Islam

Islam is intimately connected with Islam is intimately connected with the the Judeo-Christian traditionthe the Judeo-Christian tradition

Muslims are strictly monotheistic.Muslims are strictly monotheistic. They believe in the Judeo-Christian God.They believe in the Judeo-Christian God. Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like

the Qur’an, is the word of God.the Qur’an, is the word of God. ““Allah” is the Arabic word for God. Christian and Allah” is the Arabic word for God. Christian and

Jewish Arabs use the same word to refer to God. Jewish Arabs use the same word to refer to God. Muslims believe that people fall away from God Muslims believe that people fall away from God

and that He sends a new “rasul” or Messenger.and that He sends a new “rasul” or Messenger. Muhammed was God’s final Messenger.Muhammed was God’s final Messenger.

Muslims believe in all the Judeo-Muslims believe in all the Judeo-Christian prophets—But Muhammad Christian prophets—But Muhammad

is the Final Prophetis the Final Prophet Belief in the prophets before Muhammad is a Belief in the prophets before Muhammad is a

cornerstone of Islam.cornerstone of Islam. Muslims believe in all the Judeo-Christian prophets Muslims believe in all the Judeo-Christian prophets

and their respective stories.and their respective stories.- AdamAdam - Noah- Noah - Abraham- Abraham- IshmaelIshmael - Isaac- Isaac - Jacob- Jacob- JosephJoseph - Job- Job - Moses- Moses- AaronAaron - David- David - Solomon- Solomon- JonahJonah - John- John - Jesus- Jesus

Core Concept of IslamCore Concept of Islam

Islam means submission—submission to the will Islam means submission—submission to the will of Allahof Allah

Shari’ah or law of Islam expresses what these Shari’ah or law of Islam expresses what these terms are (more below)terms are (more below)

Although Islam has much in common with the Although Islam has much in common with the Judeo-Christian tradition, key differences include Judeo-Christian tradition, key differences include the degree of God’s involvement in the world the degree of God’s involvement in the world (he’s not directly), the role of reason in faith, and (he’s not directly), the role of reason in faith, and the idea that the world is to be enjoyed.the idea that the world is to be enjoyed.

Muhammad and the Qur’anMuhammad and the Qur’an

Muhammad was born in 570 A.D. in MeccaMuhammad was born in 570 A.D. in Mecca In 610, in the Cave of Hira, he received his first In 610, in the Cave of Hira, he received his first

revelation from the angel Gabriel.revelation from the angel Gabriel. In 622, he left Mecca for Medina. This date In 622, he left Mecca for Medina. This date

marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar.marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. By the time he died in 632, Islam was a thriving By the time he died in 632, Islam was a thriving

religion.religion. The revelations he received were compiled into The revelations he received were compiled into

the Qur’an after his death.the Qur’an after his death. Qur’an was copied down in an authoritative form Qur’an was copied down in an authoritative form

about 20 years after Muhammad died.about 20 years after Muhammad died.

The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam

ShahadaShahada – Testimony – Testimony SalatSalat – Prayer – Prayer ZakatZakat – Almsgiving – Almsgiving SawmSawm – Fasting – Fasting HajjHajj - Pilgrimage - Pilgrimage

ShahadaShahada

““There is no god worthy of worship except There is no god worthy of worship except God and Muhammad is His Messenger.”God and Muhammad is His Messenger.”

““La ilaha illa Allah; Muhammed rasul Allah.”La ilaha illa Allah; Muhammed rasul Allah.”

This declaration of faith is a simple formula This declaration of faith is a simple formula that all Muslims pronounce and accept.that all Muslims pronounce and accept.

SalatSalat

SalatSalat is the name for is the name for the mandatory the mandatory prayers that are prayers that are performed five performed five times a day. They times a day. They are a direct link are a direct link between the between the worshipper and worshipper and God.God.

ZakatZakat

Muslims believe that all things belong to Muslims believe that all things belong to God, and that wealth is therefore held by God, and that wealth is therefore held by people in trust. people in trust. ZakatZakat means both means both ‘purification’ and ‘growth’. ‘purification’ and ‘growth’. Muslims Muslims purify their possessions by setting aside purify their possessions by setting aside a portion for those in need. For the most a portion for those in need. For the most part, this involves a payment of at least part, this involves a payment of at least 2.5% of one’s capital every year. Giving 2.5% of one’s capital every year. Giving more is highly recommended.more is highly recommended.

SawmSawm

Every year during the month of Ramadan, Every year during the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn until sunset. Muslims fast from dawn until sunset. During this time, they refrain from both During this time, they refrain from both eating and drinking. Fasting is regarded eating and drinking. Fasting is regarded principally as a method of self-purification. principally as a method of self-purification. It helps make a person more sympathetic It helps make a person more sympathetic with those who go hungry and it allows for with those who go hungry and it allows for spiritual growth. The end of Ramadan is spiritual growth. The end of Ramadan is marked by a festival called marked by a festival called Eid-ul-FitrEid-ul-Fitr..

HajjHajj

The The HajjHajj is the annual is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. pilgrimage to Mecca. Every Muslim who is Every Muslim who is physically and physically and financially able is financially able is required to go at least required to go at least once in his/her lifetime. once in his/her lifetime. 2-3 million people go 2-3 million people go every year.every year.

The close of The close of HajjHajj is marked is markedby a festival called by a festival called Eid-ul-Eid-ul-AdhaAdha. Above is the Kaaba.. Above is the Kaaba.

Islam TodayIslam Today

Islam is the second largest religion in the Islam is the second largest religion in the world, and the fastest growing religion in the world, and the fastest growing religion in the world.world.

There are 1.2 billion Muslims, comprising 20% There are 1.2 billion Muslims, comprising 20% of the world’s total population.of the world’s total population.

There are 43 countries with Muslim-majority There are 43 countries with Muslim-majority populations in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the populations in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe.Europe.

Countries with the largest Muslim Countries with the largest Muslim populationspopulations

1.1. Indonesia (183 million)Indonesia (183 million)

2.2. Pakistan (134 million)Pakistan (134 million)

3.3. India (121 million)India (121 million)

4.4. Bangladesh (114 million)Bangladesh (114 million)

5.5. Turkey (66 million)Turkey (66 million)

*Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim *Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.population of the world.

6. Iran (62 million)7.Egypt (59 million)8.Nigeria (53 million)9.Algeria (31 million)10.Morocco (29 million)

Where do Muslims come from?Where do Muslims come from?

Muslims in AmericaMuslims in America

3-8 million Muslims in America (major 3-8 million Muslims in America (major controversy in U. S.)controversy in U. S.)

Second largest religion in America Second largest religion in America (lumping together Catholic, (lumping together Catholic, Protestant, LDS etc. as Christian)Protestant, LDS etc. as Christian)

Fast growing religion in AmericaFast growing religion in America The history of Islam in America dates The history of Islam in America dates

back to the slave trade.back to the slave trade.

Ethnic Backgrounds of American Ethnic Backgrounds of American MuslimsMuslims

1.1. African-AmericanAfrican-American

2.2. South AsianSouth Asian

3.3. Arab*Arab*

4.4. Southeast Asian and EuropeanSoutheast Asian and European

*The majority of Arab-Americans are *The majority of Arab-Americans are non-Muslim.non-Muslim.

Apportionment of Muslims in U. S.Apportionment of Muslims in U. S.

1.1. California (20%)California (20%)

2.2. New York (16%)New York (16%)

3.3. Illinois (8%)Illinois (8%)

4.4. New Jersey (4%)New Jersey (4%)

5.5. Indiana (4%)Indiana (4%)

6.6.Michigan (3%)Michigan (3%)

7.7.Virginia (3%)Virginia (3%)

8.8.Texas (3%)Texas (3%)

9.9.Ohio (3%)Ohio (3%)

10.10.MarylandMaryland

So How did Islam expand into a great world religion?So How did Islam expand into a great world religion?

What social and governmental forms emerged in the What social and governmental forms emerged in the world of Islamworld of Islam

Islam nearly conquered western Europe first in Islam nearly conquered western Europe first in the 8the 8thth century—defeated at Tours in 732—and century—defeated at Tours in 732—and then in 1527 and again in 1683.then in 1527 and again in 1683.

Topic for next classTopic for next class

Muslim Mosque in MeccaMuslim Mosque in Mecca

Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in MeccaMecca

D144KaabaD144Kaaba

HajjHajj

Muslims performing Muslims performing the the Hajj Hajj (a pilgrimage (a pilgrimage to Mecca). to Mecca).

The simple white The simple white garments symbolize garments symbolize the equality of the equality of believers.believers.

Muslim PilgrimageMuslim Pilgrimage

Muslims in MeccaMuslims in Mecca

Muslims at PrayerMuslims at Prayer

Muslim obligations: AlmsgivingMuslim obligations: Almsgiving

JihadJihad

““Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial expansion. expansion.

Among moderates, Jihad refers to Among moderates, Jihad refers to

“Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner “Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to Allah.Allah.

Emergence of ShiaEmergence of Shia

Claim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true Claim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true successors to Muhammadsuccessors to Muhammad

Shia community recognizes the Imans, the Shia community recognizes the Imans, the successors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual Authoritysuccessors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual Authority

Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Sunna (traditional teachings) as Sunna (traditional teachings) as authoritative.authoritative.

CaliphCaliph

Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic rulers after the death of Muhammad.rulers after the death of Muhammad.

Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624)Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624) The first four caliphs expanded the The first four caliphs expanded the

kingdom still further.kingdom still further. Caliphs have both religious & civil Caliphs have both religious & civil

authority.authority.

Eras of Islamic CivilizationEras of Islamic Civilization

570-632: Muhammad-Founder570-632: Muhammad-Founder

632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in 632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in MideastMideast

661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in 661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in Damascus) Expansion in N.Africa & SpainDamascus) Expansion in N.Africa & Spain

Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.

750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at 750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at BaghdadBaghdad

1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols

1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & 1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & FragmentationFragmentation

D162Muslim Exp.MapD162Muslim Exp.Map

Branches of IslamBranches of Islam

Most Muslims would agree on the Most Muslims would agree on the basic principles of Islam basic principles of Islam

Many varieties in beliefs and practices Many varieties in beliefs and practices exist. The main groups are:exist. The main groups are: SunnisSunnis ShiitesShiites

SunnisSunnis

Comprises 85% of Comprises 85% of MuslimsMuslims

Considered to be Considered to be mainstream mainstream everywhere except in everywhere except in IranIran

Sources of religious Sources of religious and legal authority are and legal authority are the the Qur’anQur’an and the and the hadithhadith (traditions) (traditions)

Analogy and consensus are used to arrive at solutions

Sunnis often able to adapt to different cultures without losing their own values or beliefs

HadithHadith

Expand the basic teachingsExpand the basic teachings Answer legal questionsAnswer legal questions Clarify ritual dutiesClarify ritual duties

Shi’itesShi’ites

Started as a political dispute over the Started as a political dispute over the leadership of Islamleadership of Islam Muhammad died without naming an heir; some Muhammad died without naming an heir; some

believed his cousin Ali should be his successorbelieved his cousin Ali should be his successor 661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE, his son, 661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE, his son,

Husayn, was killed in IraqHusayn, was killed in Iraq Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs of the Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs of the

Shi’ites (Shia Ali)Shi’ites (Shia Ali)

ImamsImams

Spiritual leaders of Islam are the Spiritual leaders of Islam are the imamsimams Imams are without sin and can interpret scripture Imams are without sin and can interpret scripture

without errorwithout error Innovation possible only through an imam’s Innovation possible only through an imam’s

approvalapproval Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic figure Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic figure

who will lead the world into a time of peacewho will lead the world into a time of peace Sunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power Sunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power

of Imans: for Sunni, the Iman is a prayer leader; for of Imans: for Sunni, the Iman is a prayer leader; for the Shi’a, the Iman is temporal leader—the True the Shi’a, the Iman is temporal leader—the True Caliph.Caliph.

The Umayyad CaliphateThe Umayyad Caliphate

Flourish from 661 to 750Flourish from 661 to 750 Centered in DamascusCentered in Damascus Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but

were deterred by Greek Firewere deterred by Greek Fire Captured Spain but were defeated by Captured Spain but were defeated by

Charles Martel at Tours in 732.Charles Martel at Tours in 732. Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could

be Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who be Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who accepted Muslims of all ethnicitiesaccepted Muslims of all ethnicities

The Abbasid CaliphateThe Abbasid Caliphate Flourished from 750 to 1258Flourished from 750 to 1258 Centered in BaghdadCentered in Baghdad Great libraries, academies, and schools.Great libraries, academies, and schools. Translated classical Greek scholarship into ArabicTranslated classical Greek scholarship into Arabic

—preserving it for posterity—preserving it for posterity Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and

MathematicsMathematics Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid

control beginning in 756.control beginning in 756. Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer

Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to rulerule

Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in 12581258

Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)

The Ottoman Empire would rival that The Ottoman Empire would rival that of China in size and economic power.of China in size and economic power.

But over time the Ottoman Empire But over time the Ottoman Empire would be weakened until the would be weakened until the twentieth century.twentieth century.

Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire (1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire expanded into North Africa and expanded into North Africa and Syria.Syria.

Growth of the Ottoman Growth of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded into the Balkans and to Persia.into the Balkans and to Persia.

By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in Europe to the Persian Gulf.Europe to the Persian Gulf.

Initial Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion was Ottoman conquest and expansion was under their able leader Osman (1299-1326).under their able leader Osman (1299-1326).

Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was determined to spread the faith.determined to spread the faith.

Why Did The Ottomans Why Did The Ottomans Succeed?Succeed?

Ottomans tolerated other faiths—Ottomans tolerated other faiths—didn’t fight wars of religious didn’t fight wars of religious exclusivismexclusivism

Many in Old Byzantine Empire were Many in Old Byzantine Empire were weary of corruption in Byzantine stateweary of corruption in Byzantine state

Key Events of the Ottoman Key Events of the Ottoman StateState

1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle 1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle of Kosovo.of Kosovo.

1396 – Crushed the Hungarians 1396 – Crushed the Hungarians and foreign knights at Nicopolis.and foreign knights at Nicopolis.

1402 – Tamerlane defeats the 1402 – Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans near Ankara.Ottomans near Ankara.

1453 – Turks capture 1453 – Turks capture Constantinople by Mohammed II.Constantinople by Mohammed II.

1517 – Turks captured Cairo.1517 – Turks captured Cairo. 1529 – First siege of Vienna.1529 – First siege of Vienna. 1683 – Second siege of Vienna.1683 – Second siege of Vienna.

162MMap162MMap

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

Rhazes (d. 925)Rhazes (d. 925): Medical expert of : Medical expert of the Abbasid Dynasty who studied the Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics; Caesarian operations and optics; Caesarian operations and more.more.

Most famous treatise Most famous treatise On Small Pox On Small Pox and Measlesand Measles

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

• Avicenna (d. 1037)Avicenna (d. 1037): A Muslim scholar : A Muslim scholar of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Medicine and Philosophyin both Medicine and Philosophy

• His His Canon of MedicineCanon of Medicine was translated was translated into Latin in the 12into Latin in the 12thth century and by century and by the 16the 16thth century was in its 35 century was in its 35thth edition. edition.

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

Aveorres (d. 1198)Aveorres (d. 1198): Philosopher of the : Philosopher of the Abbasid Dynasty who tried to Abbasid Dynasty who tried to harmonize Islamc faith with harmonize Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.Aristotelian logic.

Distillation of AlcoholDistillation of Alcohol

• Developed about 800Developed about 800• Al-kuhl means “the essense”Al-kuhl means “the essense”

AstrolabeAstrolabe

Used for astronomy & for Used for astronomy & for navigation. navigation.

It is believed that the It is believed that the Muslim al-Fazari Muslim al-Fazari (d.777A.D.) was the first (d.777A.D.) was the first scientist in the MidEast to scientist in the MidEast to make an astrolabe, make an astrolabe, following the arrival of an following the arrival of an Indian mission to Indian mission to Baghdad.Baghdad.

Muslim MedicineMuslim Medicine

Muslim physicians Muslim physicians were active in the were active in the advancement of advancement of surgical techniques, surgical techniques, and were among the and were among the first to use narcotic first to use narcotic and sedative drugs in and sedative drugs in operations.operations.

Omar KhyyamOmar Khyyam

Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of the author of the RubaiyatRubaiyat and the and the Book Book of 1001 Nightsof 1001 Nights..

““A Book of Verses underneath the A Book of Verses underneath the Bough; A jug of wine, a loaf of breadBough; A jug of wine, a loaf of bread—and thou beside me in the —and thou beside me in the wilderness—Oh Wilderness were wilderness—Oh Wilderness were paradise enow!”paradise enow!”

Harun Al Rashid (800s)Harun Al Rashid (800s)

An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and established friendly relations with established friendly relations with Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Christian Kingdom in Europe at that Christian Kingdom in Europe at that time).time).

Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain

From 756 - 1031, From 756 - 1031, Cordoba was a Cordoba was a political and political and cultural center for cultural center for the Muslims. the Muslims.

Muslim Art & ArchitectureMuslim Art & Architecture

The Muslim religion The Muslim religion prohibited the picturing of prohibited the picturing of human and natural forms.human and natural forms.

Muslim art was thus Muslim art was thus channeled into artistic channeled into artistic displays of great displays of great geometric complexity and geometric complexity and abstract ornamentation. abstract ornamentation.

Muslim Art & ArchitectureMuslim Art & Architecture

This Muslim This Muslim mosque in Seville, mosque in Seville, was built in 1172.was built in 1172.

It was converted to It was converted to a Chrisitan a Chrisitan Cathedral in 1248.Cathedral in 1248.

Muslim architectureMuslim architecture

F320Ottoman MapF320Ottoman Map

So If Islam was so cool, what So If Islam was so cool, what happened?happened?

Present Mindedness—who knows if we Present Mindedness—who knows if we won’t all be dead or Muslim?won’t all be dead or Muslim?

Problem of Closed RevelationProblem of Closed Revelation Failure to form effective statesFailure to form effective states Weak/decadent rulersWeak/decadent rulers Focus on moral reform and supernatural Focus on moral reform and supernatural

deliverance rather than structural/material deliverance rather than structural/material reform—Wahabbism.reform—Wahabbism.