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Italy’s Rise from the Ashes
1919-1935
What is Fascism?• Nationalism over
individualism
• One charismatic ruler
• Totalitarian
• Industry nationalized
• Militaristic, aggressive
• Eliminate political opposition
Who Started It?• Italy staggering after WWI
• Benito Mussolini takes power 1922– Prime Minister
• Nationalizes state industry
• Undertakes huge public works programs
• Cult of personality
African Adventures
• Italy invades Ethiopia October 1935–Haile Selassie begs L.O.N.
for help
• League worried about angering Italy–“Condemns” Italy, but
does nothing
HOW DO YOU STAY ALIVE?
What you need:– Every Turn:
FoodRentWater
– Every Two Turns:CarElectricityShoesCoatHeating
PRICE CHECK!July 1922
• RENT: 10• FOOD: 5• CAR: 7• ELECTRICITY: 3• COATS: 2• HEATING: 2• SHOES: 1• WATER: 2
PRICE CHECK!August 1922
• RENT: 15,000• FOOD: 7,500• CAR: 10,000• ELECTRICITY: 4,500• COATS: 3,000• HEATING: 3,000• SHOES: 1,500• WATER: 3,000
PRICE CHECK!September 1922
• RENT: 45,000• FOOD: 37,500• CAR: 50,000• ELECTRICITY: 22,500• COATS: 15,000• HEATING: 15,000• SHOES: 7,500• WATER: 15,000
PRICE CHECK!October 1922
• RENT: 450,000• FOOD: 375,000• CAR: 500,000• ELECTRICITY: 225,000• COATS: 150,000• HEATING: 150,000• SHOES: 75,000• WATER: 150,000
PRICE CHECK!November 1922
• RENT: 4,500,000• FOOD: 3,750,000• CAR: 5,000,000• ELECTRICITY: 2,250,000• COATS: 1,500,000• HEATING: 1,500,000• SHOES: 750,000• WATER: 1,500,000
PRICE CHECK!December 1922
• RENT: 450,000,000• FOOD: 375,000,000• CAR: 500,000,000• ELECTRICITY: 225,000,000• COATS: 150,000,000• HEATING: 150,000,000• SHOES: 75,000,000• WATER: 150,000,000
PRICE CHECK!January 1923
• RENT: 900,000,000• FOOD: 750,000,000• CAR: 1,000,000,000• ELECTRICITY: 450,000,000• COATS: 300,000,000• HEATING: 150,000,000• SHOES: 75,000,000• WATER: 150,000,000
PRICE CHECK!February 1923
• RENT: 9,000,000,000• FOOD: 75,000,000,000• CAR: 100,000,000,000• ELECTRICITY: 45,000,000,000• COATS: 30,000,000,000• HEATING: 15,000,000,000• SHOES: 7,500,000,000• WATER: 15,000,000,000
PRICE CHECK!March 1923
• RENT: 90,000,000,000• FOOD: 750,000,000,000• CAR: 1,000,000,000,000• ELECTRICITY: 45,000,000,000• COATS: 300,000,000,000• HEATING: 150,000,000,000• SHOES: 75,000,000,000• WATER: 150,000,000,000
HAPPY TIMES
Europe 1923-1933
What You Did To Us
• Germany bankrupt in 1923
• British/French troops invade
• Dawes Plan to bail out Germans– Allies withdraw 1924– Bank reorganized, currency stabilized– Nobel Prize in 1925
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS???
And They Lived Happily Ever After?• Stock Crash of 1929 hurts Dawes
Act
• Young Plan of 1930 to restructure debt
• Reduce 90% of payments
• 58 ½ years to pay remainder
Everybody Wins!• Eliminate Brest-Litovsk
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
• League of Nations
• General feeling of goodwill
OLD GUY, NEW GUY
German Leaders in the 1920s-1930s
I. Paul von Hindenburg
A. WWI General
B. Retired, back by popular demand 1925-32
C. Re-elected in 1932, but losing power
II. Adolf Hitler
(Should we have known?)A. Member of Nazi Party
B. Leading figure
C. Arrested after failed coup in 1923
PLEASE! PLEASE NO, MR. WEAVER! FOR THE LOVE OF EDUCATION, NO!
Grab a copy of The Human Record and read pages 395-399 to see what Hitler’s thinking.
Answer questions 1-6.
III. The BestsellerA. Writes Mein Kampf in jail
B. Gets out in 1924, but no place left for Socialists
C. Party Stagnates
IV. NAZI TIDEA. 1932 election returns
heavily favor Nazis1) Hindenburg barely beats Hitler for president2) Hitler wants control since his party has most seats
B. Hindenburg names Hitler chancellor (P.M.) 1/30/33
C. Reichstag Fire 2/27/33 gives Hitler emergency power
READ IT!
READ THE SELECTION ON THE REICHSTAG FIRE TO UNDERSTAND HOW HITLER USED IT TO HIS ADVANTAGE!
V. THE S.A.A. S.A. Nazi Party “army”
1) Think Mussolini’s Blackshirts2) 4 million members
B. Secure victory in 1932 elections
C. Hitler purges 6/30/341) “Night of Long Knives”
VI. THE S.S.
A. Formed 1925 (bodyguards)
B. Take over as Nazi “army” after “Long Knives”
C. Brutal, repressive
VII. ROOTS OF A GENOCIDE
A. Nuremburg Laws – 1935
B. Kristallnacht 11/9-10/1938
C. Ghettoes/Deportation
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Growth of the Third Reich
Return of the Saar
• Saar region taken from Germany until 1935, administered by French
• January 13, 1935: 90%+ in Saar vote to return to Germany
• 2nd-most industrial region!!!
Find the Saar!
(Hint: It’s pretty small…)
Who’s Being Aggressive?"First, we swear to yield to no force
whatever in the restoration of the honor of our people, preferring to succumb with honor to the severest hardships rather than to capitulate. Secondly, we pledge that now, more than ever, we shall strive for an understanding between European peoples, especially for one with our Western neighbor nations...We have no territorial demands to make in Europe!...Germany will never break the peace."
Being Naughty• Hitler violates Treaty of
Versailles by…– Rebuilding army (over
500,000 troops!)– Building air force– Building up navy
• Hitler violates Treaty of Versailles by…– Remilitarizing Rhineland
3/7/36– Annexing Austria 3/11/38
REACTIONS
BRITISH SAY, “Eh…whatever. No war.”*
FRENCH SAY, “Can somebody help us
get them out?”
RUSSIANS SAY, “Is anybody else seeing this?!”
*Churchill, others want to fight
WAS HITLER BLUFFING?!"The forty-eight hours after the
march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. If the French had then marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance."
APPEASEMENT• Hitler wants Sudetenland
– Contains 3 million German-speakers
• Hitler meets GB/F in MUNICH, demands to occupy Czech with military
• September 29, 1938: Meeting with Hitler yields agreement to give Germans what they want
• Hitler invades rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939
Willkommen!!!
CLIP IT!
CHECK OUT THE VIDEO CLIP AND ANSWER THE CORRESPONDING QUESTIONS TO SEE HOW WAR CAME TO EUROPE ONCE AGAIN.
WORLD WAR II
(Or is it World War I: Part II?)1939-1945
PEARL HARBORI. THE SET-UPA. U.S. stops selling scrap metal, oil to JapanB. “ABCD” still around Japanese holdings
1) Must attack simultaneously
II. THE PLANA. Admiral Yamamoto knows U.S. tactics, wants surprise
attackB. Guarantees 6 months of freedom in seas, but no more
PEARL HARBOR
III. THE ATTACKA. Early morning – Sunday, 12/7/41B. Heavy damage to most of U.S. Pacific Fleet
-- Japanese miss aircraft carriersC. Attacks on several strategic Pacific islands
THE RESULTS…
WORLD WAR II
(Or is it World War I: Part II?)1939-1945
NORTH AFRICAI. EARLY TROUBLES (June 1940)
A. Italy cocky, pushes out from LibyaB. British in Egypt fight back
II. THE DESERT FOXA. Germans send in Afrika Korps
under Gen. RommelB. British pushed back across desert
into Egypt
NORTH AFRICA
III. Operation Torch (November 9, 1942)
Check out the film clip to see
what war in Africa was like!
NORTH AFRICAIV. CLOSING IN
A. British stop German advance at El-Alamein, Egypt
B. British move West, Americans East
C. Germans trapped, surrender in May, 1943
MAKE THE CALL…
WWII has been going on for several years – at great cost in lives to your side and the enemy’s. You are an air force commander who has just received a report from military intelligence. The report identifies a city in enemy territory that is a major weapons manufacturing center. You and other officers know that by destroying the arms factories in the city, the war could be shortened. Thousands of lives could be saved. On the other hand, the bombing will kill hundreds, maybe thousands of civilians living near the factories. How do you weigh the lives that will be saved against the lives that will be lost?
MAKE THE CALL…
• Critical facts:– Just one plane-load of bombs will wipe out a vital
enemy weapons factory– Radar tells the pilot where to drop the bombs, but
at 10,000 feet, he cannot see the casualties they will cause.
– The bomb factory in the middle of a residential area.
– The raid will probably shorten the war by at least two months.
MAKE THE CALL…
• Does shortening a war to save lives justify killing civilians?
• How are civilians sometimes as much a part of a war effort as soldiers?
• What percentage of lives saved would justify the deaths caused in the bombing?
AERIAL BOMBARDMENT• 1942-45
• Allies target industry/military targets
• Eventually, U.S. day, G.B. night raids
• Target or terror?
• Devastate European cities
• About how much of the bombing was done outside of the target area?
• What types of areas experienced “total burnout”?
DAMAGED GOODS
• What major waterway was probably targeted here?
HOW DO YOU DEFINE INNOCENT?
Let’s check out our answers from Rudolph Hoss’s Memoirs and see what’s going on with the Holocaust…
Meanwhile, in the Soviet
Union…
• Hitler’s blitzkrieg fails, Germans settle for siege of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) and Stalingrad
• Stalingrad: 11/19/42-2/2/43– Germans can’t handle
Russian winter– Devastating house-by-house
fighting through rubble
• Leningrad: 9/9/41-1/27/44– 1.1 million Soviets die, 110K
never found– 500K German casualties
Stopping the Bleeding• Japanese plan push
south to eventually invade Australia
• Allied forces stop Japan at Battle of Coral Sea,May 1942
• Japan plans invasion of Midway
Turning the Tide• Japanese send major
naval/invasion fleet to attack Midway
• Luck, skill help U.S. win decisive victory
– Japanese lose 4 A.C.s, U.S. 1
– Japanese expansion stopped for good
JUNE 4-6, 1942
TOEHOLD IN THE PACIFIC
• U.S. forces land at Guadalcanal in Pacific– 8/7/42-2/9/43
• More resistance than expected– Island size of Delaware
• “Tokyo Express” keeps Japan supplied
• U.S. needs efficient plan of attack in South Pacific
Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union…
The “Soft Underbelly”• 7/9/43-8/17/43 – U.S. invades Sicily
– Take very quickly– Leapfrog onto Italian mainland
• Very slow going, many failed strategies– 60K Allied/ 50 K Axis Dead,
320K/668K wounded• Worth it?
– Strategic importance?– Value to war effort?
Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union…
The Great Crusade• Rome falls 6/4/44
• D-Day 6/6/44– Allies land in Normandy, France
• Largest naval invasion fleet ever– Land, air, sea attacks in tandem
• Foothold in enemy soil
• Slow going July-December 1944
The Shape of Things to Come • U.S. across France by
December 1944
• Battle of the Bulge– Last German offensive– Nazis want to break through
Allied lines– Run out of fuel, can’t complete
operation, Allies hold (89K Allied casualties, 90K German)
The Constant
• Soviets push Germans out of Russia by June 1944
• Move rapidly towards Germany
• Liberate most of Eastern Europe
• Battle of Berlin 4/20/45-5/2/45– USSR: 300K+ casualties– Germany: 100K-500K dead,
about 500 captured
Confirmed Dead• Mussolini out of power early
1943, killed April 1945
• Soviets, U.S. meet at Torgau, Germany 4/25/45
• Hitler commits suicide 4/30/45
• V-E DAY 5/8/45
1944-1945
BATTLE Dates U.S. Killed
U.S. Wounded
Square Miles
Japanese Strength
Japanese Dead
Guadalcanal 7 Aug. 1942-9 Feb. 1943
1,600 4,400 2,510 36,000 31,000
Tarawa 20-23 Nov., 1943 1,700 2,300 12 (24 islets) 4,800 4,600+
Bougainville Nov. 1943-Aug. 1945 1,200 3,598 45,000 21,500
Kwajalein 31 Jan., 1943-3 Feb., 1944
370 1,600 6.3 (97 islets) 8,100 7,870
Eniwetok 17-23 Feb., 1944 260 760 2.44 (40 islets) 2,741 2,677
Saipan 15 June – 9 July, 1944
3,000 10,400 44.55 31,000 24,000 (+5,000 suicides)
Peleliu Sept. 4-Nov. 1944 1,800 8,000 5 11,000 10,695
Leyte 17 Oct.-31 Dec. ‘44 3,500 12,000 2,206 55,000 49,000
Iwo Jima 19 Feb.-26 March, 1945
6,800 19,000 8 22,000 21,700
Okinawa 26 March-21 June, 1945
12,500 36,500 463 100,000+ 94,000-130,000
What trends do you notice in these numbers?
This Place is Death!• U.S. “ISLAND-HOPPING”
CLOSES IN ON JAPAN 1943-45
• JAPANESE HAVE FIERCE RESISTANCE– KAMIKAZES
• IWO JIMA, OKINAWA IN 1945 PUT U.S. ON JAPANESE DOORSTEP
The End?• POTSDAM CONFERENCE (JULY-
AUG ’45) SAYS USSR WILL ENTER PACIFIC– USSR: Stalin, US: Truman,
GB: Atlee?
• U.S. DEVELOPS ATOMIC BOMB, ISSUES POTSDAM DECLARATION
• ATOMIC BOMBS DROPPED– HIROSHIMA AUG. 6, NAGASAKI
AUG. 9
The End!• SOVIETS INVADE MANCHURIA
AUG. 9TH
• HIROHITO ANNOUNCES END TO FIGHTING 8/15
• OFFICIAL SURRENDER SIGNED 9/2/45– WAR COMPLETELY OVER
