IR 203 Global Economy & International Relations Lecture NotesDr. Bezen Coskun, bezencoskun@zirve.edu.tr

This week we will learn...This week we will learn...

1.1. Key ConceptsKey Concepts

2.2. Definition of GlobalizationDefinition of Globalization

3.3. Dimensions of GlobalizationDimensions of Globalization

4.4. History of GlobalizationHistory of Globalization

5.5. Theories of International Relations and GlobalizationTheories of International Relations and Globalization

6.6. Anti-Globalization MovementAnti-Globalization Movement

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

• Capitalism- Capitalism- An economic system based on private ownership of An economic system based on private ownership of capital and the means of production (standing wealth and other capital and the means of production (standing wealth and other forms of property).forms of property).

• Cold War- Cold War- The hostile relations between the two superpowers, The hostile relations between the two superpowers, the United States of America and the former Soviet Union.the United States of America and the former Soviet Union.

• G-8- G-8- Group of Eight.Group of Eight.

• Global- Global- covering or affecting the whole world.covering or affecting the whole world.

• Global Politics- Global Politics- the state will no longer be at the centre of the state will no longer be at the centre of attention- but neither will it be marginalized.attention- but neither will it be marginalized.

• Globalization- Globalization- increasing integration of the world in terms of increasing integration of the world in terms of communications, culture, and economics.communications, culture, and economics.

• IMF- IMF- International Monetary Fund.International Monetary Fund.

• IPE- IPE- International Political Economy.International Political Economy.

• Sovereignty- Sovereignty- A state’s right, at least in principle, to do whatever A state’s right, at least in principle, to do whatever it wants within its own territory.it wants within its own territory.

• WB- WB- World Bank.World Bank.

• WTO- WTO- World Trade Organization.World Trade Organization.

Definition of GlobalizationDefinition of Globalization

• In general terms In general terms globalizationglobalization is an economic, is an economic, political, technological, and socio-cultural process political, technological, and socio-cultural process where the importance of state boundaries decreases where the importance of state boundaries decreases and the countries and their people live in an and the countries and their people live in an integrated global system.integrated global system.

• The term has become particularly popular in The term has become particularly popular in International Political Economy and in cultural studies.International Political Economy and in cultural studies.

Dimensions of Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

Three main dimensions of globalization:Three main dimensions of globalization:

i.i. Economic Dimensions of GlobalizationEconomic Dimensions of Globalization

ii.ii. Socio-cultural Dimensions of GlobalizationSocio-cultural Dimensions of Globalization

iii.iii. Political Dimensions of GlobalizationPolitical Dimensions of Globalization

Economic Dimensions of Economic Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

• Economic globalization is one of the most Economic globalization is one of the most frequently used in discussions of frequently used in discussions of development, trade, and IPE.development, trade, and IPE.

• It is a process by which the economies of the It is a process by which the economies of the world become increasingly integrated, leading world become increasingly integrated, leading to global economy and, increasingly, global to global economy and, increasingly, global economic policymaking, for example, through economic policymaking, for example, through international agencies such as WTO, IMF, and international agencies such as WTO, IMF, and WB.WB.

Socio-cultural Dimensions of Socio-cultural Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

• Social globalizationSocial globalization means processes whereby many means processes whereby many social relations become relatively delinked from social relations become relatively delinked from territorial geography, so that human lives are territorial geography, so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place.increasingly played out in the world as a single place.

• Cultural globalizationCultural globalization refers to an emerging “global refers to an emerging “global culture”, in which people more often consume similar culture”, in which people more often consume similar goods and services across countries and use of goods and services across countries and use of common language.common language.

• Examples: Examples: Coco-Cola, Mc Donald and use of English.Coco-Cola, Mc Donald and use of English.

Political Dimensions of Political Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization

• In political studies globalization ideas have In political studies globalization ideas have been significant in thinking about been significant in thinking about ideology ideology and and in in political behaviour political behaviour in terms of issue areas in terms of issue areas such as such as ecopolitics ecopolitics and and human rightshuman rights..

• In terms of the environment and human rights In terms of the environment and human rights clear evidence of the need for global codes of clear evidence of the need for global codes of conduct.conduct.

• In terms of ideology writers like Hungtington In terms of ideology writers like Hungtington and Fukuyama have pointed to the globalization and Fukuyama have pointed to the globalization of liberalism following the end of the Cold War.of liberalism following the end of the Cold War.

History of GlobalizationHistory of Globalization

It is hard to determine a specific moment when globalization It is hard to determine a specific moment when globalization started or to describe exact stages of its historical started or to describe exact stages of its historical development.development.

History shows no obvious time on which everyone will agree.History shows no obvious time on which everyone will agree.

Although considerable groundwork for globalization was laid Although considerable groundwork for globalization was laid in earlier times, the noun “globalization” entered a dictionary in earlier times, the noun “globalization” entered a dictionary for the first time in 1961.for the first time in 1961.

History of GlobalizationHistory of Globalization

Generally speaking, commentators have linked globalization:Generally speaking, commentators have linked globalization:

- to the rise of the - to the rise of the information societyinformation society,,

- the beginning of - the beginning of late capitalismlate capitalism,,

- the end of communism, and even - the end of communism, and even the end of history.the end of history.

Theories of International RelationsTheories of International Relations

RealismRealism LiberalismLiberalism MarxismMarxism

Analytic Analytic UnitsUnits

Sovereign States in an Sovereign States in an Anarchic International Anarchic International

SystemSystem

State, Sub-State State, Sub-State Actors(firms,Actors(firms,

NGOs), International NGOs), International OrganizationsOrganizations

States, Classes, States, Classes, Societies, Nonstate Societies, Nonstate

actors as part of actors as part of Capitalist World SystemCapitalist World System

View of ActorsView of Actors States as Unitary States as Unitary ActorsActors

Domestic actors and Domestic actors and processes of decision processes of decision

making mattermaking matter

Determined by the Determined by the historical and economic historical and economic

circumstancescircumstances

Behavioural Behavioural DynamicsDynamics

Concern about the Concern about the potential use of force. potential use of force.

Maximize national Maximize national security:diplomacy, security:diplomacy,

deterrence,allying,wardeterrence,allying,war

Interests are broadly Interests are broadly defined(legitimacy,economdefined(legitimacy,economic,security). Bargaining is ic,security). Bargaining is

central means.central means.

States and groups States and groups act within patterns of act within patterns of

dominancedominance

IssuesIssuesNational National

Security,Conflict,Security,Conflict,PeacePeace

Broad AgendaBroad Agenda Economic issues Economic issues (dependency)(dependency)

Realism and GlobalizationRealism and Globalization

• For For realistsrealists, states hold sovereignty, and globalization , states hold sovereignty, and globalization does not cause obsolete the struggle for political does not cause obsolete the struggle for political power between states.power between states.

• Globalization does not weaken the importance of the Globalization does not weaken the importance of the threat of the use of force.threat of the use of force.

Liberalism and GlobalizationLiberalism and Globalization

• Liberalism Liberalism focuses on a much wider set of focuses on a much wider set of interactions between states and non-state interactions between states and non-state actors.actors.

• For liberals, globalization is the end point of For liberals, globalization is the end point of the transformation of world politics.the transformation of world politics.

• Liberals are particularly interested in the Liberals are particularly interested in the revolution in technology and communications revolution in technology and communications represented by globalization.represented by globalization.

Marxism and GlobalizationMarxism and Globalization

• MarxistsMarxists seen globalization as a negative process. seen globalization as a negative process.

• For Marxists, globalization is not new process, and it For Marxists, globalization is not new process, and it is the latest stage in the development of international is the latest stage in the development of international capitalism by West.capitalism by West.

• Globalization further deepens the existing divide Globalization further deepens the existing divide between the rich and poor countries.between the rich and poor countries.

Anti-Globalization Anti-Globalization MovementMovement

• The anti-globalization The anti-globalization movement developed in movement developed in the late 20the late 20thth century to century to fight the globalization of fight the globalization of corporate economic corporate economic activity and the free activity and the free trade with developing trade with developing nations that might nations that might result from such result from such activity. activity.

Anti-Globalization Anti-Globalization MovementMovement

• Members of the anti-globalization movement Members of the anti-globalization movement generally advocate anarchist, nationalist, generally advocate anarchist, nationalist, socialist, social democratic or socialist, social democratic or environmentalist alternatives. environmentalist alternatives.

• Although supporters of the movement often Although supporters of the movement often work together, the movement itself is diverse.work together, the movement itself is diverse.

• Demonstrations: the Seattle (Washington-Demonstrations: the Seattle (Washington-USA) WTO meeting of 1999, Genoa (Italy)G8 USA) WTO meeting of 1999, Genoa (Italy)G8 summit in 2001.summit in 2001.