János Fügedi

Comparing Methods of

Digitizing 16 mm Archive Films

Traditional Dance Archive

of the

Institute for Musicology

approx. 240.000 m 16 mm films= approx. 450 hours

meter hour

mute 125.000

265

sound 115.000

175

(8 mm) 10.000

Digitizing films

against for

- durability of digital media is uncertain(that of film is unknown either)

- quality loss at analog/digital conversion

- (extreme) high costs

- huge storage capacity needed

- enhance security(films deteriorate by time

stretch brake acetic fermentation)

- strong social pressure for availability - „forbidden” reverse films, films only in negative get available

- fast access

- possibility of on-line databases

- extra registry

Standardised Practices for Audiovisual Contents in Europe

How to digitize films?

PrestoSpace (BBC, ORF, Ina France, RAI, ... 36 members)

A survey on

High expectations from the part of Film Archives

Expected quality

Formats

SD SDI = Standard Definition Serial Digital Interface

270 Mbit/s (Digital Beta)143 Mbit/s (NTSC - 480i)177 Mbit/s (PAL - 576i)

bitrates

frame: 720x576 pixels

color space: 4:2:2 - representing RGB

Y - brightness (luma)Cb, Cr - color difference

color depth: 8 - bit/pixel/space component

(„uncompressed”)

How to digitize films?

1 frame = 1.2 MB

Formats

HD SDI = High Definition Serial Digital Interface

1.485 Gbit/s - HDTV (720p, 1080i)bitrates

3G SDI2.9705 Gbit/s - „true HD” (1080p)bitrate

s

1920x1080 pixel4:4:4 color space

10 bit color depth

1 frame = 7.8 MB

How to digitize films?

however...

Film Scanning frame by frame

2k 2048x1536 pixels 1 frame = 12 MB 1 frame = 47 MB 1 frame = 106 MB 1 frame = 188 MB

suitable for 16 mm

Formats How to digitize films?

Dynamic range of film (even 16 mm) is still wider than that of SDI representation

4k 4096x3072 6k 6144x46088k 8192x6144

result can be written back to film

Film industry introduced

Methods, equipments

Easy ”home” solution: shooting the screen of the editing

table

How to digitize films?

Advance ”home” solutions: video camera and film projector

assembled

projection directly to CCD

How to digitize films?

Methods, equipments

Advance ”home” solutions: film projector assembled to a 45o mirror

system (+ Fresnel lense)

How to digitize films?

Methods, equipments

CCD scanner

Flying spot scannerscanning lines

inverted CRT concept of scanning

Professional solution: telecine

“white” light through film a prism separates the image into the three primary colorscolored light is projected at a different CCDCCD converts the light into electrical impulses

dichroic mirrors

red green

blueCRT

photon beam

How to digitize films?

Methods, equipments

transferring motion picture film into video form (SD SDI, HD SDI)

= tele(vision) + cine(ma)

„Easy”, half-professional solution: small telecine machines

(Tobin Cinema system)

How to digitize films?

Methods, equipments

Professional solution: telecine

machinesda Vinci system

color correction for

telecine

Methods, equipments

How to digitize films?

MTV Archiving Department

Beta SPDigital Beta

Methods, equipments

Professional solution: film scanners

Single frame intermitten pull down

approx. 1 fps

Continuous motion scanning2-30 fps

Northlight Lasergraphics ThomsonThomson Cintel

How to digitize films?

Comparing methods

Comparing methods

shooting the the editing table’s screen

DV AVI from a JVC 3x1/2” CCD camera (presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods camera and projector assembled – „directly” to CCD

DV AVI from Panasonic 3x1/3” CCD handycam(presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

editing table recording compared to CCD

DV AVI from cameras(presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

telecine – MTV

telecined DV AVI via da Vinci (presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

telecine – Filmlabor

telecined DV AVI via da Vinci(presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

telecine – MTV–Filmlabor compared

telecined DV AVI via da Vinci(presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

telecine – Filmlabor TARGA sequence

DV AVI from animated TARGA sequence(presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

Filmlabor TARGA – „projected to CCD” compared

different source DV AVI (presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

Oberon 2k scanned TARGA sequence

DV AVI from scanned TARGA sequence(presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

Filmlabor TARGA – Oberon 2k scanned compared

DV AVI (presentation WMV)

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

Comparing methods

DV AVI (presentation WMV)

Filmlabor TARGA – Oberon 2k scanned compared

(In this Internet version of the presentation the film clips are not available.

2k scanned single frame

SD Telecine TGA single frame

detail compared

Comparing methods

SD Telecine TGA single frame 2k scanned single frame

(1600%) (880%)

price 0.01 Eur/frame 0.10 Eur/frame

storage 1.2 MB/frame 12 MB/frame

Comparing methods

Thank you for

your attention!