaa the street and then made his faoe expressionless throughout the remainder of hia vocalisation.

6. Boy 3 railed one eyebrow and held hia cigarette ill the right hand oorner of his muth. Arter speaking he rolled it to the left aide of hia JIOUth aDd blew out a oloud of .. oke.


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Section liz KINEGRAPHS.

The notational system demonstrated below divide the body into eight major sections. Inasmuch as most of the writer's research experience has been with American sub-cultures. these reflect his own ethnocentrism. The faot that he haa had some opportunity to observe members of other national and ethnic groups here, in Mexico. and in Canada, and has spent some time in the field with two American Indian groups. may lessen this ethnocentrism. but it still remains. Until other -workers take this or a simi-lar recording system into the field and specifically study the motion systems of other peoples we must continue to sus-pect our data.

This is reflected in the evident lack of stress on intra-trunk muscles. neck, and foot activity. Most of the recording and research upon whioh this orthography is based has been done in clothed cultures.

This syatem is organized in such a way that it oan be easily expanded. It is hoped that any student reading this who thinks of other kines or evident organizatio~s of kines will communicate with the author in order that they oan be listed.

It wi 11 be noted that this is a relatively statio system. ' Only in the-area of the long members is there muoh stress laid \ on movement. It is my hope that forthcoming research using mo-tion pictures will make it possible to develop techniques which will make this more dynamic. The success of linguiatios aDd phonetics iD operating with the use of "stationary particle" recording gives some juatification to the present system.

I aa dissatisfi~d with the terminology employed for the deaoriptico of types of walking. but in the 8bsenoe of mobile visual aid material, the concepts used, in spite of their Talue-loading, have proved quite useful, with minimal in-volTement.

The eight aections into which the body iG divided repre-sent an arbitrary classification system which may be abe~doned later. However, it has proved useful for the groupa reoorded thus far

Dig ize b Original from UNIVERSITY OF ICHIG N

92

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"Norm" Stress Over sort

~ 0

--tt" --'"t' - 0

D1g iz b

Vari'e.nts

Same oversort

..4'(~-tt Cooked head .t)a

Original from UNIVERSITY OF ICHIG N

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2. Faoe.

BlaDk f'aoed

Single raiaed brow~ indicates brow railed

Lowered brow

Medial brow oontraotion

~edial brow od

/

Railed brow

Wide eyed

Willk

Lateral aquizat

Full aquint

Shut eyes (with A-closed pauae 2 oouat Blink --t B-olosed pauu 5 plua oo\Ult

Side wiae look


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42.

..

D1g iz b

Left sneer

Right sneer

Out of the side of the mouth (left)

Out of the side of the mouth (right)

Set jaw

tight- - loose o

llouth in repose lax 0 - tense -

Droopy mouth

Tongue in oheek

Pout

Clenohed teeth

Toothy smile

Square smile


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--

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Drg ize b

Open mouth

Slow liok - lipa

Quick liok - lipa

Moiatening lipa

Lip biting

Whistle

Pursed lipa

Retreating lipa

Peak

Saaok

Lax mouth

Chin protruding

"Dropped" jaw


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44.

r 1

Drg ize b

Chewing

Temples tigntened

Ear "wiggle"

Total aoalp movement


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48.

Pectoral .uaclea

S tomaoh JIIUIO le1

Di ize b

Right anterior trunk twist (fro l&oro-illiao)

Cupped shoulders.

Shoulders baok.

Left pectoral tense

Right pectoral ten

Cheat tenlion

Cheat overlu:

Stoaaoh tenae

Stomaoh tlaooid

Stomaoh protruded

Sto-.aoh 1uoked in

Lett 1tomaoh teJll8

Right 1toaaoh teue


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62.

or

R #01 (5 :::)#12(1) #23(6)(ul-+) 1 3 1 (table) (cheek)

Upper arm at five o'olock 6 elbow sharply bent to one o'clock 6 hand ex-tended tense from the wrist. thumb hooked, three medial fingers extended stiff pushing against cheek with A6 little finger hooked. Note sub-line notationa indicating pressure points against table and cheek.

Bi-membral activity

If arms are in complementary activity representing same activity use double # sigh: #f, otherwise record separately using R# signal and li/f signal prefixing notation.

XXOl (5)#12(3~) 23(6)(ul .. ;XXl) { chai rarma )

Fingers intertwined. arms loosely held across stomach, el-bow end of ulnar por-tion of lower arm resting on ohair.

Note1 The use of arrows within the brackets or parentheses indicates direction of placement, such usage follows segment sig-nal. In order to portray motion, use arrows on line above signal recording. If all of arm is inol~ded in the motion:

,...........

R# 0123 Indicating motion of hand and arm with shoulder activity moving f'rODl zero position to a lateral position.

Drg ize b

Indicatea ordinal movement beginning with upper arm followed by lower ara and hand. Initial movement lateral with upper arm, followed by anterio-lateral sweep with lower arm, upper arm remaining in position.


29

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Dig ize b

Extended (lax)

~xtended, tense.

Hyper-extended, posterior crook.

Posteriorly patterned multi-angle (Until otherwise shown, angle sketch convers suf-ficient variation.)

55.

Hook, tip of involved joint (a) con-tracted no further than B-c line of acting finger.

Curl, tip of involved joint (a) con-tracted beyond inferior C line but not touching palm at any point.

Closure (lax) (excepting thumb, Fl.) tip touching palm.

Closure (tense) (excepting thumb, Fl.) tip touching palm.

Touching object. Pressure indicated by _ and o

Grasping object. Pressure indicated by _and 0

Finger caress. Pressure indicated by and To indicate in-

volved joint, ordinality pattern& Han:i: (J,) or (R). Finger number. Anterior or posterior crook signal . Joint signal. Pressure stress. Stationary object sign: (] Movable object sign: E&


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56.

49

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58.

Oi "'""' R~ I "3 J

/"""""\ a ~

(3-- l"l.lf c- ri-88 I I ~ )

Indicates superior or inferior motion of hand. Arrow indicates direc-tion. --- and indioat~s pace.

Indicates lateral or medial movement of the hand. Arrow indicates direc-tion. ___ and indioates pace.**

Indicates anterior or posterior motion of the hand. Arratt indicates direction. - and indicates paoe.

Combinations of the above may be super-imposed on eaoh other (follows hand identification pattern). Illustration shows a laterally (to right) anteriorally moving cupped right hand, palms down.

Ulnar oupping or semi-oupping (in mo-tion).

Radial cupping or semi-oupping (in motion).

"Okay" sign. Illustration shows tip of (la) l touohing ball of 2 (2A) while 3 .. 4, and 5 touch eaoh other and are extended lightly. Note ordinality of motion direc-tion.

A ... B., c., are illustrations of no-tating joint oontaots when total hand is under notation.

** Only necessary when wrist .. elbow, and shoulder angles (see below) are not shown.


69

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66.

Summarizing diagram for ar~ and legs.

D1g IZe b

IIIII

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66.

D1g 1ze b

Summarizing diagrams for arma and legs.

3 .J

IIIII

' ,

Original from UNIVERSITY OF ICHIGAN

3

49

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the walk. Observers are warned to record togethAr with the physical description a statement concerning the type of foot-wear and the type of skirt worn. Both exert considerable in-fluence over the walk. the stance. and the gait. Too. the breast development may give a delusory aspect to the entire walk. Only by the careful segmental analysis can this be avoided.

71.

While flat-footed walkers occur among both males and fe-males. shoe types probably lead to a higher inoidence among

f~males. In this the whole foot is placed down at once. Of these there are two evident types. The trudter who places his feet down flat footed and who combines f at-rootedness with pulling. A second type. less com~n among males. is the toe-point flat foot in whioh at each step the foot is placed droWn squarely but the toe is always pointed in a direct anterior line. This is seldom seen with a fast gait.

Pidgeon-toeing. in which the toes point medio-anterior-ally at each step. the duck walk in which the toes point latero-anteriorally. the so-called Indian walk in which the feet are placed directly in front of each other at each step are common enough to be noted.

All of this section should be oarefully analyzed against material taken from obserTations of other cultures. Caution is needed in making descrip-tions. Note that the Arab describes a woman who walks "gracefully" as "walking like a chicken." The Indian describes a "graceful" woman as "walking like an elephant." The should deter those who wish to avoid physically descriptive statements.


1 -**1 *

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72.

--;.

1\ (.-

" ~ ? II

II 0

I of

"'

1f ~

Dig ize b

a. The neck.

Anterior projection

Posterior projection

Right lateral projeotion

Left lateral projection

Neok tense

Neok sag

Swallowing

Adams Apple Jump

Neok Twist Right

Neok Twist Left


2^

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Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 01Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 02Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 03Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 04Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 05Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 06Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 07Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 08Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 09Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 10Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 11Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 12Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 13Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 14Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 15Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 16Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 17Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 18Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 19Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 20Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 21Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 22Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 23Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 24Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 25Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 26Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 27Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 28Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 29Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 30Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 31Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 32Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 33Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 34Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 35Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 36Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 37Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 38Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 39Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 40Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 41Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 42Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 43Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 44Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 45Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 46Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 47Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 48Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 49Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 50Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 51Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 52Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 53Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 54Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 55Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 56Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 57Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 58Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 59Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 60Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 61Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 62Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 63Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 64Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 65Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 66Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 67Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 68Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 69Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 70Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 71Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 72Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 73Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 74Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 75Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 76Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 77Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 78Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 79Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 80Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 81Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 82Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 83Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 84Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 85Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 86Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 87Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 88Introduction to Kinesics - An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture 89

Documents

Introduction to kinesics - Birdwhistell.pdf