C h a p t e r 2 4 S e c t i o n 3

Italian & German Unification

Bonds of a Nation-State

Bond Definition

Nationality

Language

Culture

History

Religion

Territory

Nationalism

What is nationalism?

The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history

Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people

Nationalism that separates culturally different lands and people

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity

Two Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states

Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects

Three different types of nationalist movements:

unification merges culturally similar lands

separation splits off culturally distinct groups

state-building binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Breakup of the Austrian Empire Austria includes people

from many ethnic groups

1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary still ruled by emperor

Flag of Austria-Hungary

representing two kingdoms,

but ruled by one emperor.

This was a concession to

Hungarian nationalism.

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Russia Empire Crumbles

After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire

Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture

policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Ottoman Empire Weakens

Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire.

Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.

Italy

Middle Ages: competing city-states

1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

2. Metternich believed wanted to maintain old Europe (pre-Napoleon)

Congress of Vienna ignored national groups, placing groups under the control of large empires with different ethnicities

Italy is split into 3 separate groups

1.Northern Italy was under Austrian rule

2.Other parts under French Rule

3.Another part under Hapsburgs Rule

Key Events

Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860: unification of N & S

1866: Venice added 1870: Rome added

The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)

Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal was to unite Italy

Launched a group call Young Italy

Was exiled for his outspoken nationalism

Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy

Believe that Europe need to redraw the lines

Attracted tens of thousands to Italian Unification cause

The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)

The Duties of Man:

“O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”

The Idealist Patriot

Uprising and Revolutions

Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny

Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up on Italy

Northern State of Piedmont declared war on Austria

Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats

Northern States are not liberated from Austrian Empire

Revolutionaries seized Rome

Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed

French troops would help the pope regain control

Sardinia was the only successful revolt

Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to adopt a new constitution and remain independent

Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist movement

The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)

Cavour express nationalist movement is still strong enough t0 unite Italy even with difference

Goal is to unite Italy Becomes Prime Minister

of Sardinia Builds Sardinia Economy Believes that all of Italy’s

Economy must thrive Achieves in gaining a power

ally in France

Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861

The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)

Supports France in war with Russia. In return France gives

Sardinia providence of Savoy and Nice

France also will support Sardinia in a war with Austria.

By 1860 the Northern Italian States w/o Venetia were liberated from Austrian control and united

The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)

Goal was to Unify Italy

Lived in exile in S. America were he learn Guerilla warfare

Helped in defeating Austria in North Unification

Led RED SHIRTS, his army of 1000 soldiers towards the South and the Kingdom of the 2 Sicily

Conquered island of Sicily then head towards Naples

Military Leader

The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)

The North and South are conquered and united

Only Venetia and Papal States not unified…

Austria controls Venetia

Austria and Prussia go to war

Italians side with Prussia

Prussians win and give Italians Venetia

France and Prussia go to war

France pulls out of Rome(Papal States)

Unification is complete.

Government:

Divisions between:

parliamentary monarchy (King Victor Emmanuel) Limited suffrage (most

adult males) Limited working hours No Child Labor Improved cities and

industry

social classes (rich/poor) New taxes led to

poverty/unemployment huge numbers emigrating to

America (4.5M)

regions (N/S) South resented being ruled

by Rome Catholic Church would not

let Catholics vote out of resentment

5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?

Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by

listing causes and effects of Italian unification and by indicating which effects

were positive and which were negative 5 Points

Germany

(1871)

Entities:

Holy Roman Empire

loose affiliation of ≈300 German states

German Confederation

loose affiliation of 39 German states

1815-1866

replaced HRE

purpose: military defense

All have common language and culture

People: Frederick William IV Steps towards unification

King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861)

1848: revolution Agrees new liberal constitution

Agrees Prussian-led German unification

Promises reforms to increase individual rights

The people are ready to unite Once all had settled down he

went back on his promises

Zollverein Steps towards unification

German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑

economy Allowed for removal of tariffs

amongst German States

Business people would want unification

Railroads to connects states

Prussia = leader

included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓

tariffs

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister (r. 1861-1888)

Philosophy Practiced REALPOLITIK

practical government not idealistic

Practical goals not make believe

Conservative who did not believe in revolutions

believed it was Prussia’s destiny to unite Germany

Otto von Bismarck

led German unification Increased size of military

Unification could not be done with speeches but with “Blood and Iron”

War and Industry

Parliament will not agree to raise taxes to fund this Bismarck dismisses Parliament

and collects taxes on his own

Builds Prussian Army into great war machine to unite Germany

Bismarck's 1st War

Prussia believes that Schleswig and Holstein should be controlled by German Confederation

Disagreement over control of

Schleswig and Holstein was a way to

Start a war with Denmark

Prussia forms and alliance

with Austria to defeat Denmark

Prussia would control Schleswig

Austria would control Holstein

Do you see an issue with this?

Austria

Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt

Austria refuses Zollverein membership

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Bismarck lays the ground work for war

Bismarck met with the Italian minister

If Italy support Prussia in war with Austria that Italy could have Venetia

Bismarck meets with Napoleon III (France)

France will remain neutral if war breaks out

Bismarck provokes Austria into war by putting troops in Holstein

Austria declares war on Prussia

Prussia blames Austria for starting war

Uses nationalism for support of war

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Outcome: Prussian victory

Austria withdraws

***creation of North German Confederation***

Only 3 southern states remained un-unified

North German Confederation

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Cause:

drive south German states to unify with the north

France = common enemy

Alsace and Lorraine

Mostly Germans controlled by France

Outcome:

Prussian victory

***German unification achieved***

German nationalism

German Empire / “Second Reich” (1871-1918)

What did the new, unified Germany look like?

25 states

parliamentary monarchy

strong national government:

Power shared between states and Federal Government (US)

emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm I

Chancellor Bismarck

2-house parliament

Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)

Men over age of 25 (reality is there were many restrictions)

Germany would become a new powerful empire

Church Economics Bismarck passed laws

limiting the catholic churches power and influence (HRE)

Kulturekampf

Struggle for culture

France paid Germany reparations for Franco-Prussian War

Germany used money to build railroads to link states

Germany quickly caught up with Europe in Industrialization

Changes

Social Reforms

Industry has its critics

Socialist believe Industry have harsh conditions

State should control Industry

Socialist are blamed for 2 attempts of assassination on emperor

Bismarck will try to destroy socialism

Sought to destroy it appeal to German people by enacting its his reforms

He pushed legislation to provide benefits for health, accidents, old age, and disability

Bismarck and Wilhelm II

Bismarck was not interested in furthering Germany’s border

He see France as a continued threat

Bismarck would secure alliances with Austria-Hungry, Italy and Russia to protect each other from attack

Wilhelm I grandson, Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser

After a disagreement Wilhelm II will fire Bismarck

Wilhelm II will continue to make

alliances and build up the most

powerful military forces in Europe

Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing causes and effects of German unification

5 Points

C H A P T E R 2 4 S E C 3

P A G E S 7 2 3 - 2 7 2

Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the

region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain

intact through the remainder of the 1800s.

• Austrian emperor,

Foreign Minister

Metternich tried to

maintain power of

monarchy, empire

• Metternich accused

universities of

creating

revolutionaries

Resistance to

Change

• Metternich called

meeting of

Confederation,

passed Carlsbad

Decrees

• Prohibited any

reforms that

conflicted with

absolute monarchy

Carlsbad Decrees

• Decrees

established

censorship of

newspapers

• Created secret

police to spy on

students suspected

of revolutionary

activities

Other Prohibitions

The Austrian Empire

Resistance to Change

Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire

Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions

Congress of Troppau, 1820 Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers

Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support

governments against internal revolution

Revolution

• Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna

• Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign

• Metternich fled Austria

• 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

Turmoil in Europe, Austria

• Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years

• Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him

• Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire;

people with different nationalities wanted independence

Resistance to Change

During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire

1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule

Almost won independence

Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt

Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism

Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily

Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement.

Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.

• As nationalist movement

continued in Europe, Austria lost

Lombardy to Italy, 1859

• 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia

brought new demands from

Hungarians

• Franz Josef I, Hungarian

nationalist movement leaders

reached agreement, Compromise

of 1867

Forming a New Government

• Created dual monarchy of Austria-

Hungary

• Austria, Hungary became two

separate, equal states with one

ruler, Franz Josef I

• Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria,

king of Hungary

• Each had own parliament, shared

ministries of war, finance, foreign

affairs

Compromise of 1867

The Dual Monarchy

• Unrest in empire did not go

away; divisions remained

among various nationalities

• Austrian Germans, Hungarian

Magyars did not speak same

language

• Ethnic minorities received little

benefit from Dual Monarchy,

continued to seek self-

government

Unrest

• Dual Monarchy lasted about 50

years, until 1918

• Eased pressure for nationalism;

also had economic advantages

• Rural, agricultural Hungary

could provide raw materials,

food

• Industrialized Austria could

provide industrial products

Rural and Industrial

An Uneven Solution

Multi Ethnic Groups= Many nationalisms

• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast

multiethnic territory

• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians,

Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews

• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could

not defend self against

independence movement, external

threats

• 1830, Greece had gained

independence; Russia controlled

Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled

Empire in Decline

• Situation created “Eastern

Question”—what would happen if

Ottoman Empire collapsed?

• Russia wanted Constantinople,

access to Mediterranean

• French, British aided Ottoman

Empire, held Russia off

The Eastern Question

The Ottoman Empire

Holy Land

• Ottomans, Europeans had dispute

over Holy Land

• Ottomans gave Roman Catholics

control of Palestine holy places

Great Britain, France

• Great Britain saw Russia as

potential threat to India interest

• Allied with France

• Both joined Ottoman Empire in war

against Russia

Russian Invasion

• Ottomans denied Orthodox

Christians same rights

• Russians invaded Ottoman

territories

Stalemate

• Crimean War ended in stalemate,

caused half million deaths

• Nurse Florence Nightingale saved

many lives threatened by disease

and over crowding in field hospitals

during war

The Crimea- Dispute over the Holy Land

Falling Apart

Hot Spot

• Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire

• Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—

Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence

Route to Mediterranean

• Russians saw Balkans/Constantinople as route to Mediterranean, wanted to

gain

• Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with

Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

Conflicts and Wars

• Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of

conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s

• Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans

The Balkans

Balkan Wars

• Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups

• At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe

• Balkan issues far from settled

Congress of Berlin

• Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans

• Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic,

national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

Constantinople

• With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers

became alarmed

• 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation

National Ties

• Young Turks devoted to

restoring constitution

• Revolution helped ensure more

representative, liberal

government

• Education improved,

government took steps to

provide individual liberties

Representative Government

• 1908, nationalist group Young

Turks began revolution

• Young Turks fighting against

absolute power of sultan, ruler

of Ottoman Empire

Conflict

Political Reform

Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

COLOR TRANSPARENCY 134: EUROPE, 1803 AND 1914

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

NOTE TAKING TRANSPARENCY 141

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Using your notes, fill in the graphic

organizer by identifying the effects of nationalism in Austria, Hungary, and the

Ottoman Empire. (5 Points)

C H A P T E R 2 4 S E C 4

P A G E S 7 2 8 - 7 3 2

Unrest in Russia

Reading Focus

• What was government and society like in Russia in the first

half of the 1800s?

• What were some examples of reform and repression in

Russia?

• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?

Main Idea

In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the

absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.

Unrest in Russia

• To govern large, diverse

empire, Russian monarchs

ruled with absolute power

• Called czars, controlled most

aspects of Russian life

• Believed in autocracy,

government by one leader with

unlimited powers

Absolute Power

• Russia one of great powers of

Europe, first half 1800s

• Troops helped defeat

Napoleon; leaders helped

reorganize Europe after his fall

• Russia very different from other

European powers

• Empire huge, stretched

eastward far into Asia, included

many different ethnic groups

Huge Empire

Government and Society

Agricultural Society

• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural

• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized

• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked

Societal Problem

• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords

• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms

• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

Serfs

• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land

• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery

• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked

Serfdom

GAMBLING WITH THE LIVES OF SERFS

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Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were

resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.

• Secret societies formed to fight

against czar’s rule

• Saw opportunity for change with

death of Alexander I, 1825

• One group called Decembrists

– Included military officers

– 3,000 soldiers assembled

near Winter Palace

– Refused to declare allegiance

to new czar, Nicholas I

The Decembrist Revolt • Nicholas responded by crushing

rebellion

• Many Decembrists captured, sent

to Siberia, isolated region in far

eastern Russia

• Five Decembrists executed

• Decembrist revolt failed, but

began revolutionary movement in

Russia destined to grow in years

ahead

Nicholas’s Response

Reform and Repression

Russia Lagging Behind

• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War

• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe

• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military

Economy

• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy

• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from

landowner, usually with government help

Reforms

• Alexander II began program of reforms

• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune

• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion

Reforms of Alexander II

Reform and Repression

Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia

Set up new judicial system

Allowed some local self-government

Reorganized army, navy

Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes

1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar

• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past,

ended father’s reforms

• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups

suspected of plotting against government

• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing

them, destroying property

• Attacks known as pogroms; first

wave began after Alexander II

assassinated

• Some wrongly blamed Jews

• Government did not stop attacks

Different Form of Unrest

• 1894, Nicholas II crowned

• Autocratic ruler, developed industry

• 1890s, Russia began building

Trans-Siberian Railroad to link

western Russia with Siberia

• Expansion east would lead to war

Industrialization under Nicholas

Unrest Under Alexander II

Expansion East

• Russia expanded east

• Came into conflict with another

imperial power—Japan

• At same time, revolution

brewing

Growing Unrest

• Defeat shocked many

Russians, added to unrest

revolution movements would

not weaken

• One group calling for change,

Marxists—followed communist

theories of Karl Marx

War With Japan

• Early 1900s, Japan building

empire, viewed Russia as threat

• 1904, Japanese forces

attacked, defeated Russia in

Russo-Japanese War

Marxist Ideas

• Wanted to create socialist

republic—no private property,

state to own, distribute goods

• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for

revolution to overthrow czar

War and Revolution

Revolution Begins

• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar;

rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed

• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets

• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through

• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

The Revolution of 1905

• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar

• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at

Winter Palace, listing number of demands

• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Bloody_sunday.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260,_St._Petersburg,_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/BloodySunday1905.jpg

In response to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and strikes, Nicholas II issued

the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic

government, but would not give up all of his absolute power.

• Manifesto promised

constitution

• Individual liberties

to all, including

freedom of speech,

assembly

• Many gained right

to vote

Provisions

• Voters would elect

representatives to

the Duma,

assembly to

approve all laws

• Czar continue to

rule, but not pass

laws without

approval of Duma

Duma

• Nicholas II hoped

Manifesto would

end revolution

• Did not achieve

balance between

own power,

democracy

• People still wanted

reform

End Revolution

The October Manifesto