Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Wheat Protein

Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring

Wheat ProteinWheat Protein

Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring

Wheat ProteinWheat Protein

J. Stark, E. Souza, B. Brown, and J. WindesJ. Stark, E. Souza, B. Brown, and J. Windes

University of IdahoUniversity of Idaho

Factors Affecting Grain Protein Factors Affecting Grain Protein ConcentrationConcentration and Qualityand Quality

Factors Affecting Grain Protein Factors Affecting Grain Protein ConcentrationConcentration and Qualityand Quality

FertilityFertilityWaterWater

TemperatureTemperature??

VarietyVariety

906-R 1986906-R 1986

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

Check Preplant Jointing Flowering

0 kg N/ha180 kg N/ha245 kg N/ha

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

1989 - Pondera1989 - Pondera

11

12

13

14

15

16

0 67 134 201

0 kgN/ha22 kg N/ha44 kgN/ha

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

Preplant Nitrogen (kg N/ha)

Increase in Flag Leaf Nitrogen Resulting Increase in Flag Leaf Nitrogen Resulting From Topdress Nitrogen at HeadingFrom Topdress Nitrogen at Heading

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Incr

ease

in F

lag

Lea

f N

In

crea

se in

Fla

g L

eaf

N

at M

ilk

Sta

ge (

%)

at M

ilk

Sta

ge (

%)

Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Heading (%)

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.63.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6

20 lbs N/acre20 lbs N/acre y =1.65-0.37x ry =1.65-0.37x r22= 0.83= 0.83

40 lbs N/acre40 lbs N/acre y =2.48-0.55x ry =2.48-0.55x r22=0.90=0.90

Flag Leaf Nitrogen vs Protein, Flag Leaf Nitrogen vs Protein, Aberdeen, 1989 - 1991Aberdeen, 1989 - 1991

91011121314151617

2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2

Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Milk Stage (%)

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%) Pondera

y = 7.47+1.79x r2=0.85

Copper y = 6.15+1.88x r2=0.85

Increase in Grain Protein (%) as Related to Increase in Grain Protein (%) as Related to Topdress Nitrogen and Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Topdress Nitrogen and Flag Leaf Nitrogen at

HeadingHeading

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3In

crea

se in

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

Incr

ease

in G

rain

Pro

tein

(%

)

Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Heading (%)

20 lbs N/acre20 lbs N/acre y =1.81-0.40x ry =1.81-0.40x r22= 0.86= 0.86

40 lbs N/acre40 lbs N/acre y =2.52-0.56x ry =2.52-0.56x r22=0.88=0.88

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.63.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6

2000-2001 Nitrogen Timing – 2000-2001 Nitrogen Timing – Protein QualityProtein Quality

Variety – Iona HRSVariety – Iona HRS

Preplant N – 0, 60 lbs N / acrePreplant N – 0, 60 lbs N / acre

Topdress N – 0, 20, 40 lbs N / acreTopdress N – 0, 20, 40 lbs N / acre

Topdress timings – tilleringTopdress timings – tilleringboot, and floweringboot, and flowering

2000 ANOVA2000 ANOVA

NSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSTopdress x Timing (RxT)Topdress x Timing (RxT)

********NSNS**********Topdress N Rate ( R)Topdress N Rate ( R)

NSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSTopdress N Timing (T)Topdress N Timing (T)

NSNSNSNSNSNS**NSNSNSNSPreplant x Timing (PxT)Preplant x Timing (PxT)

******NSNS******NSNSPreplant N (P)Preplant N (P)

Loaf Loaf

VolVol

Sed Sed

ValuesValues

Flour Flour

YieldYield

Flour Flour

ProtProt

Grain Grain

ProtProt

Test Test Wt Wt

SourceSource

NS = Not significantNS = Not significant* , ** = Significant at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively* , ** = Significant at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively

Grain Protein as Influenced by Topdress NitrogenGrain Protein as Influenced by Topdress Nitrogen

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

Tiller Boot Flower

0 lbs topdress20 lbs topdress40 lbs topdress

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16

16.5

17

Tiller Boot Flower


Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

20012001

20002000

Std.err. = 0.35

Std.err. = 0.19Std.err. = 0.19

Loaf Volume as Influenced by Topdress NitrogenLoaf Volume as Influenced by Topdress Nitrogen

1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

Tiller Boot Flower


1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

Tiller Boot Flower


Loa

f V

olu

me

(mL

)L

oaf

Vol

um

e (m

L)20012001

20002000

Std.err. = 23.4

Std.err. = 20.9Std.err. = 20.9

Loaf Volume to Grain Protein RatiosLoaf Volume to Grain Protein Ratios

1100

1150

1200

1250

10 11 12 13

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

13 14 15 16 17 18

20012001

20002000

Loa

f V

olu

me

(mL

)L

oaf

Vol

um

e (m

L)

Grain Protein (%)Grain Protein (%)

tilletillerrbootboot

flowerflower

Growth Stage Growth Stage at Topdress N at Topdress N Application:Application:

Flour Yield to Grain Protein RatiosFlour Yield to Grain Protein Ratios

20012001

20002000

Flo

ur

Yie

ld (

%)

Flo

ur

Yie

ld (

%)

Grain Protein (%)Grain Protein (%)

tilletillerrbootboot

flowerflower

Growth Stage Growth Stage at Topdress N at Topdress N Application:Application:67

67.5

68

68.5

69

69.5

70

10 11 12 13

64.5

65

65.5

66

66.5

13 14 15 16 17 18

N Rate x Irrigation Cut-off Timing N Rate x Irrigation Cut-off Timing (1999-2000)(1999-2000)

4 Cultivars: IDO 377s (HWS), Lolo (HWS), 4 Cultivars: IDO 377s (HWS), Lolo (HWS), IDO 523 (HWS), Westbred 936 (HRS)IDO 523 (HWS), Westbred 936 (HRS)

4 N Rates (soil and fertilizer N): 112, 202, 4 N Rates (soil and fertilizer N): 112, 202, 291, 381 kg N ha291, 381 kg N ha-1-1

3 Irrigation Cut-off Timings: milk (Z75), 3 Irrigation Cut-off Timings: milk (Z75), early dough (Z83), soft dough (Z86)early dough (Z83), soft dough (Z86)

Irrigation Effects on Yield ComponentsIrrigation Effects on Yield Components

IrrigationIrrigation Spike Spike KernelKernel KernelKernel GrainGrain cut-offcut-off densitydensity weightweight numbernumber yield yield

spikes mspikes m-1-1 mg kernelmg kernel-1-1 kernels spike kernels spike-1-1 kg ha kg ha-1-1

MilkMilk 94 94 36.9 36.9 55 55 6722 6722

Soft dough Soft dough 105 105 41.7 41.7 53 53 8843 8843

Early dough 96Early dough 96 40.2 40.2 53 53 7512 7512

Std.err.Std.err. 2222 1.6 1.6 44 1439 1439

Nitrogen Effects on Yield ComponentsNitrogen Effects on Yield Components

SpikeSpike KernelKernel KernelKernel GrainGrainN rateN rate densitydensity weightweight numbernumber yield yield

kg N hakg N ha-1-1 spikes mspikes m-1-1 mg kernelmg kernel-1-1 kernels spike kernels spike-1-1 kg ha kg ha-1-1

112112 86 86 41.841.8 52 52 68126812

381381 110 110 36.736.7 55 55 78687868

291291 107 107 38.438.4 55 55 81768176

202202 91 91 41.641.6 53 53 79767976

Std.err.Std.err. 2121 1.6 1.6 44 1434 1434

Flour ProteinFlour Protein

Irrigation Cut-offIrrigation Cut-offN RateN Rate Milk Milk Early doughEarly dough Soft doughSoft dough

Kg N haKg N ha-1-1 % %

112112 11.011.0 11.4 11.4 11.3 11.3

202202 11.611.6 12.0 12.0 11.5 11.5

291291 12.412.4 12.3 12.3 11.5 11.5

381381 12.912.9 12.6 12.6 11.8 11.8

Std. Err.Std. Err. 0.5 0.5

Change in Test Weight With Change in Test Weight With Timing of Irrigation Cut-offTiming of Irrigation Cut-off

72737475767778798081

112 202 291 381

MilkEarly doughSoft dough

Nitrogen Rate (kg N haNitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1-1))

Tes

t W

eigh

t (k

g h

LT

est

Wei

ght

(kg

hL --

11))

Std.err. = 0.5

Change in Kernel Weight With Change in Kernel Weight With Timing of Irrigation Cut-offTiming of Irrigation Cut-off

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

112 202 291 381



Ker

nel

Wei

ght

Ker

nel

Wei

ght

(mg)

(mg)

Std.err. = 1.7

Change in Flour Yield With Change in Flour Yield With Timing of Irrigation Cut-offTiming of Irrigation Cut-off

62

63

64

65

66

67

112 202 291 381


Flo

ur

Yie

ld

Flo

ur

Yie

ld

(%)

(%)

Nitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1) Std.err. = 1.0

Flour Yield to Protein Ratios Over Flour Yield to Protein Ratios Over Three Irrigation TreatmentsThree Irrigation Treatments

Flo

ur

Yie

ld (

g k

gF

lou

r Y

ield

(g

kg-1-1

))

Flour Protein (%)Flour Protein (%)

620

630

640

650

660

670

10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13

earlyearly

moderatemoderate

optimaloptimal

Change in Loaf Volume With Change in Loaf Volume With Timing of Irrigation Cut-offTiming of Irrigation Cut-off

900

950

1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

112 202 291 381



Loa

f V

olu

me

Loa

f V

olu

me

(mL

)(m

L)

Std.err. = 32

Loaf Volume to Protein Ratios Over Loaf Volume to Protein Ratios Over Three Irrigation TreatmentsThree Irrigation Treatments

Loa

f V

olu

me

(mL

)L

oaf

Vol

um

e (m

L)

Flour Protein (%)Flour Protein (%)

950

1000

1050

1100

1150

10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13

earlyearly

moderatemoderate

optimaloptimal

HRS Response to Late Season N as HRS Response to Late Season N as Affected by Moisture During Grain FillAffected by Moisture During Grain Fill

1995, 1996, 1997, 19981995, 1996, 1997, 1998

TreatmentsTreatmentsEarly Season N: 67, 134 kg/haEarly Season N: 67, 134 kg/haMid Season N: 0, 44, 88 kg/haMid Season N: 0, 44, 88 kg/ha

Late Season Water: 0, 0.5, 1.0 x ETLate Season Water: 0, 0.5, 1.0 x ET

RCB - Four ReplicationsRCB - Four Replications

Late Season Water (% ET)

0.0 0.5 1.0

Yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

95

97

96

98

Preplant N = 134 kg/ / / ha

I

I

I

I

Late Season Water (ET)

0.0 0.5 1.0

Pro

tein

(%

)

12

13

14

15

16

17

18N at Heading = 0

I

I

I

95

97

96

98I

0 45 90

Pro

tein

(%

)

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

N at Heading (kg ha-1)

0 45 90 0 45 900 45 90

II I I

Early Season N

67 kg ha-1

135 kg ha-1

1995 1996 1997 1998

0 45 90

Pro

tein

(%

)

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Late Season N at Heading (kg ha-1)

0 45 90 0 45 90

I I

0 45 90

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

I

I

Water Added 0 % ET0.5 % ET1.0 % ET

19951996

1997 1998

0 45 90

Bak

e Vo

lum

e (c

m3)

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Late Season N at Heading (kg ha-1)

0 45 90 0 45 90

II

I

Water Added

0 % ET0.5 % ET1.0 % ET

0 45 90

I

1995 1996 1997 1998

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 45 90

1995199619971998

Late Season N Rate (kg/ha)

Vol

ume/

Pro

tein

Rat

io

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 0.5 1

1995199619971998

Fraction of ET Applied

Vol

ume/

Pro

tein

Rat

io

ConclusionsConclusions

Additional nitrogen applied from boot stage to Additional nitrogen applied from boot stage to heading will increase flag leaf nitrogen, grain heading will increase flag leaf nitrogen, grain protein and flour protein when nitrogen levels protein and flour protein when nitrogen levels are less than optimal.are less than optimal.

There is a greater response in grain protein to There is a greater response in grain protein to late-applied nitrogen with larger deficits of late-applied nitrogen with larger deficits of plant nitrogen.plant nitrogen.

ConclusionsConclusions

Loaf volume is directly related to protein Loaf volume is directly related to protein concentration within years.concentration within years.

The loaf volume to grain protein ratios are not The loaf volume to grain protein ratios are not affected by topdress timing and only slightly by late affected by topdress timing and only slightly by late season N.season N.

Early termination of irrigation increases grain Early termination of irrigation increases grain protein, but decreases kernel weight, grain yield, test protein, but decreases kernel weight, grain yield, test weight, and flour yield.weight, and flour yield.

Early termination of irrigation did not change loaf Early termination of irrigation did not change loaf volume to flour protein ratios but moisture deficit volume to flour protein ratios but moisture deficit throughout grain filling reduced the ratio.throughout grain filling reduced the ratio.

ConclusionConclusion

Inducing late season moisture stress to enhance Inducing late season moisture stress to enhance protein concentration or quality is a poor strategy.protein concentration or quality is a poor strategy.

Late season N enhanced protein concentration and Late season N enhanced protein concentration and protein increases were associated with improved protein increases were associated with improved baking quality.baking quality.

Documents

Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Wheat Protein